551
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Update on the safety and efficacy of retroviral gene therapy for immunodeficiency due to adenosine deaminase deficiency. Blood 2016; 128:45-54. [PMID: 27129325 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-01-688226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency is a rare, autosomal-recessive systemic metabolic disease characterized by severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). The treatment of choice for ADA-deficient SCID (ADA-SCID) is hematopoietic stem cell transplant from an HLA-matched sibling donor, although <25% of patients have such a donor available. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) partially and temporarily relieves immunodeficiency. We investigated the medium-term outcome of gene therapy (GT) in 18 patients with ADA-SCID for whom an HLA-identical family donor was not available; most were not responding well to ERT. Patients were treated with an autologous CD34(+)-enriched cell fraction that contained CD34(+) cells transduced with a retroviral vector encoding the human ADA complementary DNA sequence (GSK2696273) as part of single-arm, open-label studies or compassionate use programs. Overall survival was 100% over 2.3 to 13.4 years (median, 6.9 years). Gene-modified cells were stably present in multiple lineages throughout follow up. GT resulted in a sustained reduction in the severe infection rate from 1.17 events per person-year to 0.17 events per person-year (n = 17, patient 1 data not available). Immune reconstitution was demonstrated by normalization of T-cell subsets (CD3(+), CD4(+), and CD8(+)), evidence of thymopoiesis, and sustained T-cell proliferative capacity. B-cell function was evidenced by immunoglobulin production, decreased intravenous immunoglobulin use, and antibody response after vaccination. All 18 patients reported infections as adverse events; infections of respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts were reported most frequently. No events indicative of leukemic transformation were reported. Trial details were registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00598481.
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552
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Naldini L. Gene therapy returns to centre stage. Nature 2016; 526:351-60. [PMID: 26469046 DOI: 10.1038/nature15818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 805] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent clinical trials of gene therapy have shown remarkable therapeutic benefits and an excellent safety record. They provide evidence for the long-sought promise of gene therapy to deliver 'cures' for some otherwise terminal or severely disabling conditions. Behind these advances lie improved vector designs that enable the safe delivery of therapeutic genes to specific cells. Technologies for editing genes and correcting inherited mutations, the engagement of stem cells to regenerate tissues and the effective exploitation of powerful immune responses to fight cancer are also contributing to the revitalization of gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Naldini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.,Vita Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
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553
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Li J, Sharkey CC, Wun B, Liesveld JL, King MR. Genetic engineering of platelets to neutralize circulating tumor cells. J Control Release 2016; 228:38-47. [PMID: 26921521 PMCID: PMC4828270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mounting experimental evidence demonstrates that platelets support cancer metastasis. Within the circulatory system, platelets guard circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from immune elimination and promote their arrest at the endothelium, supporting CTC extravasation into secondary sites. Neutralization of CTCs in blood circulation can potentially attenuate metastases to distant organs. Therefore, extensive studies have explored the blockade of platelet-CTC interactions as an anti-metastatic strategy. Such an intervention approach, however, may cause bleeding disorders since the platelet-CTC interactions inherently rely on the blood coagulation cascade including platelet activation. On the other hand, platelets have been genetically engineered to correct inherited bleeding disorders in both animal models and human clinical trials. In this study, inspired by the physical association between platelets and CTCs, platelets were genetically modified to express surface-bound tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), a cytokine known to induce apoptosis specifically in tumor cells. The TRAIL-expressing platelets were demonstrated to kill cancer cells in vitro and significantly reduce metastases in a mouse model of prostate cancer metastasis. Our results suggest that using platelets to produce and deliver cancer-specific therapeutics can provide a Trojan-horse strategy of neutralizing CTCs to attenuate metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahe Li
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Charles C Sharkey
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Brittany Wun
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jane L Liesveld
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology (SMD), University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Michael R King
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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554
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Spitalieri P, Talarico VR, Murdocca M, Novelli G, Sangiuolo F. Human induced pluripotent stem cells for monogenic disease modelling and therapy. World J Stem Cells 2016; 8:118-35. [PMID: 27114745 PMCID: PMC4835672 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v8.i4.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent and advanced protocols are now available to derive human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) from patients affected by genetic diseases. No curative treatments are available for many of these diseases; thus, hiPSCs represent a major impact on patient' health. hiPSCs represent a valid model for the in vitro study of monogenic diseases, together with a better comprehension of the pathogenic mechanisms of the pathology, for both cell and gene therapy protocol applications. Moreover, these pluripotent cells represent a good opportunity to test innovative pharmacological treatments focused on evaluating the efficacy and toxicity of novel drugs. Today, innovative gene therapy protocols, especially gene editing-based, are being developed, allowing the use of these cells not only as in vitro disease models but also as an unlimited source of cells useful for tissue regeneration and regenerative medicine, eluding ethical and immune rejection problems. In this review, we will provide an up-to-date of modelling monogenic disease by using hiPSCs and the ultimate applications of these in vitro models for cell therapy. We consider and summarize some peculiar aspects such as the type of parental cells used for reprogramming, the methods currently used to induce the transcription of the reprogramming factors, and the type of iPSC-derived differentiated cells, relating them to the genetic basis of diseases and to their inheritance model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Spitalieri
- Paola Spitalieri, Valentina Rosa Talarico, Michela Murdocca, Giuseppe Novelli, Federica Sangiuolo, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Rosa Talarico
- Paola Spitalieri, Valentina Rosa Talarico, Michela Murdocca, Giuseppe Novelli, Federica Sangiuolo, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Murdocca
- Paola Spitalieri, Valentina Rosa Talarico, Michela Murdocca, Giuseppe Novelli, Federica Sangiuolo, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Novelli
- Paola Spitalieri, Valentina Rosa Talarico, Michela Murdocca, Giuseppe Novelli, Federica Sangiuolo, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Sangiuolo
- Paola Spitalieri, Valentina Rosa Talarico, Michela Murdocca, Giuseppe Novelli, Federica Sangiuolo, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy
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555
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De Ravin SS, Wu X, Moir S, Anaya-O'Brien S, Kwatemaa N, Littel P, Theobald N, Choi U, Su L, Marquesen M, Hilligoss D, Lee J, Buckner CM, Zarember KA, O'Connor G, McVicar D, Kuhns D, Throm RE, Zhou S, Notarangelo LD, Hanson IC, Cowan MJ, Kang E, Hadigan C, Meagher M, Gray JT, Sorrentino BP, Malech HL, Kardava L. Lentiviral hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy for X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency. Sci Transl Med 2016; 8:335ra57. [PMID: 27099176 PMCID: PMC5557273 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad8856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID-X1) is a profound deficiency of T, B, and natural killer (NK) cell immunity caused by mutations inIL2RGencoding the common chain (γc) of several interleukin receptors. Gamma-retroviral (γRV) gene therapy of SCID-X1 infants without conditioning restores T cell immunity without B or NK cell correction, but similar treatment fails in older SCID-X1 children. We used a lentiviral gene therapy approach to treat five SCID-X1 patients with persistent immune dysfunction despite haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplant in infancy. Follow-up data from two older patients demonstrate that lentiviral vector γc transduced autologous HSC gene therapy after nonmyeloablative busulfan conditioning achieves selective expansion of gene-marked T, NK, and B cells, which is associated with sustained restoration of humoral responses to immunization and clinical improvement at 2 to 3 years after treatment. Similar gene marking levels have been achieved in three younger patients, albeit with only 6 to 9 months of follow-up. Lentiviral gene therapy with reduced-intensity conditioning appears safe and can restore humoral immune function to posthaploidentical transplant older patients with SCID-X1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk See De Ravin
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sandra Anaya-O'Brien
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nana Kwatemaa
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Patricia Littel
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Narda Theobald
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Uimook Choi
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ling Su
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Martha Marquesen
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dianne Hilligoss
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Janet Lee
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Kol A Zarember
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Geraldine O'Connor
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Daniel McVicar
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Douglas Kuhns
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Robert E Throm
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Sheng Zhou
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Mort J Cowan
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospital, and University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Kang
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Coleen Hadigan
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael Meagher
