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Ozen I, Boix J, Paul G. Perivascular mesenchymal stem cells in the adult human brain: a future target for neuroregeneration? Clin Transl Med 2012; 1:30. [PMID: 23369339 PMCID: PMC3561038 DOI: 10.1186/2001-1326-1-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Perivascular adult stem cells have been isolated from several tissues, including the adult human brain. They have unique signatures resembling both pericytes and mesenchymal stem cells. Understanding the nature of these cells in their specific vascular niches is important to determine their clinical potential as a new adult stem cell source. Indeed, they have promising features in vitro in terms of multipotency, immunomodulation and secretion of growth factors and cytokines. However, their in vivo function is less known as yet. Recent emerging data show a crucial role of perivascular mesenchymal stem cells in tissue homeostasis and repair. Furthermore, these cells may play an important role in adult stem cell niche regulation and in neurodegeneration. Here we review the recent literature on perivascular mesenchymal stem cells, discuss their different in vitro functions and highlight especially the specific properties of brain-derived perivascular mesenchymal stem cells. We summarize current evidence that suggests an important in vivo function of these cells in terms of their regenerative potential that may indicate a new target cell for endogenous tissue regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilknur Ozen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Translational Neurology, Lund University, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund 22 184, Sweden.
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552
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Minguell JJ, Allers C, Lasala GP. Mesenchymal stem cells and the treatment of conditions and diseases: the less glittering side of a conspicuous stem cell for basic research. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 22:193-203. [PMID: 23025629 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Not too long ago, several motivated and forward-looking articles were published describing the cellular and molecular properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), specially highlighting their potential for self-renewal, commitment, differentiation, and maturation into specific mesoderm-derived lineages. A very influential publication of that period entitled "Mesenchymal stem cells: No longer second class marrow citizens" [1] raised the point of view that "…challenges to harness MSC cell therapy to treat diseases … need to wait for the full comprehension that marrow is a rich source of mesenchyme-derived cells whose potential is still far from fully appreciated." Whether or not the prophecy of Gerson was fulfilled, in the last 8 years it has become evident that infusing MSCs into patients suffering a variety of disorders represents a viable option for medical treatment. Accordingly, a vast number of articles have explored the privileged cellular and molecular features of MSCs prepared from sources other than the canonical, represented by the bone marrow. This review will provide more information neither related to the biological attractiveness of MSCs nor to the success after their clinical use. Rather, we would like to underscore several "critical and tangential" issues, not always discussed in biomedical publications, but relevant to the clinical utilization of bone-marrow-derived MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose J Minguell
- TCA Cellular Therapy, 101 Judge Tanner Boulevard, Covington, LA 70433, USA.
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553
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Gómez-Aristizábal A, Ng C, Ng J, Davies JE. Effects of two mesenchymal cell populations on hepatocytes and lymphocytes. Liver Transpl 2012; 18:1384-94. [PMID: 22753359 DOI: 10.1002/lt.23500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The inflammatory response to liver injury plays an important role in the onset of liver fibrosis, which may ultimately lead to liver failure. The attenuation of inflammation and hepatocyte rescue are, therefore, of the utmost importance for recovery. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from adult bone marrow have been shown to rescue hepatocyte function. Here we explore a more plentiful source of neonatal MSCs: human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs). We cocultured HUCPVCs or bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) with rat hepatocytes or human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in order to identify their effects on hepatocyte functionality and the proliferation of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (phaPBMCs). The expression of hepatotrophic factors by both types of MSCs in the presence of hepatocytes and the functional implications of blocking putative MSC anti-inflammatory factors were compared. Both types of MSCs improved albumin secretion, ureagenesis, hepatospecific gene expression, cytochrome P450 (CYP) activity, and functional hepatocyte mass maintenance. However, although HUCPVCs had an improved effect on the maintenance of ureagenesis, BM-MSCs had a strong effect on hepatocyte CYP activity. Additionally, each MSC type differentially expressed putative hepatotrophic factors, whereas phaPBMC proliferation was significantly decreased. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) was the main immunosuppressive mechanism used by both types of MSCs, but HUCPVCs exhibited higher expression of programmed death 1 ligands. However, the functional significance of the difference in anti-inflammatory factor expression still remains to be elucidated. Thus, both MSC types can serve as hepatocyte stromal cells and mitigate inflammation with IDO, but they present differences in the manner in which they affect hepatocytes and in the expression of both hepatotrophic and anti-inflammatory factors.
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554
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Sahin MB. Mesenchymal stromal cells: are they all good for the liver? Liver Transpl 2012; 18:1274-6. [PMID: 22865730 DOI: 10.1002/lt.23524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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555
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Rojewski MT, Fekete N, Baila S, Nguyen K, Fürst D, Antwiler D, Dausend J, Kreja L, Ignatius A, Sensebé L, Schrezenmeier H. GMP-compliant isolation and expansion of bone marrow-derived MSCs in the closed, automated device quantum cell expansion system. Cell Transplant 2012; 22:1981-2000. [PMID: 23107560 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x657990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The estimated frequency of MSCs in BM is about 0.001-0.01% of total nucleated cells. Most commonly, one applied therapeutic cell dose is about 1-5 million MSCs/kg body weight, necessitating a reliable, fast, and safe expansion system. The limited availability of MSCs demands for an extensive ex vivo amplification step to accumulate sufficient cell numbers. Human platelet lysate (PL) has proven to be a safe and feasible alternative to animal-derived serum as supplement for MSC cultivation. We have investigated the functionally closed automated cell culture hollow fiber bioreactor Quantum cell expansion system as an alternative novel tool to conventional tissue flasks for efficient clinical-scale MSC isolation and expansion from bone marrow using PL. Cells expanded in the Quantum system fulfilled MSC criteria as shown by flow cytometry and adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic differentiation capacity. Cell surface expression of a variety of chemokine receptors, adhesion molecules, and additional MSC markers was monitored for several passages by flow cytometry. The levels of critical media components like glucose and lactate were analyzed. PDGF-AA, PDGF-AB/BB, bFGF, TGF-β1, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, RANTES, GRO, VEGF, sCD40L, and IL-6 were assessed using a LUMINEX platform. Originally optimized for the use of fetal calf serum (FCS) as supplement and fibronectin as coating reagent, we succeeded to obtain an average of more than 100×10(6) of MSCs from as little as 18.8-28.6 ml of BM aspirate using PL. We obtained similar yields of MSCs/µl BM in the FCS-containing and the xenogen-free expansion system. The Quantum system reliably produces a cellular therapeutic dose in a functionally closed system that requires minimal manipulation. Both isolation and expansion are possible using FCS or PL as supplement. Coating of the hollow fibers of the bioreactor is mandatory when loading MSCs. Fibronectin, PL, and human plasma may serve as coating reagents.
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556
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Shi M, Zhang Z, Xu R, Lin H, Fu J, Zou Z, Zhang A, Shi J, Chen L, Lv S, He W, Geng H, Jin L, Liu Z, Wang FS. Human mesenchymal stem cell transfusion is safe and improves liver function in acute-on-chronic liver failure patients. Stem Cells Transl Med 2012. [PMID: 23197664 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2012-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a severe, life-threatening complication, and new and efficient therapeutic strategies for liver failure are urgently needed. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transfusions have been shown to reverse fulminant hepatic failure in mice and to improve liver function in patients with end-stage liver diseases. We assessed the safety and initial efficacy of umbilical cord-derived MSC (UC-MSC) transfusions for ACLF patients associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. A total of 43 ACLF patients were enrolled for this open-labeled and controlled study; 24 patients were treated with UC-MSCs, and 19 patients were treated with saline as controls. UC-MSC therapy was given three times at 4-week intervals. The liver function, adverse events, and survival rates were evaluated during the 48-week or 72-week follow-up period. No significant side effects were observed during the trial. The UC-MSC transfusions significantly increased the survival rates in ACLF patients; reduced the model for end-stage liver disease scores; increased serum albumin, cholinesterase, and prothrombin activity; and increased platelet counts. Serum total bilirubin and alanine aminotransferase levels were significantly decreased after the UC-MSC transfusions. UC-MSC transfusions are safe in the clinic and may serve as a novel therapeutic approach for HBV-associated ACLF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Shi
- Research Center for Biological Therapy, Institute of Translational Hepatology, and
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557
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Characterization of the conditioned medium from amniotic membrane cells: prostaglandins as key effectors of its immunomodulatory activity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46956. [PMID: 23071674 PMCID: PMC3468614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that cells isolated from the mesenchymal region of the human amniotic membrane (human amniotic mesenchymal tissue cells, hAMTC) possess immunoregulatory roles, such as inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production, and suppression of generation and maturation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells, as reported for MSC from other sources. The precise factors and mechanisms responsible for the immunoregulatory roles of hAMTC remain unknown. In this study, we aimed to identify the soluble factors released by hAMTC and responsible for the anti-proliferative effect on lymphocytes, and the mechanisms underlying their actions, in vitro. Conditioned medium (CM) was prepared under routine culture conditions from hAMTC (CM-hAMTC) and also from fragments of the whole human amniotic membrane (CM-hAM). We analyzed the thermostability, chemical nature, and the molecular weight of the factors likely responsible for the anti-proliferative effects. We also evaluated the participation of cytokines known to be involved in the immunomodulatory actions of MSC from other sources, and attempted to block different synthetic pathways. We demonstrate that the inhibitory factors are temperature-stable, have a small molecular weight, and are likely of a non-proteinaceous nature. Only inhibition of cyclooxygenase pathway partially reverted the anti-proliferative effect, suggesting prostaglandins as key effector molecules. Factors previously documented to take part in the inhibitory effects of MSCs from other sources (HGF, TGF-β, NO and IDO) were not involved. Furthermore, we prove for the first time that the anti-proliferative effect is intrinsic to the amniotic membrane and cells derived thereof, since it is manifested in the absence of stimulating culture conditions, as opposed to MSC derived from the bone marrow, which possess an anti-proliferative ability only when cultured in the presence of activating stimuli. Finally, we show that the amniotic membrane could be an interesting source of soluble factors, without referring to extensive cell preparation.
