601
|
Schilders K, Ochieng JK, van de Ven CP, Gontan C, Tibboel D, Rottier RJ. Role of SOX2 in foregut development in relation to congenital abnormalities. World J Med Genet 2014; 4:94-104. [DOI: 10.5496/wjmg.v4.i4.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The uptake of the two essential ingredients for life, oxygen and nutrients, occurs primarily through the oral cavity, but these two lifelines need to be separated with high accuracy once inside the body. The two systems, the gas exchange pulmonary system and the gastro-intestinal feeding system, are derived from the same primitive embryonic structure during development, the foregut, which need to be separated before birth. In certain newborns, this separation occurs not or insufficiently, leading to life threatening conditions, sometimes incompatible with life. The development of the foregut, trachea and lungs is influenced and coordinated by a multitude of signaling cascades and transcription factors. In this review, we will highlight the development of the foregut and pulmonary system and focus on associated congenital abnormalities in light of known genetic alterations with specific attention to the transcription factor SOX2.
Collapse
|
602
|
Guan Z, Zhang J, Wang J, Wang H, Zheng F, Peng J, Xu Y, Yan M, Liu B, Cui B, Huang Y, Liu Q. SOX1 down-regulates β-catenin and reverses malignant phenotype in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:257. [PMID: 25427424 PMCID: PMC4326525 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is an important factor in the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Previous studies have demonstrated that the developmental gene sex-determining region Y (SRY)-box 1 (SOX1) inhibits cervical and liver tumorigenesis by interfering with the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. However, the role of SOX1 in NPC remains unclear. This study investigates the function of SOX1 in NPC pathogenesis. Results Down-regulation of SOX1 was detected in NPC cell lines and tissues. Besides, quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction revealed that SOX1 promoter was hypermethylated in NPC cell lines. Ectopic expression of SOX1 in NPC cells suppressed colony formation, proliferation and migration in vitro and impaired tumor growth in nude mice. Restoration of SOX1 expression significantly reduced epithelial-mesenchymal transition, enhanced cell differentiation and induced cellular senescence. Conversely, transient knockdown of SOX1 by siRNA in these cells partially restored cell proliferation and colony formation. Notably, SOX1 was found to physically interact with β-catenin and reduce its expression independent of proteasomal activity, leading to inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and decreased expression of downstream target genes. Conclusions SOX1 decreases the expression of β-catenin in a proteasome-independent manner and reverses the malignant phenotype in NPC cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1476-4598-13-257) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Quentin Liu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| |
Collapse
|
603
|
Abdelalim EM, Emara MM, Kolatkar PR. The SOX Transcription Factors as Key Players in Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:2687-99. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Essam M. Abdelalim
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed M. Emara
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Prasanna R. Kolatkar
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
604
|
Kareta MS, Gorges LL, Hafeez S, Benayoun BA, Marro S, Zmoos AF, Cecchini MJ, Spacek D, Batista LFZ, O'Brien M, Ng YH, Ang CE, Vaka D, Artandi SE, Dick FA, Brunet A, Sage J, Wernig M. Inhibition of pluripotency networks by the Rb tumor suppressor restricts reprogramming and tumorigenesis. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 16:39-50. [PMID: 25467916 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene Rb are involved in many forms of human cancer. In this study, we investigated the early consequences of inactivating Rb in the context of cellular reprogramming. We found that Rb inactivation promotes the reprogramming of differentiated cells to a pluripotent state. Unexpectedly, this effect is cell cycle independent, and instead reflects direct binding of Rb to pluripotency genes, including Sox2 and Oct4, which leads to a repressed chromatin state. More broadly, this regulation of pluripotency networks and Sox2 in particular is critical for the initiation of tumors upon loss of Rb in mice. These studies therefore identify Rb as a global transcriptional repressor of pluripotency networks, providing a molecular basis for previous reports about its involvement in cell fate pliability, and implicate misregulation of pluripotency factors such as Sox2 in tumorigenesis related to loss of Rb function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Kareta
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Laura L Gorges
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sana Hafeez
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bérénice A Benayoun
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Samuele Marro
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anne-Flore Zmoos
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthew J Cecchini
- London Regional Cancer Program, Children's Research Institute, Western University, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada
| | - Damek Spacek
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Luis F Z Batista
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Megan O'Brien
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yi-Han Ng