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - John T Gray
- Audentes Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA 94101, USA
| | - Brian P Sorrentino
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Harry L Malech
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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556
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Psatha N, Karponi G, Yannaki E. Optimizing autologous cell grafts to improve stem cell gene therapy. Exp Hematol 2016; 44:528-39. [PMID: 27106799 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, stem cell gene therapy has achieved unprecedented curative outcomes for several genetic disorders. Despite the unequivocal success, clinical gene therapy still faces challenges. Genetically engineered hematopoietic stem cells are particularly vulnerable to attenuation of their repopulating capacity once exposed to culture conditions, ultimately leading to low engraftment levels posttransplant. This becomes of particular importance when transduction rates are low or/and competitive transplant conditions are generated by reduced-intensity conditioning in the absence of a selective advantage of the transduced over the unmodified cells. These limitations could partially be overcome by introducing megadoses of genetically modified CD34(+) cells into conditioned patients or by transplanting hematopoietic stem cells hematopoietic stem cells with high engrafting and repopulating potential. On the basis of the lessons gained from cord blood transplantation, we summarize the most promising approaches to date of increasing either the numbers of hematopoietic stem cells for transplantation or/and their engraftability, as a platform toward the optimization of engineered stem cell grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoletta Psatha
- Gene and Cell Therapy Center, Hematology Department-BMT Unit, George Papanicolaou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Garyfalia Karponi
- Gene and Cell Therapy Center, Hematology Department-BMT Unit, George Papanicolaou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia Yannaki
- Gene and Cell Therapy Center, Hematology Department-BMT Unit, George Papanicolaou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
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557
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Peaudecerf L, Krenn G, Gonçalves P, Vasseur F, Rocha B. Thymocytes self-renewal: a major hope or a major threat? Immunol Rev 2016; 271:173-84. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerald Krenn
- INSERM; Unit 1020, Faculty of Medicine Descartes Paris V; Paris France
| | | | - Florence Vasseur
- INSERM; Unit 1020, Faculty of Medicine Descartes Paris V; Paris France
- Institut Pasteur; Paris France
| | - Benedita Rocha
- INSERM; Unit 1020, Faculty of Medicine Descartes Paris V; Paris France
- Institut Pasteur; Paris France
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558
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Early production of human neutrophils and platelets posttransplant is severely compromised by growth factor exposure. Exp Hematol 2016; 44:635-40. [PMID: 27090409 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The critical human cells that produce neutrophils and platelets within 3 weeks in recipients of hematopoietic transplants are thought to produce these mature blood cells with the same kinetics in sublethally irradiated immunodeficient mice. Quantification of their numbers indicates their relative underrepresentation in cord blood (CB), likely explaining the clinical inadequacy of single CB units in rescuing hematopoiesis in myelosuppressed adult patients. We here describe that exposure of CD34(+) CB cells ex vivo to growth factors that markedly expand their numbers and colony-forming cell content also rapidly (within 24 hours) produce a significant and sustained net loss of their original short-term repopulating activity. This loss of short-term in vivo repopulating activity affects early platelet production faster than early neutrophil output, consistent with their origin from distinct input populations. Moreover, this growth factor-mediated loss is not abrogated by published strategies to increase progenitor homing despite evidence that the effect on rapid neutrophil production is paralleled in time and amount by a loss of the homing of their committed clonogenic precursors to the bone marrow. These results highlight the inability of in vitro or phenotype assessments to reliably predict clinical engraftment kinetics of cultured CB cells.
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559
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Merten OW, Hebben M, Bovolenta C. Production of lentiviral vectors. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2016; 3:16017. [PMID: 27110581 PMCID: PMC4830361 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2016.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors (LV) have seen considerably increase in use as gene therapy vectors for the treatment of acquired and inherited diseases. This review presents the state of the art of the production of these vectors with particular emphasis on their large-scale production for clinical purposes. In contrast to oncoretroviral vectors, which are produced using stable producer cell lines, clinical-grade LV are in most of the cases produced by transient transfection of 293 or 293T cells grown in cell factories. However, more recent developments, also, tend to use hollow fiber reactor, suspension culture processes, and the implementation of stable producer cell lines. As is customary for the biotech industry, rather sophisticated downstream processing protocols have been established to remove any undesirable process-derived contaminant, such as plasmid or host cell DNA or host cell proteins. This review compares published large-scale production and purification processes of LV and presents their process performances. Furthermore, developments in the domain of stable cell lines and their way to the use of production vehicles of clinical material will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chiara Bovolenta
- New Technologies Unit, Research Division, MolMed S.p.A. , Milan, Italy
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560
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Akbarpour M, Goudy KS, Cantore A, Russo F, Sanvito F, Naldini L, Annoni A, Roncarolo MG. Insulin B chain 9-23 gene transfer to hepatocytes protects from type 1 diabetes by inducing Ag-specific FoxP3+ Tregs. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:289ra81. [PMID: 26019217 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa3032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Antigen (Ag)-specific tolerance in type 1 diabetes (T1D) in human has not been achieved yet. Targeting lentiviral vector (LV)-mediated gene expression to hepatocytes induces active tolerance toward the encoded Ag. The insulin B chain 9-23 (InsB9-23) is an immunodominant T cell epitope in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. To determine whether auto-Ag gene transfer to hepatocytes induces tolerance and control of T1D, NOD mice were treated with integrase-competent LVs (ICLVs) that selectively target the expression of InsB9-23 to hepatocytes. ICLV treatment induced InsB9-23-specific effector T cells but also FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs), which halted islet immune cell infiltration, and protected from T1D. Moreover, ICLV treatment combined with a single suboptimal dose of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) is effective in T1D reversal. Splenocytes from LV.InsB9-23-treated mice, but not from LV.OVA (ovalbumin)-treated control mice, stopped diabetes development, demonstrating that protection is Ag-specific. Depletion of CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) T cells led to diabetes progression, indicating that Ag-specific FoxP3(+) Tregs mediate protection. Integrase-defective LVs (IDLVs).InsB9-23, which alleviate the concerns for insertional mutagenesis and support transient transgene expression in hepatocytes, were also efficient in protecting from T1D. These data demonstrate that hepatocyte-targeted auto-Ag gene expression prevents and resolves T1D and that stable integration of the transgene is not required for this protection. Gene transfer to hepatocytes can be used to induce Ag-specific tolerance in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahzad Akbarpour
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy. Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Kevin S Goudy
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Alessio Cantore
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Fabio Russo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Francesca Sanvito
- Pathology Unit, Department of Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Luigi Naldini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy. Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Andrea Annoni
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Roncarolo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy. Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20132, Italy. Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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561
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Development of advanced therapies in Italy: Management models and sustainability in six Italian cell factories. Cytotherapy 2016; 18:481-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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562
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Chin CJ, Cooper AR, Lill GR, Evseenko D, Zhu Y, He CB, Casero D, Pellegrini M, Kohn DB, Crooks GM. Genetic Tagging During Human Mesoderm Differentiation Reveals Tripotent Lateral Plate Mesodermal Progenitors. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1239-50. [PMID: 26934332 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Although clonal studies of lineage potential have been extensively applied to organ specific stem and progenitor cells, much less is known about the clonal origins of lineages formed from the germ layers in early embryogenesis. We applied lentiviral tagging followed by vector integration site analysis (VISA) with high-throughput sequencing to investigate the ontogeny of the hematopoietic, endothelial and mesenchymal lineages as they emerge from human embryonic mesoderm. In contrast to studies that have used VISA to track differentiation of self-renewing stem cell clones that amplify significantly over time, we focused on a population of progenitor clones with limited self-renewal capability. Our analyses uncovered the critical influence of sampling on the interpretation of lentiviral tag sharing, particularly among complex populations with minimal clonal duplication. By applying a quantitative framework to estimate the degree of undersampling we revealed the existence of tripotent mesodermal progenitors derived from pluripotent stem cells, and the subsequent bifurcation of their differentiation into bipotent endothelial/hematopoietic or endothelial/mesenchymal progenitors. Stem Cells 2016;34:1239-1250.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Jia Chin
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM)
| | - Aaron R Cooper
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental PhD Program, DGSOM University of California Los Angeles.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, DGSOM, DGSOM University of California Los Angeles