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558
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Payne NL, Sun G, McDonald C, Layton D, Moussa L, Emerson-Webber A, Veron N, Siatskas C, Herszfeld D, Price J, Bernard CCA. Distinct immunomodulatory and migratory mechanisms underpin the therapeutic potential of human mesenchymal stem cells in autoimmune demyelination. Cell Transplant 2012; 22:1409-25. [PMID: 23057962 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x657620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are efficacious in a variety of intractable diseases. While bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) have been widely investigated, MSCs from other tissue sources have also been shown to be effective in several autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. In the present study, we simultaneously assessed the therapeutic efficacy of human BM-MSCs, as well as MSCs isolated from adipose tissue (Ad-MSCs) and umbilical cord Wharton's jelly (UC-MSCs), in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Prior to in vivo experiments, we characterized the phenotype and function of all three MSC types. We show that BM-MSCs were more efficient at suppressing the in vitro proliferation of mitogen or antigen-stimulated T-cell responses compared to Ad-MSCs and UC-MSCs. Notably BM-MSCs induced the differential expression of cytokines from normal and stimulated T-cells. Paradoxically, intravenous transplantation of BM-MSCs into C57Bl/6 mice with chronic progressive EAE had a negligible effect on the disease course, even when multiple MSC injections were administered over a number of time points. In contrast, Ad-MSCs had the most significant impact on clinical and pathological disease outcomes in chronic progressive and relapsing-remitting EAE models. In vivo tracking studies revealed that Ad-MSCs were able to migrate to the central nervous system (CNS), a property that most likely correlated with their broader expression of homing molecules, while BM-MSCs were not detected in this anatomic region. Collectively, this comparative investigation demonstrates that transplanted Ad-MSCs play a significant role in tissue repair processes by virtue of their ability to suppress inflammation coupled with their enhanced ability to home to the injured CNS. Given the access and relatively ease for harvesting adipose tissue, these data further implicate Ad-MSCs as a cell therapeutic that may be used to treat MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie L Payne
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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559
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Tögel FE, Westenfelder C. Kidney protection and regeneration following acute injury: progress through stem cell therapy. Am J Kidney Dis 2012; 60:1012-22. [PMID: 23036928 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2012.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common clinical entity with high morbidity and mortality rates and ever increasing medical costs. A large number of patients who are hospitalized with morbidities such as diabetes, vascular disease, or chronic kidney disease are at high risk to develop AKI due to ischemic and nephrotoxic insults. The pathophysiology of ischemic and toxic forms of AKI is complex and includes tubular and vascular cell damage and inflammation. Given the seriousness of this essentially therapy-resistant complication, treatment beyond supportive measures and renal replacement therapy is urgently needed. Recent stem cell research has shown promising results, and cell therapy-based interventions are advancing into clinical trials. An example is our phase 1 clinical trial (NCT00733876) in which cardiac surgery patients at high risk of postoperative AKI were treated safely with allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells. Together with the introduction of biomarkers for an earlier and specific AKI diagnosis, currently tested stem cell-based therapies are expected to provide an entirely new class of diagnostic and therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian E Tögel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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560
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease that causes the deficit of pancreatic islet β cells. A true cure has proven elusive despite intensive research pressure by using conventional approaches over the past 25 years. The situation highlights the challenges we face in conquering this disease. Alternative approaches are needed. Increasing evidence demonstrates that stem cells possess the function of immune modulation. We established the Stem Cell Educator therapy by using cord blood-derived multipotent stem cells (CB-SCs). A closed-loop system that circulates a patient's blood through a blood cell separator, briefly co-cultures the patient's lymphocytes with adherent CB-SCs in vitro, and returns the educated lymphocytes (but not the CB-SCs) to the patient's circulation. Our clinical trial reveals that a single treatment with the Stem Cell Educator provides lasting reversal of autoimmunity that allows regeneration of islet β cells and improvement of metabolic control in subjects with long-standing T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhao
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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561
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van Buul GM, Villafuertes E, Bos PK, Waarsing JH, Kops N, Narcisi R, Weinans H, Verhaar JAN, Bernsen MR, van Osch GJVM. Mesenchymal stem cells secrete factors that inhibit inflammatory processes in short-term osteoarthritic synovium and cartilage explant culture. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012; 20:1186-96. [PMID: 22771777 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising candidates for osteoarthritis (OA) therapies, although their mechanism of action remains unclear. MSCs have recently been discovered to secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors. We studied the paracrine effects of MSCs on OA cartilage and synovial explants in vitro. DESIGN MSC-conditioned medium was prepared by stimulating primary human MSCs with tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and (50ng/ml each). Human synovium and cartilage explants were cultured in MSC-conditioned medium or in control medium, containing the same amount of added TNFα and IFNγ but not incubated with MSCs. Explants were analyzed for gene expression and the production of nitric oxide (NO). The presence of the inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B alpha (IκBa) was assessed by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Synovial explants exposed to MSC-conditioned medium showed decreased gene expression of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)1 and MMP13, while suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)1 was upregulated. In cartilage, expression of IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) was upregulated, whereas a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS)5 and collagen type II alpha 1 (COL2A1) were downregulated. MSC-conditioned medium reduced NO production in cartilage explants and the presence of IκBa was increased in synoviocytes and chondrocytes treated with MSC-conditioned medium. CONCLUSIONS In an inflammatory environment, MSCs secrete factors which cause multiple anti-inflammatory effects and influence matrix turnover in synovium and cartilage explants. Thereby, the presented data encourage further study of MSCs as a treatment for joint diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M van Buul
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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562
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Mesenchymal stem cell 1 (MSC1)-based therapy attenuates tumor growth whereas MSC2-treatment promotes tumor growth and metastasis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45590. [PMID: 23029122 PMCID: PMC3447765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, there are many promising clinical trials using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in cell-based therapies of numerous diseases. Increasingly, however, there is a concern over the use of MSCs because they home to tumors and can support tumor growth and metastasis. For instance, we established that MSCs in the ovarian tumor microenvironment promoted tumor growth and favored angiogenesis. In parallel studies, we also developed a new approach to induce the conventional mixed pool of MSCs into two uniform but distinct phenotypes we termed MSC1 and MSC2. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we tested the in vitro and in vivo stability of MSC1 and MSC2 phenotypes as well as their effects on tumor growth and spread. In vitro co-culture of MSC1 with various cancer cells diminished growth in colony forming units and tumor spheroid assays, while conventional MSCs or MSC2 co-culture had the opposite effect in these assays. Co-culture of MSC1 and cancer cells also distinctly affected their migration and invasion potential when compared to MSCs or MSC2 treated samples. The expression of bioactive molecules also differed dramatically among these samples. MSC1-based treatment of established tumors in an immune competent model attenuated tumor growth and metastasis in contrast to MSCs- and MSC2-treated animals in which tumor growth and spread was increased. Also, in contrast to these groups, MSC1-therapy led to less ascites accumulation, increased CD45+leukocytes, decreased collagen deposition, and mast cell degranulation. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE These observations indicate that the MSC1 and MSC2 phenotypes may be convenient tools for the discovery of critical components of the tumor stroma. The continued investigation of these cells may help ensure that cell based-therapy is used safely and effectively in human disease.