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cheen Euong Ang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dedeepya Vaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Steven E Artandi
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Frederick A Dick
- London Regional Cancer Program, Children's Research Institute, Western University, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada
| | - Anne Brunet
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julien Sage
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Marius Wernig
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
605
|
Jung K, Wang P, Gupta N, Gopal K, Wu F, Ye X, Alshareef A, Bigras G, McMullen TP, Abdulkarim BS, Lai R. Profiling gene promoter occupancy of Sox2 in two phenotypically distinct breast cancer cell subsets using chromatin immunoprecipitation and genome-wide promoter microarrays. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:470. [PMID: 25380620 PMCID: PMC4303205 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-014-0470-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Aberrant expression of the embryonic stem cell marker Sox2 has been reported in breast cancer (BC). We previously identified two phenotypically distinct BC cell subsets separated based on their differential response to a Sox2 transcription activity reporter, namely the reporter-unresponsive (RU) and the more tumorigenic reporter-responsive (RR) cells. We hypothesized that Sox2, as a transcription factor, contributes to their phenotypic differences by mediating differential gene expression in these two cell subsets. Methods We used chromatin immunoprecipitation and a human genome-wide promoter microarray (ChIP-chip) to determine the promoter occupancies of Sox2 in the MCF7 RU and RR breast cancer cell populations. We validated our findings with conventional chromatin immunoprecipitation, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and western blotting using cell lines, and also performed qPCR using patient RU and RR samples. Results We found a largely mutually exclusive profile of gene promoters bound by Sox2 between RU and RR cells derived from MCF7 (1830 and 456 genes, respectively, with only 62 overlapping genes). Sox2 was bound to stem cell- and cancer-associated genes in RR cells. Using quantitative RT-PCR, we confirmed that 15 such genes, including PROM1 (CD133), BMI1, GPR49 (LGR5), and MUC15, were expressed significantly higher in RR cells. Using siRNA knockdown or enforced expression of Sox2, we found that Sox2 directly contributes to the higher expression of these genes in RR cells. Mucin-15, a novel Sox2 downstream target in BC, contributes to the mammosphere formation of BC cells. Parallel findings were observed in the RU and RR cells derived from patient samples. Conclusions In conclusion, our data supports the model that the Sox2 induces differential gene expression in the two distinct cell subsets in BC, and contributes to their phenotypic differences. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-014-0470-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Jung
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | - Nidhi Gupta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | - Keshav Gopal
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | - Fang Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | - Xiaoxia Ye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | - Abdulraheem Alshareef
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | - Gilbert Bigras
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | - Todd P McMullen
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | | | - Raymond Lai
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada. .,DynaLIFEDx Medical Laboratories, Edmonton, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
606
|
|
607
|
Zhang J, Jiang H, Shao J, Mao R, Liu J, Ma Y, Fang X, Zhao N, Zheng S, Lin B. SOX4 inhibits GBM cell growth and induces G0/G1 cell cycle arrest through Akt-p53 axis. BMC Neurol 2014; 14:207. [PMID: 25366337 PMCID: PMC4233052 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-014-0207-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background SOX4 is a transcription factor required for tissue development and differentiation in vertebrates. Overexpression of SOX4 has been reported in many cancers including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), however, the underlying mechanism of actions has not been studied. In this study, we investigated the role of SOX4 in GBM. Methods Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to assess the association between SOX4 expression levels and survival times in primary GBM samples. Cre/lox P system was used to generate gain or loss of SOX4 in GBM cells, and microarray analysis uncovered the regulation network of SOX4 in GBM cells. Results High SOX4 expression was significantly associated with good prognosis of primary GBMs. SOX4 inhibited the growth of GBM cell line LN229, A172G and U87MG, partly via the activation of p53-p21 signaling and down-regulation of phosphorylated AKT1. Gene expression profiling and subsequent gene ontology analysis showed that SOX4 influenced several key pathways including the Wnt/ beta-catenin and TGF-beta signaling pathways. Conclusions Our study found that SOX4 acts as a tumor suppressor in GBM cells by induce cell cycle arrest and inhibiting cell growth. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12883-014-0207-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P R China. .,Systems Biology Division and Propriumbio Research Center, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystems Institute (ZCNI), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P R China.