| | - Georgia R Lill
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, DGSOM, DGSOM University of California Los Angeles
| | - Denis Evseenko
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California (USC). All in, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yuhua Zhu
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM)
| | - Chong Bin He
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM)
| | - David Casero
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM)
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Development Biology, DGSOM University of California Los Angeles.,Molecular Biology Institute (MBI)
| | - Donald B Kohn
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, DGSOM, DGSOM University of California Los Angeles.,Molecular Biology Institute (MBI).,Department of Pediatrics, DGSOM University of California Los Angeles.,Broad Stem Cell Research Center (BSCRC), DGSOM University of California Los Angeles.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC), DGSOM University of California Los Angeles
| | - Gay M Crooks
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM).,Department of Pediatrics, DGSOM University of California Los Angeles.,Broad Stem Cell Research Center (BSCRC), DGSOM University of California Los Angeles.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, DGSOM University of California Los Angeles
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563
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Booth C, Gaspar HB, Thrasher AJ. Treating Immunodeficiency through HSC Gene Therapy. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:317-327. [PMID: 26993219 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy has been successfully employed as a therapeutic option to treat specific inherited immune deficiencies, including severe combined immune deficiencies (SCID) over the past two decades. Initial clinical trials using first-generation gamma-retroviral vectors to transfer corrective DNA demonstrated clinical benefit for patients, but were associated with leukemogenesis in a number of cases. Safer vectors have since been developed, affording comparable efficacy with an improved biosafety profile. These vectors are now in Phase I/II clinical trials for a number of immune disorders with more preclinical studies underway. Targeted gene editing allowing precise DNA correction via platforms such as ZFNs, TALENs and CRISPR/Cas9 may now offer promising strategies to improve the safety and efficacy of gene therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Booth
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - H Bobby Gaspar
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK.
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564
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Wang W, Qin DY, Zhang BL, Wei W, Wang YS, Wei YQ. Establishing guidelines for CAR-T cells: challenges and considerations. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 59:333-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-5026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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565
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Abstract
In the recent past, the gene therapy field has witnessed a remarkable series of
successes, many of which have involved primary immunodeficiency diseases, such
as X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency, adenosine deaminase deficiency,
chronic granulomatous disease, and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. While such progress
has widened the choice of therapeutic options in some specific cases of primary
immunodeficiency, much remains to be done to extend the geographical
availability of such an advanced approach and to increase the number of diseases
that can be targeted. At the same time, emerging technologies are stimulating
intensive investigations that may lead to the application of precise genetic
editing as the next form of gene therapy for these and other human genetic
diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Candotti
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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566
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Griffin DO, Goff SP. Restriction of HIV-1-based lentiviral vectors in adult primary marrow-derived and peripheral mobilized human CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells occurs prior to viral DNA integration. Retrovirology 2016; 13:14. [PMID: 26945863 PMCID: PMC4779582 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0246-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gene therapy is currently being attempted using a number of delivery vehicles including lentiviral-based vectors. The delivery and insertion of a gene using lentiviral-based vectors involves multiple discrete steps, including reverse transcription of viral RNA into DNA, nuclear entry, integration of viral DNA into the host genome and expression of integrated genes. Transduction of murine stem cells by the murine leukemia viruses is inefficient because the expression of the integrated DNA is profoundly blocked. Transduction of human stem cells by lentivirus vectors is also inefficient, but the cause and specific part of the retroviral lifecycle where this block occurs is unknown. Results Here we demonstrate that the dominant point of restriction of an HIV-1-based lentiviral vector in adult human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from bone marrow and also those obtained following peripheral mobilization is prior to viral DNA integration. We specifically show that restriction of HSPCs to an HIV-1-based lentiviral vector is prior to formation of nuclear DNA forms. Conclusions Murine restriction of MLV and human cellular restriction of HIV-1 are fundamentally different. While murine restriction of MLV occurs post integration, human restriction of HIV-1 occurs before integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, HHSC 1310c, 701 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Stephen P Goff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, HHSC 1310c, 701 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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567
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Booth C, Silva J, Veys P. Stem cell transplantation for the treatment of immunodeficiency in children: current status and hopes for the future. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2016; 12:713-23. [PMID: 26882211 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2016.1150177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies (PID) are rare inherited disorders affecting immune function and can be life-threatening if not treated. Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) offers a curative approach for many of these disorders and gene therapy is increasingly used as an alternative therapeutic strategy for patients lacking a suitable donor. Early diagnosis, improved supportive care and advances in gene and cell therapies have resulted in increased survival rates and improved quality of life. This review describes current strategies employed to improve outcomes in PID, focusing on new developments in HSCT, gene and cell therapy. We also address the challenges associated with newborn screening (NBS) programmes and novel mutations identified through improved diagnostic technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Booth
- a Department of Paediatric Immunology , Great Ormond Street Hospital , London , UK
| | - Juliana Silva
- b Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation , Great Ormond Street Hospital , London , UK
| | - Paul Veys
- b Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation , Great Ormond Street Hospital , London , UK
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568
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Martin F, Gutierrez-Guerrero A, Sánchez S, Galvani G, Benabdellah K. Genome editing: An alternative to retroviral vectors for Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (WAS) Gene Therapy? Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2016. [DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2016.1142870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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569
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Browning DL, Collins CP, Hocum JD, Leap DJ, Rae DT, Trobridge GD. Insulated Foamy Viral Vectors. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 27:255-66. [PMID: 26715244 PMCID: PMC4800274 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2015.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Retroviral vector-mediated gene therapy is promising, but genotoxicity has limited its use in the clinic. Genotoxicity is highly dependent on the retroviral vector used, and foamy viral (FV) vectors appear relatively safe. However, internal promoters may still potentially activate nearby genes. We developed insulated FV vectors, using four previously described insulators: a version of the well-studied chicken hypersensitivity site 4 insulator (650cHS4), two synthetic CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF)-based insulators, and an insulator based on the CCAAT box-binding transcription factor/nuclear factor I (7xCTF/NF1). We directly compared these insulators for enhancer-blocking activity, effect on FV vector titer, and fidelity of transfer to both proviral long terminal repeats. The synthetic CTCF-based insulators had the strongest insulating activity, but reduced titers significantly. The 7xCTF/NF1 insulator did not reduce titers but had weak insulating activity. The 650cHS4-insulated FV vector was identified as the overall most promising vector. Uninsulated and 650cHS4-insulated FV vectors were both significantly less genotoxic than gammaretroviral vectors. Integration sites were evaluated in cord blood CD34(+) cells and the 650cHS4-insulated FV vector had fewer hotspots compared with an uninsulated FV vector. These data suggest that insulated FV vectors are promising for hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L. Browning
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman
| | - Casey P. Collins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Jonah D. Hocum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - David J. Leap
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Dustin T. Rae
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Grant D. Trobridge
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
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570
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Deleidi M, Yu C. Genome editing in pluripotent stem cells: research and therapeutic applications. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:665-74. [PMID: 26930470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.02.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) and genome editing technologies has opened up new avenues for the investigation of human biology in health and disease as well as the development of therapeutic applications. Gene editing approaches with programmable nucleases have been successfully established in hPSCs and applied to study gene function, develop novel animal models and perform genetic and chemical screens. Several studies now show the successful editing of disease-linked alleles in somatic and patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) as well as in animal models. Importantly, initial clinical trials have shown the safety of programmable nucleases for ex vivo somatic gene therapy. In this context, the unlimited proliferation potential and the pluripotent properties of iPSCs may offer advantages for gene targeting approaches. However, many technical and safety issues still need to be addressed before genome-edited iPSCs are translated into the clinical setting. Here, we provide an overview of the available genome editing systems and discuss opportunities and perspectives for their application in basic research and clinical practice, with a particular focus on hPSC based research and gene therapy approaches. Finally, we discuss recent research on human germline genome editing and its social and ethical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Deleidi