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563
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Duarte DM, Cornélio DA, Corado C, Medeiros VKS, de Araújo LADCX, Cavalvanti GB, de Medeiros SRB. Chromosomal characterization of cryopreserved mesenchymal stem cells from the human subendothelium umbilical cord vein. Regen Med 2012; 7:147-57. [PMID: 22397605 DOI: 10.2217/rme.11.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To conduct a morphological, functional and chromosomal characterization of mesenchymal stem cell populations from the human subendothelium umbilical cord vein after cryopreservation. MATERIAL & METHODS Five human umbilical cords were processed in order to obtain mesenchymal stem cells. Flow cytometry, differentiation assays and cytogenetic analysis were carried out before and after the cryopreservation process. RESULTS Flow cytometry revealed that CD105, CD73 and CD90 markers were expressed by the cells, which lacked the expression of hematopoietic lineage markers, such as CD14, CD34 and CD45. The mesenchymal stem cells demonstrated capacity for osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation. Chromosome analysis showed no clonal chromosome changes in the cells in either situation. However, a significant number of nonclonal chromosomal aberrations were apparent after cryopreservation, including monosomies and structural changes. Cells isolated from one umbilical cord exhibited a rare balanced paracentric inversion, likely a cytogenetic constitutional alteration. This was present both before and after experimental procedures. CONCLUSION These findings show that using mesenchymal stem cells for clinical approaches requires careful investigation and sensitive tests in order to ensure cellular therapy biosafety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M Duarte
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Genômica, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário s/n, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN 59072-970, Brazil
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564
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Johnson TV, Martin KR. Cell transplantation approaches to retinal ganglion cell neuroprotection in glaucoma. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2012; 13:78-82. [PMID: 22939899 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a complex neurodegenerative disease that involves interactions among multiple signaling pathways, ultimately leading to progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death. The development of neuroprotective approaches to glaucoma therapy could preserve vision by modulating these pathologic pathways or by acting directly on RGCs to attenuate cell death and maintain function. Intraocular cell transplantation is being evaluated as one approach to achieve sustained RGC neuroprotection. Unlike traditional pharmacological approaches, transplanted cells might be capable of simultaneously targeting multiple pro-survival pathways via local delivery of secreted factors and/or via modulation of the intraocular microenvironment. Elucidating the mechanisms by which different cell types attenuate RGC death in models of glaucoma may uncover additional novel mechanisms of neuroprotection. In this review, we will discuss the rationale for transplantation-based approaches to neuroprotection for glaucoma and explore the various mechanisms of action proposed to account for RGC neuroprotection achieved by two distinct cell classes that have been studied most extensively for this purpose: glial cells and mesenchymal stem cells.
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565
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King MW, Neff AW, Mescher AL. The developing Xenopus limb as a model for studies on the balance between inflammation and regeneration. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2012; 295:1552-61. [PMID: 22933418 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The roles of inflammation and immune cell reactivity triggered by amputation have only recently begun to be addressed in investigations of epimorphic regeneration, although studies of tissue repair in mammals clearly show the importance of the immune system in determining the quality of the repair process. Here, we first review inflammation-related work in non-mammalian systems of epimorphic regeneration which suggests that regeneration of an amputated appendage requires continuous modulation of the local immune response, from the first hours after amputation through the period of blastema patterning. We then present data on the effects of anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory agents on regeneration of larval Xenopus hindlimbs. Treatment with the glucocorticoid beclomethasone immediately after amputation inhibits regeneration in regeneration-complete stage 53 limbs. Other anti-inflammatory agents, including the inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity celecoxib and diclofenac, applied similarly to larvae amputated at stage 55, when the capacity for limb regeneration is normally being lost, restore regenerative capacity. This suggests that although injury-related events sensitive to glucocorticoids are necessary for regeneration, resolution of the inflammatory response may also be required to allow the complete regenerative response and normal blastema patterning. Conversely, if resolution of inflammation is prevented by local treatment of amputated limbs with beryllium, a strong immunoadjuvant, regeneration is inhibited, and gene expression data suggest that this inhibition results from a failure of normal blastema patterning. Both positive and negative effects of immune- or inflammation-related activities occur during anuran limb regeneration and this underscores the importance of considering immune cells in studies of epimorphic regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W King
- Indiana University Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Terre Haute, Indiana, USA
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566
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Intravenous mesenchymal stem cells prevented rejection of allogeneic corneal transplants by aborting the early inflammatory response. Mol Ther 2012; 20:2143-52. [PMID: 22929658 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (MSCs) were reported to enhance the survival of cellular and organ transplants. However, their mode of action was not established. We here used a mouse model of corneal allotransplantation and demonstrated that peri-transplant intravenous (i.v.) infusion of human MSCs (hMSCs) decreased the early surgically induced inflammation and reduced the activation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the cornea and draining lymph nodes (DLNs). Subsequently, immune rejection was decreased, and allograft survival was prolonged. Quantitative assays for human GAPDH revealed that <10 hMSCs out of 1 × 10(6) injected cells were recovered in the cornea 10 hours to 28 days after i.v. infusion. Most of hMSCs were trapped in lungs where they were activated to increase expression of the gene for a multifunctional anti-inflammatory protein tumor necrosis factor-α stimulated gene/protein 6 (TSG-6). i.v. hMSCs with a knockdown of TSG-6 did not suppress the early inflammation and failed to prolong the allograft survival. Also, i.v. infusion of recombinant TSG-6 reproduced the effects of hMSCs. Results suggest that hMSCs improve the survival of corneal allografts without engraftment and primarily by secreting TSG-6 that acts by aborting early inflammatory responses. The same mechanism may explain previous reports that MSCs decrease rejection of other organ transplants.
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567
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Miranda HC, Herai RH, Thomé CH, Gomes GG, Panepucci RA, Orellana MD, Covas DT, Muotri AR, Greene LJ, Faça VM. A quantitative proteomic and transcriptomic comparison of human mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow and umbilical cord vein. Proteomics 2012; 12:2607-17. [PMID: 22778083 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are adult multipotent cells that have high therapeutic potential due to their immunological properties. They can be isolated from several different tissues with bone marrow (BM) being the most common source. Because the isolation procedure is invasive, other tissues such as human umbilical cord vein (UCV) have been considered. However, their interchangeability remains unclear. In the present study, total protein extracts of BM-hMSCs and UCV-hMSCs were quantitatively compared using gel-LC-MS/MS. Previous SAGE analysis of the same cells was re-annotated to enable comparison and combination of these two data sets. We observed a more than 63% correlation between proteomic and transcriptomic data. In silico analysis of highly expressed genes in cells of both origins suggests that they can be modulated by microRNA, which can change protein abundance. Our results showed that MSCs from both tissues shared high similarity in metabolic and functional processes relevant to their therapeutic potential, especially in the immune system process, response to stimuli, and processes related to the delivery of the hMSCs to a given tissue, such as migration and adhesion. Hence, our results support the idea that the more accessible UCV could be a potentially less invasive source of MSCs.
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568
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Abstract
Preclinical trials confirmed the potential of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) to improve functional recovery after experimental stroke. Beneficial effects of MSCs are often attributed to their immunosuppressive/immunomodulatory functions. Surprisingly, the influence of MSCs on the immune system after stroke is poorly understood, but requires special consideration because cerebral ischemia is associated with stroke-induced immunodepression that predisposes to bacterial infections with increased mortality. In this study, we intravenously transplanted syngeneic murine bone marrow-derived MSCs (mMSCs) into C57BL/6 mice at 6 hours after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo; 60 minutes) to investigate the impact of MSCs on stroke-induced immunodepression. Transplantation of syngeneic splenocytes or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) served as controls. An immune status was determined by flow cytometry on days 3 and 14 after MCAo, which did not reveal any negative effects of cell transplantation on stroke-induced immunodepression. Although our mMSCs were found to exert immunosuppressive effects in vitro, stroke-mediated immune cell dysfunction was not altered by mMSCs in ex-vivo stimulation assays with lipopolysaccharide or concanavalin A. Moreover, systemic inflammatory cytokine levels (interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factorα, interferonγ, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) remained unchanged in the sera of mice after cerebral ischemia and cell transplantation. These results reduce safety concerns about MSC administration in ongoing clinical stroke trials.