| | - Huawei Jiang
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P R China. .,Systems Biology Division and Propriumbio Research Center, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystems Institute (ZCNI), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P R China.
| | - Jiaofang Shao
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P R China.
| | - Ruifang Mao
- Systems Biology Division and Propriumbio Research Center, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystems Institute (ZCNI), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P R China.
| | - Jie Liu
- Systems Biology Division and Propriumbio Research Center, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystems Institute (ZCNI), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P R China.
| | - Yingying Ma
- Systems Biology Division and Propriumbio Research Center, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystems Institute (ZCNI), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P R China.
| | - Xuefeng Fang
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P R China.
| | - Na Zhao
- Systems Biology Division and Propriumbio Research Center, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystems Institute (ZCNI), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P R China.
| | - Shu Zheng
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P R China.
| | - Biaoyang Lin
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P R China. .,Systems Biology Division and Propriumbio Research Center, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystems Institute (ZCNI), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P R China. .,Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
608
|
Abstract
Sex-specific gonadal development starts with formation of the bipotential gonad, which then differentiates into either a mature testis or an ovary. This process is dependent on activation of either the testis-specific or the ovary-specific pathway while the opposite pathway is continuously repressed. A network of transcription factors tightly regulates initiation and maintenance of these distinct pathways; disruption of these networks can lead to disorders of sex development in humans and male-to-female or female-to-male sex reversal in mice. Sry is the Y-linked master switch that is both required and sufficient to drive the testis-determining pathway. Another key component of the testis pathway is Sox9, which acts immediately downstream of Sry. In contrast to the testis pathway, no single sex-determining factor has been identified in the ovary pathway; however, multiple genes, such as Foxl2, Rspo1, Ctnnb1, and Wnt4, seem to work synergistically and in parallel to ensure proper ovary development. Our understanding of the regulatory networks that underpin testis and ovary development has grown substantially over the past two decades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Eggers
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Thomas Ohnesorg
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew Sinclair
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
609
|
SOX2 regulates self-renewal and tumorigenicity of stem-like cells of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:2122-30. [PMID: 25321191 PMCID: PMC4260038 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) display cellular heterogeneity and contain cancer stem cells (CSCs). Sex-determining region Y [SRY]-box (SOX)2 is an important regulator of embryonic stem cell fate and is aberrantly expressed in several types of human tumours. Nonetheless, the role of SOX2 in HNSCC remains unclear. Methods: We created cells ectopically expressing SOX2 from previously established HNSCC cells and examined the cell proliferation, self-renewal capacity, and chemoresistance of these cells compared with control cells. In addition, we knocked down SOX2 in primary spheres obtained from HNSCC tumour tissue and assessed the attenuation of stemness-associated traits in these cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we examined the clinical relevance of SOX2 expression in HNSCC patients. Results: SOX2 is aberrantly expressed in primary tissue of HNSCC patients but not in healthy tissue. SOX2 expression correlated with tumour recurrence and poor prognosis of HNSCC patients. Ectopic expression of SOX2 induced cell proliferation via cyclin B1 expression and stemness-associated features, such as self-renewal and chemoresistance. In addition, a knockdown of SOX2 in HNSCC CSCs attenuated their self-renewal capacity, chemoresistance (through ABCG2 suppression), invasion capacity (via snail downregulation), and in vivo tumorigenicity. Conclusions: These results suggest that SOX2 may have important roles in the ‘stemness' and progression of HNSCC. Targeting SOX2-positive tumour cells (CSCs) could be a new therapeutic strategy in HNSCCs.