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tübingen within the Helmholtz Association, Tübingen, Germany; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Cong Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, New York, USA
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571
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Bacchetta R, Barzaghi F, Roncarolo MG. From IPEX syndrome to FOXP3
mutation: a lesson on immune dysregulation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1417:5-22. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Bacchetta
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Pediatric Stem Cells, Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine; Stanford University Medical School; Stanford California
| | - Federica Barzaghi
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy; Division of Regenerative Medicine; Stem Cells and Gene Therapy; San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Milan Italy
| | - Maria-Grazia Roncarolo
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Pediatric Stem Cells, Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine; Stanford University Medical School; Stanford California
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572
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Papapetrou EP, Schambach A. Gene Insertion Into Genomic Safe Harbors for Human Gene Therapy. Mol Ther 2016; 24:678-84. [PMID: 26867951 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2016.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic safe harbors (GSHs) are sites in the genome able to accommodate the integration of new genetic material in a manner that ensures that the newly inserted genetic elements: (i) function predictably and (ii) do not cause alterations of the host genome posing a risk to the host cell or organism. GSHs are thus ideal sites for transgene insertion whose use can empower functional genetics studies in basic research and therapeutic applications in human gene therapy. Currently, no fully validated GSHs exist in the human genome. Here, we review our formerly proposed GSH criteria and discuss additional considerations on extending these criteria, on strategies for the identification and validation of GSHs, as well as future prospects on GSH targeting for therapeutic applications. In view of recent advances in genome biology, gene targeting technologies, and regenerative medicine, gene insertion into GSHs can potentially catalyze nearly all applications in human gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini P Papapetrou
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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573
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Effects of FVIII immunity on hepatocyte and hematopoietic stem cell-directed gene therapy of murine hemophilia A. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2016; 3:15056. [PMID: 26909355 PMCID: PMC4750467 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2015.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses to coagulation factors VIII (FVIII) and IX (FIX) represent primary obstacles to hemophilia treatment. Previously, we showed that hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) retroviral gene therapy induces immune nonresponsiveness to FVIII in both naive and preimmunized murine hemophilia A settings. Liver-directed adeno-associated viral (AAV)-FIX vector gene transfer achieved similar results in preclinical hemophilia B models. However, as clinical immune responses to FVIII and FIX differ, we investigated the ability of liver-directed AAV-FVIII gene therapy to affect FVIII immunity in hemophilia A mice. Both FVIII naive and preimmunized mice were administered recombinant AAV8 encoding a liver-directed bioengineered FVIII expression cassette. Naive animals receiving high or mid-doses subsequently achieved near normal FVIII activity levels. However, challenge with adjuvant-free recombinant FVIII induced loss of FVIII activity and anti-FVIII antibodies in mid-dose, but not high-dose AAV or HSC lentiviral (LV) vector gene therapy cohorts. Furthermore, unlike what was shown previously for FIX gene transfer, AAV-FVIII administration to hemophilia A inhibitor mice conferred no effect on anti-FVIII antibody or inhibitory titers. These data suggest that functional differences exist in the immune modulation achieved to FVIII or FIX in hemophilia mice by gene therapy approaches incorporating liver-directed AAV vectors or HSC-directed LV.
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574
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Hayward C, Banner NR, Morley-Smith A, Lyon AR, Harding SE. The Current and Future Landscape of SERCA Gene Therapy for Heart Failure: A Clinical Perspective. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 26:293-304. [PMID: 25914929 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2015.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy has been applied to cardiovascular disease for over 20 years but it is the application to heart failure that has generated recent interest in clinical trials. There is laboratory and early clinical evidence that delivery of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2a (SERCA2a) gene therapy is beneficial for heart failure and this therapy could become the first positive inotrope with anti-arrhythmic properties. In this review we will discuss the rationale for SERCA2a gene therapy as a viable strategy in heart failure, review the published data, and discuss the ongoing clinical trials, before concluding with comments on the future challenges and potential for this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Hayward
- 1Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, SW3 6NP London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas R Banner
- 2Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, Harefield Hospital, UB9 6JH Harefield, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Morley-Smith
- 1Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, SW3 6NP London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander R Lyon
- 1Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, SW3 6NP London, United Kingdom
| | - Sian E Harding
- 3Imperial College London, SW3 6NP London, United Kingdom
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575
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Abstract
The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene was identified in 1989. This opened the door for the development of cystic fibrosis (CF) gene therapy, which has been actively pursued for the last 20 years. Although 26 clinical trials involving approximately 450 patients have been carried out, the vast majority of these trials were short and included small numbers of patients; they were not designed to assess clinical benefit, but to establish safety and proof-of-concept for gene transfer using molecular end points such as the detection of recombinant mRNA or correction of the ion transport defect. The only currently published trial designed and powered to assess clinical efficacy (defined as improvement in lung function) administered AAV2-CFTR to the lungs of patients with CF. The U.K. Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy Consortium completed, in the autumn of 2014, the first nonviral gene therapy trial designed to answer whether repeated nonviral gene transfer (12 doses over 12 months) can lead to clinical benefit. The demonstration that the molecular defect in CFTR can be corrected with small-molecule drugs, and the success of gene therapy in other monogenic diseases, is boosting interest in CF gene therapy. Developments are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Griesenbach
- Department of Gene Therapy and the U.K. Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy Consortium, Imperial College, London SW3 6LR, United Kingdom
| | - Kamila M Pytel
- Department of Gene Therapy and the U.K. Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy Consortium, Imperial College, London SW3 6LR, United Kingdom
| | - Eric W F W Alton
- Department of Gene Therapy and the U.K. Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy Consortium, Imperial College, London SW3 6LR, United Kingdom
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576
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de Dreuzy E, Bhukhai K, Leboulch P, Payen E. Current and future alternative therapies for beta-thalassemia major. Biomed J 2016; 39:24-38. [PMID: 27105596 PMCID: PMC6138429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-thalassemia is a group of frequent genetic disorders resulting in the synthesis of little or no β-globin chains. Novel approaches are being developed to correct the resulting α/β-globin chain imbalance, in an effort to move beyond the palliative management of this disease and the complications of its treatment (e.g. life-long red blood cell transfusion, iron chelation, splenectomy), which impose high costs on healthcare systems. Three approaches are envisaged: fetal globin gene reactivation by pharmacological compounds injected into patients throughout their lives, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), and gene therapy. HSCT is currently the only treatment shown to provide an effective, definitive cure for β-thalassemia. However, this procedure remains risky and histocompatible donors are identified for only a small fraction of patients. New pharmacological compounds are being tested, but none has yet made it into common clinical practice for the treatment of beta-thalassemia major. Gene therapy is in the experimental phase. It is emerging as a powerful approach without the immunological complications of HSCT, but with other possible drawbacks. Rapid progress is being made in this field, and long-term efficacy and safety studies are underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard de Dreuzy
- CEA, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, Fontenay aux Roses, France; University of Paris 11, CEA-iMETI, 92260 Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Kanit Bhukhai
- CEA, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, Fontenay aux Roses, France; University of Paris 11, CEA-iMETI, 92260 Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Philippe Leboulch
- CEA, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, Fontenay aux Roses, France; University of Paris 11, CEA-iMETI, 92260 Fontenay aux Roses, France; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston MA, USA; Mahidol University and Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Emmanuel Payen
- CEA, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, Fontenay aux Roses, France; University of Paris 11, CEA-iMETI, 92260 Fontenay aux Roses, France; INSERM, Paris, France.