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569
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Balaji S, Keswani SG, Crombleholme TM. The Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Regenerative Wound Healing Phenotype. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2012; 1:159-165. [PMID: 24527298 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2012.0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are key to regenerative wound healing. MSCs have spatial memory and respond to local environment. MSCs orchestrate wound repair by: (1) structural repair via cellular differentiation; (2) immune-modulation; (3) secretion of growth factors that drive neovascularization and re-epithelialization; and (4) mobilization of resident stem cells. THE PROBLEM Autologous bone-marrow-derived cells and MSCs demonstrate improved healing and tissue-integrity in animal models and clinical trials. However, the effects are variable and the mechanisms of MSC-mediated wound healing are not fully understood. The mammalian MSC niche and signaling sequences and factors affecting their homing, differentiation, viability, and safety need to be characterized to get full benefits of MSC cellular therapy. BASIC/CLINICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES MSCs can be isolated from bone-marrow, and less-invasive tissues such as adipose, gingiva, muscle, and umbilical cord, with similar functional effects. However, isolation, culture conditions, and markers used to identify and trace the lineage of these MSCs have not been standardized, which is crucial to determine the extent to which MSCs act as multipotent stem cells or sources of secreted factors in wounds. CLINICAL CARE RELEVANCE In chronic nonhealing wounds, where efficacy of conventional therapies is unsatisfactory, autotransplantation of MSCs could accelerate wound healing, promote regeneration and restoration of tissue integrity, and reduce recurrence of wounds at characteristically predisposed sites. CONCLUSION Regenerative medicine and novel wound therapies using autologous stem cells holds great promise for clinical management of difficult wounds. The ideal candidate stem cells can be used to repopulate the wound bed to mediate appropriate epidermal and dermal regeneration and promote efficient wound repair, while modulating the immune system to prevent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathi Balaji
- Division of Pediatric, General, Thoracic and Fetal Surgery, Center for Molecular Fetal Therapy, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
- College of Medicine, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sundeep G. Keswani
- Division of Pediatric, General, Thoracic and Fetal Surgery, Center for Molecular Fetal Therapy, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
- College of Medicine, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Timothy M. Crombleholme
- Division of Pediatric, General, Thoracic and Fetal Surgery, Center for Molecular Fetal Therapy, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
- College of Medicine, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Center for Children's Surgery, Division of General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, Children's Hospital Colorado, The University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
- The University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
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570
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Page EK, Dar WA, Knechtle SJ. Tolerogenic therapies in transplantation. Front Immunol 2012; 3:198. [PMID: 22826708 PMCID: PMC3399382 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the concept of immunologic tolerance was discovered in the 1940s, the pursuit of tolerance induction in human transplantation has led to a rapid development of pharmacologic and biologic agents. Short-term graft survival remains an all-time high, but successful withdrawal of immunosuppression to achieve operational tolerance rarely occurs outside of liver transplantation. Collaborative efforts through the NIH sponsored Immune Tolerance Network and the European Commission sponsored Reprogramming the Immune System for Establishment of Tolerance consortia have afforded researchers opportunity to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tolerogenic strategies, investigate mechanisms of tolerance, and identify molecular and genetic markers that distinguish the tolerance phenotype. In this article, we review traditional and novel approaches to inducing tolerance for organ transplantation, with an emphasis on their translation into clinical trials.
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571
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Seifert M, Stolk M, Polenz D, Volk HD. Detrimental effects of rat mesenchymal stromal cell pre-treatment in a model of acute kidney rejection. Front Immunol 2012; 3:202. [PMID: 22826709 PMCID: PMC3398550 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have shown immunomodulatory and tissue repair potential including partial tolerance induction by pre-treatment of donor-specific cells in a rat heart transplantation model. Very recently, we could show that autologous MSC attenuated ischemia reperfusion injury in a highly mismatched donor–recipient rat kidney transplant model. Therefore, we investigated donor-specific MSC pre-treatment in this rat kidney transplantation model to study whether graft function could be improved, or if tolerance could be induced. Donor- and recipient-type MSC or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) as a control was injected i.v. 4 days before kidney transplantation. Mycophenolate mofetil immunosuppression (20mg/kg body weight) was applied for 7 days. Kidney grafts and spleens were harvested between days 8 and 10 and analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistology. In addition, creatinine levels in the blood were measured and serum was screened for the presence of donor-specific antibodies. Surprisingly, application of both donor- and recipient-specific MSC resulted in enhanced humoral immune responses verified by intragraft B cell infiltration and complement factor C4d deposits. Moreover, signs of inflammation and rejection were generally enhanced in both MSC-treated groups relative to PBS control group. Additionally, pre-treatment with donor-specific MSC significantly enhanced the level of donor-specific antibody formation when compared with PBS- or recipient MSC-treated groups. Pre-treatment with both MSC types resulted in a higher degree of kidney cortex tissue damage and elevated creatinine levels at the time point of rejection. Thus, MSC pre-sensitization in this model impairs the allograft outcome. Our data from this pre-clinical kidney transplantation model indicate that pre-operative MSC administration may not be optimal in kidney transplantation and caution must be exerted before moving forward with clinical studies in order to avoid adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Seifert
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
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572
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Double allogenic mesenchymal stem cells transplantations could not enhance therapeutic effect compared with single transplantation in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:273291. [PMID: 22829849 PMCID: PMC3399403 DOI: 10.1155/2012/273291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The clinical trial of allogenic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation for refractory SLE patients has shown significant safety and efficacy profiles. However, the optimum frequency of the MSCs transplantation (MSCT) is unknown. This study was undertaken to observe whether double transplantations of MSCs is superior to single transplantation. Fifty-eight refractory SLE patients were enrolled in this study, in which 30 were randomly given single MSCT, and the other 28 were given double MSCT. Patients were followed up for rates of survival, disease remission, and relapse, as well as transplantation-related adverse events. SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) and serologic features were evaluated. Our results showed that no remarkable differences between single and double allogenic MSCT were found in terms of disease remission and relapse, amelioration of disease activity, and serum indexes in an SLE clinical trial with more than one year followup. This study demonstrated that single MSCs transplantation at the dose of one million MSCs per kilogram of body weight was sufficient to induce disease remission for refractory SLE patients.
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573
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Liu X, Qu X, Chen Y, Liao L, Cheng K, Shao C, Zenke M, Keating A, Zhao RCH. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells induce the generation of novel IL-10-dependent regulatory dendritic cells by SOCS3 activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:1182-92. [PMID: 22753940 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Suppression of immune response by mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) is well documented. However, their regulatory effects on immune cells, especially regulatory dendritic cells, are not fully understood. We have identified a novel Sca-1(+)Lin(-)CD117(-) MSC population isolated from mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) that suppressed lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. Moreover, the Sca-1(+)Lin(-)CD117(-) MEF-MSCs induced hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells to differentiate into novel regulatory dendritic cells (DCs) (Sca-1(+)Lin(-)CD117(-) MEF-MSC-induced DCs) when cocultured in the absence of exogenous cytokines. Small interfering RNA silencing showed that Sca-1(+)Lin(-)CD117(-) MEF-MSCs induced the generation of Sca-1(+)Lin(-)CD117(-) MEF-MSC-induced DCs via IL-10-activated SOCS3, whose expression was regulated by the JAK-STAT pathway. We observed a high degree of H3K4me3 modification mediated by MLL1 and a relatively low degree of H3K27me3 modification regulated by SUZ12 on the promoter of SOCS3 during SOCS3 activation. Importantly, infusion of Sca-1(+)CD117(-)Lin(-) MEF-MSCs suppressed the inflammatory response by increasing DCs with a regulatory phenotype. Thus, our results shed new light on the role of MSCs in modulating regulatory DC production and support the clinical application of MSCs to reduce the inflammatory response in numerous disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxia Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, People's Republic of China
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574
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Waterman RS, Morgenweck J, Nossaman BD, Scandurro AE, Scandurro SA, Betancourt AM. Anti-inflammatory mesenchymal stem cells (MSC2) attenuate symptoms of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Stem Cells Transl Med 2012; 1:557-65. [PMID: 23197860 PMCID: PMC3659725 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2012-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are very attractive candidates in cell-based strategies that target inflammatory diseases. Preclinical animal studies and many clinical trials have demonstrated that human MSCs can be safely administered and that they modify the inflammatory process in the targeted injured tissue. Our laboratory developed a novel method that optimizes the anti-inflammatory effects of MSCs. We termed the cells prepared by this method MSC2. In this study, we determined the effects of MSC2-based therapies on an inflammation-linked painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (pDPN) mouse model. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice were treated with conventionally prepared MSCs, MSC2, or vehicle at three specific time points. Prior to each treatment, responses to radiant heat (Hargreaves) and mechanical stimuli (von Frey) were measured. Blood serum from each animal was collected at the end of the study to compare levels of inflammatory markers between the treatment groups. We observed that MSC2-treated mice had significant improvement in behavioral assays compared with the vehicle and MSC groups, and moreover these responses did not differ from the observations seen in the healthy wild-type control group. Mice treated with conventional MSCs showed significant improvement in the radiant heat assay, but not in the von Frey test. Additionally, mice treated with MSC2 had decreased serum levels in many proinflammatory cytokines compared with the values measured in the MSC- or vehicle-treated groups. These findings indicate that MSC2-based therapy is a new anti-inflammatory treatment to consider in the management of pDPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth S Waterman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana 70121, USA.