Collapse
|
610
|
Xie C, Han Y, Liu Y, Han L, Liu J. miRNA-124 down-regulates SOX8 expression and suppresses cell proliferation in non-small cell lung cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 7:7518-7526. [PMID: 25550787 PMCID: PMC4270566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Non-small lung cell carcinoma (NSCLC) is a leading lethal disease and a global health burden. The function of the Sex determining region Y (SRY)-related high mobility group box (SOX) family gene in cancer has attracted the attention of more and more scientists recently, yet there are few reports regarding the role of SOX in NSCLC. Our study aimed to investigate the expression of SOX8, a protein belonging to the E group of the SOX family, as well as SOX9, in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and the relationship of gene expression to clinicopathological factors and prognosis in patients. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to measure the expression of SOX8 in 80 NSCLC and 7 adjacent normal tissues. SOX8 expression was detected as elevated in tumor samples and correlated to tumor size (P < 0.001), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.001), differentiation classification (P = 0.015), and clinical stage (P = 0.013) significantly. Moreover, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that shorter survival time for patients who had higher SOX8 expression (P < 0.001). In addition, our experiments indicate that miRNA-124 functions as a tumor suppressor in NSCLC. We also demonstrate miRNA-124 directly targeted and decreased SOX8 in NSCLC cell lines, suggesting smiRNA-124 may regulate NSCLC cell proliferation via decreasing SOX8 (oncogenicity of biomarker in NSCLC).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xie
- Department of Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Yunwei Han
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical CollegeLuzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Radiation Protection, Shangdong Center for Disease Control and PreventionJinan 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Han
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical CollegeJining 272000, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences440 Jiyan Road, Jinan 250117, China
| |
Collapse
|
611
|
Camilo V, Barros R, Celestino R, Castro P, Vieira J, Teixeira MR, Carneiro F, Pinto-de-Sousa J, David L, Almeida R. Immunohistochemical molecular phenotypes of gastric cancer based on SOX2 and CDX2 predict patient outcome. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:753. [PMID: 25300947 PMCID: PMC4210532 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastric cancer remains a serious health concern worldwide. Patients would greatly benefit from the discovery of new biomarkers that predict outcome more accurately and allow better treatment and follow-up decisions. Here, we used a retrospective, observational study to assess the expression and prognostic value of the transcription factors SOX2 and CDX2 in gastric cancer. Methods SOX2, CDX2, MUC5AC and MUC2 expression were assessed in 201 gastric tumors by immunohistochemistry. SOX2 and CDX2 expression were crossed with clinicopathological and follow-up data to determine their impact on tumor behavior and outcome. Moreover, SOX2 locus copy number status was assessed by FISH (N = 21) and Copy Number Variation Assay (N = 62). Results SOX2 was expressed in 52% of the gastric tumors and was significantly associated with male gender, T stage and N stage. Moreover, SOX2 expression predicted poorer patient survival, and the combination with CDX2 defined two molecular phenotypes, SOX2+CDX2- versus SOX2-CDX2+, that predict the worst and the best long-term patients’ outcome. These profiles combined with clinicopathological parameters stratify the prognosis of patients with intestinal and expanding tumors and in those without signs of venous invasion. Finally, SOX2 locus copy number gains were found in 93% of the samples reaching the amplification threshold in 14% and significantly associating with protein expression. Conclusions We showed, for the first time, that SOX2 combined with CDX2 expression profile in gastric cancer segregate patients into different prognostic groups, complementing the clinicopathological information. We further demonstrate a molecular mechanism for SOX2 expression in a subset of gastric cancer cases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-753) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Raquel Almeida