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577
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Hanoun N, Gayral M, Pointreau A, Buscail L, Cordelier P. Initial Characterization of Integrase-Defective Lentiviral Vectors for Pancreatic Cancer Gene Therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 27:184-92. [PMID: 26731312 PMCID: PMC4779299 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2015.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority (85%) of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) are discovered at too of a late stage to allow curative surgery. In addition, PDAC is highly resistant to conventional methods of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, which only offer a marginal clinical benefit. Consequently, the prognosis of this cancer is devastating, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 5%. In this dismal context, we recently demonstrated that PDAC gene therapy using nonviral vectors is safe and feasible, with early signs of efficacy in selected patients. Our next step is to transfer to the clinic HIV-1-based lentiviral vectors (LVs) that outshine other therapeutic vectors to treat experimental models of PDAC. However, a primary safety issue presented by LVs that may delay their use in patients is the risk of oncogenesis after vector integration in the host's cell DNA. Thus, we developed a novel anticancerous approach based on integrase-defective lentiviral vectors (IDLVs) and demonstrated that IDLVs can be successfully engineered to transiently deliver therapeutic genes to inhibit pancreatic cancer cells proliferation. This work stems for the use of therapeutic IDLVs for the management of PDAC, in forthcoming early phase gene therapy clinical trial for this disease with no cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naima Hanoun
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, Toulouse, France
| | - Marion Gayral
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, Toulouse, France
| | - Adeline Pointreau
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, Toulouse, France
- Department of Gastroenterology, CHU Toulouse-Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Louis Buscail
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, Toulouse, France
- Department of Gastroenterology, CHU Toulouse-Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Cordelier
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, Toulouse, France
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578
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Cicalese MP, Aiuti A. Clinical applications of gene therapy for primary immunodeficiencies. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 26:210-9. [PMID: 25860576 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2015.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) have represented a paradigmatic model for successes and pitfalls of hematopoietic stem cells gene therapy. First clinical trials performed with gamma retroviral vectors (γ-RV) for adenosine deaminase severe combined immunodeficiency (ADA-SCID), X-linked SCID (SCID-X1), and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) showed that gene therapy is a valid therapeutic option in patients lacking an HLA-identical donor. No insertional mutagenesis events have been observed in more than 40 ADA-SCID patients treated so far in the context of different clinical trials worldwide, suggesting a favorable risk-benefit ratio for this disease. On the other hand, the occurrence of insertional oncogenesis in SCID-X1, WAS, and chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) RV clinical trials prompted the development of safer vector construct based on self-inactivating (SIN) retroviral or lentiviral vectors (LVs). Here we present the recent results of LV-mediated gene therapy for WAS showing stable multilineage engraftment leading to hematological and immunological improvement, and discuss the differences with respect to the WAS RV trial. We also describe recent clinical results of SCID-X1 gene therapy with SIN γ-RV and the perspectives of targeted genome editing techniques, following early preclinical studies showing promising results in terms of specificity of gene correction. Finally, we provide an overview of the gene therapy approaches for other PIDs and discuss its prospects in relation to the evolving arena of allogeneic transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Cicalese
- 1 San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), San Raffaele Scientific Institute , 20132 Milan, Italy
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579
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Doerfler PA, Nayak S, Corti M, Morel L, Herzog RW, Byrne BJ. Targeted approaches to induce immune tolerance for Pompe disease therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2016; 3:15053. [PMID: 26858964 PMCID: PMC4729315 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2015.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme and gene replacement strategies have developed into viable therapeutic approaches for the treatment of Pompe disease (acid α-glucosidase (GAA) deficiency). Unfortunately, the introduction of GAA and viral vectors encoding the enzyme can lead to detrimental immune responses that attenuate treatment benefits and can impact patient safety. Preclinical and clinical experience in addressing humoral responses toward enzyme and gene therapy for Pompe disease have provided greater understanding of the immunological consequences of the provided therapy. B- and T-cell modulation has been shown to be effective in preventing infusion-associated reactions during enzyme replacement therapy in patients and has shown similar success in the context of gene therapy. Additional techniques to induce humoral tolerance for Pompe disease have been the targeted expression or delivery of GAA to discrete cell types or tissues such as the gut-associated lymphoid tissues, red blood cells, hematopoietic stem cells, and the liver. Research into overcoming preexisting immunity through immunomodulation and gene transfer are becoming increasingly important to achieve long-term efficacy. This review highlights the advances in therapies as well as the improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the humoral immune response with emphasis on methods employed to overcome responses associated with enzyme and gene therapies for Pompe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip A Doerfler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Sushrusha Nayak
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manuela Corti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Laurence Morel
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Roland W Herzog
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Barry J Byrne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida, USA
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580
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Megakaryocyte- and megakaryocyte precursor-related gene therapies. Blood 2016; 127:1260-8. [PMID: 26787735 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-07-607937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) can be safely collected from the body, genetically modified, and re-infused into a patient with the goal to express the transgene product for an individual's lifetime. Hematologic defects that can be corrected with an allogeneic bone marrow transplant can theoretically also be treated with gene replacement therapy. Because some genetic disorders affect distinct cell lineages, researchers are utilizing HSC gene transfer techniques using lineage-specific endogenous gene promoters to confine transgene expression to individual cell types (eg, ITGA2B for inherited platelet defects). HSCs appear to be an ideal target for platelet gene therapy because they can differentiate into megakaryocytes which are capable of forming several thousand anucleate platelets that circulate within blood vessels to establish hemostasis by repairing vascular injury. Platelets play an essential role in other biological processes (immune response, angiogenesis) as well as diseased states (atherosclerosis, cancer, thrombosis). Thus, recent advances in genetic manipulation of megakaryocytes could lead to new and improved therapies for treating a variety of disorders. In summary, genetic manipulation of megakaryocytes has progressed to the point where clinically relevant strategies are being developed for human trials for genetic disorders affecting platelets. Nevertheless, challenges still need to be overcome to perfect this field; therefore, strategies to increase the safety and benefit of megakaryocyte gene therapy will be discussed.