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575
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Harris VK, Faroqui R, Vyshkina T, Sadiq SA. Characterization of autologous mesenchymal stem cell-derived neural progenitors as a feasible source of stem cells for central nervous system applications in multiple sclerosis. Stem Cells Transl Med 2012. [PMID: 23197858 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2012-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived neural progenitors (MSC-NPs) are a potential therapeutic source of cells that have been shown to be efficacious in a preclinical model of multiple sclerosis (MS). To examine the feasibility of using MSC-NPs as an autologous source of cells to promote central nervous system (CNS) repair in MS, this study characterized human MSC-NPs from a panel of both MS and non-MS donors. Expanded MSCs showed similar characteristics in terms of growth and cell surface phenotype, regardless of the donor disease status. MSC-NPs derived from all MSCs showed a consistent pattern of gene expression changes that correlated with neural commitment and increased homogeneity. Furthermore, the reduced expression of mesodermal markers and reduced capacity for adipogenic or osteogenic differentiation in MSC-NPs compared with MSCs suggested that MSC-NPs have reduced potential of unwanted mesodermal differentiation upon CNS transplantation. The immunoregulatory function of MSC-NPs was similar to that of MSCs in their ability to suppress T-cell proliferation and to promote expansion of FoxP3-positive T regulatory cells in vitro. In addition, MSC-NPs promoted oligodendroglial differentiation from brain-derived neural stem cells that correlated with the secretion of bioactive factors. Our results provide a set of identity characteristics for autologous MSC-NPs and suggest that the in vitro immunoregulatory and trophic properties of these cells may have therapeutic value in the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violaine K Harris
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center of New York, New York, New York 10019, USA
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576
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DelaRosa O, Dalemans W, Lombardo E. Mesenchymal stem cells as therapeutic agents of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2012; 23:978-83. [PMID: 22682584 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interest and expectations on therapies based on adult mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases have remarkably grown in recent years, supported by encouraging data demonstrating their immunomodulatory properties and therapeutic effects in experimental animal models. Despite extensive research, our knowledge on areas of importance for their clinical use such as the mechanism/s of action, the route, dosing and timing of administration, the cell fate and distribution in vivo, the safety and efficacy of allogeneic MSCs treatments, remain insufficient. A better understanding of MSCs biology is required to ensure that the therapeutic efficacy, as observed in animal models, can be successfully translated in clinical trials. Current situation and future directions will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga DelaRosa
- TiGenix SA, Parque Tecnológico de Madrid, C/Marconi 1, 28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
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577
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Kostjuk S, Loseva P, Chvartatskaya O, Ershova E, Smirnova T, Malinovskaya E, Roginko O, Kuzmin V, Izhevskaia V, Baranova A, Ginter E, Veiko N. Extracellular GC-rich DNA activates TLR9- and NF-kB-dependent signaling pathways in human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (haMSCs). Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012; 12 Suppl 1:S99-111. [PMID: 22594608 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.690028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The content of GC-rich ribosomal repeats (rDNA) in cell-free DNA (cfDNA) of patients with various diseases is several times higher as compared with genomic DNA (gDNA) and cfDNA of healthy donors. rDNA may act as Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) ligands and affect human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (haMSCs). Here we explore effects of human cfDNAs and model rDNA fragments on cultured haMSCs. AREAS COVERED Both cfDNAs and cloned rDNA stimulate expression of TLR9 (qRT-PCR). Treatment with cloned rDNA leads to an increase in the number of TLR9(+) cells (FACS), expression levels for both TLR9 and Myd88, the translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B to the nuclei and up-regulation of TNFα and IL-10 cytokines (ELISA). As shown by an analysis of γH2AX-foci and MTT test, the preconditioning of haMSCs with cloned rDNA fragment increases the resistance of these cells to irradiation at 2Gy, while the treatments with control gDNA did not stimulate either TLR9- or NF-kB-dependent signaling pathways. EXPERT OPINION GC-rich sequences present in cfDNA stimulate endogenous stems cells when body is exposed to adverse conditions. GC-rich fragments of human DNA may be used for preconditioning of therapeutic MSCs aiming at an increase in their survival in the ailing body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Kostjuk
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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578
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Wehner R, Taubert C, Mende T, Gaebler C, de Andrade AVG, Bornhäuser M, Werner C, Tonn T, Schäkel K, Bachmann M, Schmitz M. Engineered extracellular matrix components do not alter the immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stromal cells in vitro. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 7:921-4. [PMID: 22610974 DOI: 10.1002/term.1500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have emerged as promising candidates for regenerative therapies, including tissue engineering. Recently it has been reported that engineered extracellular matrix (ECM) components support the differentiation of MSCs into osteocytes and chondrocytes, indicating that ECM components may represent attractive carriers for MSC transplants to repair damaged tissues. However, little is known about the impact of engineered ECM components on the immunosuppressive properties of MSCs, which may essentially contribute to the prevention of allogeneic MSC transplant rejection. In the present study, we explored the potential of fibronectin, fibrillar collagen I, tropocollagen and collagen I/heparin to influence the immunosuppressive capacities of MSCs. We found that these ECM components do not modulate the capability of MSCs to inhibit the proliferation of anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibody-stimulated CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells and of lymphocytes in a mixed lymphocyte reaction. In addition, the potential of MSCs to impair the production of immunostimulatory IL-12 and to improve the release of immunosuppressive IL-10 by 6-sulpho LacNAc⁺ (slan) dendritic cells (DCs), representing a pro-inflammatory subset of human blood DCs, was not altered by the ECM components. Furthermore, ECM components do not influence the ability of MSCs to inhibit the slanDC-induced proliferation of CD4⁺ T cells. In conclusion, the used engineered ECMs maintain important immunosuppressive properties of MSCs, which support their suitablility as carriers for MSC transplants in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Wehner
- Institute of Immunology, Technical University of Dresden, Germany
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579
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Leucht F, Dürselen L, Hogrefe C, Joos H, Reichel H, Schmitt H, Ignatius A, Brenner RE. Development of a new biomechanically defined single impact rabbit cartilage trauma model for in vivo-studies. J INVEST SURG 2012; 25:235-41. [PMID: 22571808 DOI: 10.3109/08941939.2011.630123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinically oriented and easy to handle animal models are urgently needed to test pharmacologic treatment of cartilage trauma to reduce the resulting tissue damage by chondrocyte apoptosis and induction of matrix-degrading enzymes. AIM To develop a biomechanically defined cartilage trauma model. MATERIAL AND METHODS We constructed a novel trauma device that allows biomechanically defined force application to the load-bearing region of the medial and lateral femoral condyles in adult rabbits. The fixation to the femur was specially designed to avoid uncontrolled influx of blood into the joint. The device was tested on the articular femoral surface of cadaveric rabbits. RESULTS At a lower energy (1.0 J), the tests showed that superficial and partially deep fissuring, partial necrosis of the chondrocytes, and early proteoglycan loss occurred at the region of impact. Subchondral fractures could be excluded by micro CT. At higher energy (≥ 1.4 J), we observed more pronounced deep fissuring and in some cases complete shearing of the articular cartilage from the subchondral bone. CONCLUSION Our model represents an easy to use method to create a biomechanically defined cartilage trauma and offers some advantages with respect to handling under aseptic surgical conditions and prevention of uncontrolled intra-articular bleeding from the bone marrow compartment for pharmacologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Leucht
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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580
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Strioga M, Viswanathan S, Darinskas A, Slaby O, Michalek J. Same or not the same? Comparison of adipose tissue-derived versus bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem and stromal cells. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:2724-52. [PMID: 22468918 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 564] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) comprise a heterogeneous population of cells with multilineage differentiation potential, the ability to modulate oxidative stress, and secrete various cytokines and growth factors that can have immunomodulatory, angiogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects. Recent data indicate that these paracrine factors may play a key role in MSC-mediated effects in modulating various acute and chronic pathological conditions. MSCs are found in virtually all organs of the body. Bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) were discovered first, and the bone marrow was considered the main source of MSCs for clinical application. Subsequently, MSCs have been isolated from various other sources with the adipose tissue, serving as one of the alternatives to bone marrow. Adipose tissue-derived MSCs (ASCs) can be more easily isolated; this approach is safer, and also, considerably larger amounts of ASCs can be obtained compared with the bone marrow. ASCs and BM-MSCs share many biological characteristics; however, there are some differences in their immunophenotype, differentiation potential, transcriptome, proteome, and immunomodulatory activity. Some of these differences may represent specific features of BM-MSCs and ASCs, while others are suggestive of the inherent heterogeneity of both BM-MSC and ASC populations. Still other differences may simply be related to different isolation and culture protocols. Most importantly, despite the minor differences between these MSC populations, ASCs seem to be as effective as BM-MSCs in clinical application, and, in some cases, may be better suited than BM-MSCs. In this review, we will examine in detail the ontology, biology, preclinical, and clinical application of BM-MSCs versus ASCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Strioga