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Dr, Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
612
|
Mateo JL, van den Berg DLC, Haeussler M, Drechsel D, Gaber ZB, Castro DS, Robson P, Lu QR, Crawford GE, Flicek P, Ettwiller L, Wittbrodt J, Guillemot F, Martynoga B. Characterization of the neural stem cell gene regulatory network identifies OLIG2 as a multifunctional regulator of self-renewal. Genome Res 2014; 25:41-56. [PMID: 25294244 PMCID: PMC4317172 DOI: 10.1101/gr.173435.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The gene regulatory network (GRN) that supports neural stem cell (NS cell) self-renewal has so far been poorly characterized. Knowledge of the central transcription factors (TFs), the noncoding gene regulatory regions that they bind to, and the genes whose expression they modulate will be crucial in unlocking the full therapeutic potential of these cells. Here, we use DNase-seq in combination with analysis of histone modifications to identify multiple classes of epigenetically and functionally distinct cis-regulatory elements (CREs). Through motif analysis and ChIP-seq, we identify several of the crucial TF regulators of NS cells. At the core of the network are TFs of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), nuclear factor I (NFI), SOX, and FOX families, with CREs often densely bound by several of these different TFs. We use machine learning to highlight several crucial regulatory features of the network that underpin NS cell self-renewal and multipotency. We validate our predictions by functional analysis of the bHLH TF OLIG2. This TF makes an important contribution to NS cell self-renewal by concurrently activating pro-proliferation genes and preventing the untimely activation of genes promoting neuronal differentiation and stem cell quiescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan L Mateo
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Debbie L C van den Berg
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, MRC-National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Maximilian Haeussler
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Drechsel
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, MRC-National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Zachary B Gaber
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, MRC-National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Diogo S Castro
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Paul Robson
- Developmental Cellomics Laboratory, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | | | - Gregory E Crawford
- Institute of Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Paul Flicek
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence Ettwiller
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; New England Biolabs, Inc., Ipswich, Massachusetts 01938-2723, USA
| | - Joachim Wittbrodt
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - François Guillemot
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, MRC-National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Martynoga
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, MRC-National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom;
| |
Collapse
|
613
|
The structure, function and evolution of proteins that bind DNA and RNA. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2014; 15:749-60. [PMID: 25269475 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Proteins that bind both DNA and RNA typify the ability of a single gene product to perform multiple functions. Such DNA- and RNA-binding proteins (DRBPs) have unique functional characteristics that stem from their specific structural features; these developed early in evolution and are widely conserved. Proteins that bind RNA have typically been considered as functionally distinct from proteins that bind DNA and studied independently. This practice is becoming outdated, in partly owing to the discovery of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) that target DNA-binding proteins. Consequently, DRBPs were found to regulate many cellular processes, including transcription, translation, gene silencing, microRNA biogenesis and telomere maintenance.