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581
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Current Progress in Therapeutic Gene Editing for Monogenic Diseases. Mol Ther 2016; 24:465-74. [PMID: 26765770 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2016.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmable nucleases allow defined alterations in the genome with ease-of-use, efficiency, and specificity. Their availability has led to accurate and widespread genome engineering, with multiple applications in basic research, biotechnology, and therapy. With regard to human gene therapy, nuclease-based gene editing has facilitated development of a broad range of therapeutic strategies based on both nonhomologous end joining and homology-dependent repair. This review discusses current progress in nuclease-based therapeutic applications for a subset of inherited monogenic diseases including cystic fibrosis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, diseases of the bone marrow, and hemophilia and highlights associated challenges and future prospects.
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582
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Cantore A, Ranzani M, Bartholomae CC, Volpin M, Valle PD, Sanvito F, Sergi LS, Gallina P, Benedicenti F, Bellinger D, Raymer R, Merricks E, Bellintani F, Martin S, Doglioni C, D'Angelo A, VandenDriessche T, Chuah MK, Schmidt M, Nichols T, Montini E, Naldini L. Liver-directed lentiviral gene therapy in a dog model of hemophilia B. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:277ra28. [PMID: 25739762 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa1405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the efficacy of liver-directed gene therapy using lentiviral vectors in a large animal model of hemophilia B and evaluated the risk of insertional mutagenesis in tumor-prone mouse models. We showed that gene therapy using lentiviral vectors targeting the expression of a canine factor IX transgene in hepatocytes was well tolerated and provided a stable long-term production of coagulation factor IX in dogs with hemophilia B. By exploiting three different mouse models designed to amplify the consequences of insertional mutagenesis, we showed that no genotoxicity was detected with these lentiviral vectors. Our findings suggest that lentiviral vectors may be an attractive candidate for gene therapy targeted to the liver and may be potentially useful for the treatment of hemophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Cantore
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy. Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Ranzani
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy. Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Cynthia C Bartholomae
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Monica Volpin
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy. Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Della Valle
- Coagulation Service and Thrombosis Research Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Sanvito
- Pathology Unit, Department of Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Sergi Sergi
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Pierangela Gallina
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Benedicenti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Dwight Bellinger
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Robin Raymer
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Elizabeth Merricks
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | | | - Claudio Doglioni
- Pathology Unit, Department of Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Armando D'Angelo
- Coagulation Service and Thrombosis Research Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Thierry VandenDriessche
- Department of Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, 1050 Brussels, Belgium. Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marinee K Chuah
- Department of Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, 1050 Brussels, Belgium. Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manfred Schmidt
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Timothy Nichols
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Eugenio Montini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Naldini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy. Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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583
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Genome-wide Profiling Reveals Remarkable Parallels Between Insertion Site Selection Properties of the MLV Retrovirus and the piggyBac Transposon in Primary Human CD4(+) T Cells. Mol Ther 2016; 24:592-606. [PMID: 26755332 PMCID: PMC4786924 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2016.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The inherent risks associated with vector insertion in gene therapy need to be carefully assessed. We analyzed the genome-wide distributions of Sleeping Beauty (SB) and piggyBac (PB) transposon insertions as well as MLV retrovirus and HIV lentivirus insertions in human CD4+ T cells with respect to a panel of 40 chromatin states. The distribution of SB transposon insertions displayed the least deviation from random, while the PB transposon and the MLV retrovirus showed unexpected parallels across all chromatin states. Both MLV and PB insertions are enriched at transcriptional start sites (TSSs) and co-localize with BRD4-associated sites. We demonstrate physical interaction between the PB transposase and bromodomain and extraterminal domain proteins (including BRD4), suggesting convergent evolution of a tethering mechanism that directs integrating genetic elements into TSSs. We detect unequal biases across the four systems with respect to targeting genes whose deregulation has been previously linked to serious adverse events in gene therapy clinical trials. The SB transposon has the highest theoretical chance of targeting a safe harbor locus in the human genome. The data underscore the significance of vector choice to reduce the mutagenic load on cells in clinical applications.
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584
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Genetic treatment of a molecular disorder: gene therapy approaches to sickle cell disease. Blood 2016; 127:839-48. [PMID: 26758916 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-09-618587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective medical management for sickle cell disease (SCD) remains elusive. As a prevalent and severe monogenic disorder, SCD has been long considered a logical candidate for gene therapy. Significant progress has been made in moving toward this goal. These efforts have provided substantial insight into the natural regulation of the globin genes and illuminated challenges for genetic manipulation of the hematopoietic system. The initial γ-retroviral vectors, next-generation lentiviral vectors, and novel genome engineering and gene regulation approaches each share the goal of preventing erythrocyte sickling. After years of preclinical studies, several clinical trials for SCD gene therapies are now open. This review focuses on progress made toward achieving gene therapy, the current state of the field, consideration of factors that may determine clinical success, and prospects for future development.
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585
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Yin PT, Han E, Lee KB. Engineering Stem Cells for Biomedical Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:10-55. [PMID: 25772134 PMCID: PMC5810416 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are characterized by a number of useful properties, including their ability to migrate, differentiate, and secrete a variety of therapeutic molecules such as immunomodulatory factors. As such, numerous pre-clinical and clinical studies have utilized stem cell-based therapies and demonstrated their tremendous potential for the treatment of various human diseases and disorders. Recently, efforts have focused on engineering stem cells in order to further enhance their innate abilities as well as to confer them with new functionalities, which can then be used in various biomedical applications. These engineered stem cells can take on a number of forms. For instance, engineered stem cells encompass the genetic modification of stem cells as well as the use of stem cells for gene delivery, nanoparticle loading and delivery, and even small molecule drug delivery. The present Review gives an in-depth account of the current status of engineered stem cells, including potential cell sources, the most common methods used to engineer stem cells, and the utilization of engineered stem cells in various biomedical applications, with a particular focus on tissue regeneration, the treatment of immunodeficiency diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perry T Yin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Edward Han
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Ki-Bum Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
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586
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Transient Expression of Green Fluorescent Protein in Integrase-Defective Lentiviral Vector-Transduced 293T Cell Line. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1448:159-73. [PMID: 27317180 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3753-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Non-integrating lentiviral vectors or also known as integrase-defective lentiviral (IDLV) hold a great promise for gene therapy application. They retain high transduction efficiency for efficient gene transfer in various cell types both in vitro and in vivo. IDLV is produced via a combined mutations introduced on the HIV-based lentiviral to disable their integration potency. Therefore, IDLV is considered safer than the wild-type integrase-proficient lentiviral vector as they could avoid the potential insertional mutagenesis associated with the nonspecific integration of transgene into target cell genome afforded by the wild-type vectors.Here we describe the system of IDLV which is produced through mutation in the integrase enzymes at the position of D64 located within the catalytic core domain. The efficiency of the IDLV in expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene in transduced human monocyte (U937) cell lines was investigated. Expression of the transgene was driven by the spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) LTRs. Transduction efficiency was studied using both the IDLV (ID-SFFV-GFP) and their wild-type counterparts (integrase-proficient SFFV-GFP). GFP expression was analyzed by fluorescence microscope and FACS analysis.Based on the results, the number of the GFP-positive cells in ID-SFFV-GFP-transduced U937 cells decreased rapidly over time. The percentage of GFP-positive cells decreased from ~50 % to almost 0, up to 10 days post-transduction. In wild-type SFFV-GFP-transduced cells, GFP expression is remained consistently at about 100 %. These data confirmed that the transgene expression in the ID-SFFV-GFP-transduced cells is transient in dividing cells. The lack of an origin of replication due to mutation of integrase enzymes in the ID-SFFV-GFP virus vector has caused the progressive loss of the GFP expression in dividing cells.Integrase-defective lentivirus will be a suitable choice for safer clinical applications. It preserves the advantages of the wild-type lentiviral vectors but with the benefit of transgene expression without stable integration into host genome, therefore reducing the potential risk of insertional mutagenesis.