- Department of Immunology, Center of Oncosurgery, Institute of Oncology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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581
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Mok PL, Cheong SK, Leong CF, Chua KH, Ainoon O. Human mesenchymal stromal cells could deliver erythropoietin and migrate to the basal layer of hair shaft when subcutaneously implanted in a murine model. Tissue Cell 2012; 44:249-56. [PMID: 22560724 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are an attractive cell-targeting vehicle for gene delivery. MIDGE (an acronym for Minimalistic, Immunologically Defined Gene Expression) construct is relatively safer than the viral or plasmid expression system as the detrimental eukaryotic and prokaryotic gene and sequences have been eliminated. The objective of this study was to test the ability of the human MSC (hMSC) to deliver the erythropoietin (EPO) gene in a nude mice model following nucleofection using a MIDGE construct. hMSC nucleofected with MIDGE encoding the EPO gene was injected subcutaneously in Matrigel at the dorsal flank of nude mice. Subcutaneous implantation of nucleofected hMSC resulted in increased hemoglobin level with presence of human EPO in the peripheral blood of the injected nude mice in the first two weeks post-implantation compared with the control groups. The basal layer of the hair shaft in the dermal layer was found to be significantly positive for immunohistochemical staining of a human EPO antibody. However, only a few basal layers of the hair shaft were found to be positively stained for CD105. In conclusion, hMSC harboring MIDGE-EPO could deliver and transiently express the EPO gene in the nude mice model. These cells could be localized to the hair follicle and secreted EPO protein might have possible role in hair regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Mok
- PPUKM-MAKNA Cancer Centre, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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582
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Kurtz A, Oh SJ, Wu J, Chen H, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Chen X, Du W, Wang D, Lin X. Age related changes of the extracellular matrix and stem cell maintenance. Prev Med 2012; 54 Suppl:S50-6. [PMID: 22285947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aging is characterized by reduced tissue and organ function, regenerative capacity, and accompanied by a decrease in tissue resident stem cell numbers and a loss of potency. The impact of aging on stem cell populations differs between tissues and depends on a number of non cell-intrinsic factors, including systemic changes associated with immune system alterations, as well as senescence related changes of the local cytoarchitecture. The latter has been studied in the context of environmental niche properties required for stem cell maintenance. Here, we will discuss the impact of the extracellular matrix (ECM) on stem cell maintenance, its changes during aging and its significance for stem cell therapy. We provide an overview on ECM components and examples of age associated remodeling of the cytoarchitecture. The interaction of stem cells with the ECM will be described and the importance of an intact and hospitable ECM for stem cell maintenance, differentiation and stem cell initiated tissue repair outlined. It is concluded that a remodeled ECM due to age related inflammation, fibrosis or oxidative stress provides an inadequate environment for endogenous regeneration or stem cell therapies. Means to provide adequate ECM for stem cell therapies and endogenous regeneration and the potential of antioxidants to prevent ECM damage and promote its repair and subsequently support regeneration are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kurtz
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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583
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Abstract
The local microenvironment, or niche, of a cancer cell plays important roles in cancer development. A major component of the niche is the extracellular matrix (ECM), a complex network of macromolecules with distinctive physical, biochemical, and biomechanical properties. Although tightly controlled during embryonic development and organ homeostasis, the ECM is commonly deregulated and becomes disorganized in diseases such as cancer. Abnormal ECM affects cancer progression by directly promoting cellular transformation and metastasis. Importantly, however, ECM anomalies also deregulate behavior of stromal cells, facilitate tumor-associated angiogenesis and inflammation, and thus lead to generation of a tumorigenic microenvironment. Understanding how ECM composition and topography are maintained and how their deregulation influences cancer progression may help develop new therapeutic interventions by targeting the tumor niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Lu
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, England, UK
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584
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Payne NL, Dantanarayana A, Sun G, Moussa L, Caine S, McDonald C, Herszfeld D, Bernard CC, Siatskas C. Early intervention with gene-modified mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing interleukin-4 enhances anti-inflammatory responses and functional recovery in experimental autoimmune demyelination. Cell Adh Migr 2012; 6:179-89. [PMID: 22568986 PMCID: PMC3427232 DOI: 10.4161/cam.20341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) can be isolated from most adult tissues and hold considerable promise for tissue regenerative therapies. Some of the potential advantages that MSCs have over other adult stem cell types include: (1) their relative ease of isolation, culture and expansion; (2) their immunomodulatory properties; (3) they can provide trophic support to injured tissues; (4) they can be transduced by retroviral vectors at a high efficiency; (5) they have an ability to home to sites of inflammation and injury. Collectively these characteristics suggest that MSCs are attractive vehicles for cell and gene therapy applications. In the current study, we investigated whether transplantation of human adipose-derived MSCs (Ad-MSCs) engineered to overexpress the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-4 was efficacious in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Ad-MSCs transduced with a bicistronic lentiviral vector encoding mouse IL-4 and enhanced green fluorescent protein (Ad-IL4-MSCs) stably expressed, relatively high levels of both transgenes. Importantly the phenotypic and functional attributes of Ad-IL4-MSCs, such as the expression of homing molecules and differentiation capacity, was not altered by the transduction process. Notably, the early administration of Ad-IL4-MSCs in mice with EAE at the time of T-cell priming attenuated clinical disease. This protective effect was associated with a reduction in peripheral MOG-specific T-cell responses and a shift from a pro- to an anti-inflammatory cytokine response. These data suggest that the delivery of Ad-MSCs genetically engineered to express anti-inflammatory cytokines may provide a rational approach to promote immunomodulation and tissue protection in a number of inflammatory and degenerative diseases including multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie L. Payne
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories; Monash University; Clayton, VIC Australia
| | - Ashanti Dantanarayana
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories; Monash University; Clayton, VIC Australia
| | - Guizhi Sun
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories; Monash University; Clayton, VIC Australia
| | - Leon Moussa
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories; Monash University; Clayton, VIC Australia
| | - Sally Caine
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories; Monash University; Clayton, VIC Australia
| | - Courtney McDonald
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories; Monash University; Clayton, VIC Australia
| | - Daniella Herszfeld
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories; Monash University; Clayton, VIC Australia
| | - Claude C.A. Bernard
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories; Monash University; Clayton, VIC Australia
| | - Christopher Siatskas
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories; Monash University; Clayton, VIC Australia
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585
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Auletta JJ, Bartholomew AM, Maziarz RT, Deans RJ, Miller RH, Lazarus HM, Cohen JA. The potential of mesenchymal stromal cells as a novel cellular therapy for multiple sclerosis. Immunotherapy 2012; 4:529-47. [PMID: 22642335 PMCID: PMC3381871 DOI: 10.2217/imt.12.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory neurodegenerative disease of the CNS for which only partially effective therapies exist. Intense research defining the underlying immune pathophysiology is advancing both the understanding of MS as well as revealing potential targets for disease intervention. Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) therapy has the potential to modulate aberrant immune responses causing demyelination and axonal injury associated with MS, as well as to repair and restore damaged CNS tissue and cells. This article reviews the pathophysiology underlying MS, as well as providing a cutting-edge perspective into the field of MSC therapy based upon the experience of authors intrinsically involved in MS and MSC basic and translational science research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery J Auletta
- National Center for Regenerative Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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586
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Abstract
A critical comparison of the attributes of several types of stem cells is presented, with particular emphasis on properties that are critical for the application of these cells for therapeutic purposes. The importance of an autologous source of pluripotent stem cells is stressed. It is apparent that two sources currently exist for non-embryonic pluripotent stem cells--very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS). The impact of the emerging iPS research on therapy is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis O Rodgerson
- NeoStem, Inc., 420 Lexington Avenue, Suite 450, New York, NY 10170, USA.
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587
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Peroni JF, Borjesson DL. Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of stem cells. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2012; 27:351-62. [PMID: 21872763 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent interest in equine stem cell biology and the rapid increase in experimental data highlight the growing attention that this topic has been receiving over the past few years. Within the field of stem cell biology, the relevance of immunobiology is of particular intrigue. It appears that optimal and effective stem cell therapy for equine patients will require a thorough analysis of the immune properties of stem cells as well as their response to immune mediators. The main goal of this review is to discuss the biology of adult mesenchymal stem cells in the context of immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Peroni
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, H-322, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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588
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Goldman HB, Sievert KD, Damaser MS. Will we ever use stem cells for the treatment of SUI? ICI-RS 2011. Neurourol Urodyn 2012; 31:386-9. [PMID: 22431263 DOI: 10.1002/nau.22217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To review the current state of research in the use of stem cells (SCs) for stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and assess the likelihood of this becoming a relevant treatment option. METHODS The peer-reviewed literature consisting of relevant clinical and animal studies on the topic of SUI was surveyed and reviewed. RESULTS Animal studies have demonstrated the potential utility of SCs in promoting functional recovery of the urethra after simulated childbirth injury. Research in animals suggests similar urethral recovery after injection of bone marrow derived mesenchymal SC secretions as after injection of the SCs themselves. Therefore, whether the improvements result from the injection of the SCs themselves or from their secretion of specific proteins is unclear. Early clinical trials have demonstrated the feasibility and short-term safety of injecting muscle-derived SCs into the urethra to treat SUI. CONCLUSIONS Larger and longer-term clinical trials are needed. Nonetheless, efficacious SC-based therapy for the treatment of SUI is practical, achievable and should be available as a treatment modality in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard B Goldman
- Section of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, Glickman Urologic and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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589
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Wei L, Fraser JL, Lu ZY, Hu X, Yu SP. Transplantation of hypoxia preconditioned bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells enhances angiogenesis and neurogenesis after cerebral ischemia in rats. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 46:635-45. [PMID: 22426403 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic preconditioning of stem cells and neural progenitor cells has been tested for promoting cell survival after transplantation. The present investigation examined the hypothesis that hypoxic preconditioning of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) could not only enhance their survival but also reinforce regenerative properties of these cells. BMSCs from eGFP engineered rats or pre-labeled with BrdU were pre-treated with normoxia (20% O(2), N-BMSCs) or sub-lethal hypoxia (0.5% O(2). H-BMSCs). The hypoxia exposure up-regulated HIF-1α and trophic/growth factors in BMSCs, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor FIK-1, erythropoietin (EPO) and its receptor EPOR, stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and its CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). Meanwhile, many pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines were down-regulated in H-BMSCs. N-BMSCs or H-BMSCs were intravenously injected into adult rats 24h after 90-min middle cerebral artery occlusion. Comparing to N-BMSCs, transplantation of H-BMSCs showed greater effect of suppressing microglia activity in the brain. Significantly more NeuN-positive and Glut1-positive cells were seen in the ischemic core and peri-infarct regions of the animals received H-BMSC transplantation than that received N-BMSCs. Some NeuN-positive and Glut-1-positive cells showed eGFP or BrdU immunoflourescent reactivity, suggesting differentiation from exogenous BMSCs into neuronal and vascular endothelial cells. In Rotarod test performed 15days after stroke, animals received H-BMSCs showed better locomotion recovery compared with stroke control and N-BMSC groups. We suggest that hypoxic preconditioning of transplanted cells is an effective means of promoting their regenerative capability and therapeutic potential for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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590
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Han Z, Jing Y, Zhang S, Liu Y, Shi Y, Wei L. The role of immunosuppression of mesenchymal stem cells in tissue repair and tumor growth. Cell Biosci 2012; 2:8. [PMID: 22390479 PMCID: PMC3315743 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have acquired great interests for their potential use in the clinical therapy of many diseases because of their functions including multiple lineage differentiation, low immunogenicity and immunosuppression. Many studies suggest that MSCs are strongly immunosuppressive in vitro and in vivo. MSCs exert a profound inhibitory effect on the proliferation of T cells, B cells, dendritic cells and natural killer cells. In addition, several soluble factors have been reported to involved in the immunosuppressive effects by MSCs such as TGF-β, HGF, PGE2, IDO and iNOS. These results suggest that MSCs can be used in the therapy of immune disorder diseases, prevention of organ transplantation rejection and tissue injury. In recent study, we demonstrated that MSCs in tumor inflammatory microenvironment might be elicited of immunosuppressive function. Thus, the application of MSCs in cancer therapy might have negative effect by helping tumor cells escaping from the immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Han
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, the Second Military Medicial University, Shanghai, China.
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591
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Zhang Z, Lin H, Shi M, Xu R, Fu J, Lv J, Chen L, Lv S, Li Y, Yu S, Geng H, Jin L, Lau GKK, Wang FS. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells improve liver function and ascites in decompensated liver cirrhosis patients. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 27 Suppl 2:112-20. [PMID: 22320928 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.07024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Decompensated liver cirrhosis (LC), a life-threatening complication of chronic liver disease, is one of the major indications for liver transplantation. Recently, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transfusion has been shown to lead to the regression of liver fibrosis in mice and humans. This study examined the safety and efficacy of umbilical cord-derived MSC (UC-MSC) in patients with decompensated LC. A total of 45 chronic hepatitis B patients with decompensated LC, including 30 patients receiving UC-MSC transfusion, and 15 patients receiving saline as the control, were recruited; clinical parameters were detected during a 1-year follow-up period. No significant side-effects and complications were observed in either group. There was a significant reduction in the volume of ascites in patients treated with UC-MSC transfusion compared with controls (P < 0.05). UC-MSC therapy also significantly improved liver function, as indicated by the increase of serum albumin levels, decrease in total serum bilirubin levels, and decrease in the sodium model for end-stage liver disease scores. UC-MSC transfusion is clinically safe and could improve liver function and reduce ascites in patients with decompensated LC. UC-MSC transfusion, therefore, might present a novel therapeutic approach for patients with decompensated LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Research Center for Biological Therapy, The Institute of Translational Hepatology, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
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592
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Jakob F, Ebert R, Rudert M, Nöth U, Walles H, Docheva D, Schieker M, Meinel L, Groll J. In situ guided tissue regeneration in musculoskeletal diseases and aging : Implementing pathology into tailored tissue engineering strategies. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 347:725-35. [PMID: 22011785 PMCID: PMC3306563 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1237-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In situ guided tissue regeneration, also addressed as in situ tissue engineering or endogenous regeneration, has a great potential for population-wide "minimal invasive" applications. During the last two decades, tissue engineering has been developed with remarkable in vitro and preclinical success but still the number of applications in clinical routine is extremely small. Moreover, the vision of population-wide applications of ex vivo tissue engineered constructs based on cells, growth and differentiation factors and scaffolds, must probably be deemed unrealistic for economic and regulation-related issues. Hence, the progress made in this respect will be mostly applicable to a fraction of post-traumatic or post-surgery situations such as big tissue defects due to tumor manifestation. Minimally invasive procedures would probably qualify for a broader application and ideally would only require off the shelf standardized products without cells. Such products should mimic the microenvironment of regenerating tissues and make use of the endogenous tissue regeneration capacities. Functionally, the chemotaxis of regenerative cells, their amplification as a transient amplifying pool and their concerted differentiation and remodeling should be addressed. This is especially important because the main target populations for such applications are the elderly and diseased. The quality of regenerative cells is impaired in such organisms and high levels of inhibitors also interfere with regeneration and healing. In metabolic bone diseases like osteoporosis, it is already known that antagonists for inhibitors such as activin and sclerostin enhance bone formation. Implementing such strategies into applications for in situ guided tissue regeneration should greatly enhance the efficacy of tailored procedures in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Jakob
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Julius Maximilians University of Wuerzburg, Brettreichstrasse 11, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Regina Ebert
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Julius Maximilians University of Wuerzburg, Brettreichstrasse 11, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Rudert
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Julius Maximilians University of Wuerzburg, Brettreichstrasse 11, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Nöth
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Julius Maximilians University of Wuerzburg, Brettreichstrasse 11, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Heike Walles
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Julius Maximilians University of Wuerzburg, Röntgenring 11, D-97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Denitsa Docheva
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Nußbaumstrasse 20, D-80336 München, Germany
| | - Matthias Schieker
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Nußbaumstrasse 20, D-80336 München, Germany
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Chair for Pharmaceutical Technology, Julius Maximilians University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Groll
- Department and Chair of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, Julius Maximilians University of Wuerzburg, Pleicherwall 2, D-97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
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593
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Angelini A, Castellani C, Ravara B, Franzin C, Pozzobon M, Tavano R, Libera LD, Papini E, Vettor R, De Coppi P, Thiene G, Vescovo G. Stem-cell therapy in an experimental model of pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure: role of paracrine and neurohormonal milieu in the remodeling process. J Heart Lung Transplant 2012; 30:1281-93. [PMID: 21989772 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2011.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study we investigated the effect of human amniotic fluid stem (hAFS) cells and rat adipose tissue stromal vascular fraction GFP-positive cell (rSVC-GFP) therapy and the contribution of the paracrine and neurohormonal milieu to cardiac and pulmonary vascular remodeling in a rat model of pulmonary hypertension (PH) and right heart failure (RHF). METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with monocrotaline (MCT). Four million hAFS or rSVC-GFP cells were injected via the tail vein 3 weeks after MCT. RHF was confirmed by RV hypertrophy/dilation and by brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) level. Cytokine profile was assessed by Multiplex array. Stem cell (SC) differentiation was studied by immunofluorescence. RESULTS MCT rats showed eccentric RV hypertrophy with increased RV dilation (measured as right ventricular mass/right ventricular volume [RVM/RVV]: MCT, 1.46 ± 0.12; control, 2.33 ± 0.24; p = 0.01), and increased RV hypertrophy (measured as LVM/RVM: MCT, 1.58 ± 0.06; control, 2.83 ± 0.1; p < 0.00001), increased BNP (MCT, 5.2 ± 1.2; control, 1.5 ± 0.1; p < 0.001) and both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. SC produced a fall of BNP (hAFS, 2.1 ± 0.7; rSVC-GFP, 1.98 ± 1.3; p < 0.001) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Positive RV remodeling with decreased RV dilation (RVM/RVV: hAFS, 1.87 ± 0.44; rSVC-GFP, 2.12 ± 0.24; p < 0.03 and p < 0.05 vs MCT) and regression of RV hypertrophy (LVM/RVM: hAFS, 2.06 ± 0.08; rSVC-GFP, 2.16 ± 0.08; p < 0.00001 vs MCT) was seen together with a decrease in medial wall thickness of pulmonary arterioles (hAFS, 35.33 ± 2.78%; rSVC-GFP, 37.15 ± 2.92%; p = 0.0001 vs MCT). CONCLUSIONS SC engrafted in the lung, heart and skeletal muscle modulated the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine milieu, and produced a positive neurohormonal response. This was accompanied by positive cardiac and pulmonary vascular remodeling, with formation mainly of new vascular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Angelini
- Department of Medico-Diagnostic Sciences and Special Therapies, University of Padua, Italy.