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587
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Abstract
Advances in molecular technologies have led to the discovery of many disease-related genetic mutations as well as elucidation of aberrant gene and protein expression patterns in several human diseases, including cancer. This information has driven the development of novel therapeutic strategies, such as the utilization of small molecules to target specific cellular pathways and the use of retroviral vectors to retarget immune cells to recognize and eliminate tumor cells. Retroviral-mediated gene transfer has allowed efficient production of T cells engineered with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), which have demonstrated marked success in the treatment of hematological malignancies. As a safety point, these modified cells can be outfitted with suicide genes. Customized gene editing tools, such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated nucleases (CRISPR-Cas9), zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), or TAL-effector nucleases (TALENs), may also be combined with retroviral delivery to specifically delete oncogenes, inactivate oncogenic signaling pathways, or deliver wild-type genes. Additionally, the feasibility of retroviral gene transfer strategies to protect the hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) from the dose-limiting toxic effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy was demonstrated. While some of these approaches have yet to be translated into clinical application, the potential implications for improved cellular replacement therapies to enhance and/or support the current treatment modalities are enormous.
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588
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Papadopoulos K, Wattanaarsakit P, Prasongchean W, Narain R. Gene therapies in clinical trials. POLYMERS AND NANOMATERIALS FOR GENE THERAPY 2016. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-100520-0.00010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
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589
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Droz-Georget Lathion S, Rochat A, Knott G, Recchia A, Martinet D, Benmohammed S, Grasset N, Zaffalon A, Besuchet Schmutz N, Savioz-Dayer E, Beckmann JS, Rougemont J, Mavilio F, Barrandon Y. A single epidermal stem cell strategy for safe ex vivo gene therapy. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 7:380-93. [PMID: 25724200 PMCID: PMC4403041 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a widespread agreement from patient and professional organisations alike that the safety of stem cell therapeutics is of paramount importance, particularly for ex vivo autologous gene therapy. Yet current technology makes it difficult to thoroughly evaluate the behaviour of genetically corrected stem cells before they are transplanted. To address this, we have developed a strategy that permits transplantation of a clonal population of genetically corrected autologous stem cells that meet stringent selection criteria and the principle of precaution. As a proof of concept, we have stably transduced epidermal stem cells (holoclones) obtained from a patient suffering from recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. Holoclones were infected with self-inactivating retroviruses bearing a COL7A1 cDNA and cloned before the progeny of individual stem cells were characterised using a number of criteria. Clonal analysis revealed a great deal of heterogeneity among transduced stem cells in their capacity to produce functional type VII collagen (COLVII). Selected transduced stem cells transplanted onto immunodeficient mice regenerated a non-blistering epidermis for months and produced a functional COLVII. Safety was assessed by determining the sites of proviral integration, rearrangements and hit genes and by whole-genome sequencing. The progeny of the selected stem cells also had a diploid karyotype, was not tumorigenic and did not disseminate after long-term transplantation onto immunodeficient mice. In conclusion, a clonal strategy is a powerful and efficient means of by-passing the heterogeneity of a transduced stem cell population. It guarantees a safe and homogenous medicinal product, fulfilling the principle of precaution and the requirements of regulatory affairs. Furthermore, a clonal strategy makes it possible to envision exciting gene-editing technologies like zinc finger nucleases, TALENs and homologous recombination for next-generation gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Droz-Georget Lathion
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland Laboratory of Stem Cell Dynamics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ariane Rochat
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland Laboratory of Stem Cell Dynamics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Graham Knott
- Interdisciplinary Center for Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Life Sciences EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Recchia
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Danielle Martinet
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sara Benmohammed
- Department of Medical Genetics, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Grasset
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland Laboratory of Stem Cell Dynamics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Zaffalon
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland Laboratory of Stem Cell Dynamics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Emmanuelle Savioz-Dayer
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland Laboratory of Stem Cell Dynamics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Samuel Beckmann
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland Department of Medical Genetics, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Rougemont
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core Facility, Faculty of Life Sciences EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fulvio Mavilio
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy Genethon, Evry, France
| | - Yann Barrandon
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland Laboratory of Stem Cell Dynamics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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590
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Galy A, Corre G, Cavazzana M, Hacein-Bey-Abina S. [Efficacy and safety of gene therapy for Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome]. Med Sci (Paris) 2015; 31:1066-9. [PMID: 26672655 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20153112006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Galy
- Généthon, unité mixte de recherche Integrare UMR S951, 1bis, rue de l'Internationale, F-91000 Évry, France - Inserm UMR S951 ; université d'Évry Val d'Essonne ; EPHE ; Généthon, 1bis, rue de l'Internationale, F-91000 Évry, France
| | - Guillaume Corre
- Généthon, unité mixte de recherche Integrare UMR S951, 1bis, rue de l'Internationale, F-91000 Évry, France - Inserm UMR S951 ; université d'Évry Val d'Essonne ; EPHE ; Généthon, 1bis, rue de l'Internationale, F-91000 Évry, France
| | - Marina Cavazzana
- Département de biothérapies, hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France - CIC biothérapies, groupe hospitalier universitaire Ouest, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm, Paris, France - Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité Université, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Salima Hacein-Bey-Abina
- Département de biothérapies, hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France - CIC biothérapies, groupe hospitalier universitaire Ouest, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm, Paris, France - UTCBS CNRS 8258-Inserm U1022, Faculté des sciences pharmaceutiques et biologiques, université Paris Descartes, Paris, France - Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris-Sud, Le-Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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591
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Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies are rare, inborn errors that result in impaired, disordered or uncontrolled immune responses. Whilst symptomatic and prophylactic treatment is available, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is an option for many diseases, leading to cure of the immunodeficiency and establishing normal physical and psychological health. Newborn screening for some diseases, whilst improving outcomes, is focusing research on safer and less toxic treatment strategies, which result in durable and sustainable immune function without adverse effects. New conditioning regimens have reduced the risk of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and new methods of manipulating stem cell sources should guarantee a donor for almost all patients. Whilst incremental enhancements in transplantation technique have gradually improved survival outcomes over time, some of these new applications are likely to radically alter our approach to treating primary immunodeficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Gennery
- Paediatric Immunology and Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Paediatric Immunology and Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Great North Childrens' Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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592
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A novel intranuclear RNA vector system for long-term stem cell modification. Gene Ther 2015; 23:256-62. [PMID: 26632671 PMCID: PMC4777691 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2015.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Genetically modified stem and progenitor cells have emerged as a promising regenerative platform in the treatment of genetic and degenerative disorders, highlighted by their successful therapeutic use in inherent immunodeficiencies. However, biosafety concerns over insertional mutagenesis resulting from integrating recombinant viral vectors have overshadowed the widespread clinical applications of genetically modified stem cells. Here, we report an RNA-based episomal vector system, amenable for long-term transgene expression in stem cells. Specifically, we used a unique intranuclear RNA virus, Borna disease virus (BDV), as the gene transfer vehicle, capable of persistent infections in various cell types. BDV-based vectors allowed for long-term transgene expression in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) without affecting cellular morphology, cell surface CD105 expression, or the adipogenicity of MSCs. Similarly, replication-defective BDV vectors achieved long-term transduction of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), while maintaining the ability to differentiate into three embryonic germ layers. Thus, the BDV-based vectors offer a genomic modification-free, episomal RNA delivery system for sustained stem cell transduction.