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594
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Rodriguez JP, Murphy MP, Hong S, Madrigal M, March KL, Minev B, Harman RJ, Chen CS, Timmons RB, Marleau AM, Riordan NH. Autologous stromal vascular fraction therapy for rheumatoid arthritis: rationale and clinical safety. Int Arch Med 2012; 5:5. [PMID: 22313603 PMCID: PMC3296619 DOI: 10.1186/1755-7682-5-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Advancements in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment protocols and introduction of targeted biological therapies have markedly improved patient outcomes, despite this, up to 50% of patients still fail to achieve a significant clinical response. In veterinary medicine, stem cell therapy in the form of autologous stromal vascular fraction (SVF) is an accepted therapeutic modality for degenerative conditions with 80% improvement and no serious treatment associated adverse events reported. Clinical translation of SVF therapy relies on confirmation of veterinary findings in targeted patient populations. Here we describe the rationale and preclinical data supporting the use of autologous SVF in treatment of RA, as well as provide 1, 3, 6, and 13 month safety outcomes in 13 RA patients treated with this approach.
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595
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Fekete N, Gadelorge M, Fürst D, Maurer C, Dausend J, Fleury-Cappellesso S, Mailänder V, Lotfi R, Ignatius A, Sensebé L, Bourin P, Schrezenmeier H, Rojewski MT. Platelet lysate from whole blood-derived pooled platelet concentrates and apheresis-derived platelet concentrates for the isolation and expansion of human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells: production process, content and identification of active components. Cytotherapy 2012; 14:540-54. [PMID: 22296115 PMCID: PMC3400099 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2012.655420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background aims The clinical use of human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) requires ex vivo expansion in media containing supplements such as fetal bovine serum or, alternatively, human platelet lysate (PL). Methods Platelet concentrates were frozen, quarantine stored, thawed and sterile filtered to obtain PL. PL content and its effect on fibroblast-colony-forming unit (CFU-F) formation, MSC proliferation and large-scale expansion were studied. Results PL contained high levels of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), soluble CD40L (sCD40L), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), platelet-derived growth factor AA (PDGF-AA), platelet-derived growth factor AB/BB (PDGF-AB/BB), chemokine (C-C) ligand 5 (CCL5; RANTES) transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and chemokine (C-X-C) ligand 1/2/3 (GRO), with low batch-to-batch variability, and most were stable for up to 14 days. Inhibition of PDGF-BB and bFGF decreased MSC proliferation by about 20% and 50%, respectively. The strongest inhibition (about 75%) was observed with a combination of anti-bFGF + anti-PDGF-BB and anti-bFGF + anti-TGF-β1 + anti-PDGF-BB. Interestingly, various combinations of recombinant PDGF-BB, bFGF and TGF-β1 were not sufficient to promote cell proliferation. PL from whole blood-derived pooled platelet concentrates and apheresis platelet concentrates did not differ significantly in their growth-promoting activity on MSC. Conclusions PL enhances MSC proliferation and can be regarded as a safe tool for MSC expansion for clinical purposes. \in particular, PDGF-BB and bFGF are essential components for the growth-promoting effect of PL, but are not sufficient for MSC proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Fekete
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin, Universität Ulm und Institut für Klinische Transfusionsmedizin und Immungenetik Ulm, DRK-Blutspendedienst Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Germany
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596
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597
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Zhang Z, Zhang JY, Wang LF, Wang FS. Immunopathogenesis and prognostic immune markers of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 27:223-30. [PMID: 22004062 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06940.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Host immune responses induced by hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection not only substantially drive disease progression, but also significantly influence efficacy of antiviral treatments in HBV-infected individuals. Therefore, it is important to fully understand the course of immune pathogenesis and to find efficient immunological markers that can predict the disease progression of chronic HBV infection. This review introduces the current progress in clinical immunology and analyzes the mechanisms of antiviral effects and liver injury, which are induced by both innate and adaptive immune responses. The recently identified immunological markers indicated to be closely correlated with disease progression and antiviral efficacy during HBV infection are also summarized. Careful monitoring of these immune markers may help physicians to make decisions on when to begin or withdraw antiviral drugs, or to formulate the prognosis of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) patients in the clinic. Finally, this review highlights some novel therapeutic strategies to modulate host immunity that have been proposed to sustain antiviral control of chronic HBV infection, as well as the challenges that we are presently facing in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- The Institute of Translational Hepatology, The Research Center for Biological Therapy, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
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598
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Maxson S, Lopez EA, Yoo D, Danilkovitch-Miagkova A, LeRoux MA. Concise review: role of mesenchymal stem cells in wound repair. Stem Cells Transl Med 2012; 1:142-9. [PMID: 23197761 PMCID: PMC3659685 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2011-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 531] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing requires a coordinated interplay among cells, growth factors, and extracellular matrix proteins. Central to this process is the endogenous mesenchymal stem cell (MSC), which coordinates the repair response by recruiting other host cells and secreting growth factors and matrix proteins. MSCs are self-renewing multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into various lineages of mesenchymal origin such as bone, cartilage, tendon, and fat. In addition to multilineage differentiation capacity, MSCs regulate immune response and inflammation and possess powerful tissue protective and reparative mechanisms, making these cells attractive for treatment of different diseases. The beneficial effect of exogenous MSCs on wound healing was observed in a variety of animal models and in reported clinical cases. Specifically, they have been successfully used to treat chronic wounds and stimulate stalled healing processes. Recent studies revealed that human placental membranes are a rich source of MSCs for tissue regeneration and repair. This review provides a concise summary of current knowledge of biological properties of MSCs and describes the use of MSCs for wound healing. In particular, the scope of this review focuses on the role MSCs have in each phase of the wound-healing process. In addition, characterization of MSCs containing skin substitutes is described, demonstrating the presence of key growth factors and cytokines uniquely suited to aid in wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Maxson
- Osiris Therapeutics, Inc., Columbia, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Dana Yoo
- Osiris Therapeutics, Inc., Columbia, Maryland, USA
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599
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Abstract
Now that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to be perivascular in vivo, the existing traditional view that focuses on the multipotent differentiation capacity of these cells should be expanded to include their equally interesting role as cellular modulators that brings them into a broader therapeutic scenario. We discuss existing evidence that leads us to propose that during local injury, MSCs are released from their perivascular location, become activated, and establish a regenerative microenvironment by secreting bioactive molecules and regulating the local immune response. These trophic and immunomodulatory activities suggest that MSCs may serve as site-regulated "drugstores" in vivo.
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600
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Emerging roles for multipotent, bone marrow-derived stromal cells in host defense. Blood 2012; 119:1801-9. [PMID: 22228625 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-10-384354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multipotent, bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSCs, also known as mesenchymal stem cells [MSCs]), are culture-expanded, nonhematopoietic cells with immunomodulatory effects currently being investigated as novel cellular therapy to prevent and to treat clinical disease associated with aberrant immune response. Emerging preclinical studies suggest that BMSCs may protect against infectious challenge either by direct effects on the pathogen or through indirect effects on the host. BMSCs may reduce pathogen burden by inhibiting growth through soluble factors or by enhancing immune cell antimicrobial function. In the host, BMSCs may attenuate pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine induction, reduce pro-inflammatory cell migration into sites of injury and infection, and induce immunoregulatory soluble and cellular factors to preserve organ function. These preclinical studies provide provocative hints into the direction MSC therapeutics may take in the future. Notably, BMSCs appear to function as a critical fulcrum, providing balance by promoting pathogen clearance during the initial inflammatory response while suppressing inflammation to preserve host integrity and facilitate tissue repair. Such exquisite balance in BMSC function appears intrinsically linked to Toll-like receptor signaling and immune crosstalk.
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