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593
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Aronson SJ, Beuers U, Bosma PJ. Progress and challenges in gene therapy for Crigler–Najjar syndrome. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2015. [DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2015.1100991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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594
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Homology-driven genome editing in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells using ZFN mRNA and AAV6 donors. Nat Biotechnol 2015; 33:1256-1263. [PMID: 26551060 PMCID: PMC4842001 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Genome editing with targeted nucleases and DNA donor templates homologous to the break site has proven challenging in human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), and particularly in the most primitive, long-term repopulating cell population. Here we report that combining electroporation of zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) mRNA with donor template delivery by adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype 6 vectors directs efficient genome editing in HSPCs, achieving site-specific insertion of a GFP cassette at the CCR5 and AAVS1 loci in mobilized peripheral blood CD34+ HSPCs at mean frequencies of 17% and 26%, respectively, and in fetal liver HSPCs at 19% and 43%, respectively. Notably, this approach modified the CD34+CD133+CD90+ cell population, a minor component of CD34+ cells that contains long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Genome-edited HSPCs also engrafted in immune-deficient mice long-term, confirming that HSCs are targeted by this approach. Our results provide a strategy for more robust application of genome-editing technologies in HSPCs.
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595
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Abstract
Alongside advancements in gene therapy for inherited immune disorders, the need for effective alternative therapeutic options for other conditions has resulted in an expansion in the field of research for T cell gene therapy. T cells are easily obtained and can be induced to divide robustly ex vivo, a characteristic that allows them to be highly permissible to viral vector-mediated introduction of transgenes. Pioneering clinical trials targeting cancers and infectious diseases have provided safety and feasibility data and important information about persistence of engineered cells in vivo. Here, we review clinical experiences with γ-retroviral and lentiviral vectors and consider the potential of integrating transposon-based vectors as well as specific genome editing with designer nucleases in engineered T cell therapies.
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596
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Beer PA, Eaves CJ. Modeling Normal and Disordered Human Hematopoiesis. Trends Cancer 2015; 1:199-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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597
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Lin Y, Wan JQ, Gao GY, Pan YH, Ding SH, Fan YL, Wang Y, Jiang JY. Direct hippocampal injection of pseudo lentivirus-delivered nerve growth factor gene rescues the damaged cognitive function after traumatic brain injury in the rat. Biomaterials 2015; 69:148-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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598
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Mace EM, Orange JS. Insights into primary immune deficiency from quantitative microscopy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:1150-62. [PMID: 26078103 PMCID: PMC4641025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in genomics-based technology have resulted in an increase in our understanding of the molecular basis of many primary immune deficiencies. Along with this increased knowledge comes an increased responsibility to understand the underlying mechanism of disease, and thus increasingly sophisticated technologies are being used to investigate the cell biology of human immune deficiencies. One such technology, which has itself undergone a recent explosion in innovation, is that of high-resolution microscopy and image analysis. These advances complement innovative studies that have previously shed light on critical cell biological processes that are perturbed by single-gene mutations in primary immune deficiency. Here we highlight advances made specifically in the following cell biological processes: (1) cytoskeletal-related processes; (2) cell signaling; (3) intercellular trafficking; and (4) cellular host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Mace
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.
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599
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Serrao E, Engelman AN. Sites of retroviral DNA integration: From basic research to clinical applications. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 51:26-42. [PMID: 26508664 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2015.1102859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
One of the most crucial steps in the life cycle of a retrovirus is the integration of the viral DNA (vDNA) copy of the RNA genome into the genome of an infected host cell. Integration provides for efficient viral gene expression as well as for the segregation of viral genomes to daughter cells upon cell division. Some integrated viruses are not well expressed, and cells latently infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can resist the action of potent antiretroviral drugs and remain dormant for decades. Intensive research has been dedicated to understanding the catalytic mechanism of integration, as well as the viral and cellular determinants that influence integration site distribution throughout the host genome. In this review, we summarize the evolution of techniques that have been used to recover and map retroviral integration sites, from the early days that first indicated that integration could occur in multiple cellular DNA locations, to current technologies that map upwards of millions of unique integration sites from single in vitro integration reactions or cell culture infections. We further review important insights gained from the use of such mapping techniques, including the monitoring of cell clonal expansion in patients treated with retrovirus-based gene therapy vectors, or patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) on suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). These insights span from integrase (IN) enzyme sequence preferences within target DNA (tDNA) at the sites of integration, to the roles of host cellular proteins in mediating global integration distribution, to the potential relationship between genomic location of vDNA integration site and retroviral latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Serrao
- a Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology , Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Alan N Engelman
- a Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology , Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston , MA , USA
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Goyal S, Kim S, Chen ISY, Chou T. Mechanisms of blood homeostasis: lineage tracking and a neutral model of cell populations in rhesus macaques. BMC Biol 2015; 13:85. [PMID: 26486451 PMCID: PMC4615871 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-015-0191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background How a potentially diverse population of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) differentiates and proliferates to supply more than 1011 mature blood cells every day in humans remains a key biological question. We investigated this process by quantitatively analyzing the clonal structure of peripheral blood that is generated by a population of transplanted lentivirus-marked HSCs in myeloablated rhesus macaques. Each transplanted HSC generates a clonal lineage of cells in the peripheral blood that is then detected and quantified through deep sequencing of the viral vector integration sites (VIS) common within each lineage. This approach allowed us to observe, over a period of 4-12 years, hundreds of distinct clonal lineages. Results While the distinct clone sizes varied by three orders of magnitude, we found that collectively, they form a steady-state clone size-distribution with a distinctive shape. Steady-state solutions of our model show that the predicted clone size-distribution is sensitive to only two combinations of parameters. By fitting the measured clone size-distributions to our mechanistic model, we estimate both the effective HSC differentiation rate and the number of active HSCs. Conclusions Our concise mathematical model shows how slow HSC differentiation followed by fast progenitor growth can be responsible for the observed broad clone size-distribution. Although all cells are assumed to be statistically identical, analogous to a neutral theory for the different clone lineages, our mathematical approach captures the intrinsic variability in the times to HSC differentiation after transplantation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-015-0191-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidhartha Goyal
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, St George Campus, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sanggu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Irvin S Y Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA.,UCLA AIDS Institute and Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Tom Chou
- Departments of Biomathematics and Mathematics, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA.
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