Collapse
|
614
|
Ochieng JK, Schilders K, Kool H, Boerema-De Munck A, Buscop-Van Kempen M, Gontan C, Smits R, Grosveld FG, Wijnen RMH, Tibboel D, Rottier RJ. Sox2 regulates the emergence of lung basal cells by directly activating the transcription of Trp63. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 51:311-22. [PMID: 24669837 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0419oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung development is determined by the coordinated expression of several key genes. Previously, we and others have shown the importance of the sex determining region Y-box 2 (Sox2) gene in lung development. Transgenic expression of Sox2 during lung development resulted in cystic airways, and here we show that modulating the timing of ectopic Sox2 expression in the branching regions of the developing lung results in variable cystic lesions resembling the spectrum of the human congenital disorder congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM). Sox2 dominantly differentiated naive epithelial cells into the proximal lineage irrespective of the presence of Fgf10. Sox2 directly induced the expression of Trp63, the master switch toward the basal cell lineage and induced the expression of Gata6, a factor involved in the emergence of bronchoalveolar stem cells. We showed that SOX2 and TRP63 are coexpressed in the lungs of human patients with type II CCAM. The combination of premature differentiation toward the proximal cell lineage and the induction of proliferation resulted in the cyst-like structures. Thus, we show that Sox2 is directly responsible for the emergence of two lung progenitor cells: basal cells by regulating the master gene Trp63 and bronchoalveolar stem cells by regulating Gata6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua K Ochieng
- Departments of 1 Pediatric Surgery of the Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
615
|
Li Y, Kido T, Garcia-Barcelo MM, Tam PKH, Tabatabai ZL, Lau YFC. SRY interference of normal regulation of the RET gene suggests a potential role of the Y-chromosome gene in sexual dimorphism in Hirschsprung disease. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:685-97. [PMID: 25267720 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a complex congenital disorder, arising from abnormalities in enteric nervous system (ENS) development. There is a gender disparity among the patients, with the male to female ratio as high as 5 : 1. Loss-of-function mutations of HSCR genes and haploinsufficiency of their gene products are the primary pathogenic mechanisms for disease development. Recent studies identified over half of the HSCR disease susceptibility genes as targets for the sex-determining factor SRY, suggesting that this Y-encoded transcription factor could be involved in sexual dimorphism in HSCR. Among the SRY targets, the tyrosine kinase receptor RET represents the most important disease gene, whose mutations account for half of the familial and up to one-third of the sporadic forms of HSCR. RET is regulated by a distal and a proximal enhancer at its promoter, in which PAX3 and NKX2-1 are the resident transcription factors respectively. We show that the SRY-box 10 (SOX10) co-activator interacts and forms transcriptional complexes with PAX3 and NKX2-1 in a sequence-independent manner and exacerbates their respective transactivation activities on the RET promoter. SRY competitively displaces SOX10 in such transcription complexes and represses their regulatory functions on RET. Hence SRY could be a Y-located negative modifier of RET expression; and if it is ectopically expressed during ENS development, such SRY repression could result in RET protein haploinsufficiency and promotion of HSCR development, thereby contributing to sexual dimorphism in HSCR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunmin Li
- Department of Medicine Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, USA and
| | - Tatsuo Kido
- Department of Medicine Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, USA and
| | - Maria M Garcia-Barcelo
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul K H Tam
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Yun-Fai Chris Lau
- Department of Medicine Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, USA and
| |
Collapse
|
616
|
Neuronal expression of SOX2 is enriched in specific hypothalamic cell groups. J Chem Neuroanat 2014; 61-62:153-60. [PMID: 25263324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor SOX2 has many established roles in neural development but is generally considered to have limited activity in the adult brain. As part of a study of neuronal phenotypes in the adult rodent hypothalamus, we have now used immunohistochemical analysis to investigate the expression of SOX2 in the adult rat and mouse hypothalamus. Our analysis has revealed that SOX2 protein is extensively expressed in cells of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Co-localization with the nuclear marker proteins NeuN and MeCP2 confirmed SOX2 expression in mature neurons of the rat SCN, and the functional integrity of these SOX2+ neurons was also confirmed by demonstrating co-localization with light-induced EGR1 protein. In addition to the SCN, we have also revealed a population of SOX2+/(NeuN+/MeCP2+) neurons in the rat periventricular nucleus (PeN). However, in other hypothalamic nuclei such as the supraoptic nucleus (SON) SOX2+ cells were rare. In extra-hypothalamic areas, SOX2+ cells were also scarce although we have confirmed populations of non-neuronal SOX2+ cells in both the rat sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) and sub-granular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus. In addition, we have identified an extensive, novel population of non-neuronal SOX2+ cells in the rat subfornical organ (SFO). Our findings provide further evidence of 'immature' phenotypes in rodent SCN neurons and, given the extensive expression of SOX2 across these hypothalamic neurons, may identify a common regulatory factor that maintains this unusual neuronal phenotype. Conservation of SCN SOX2 expression in both rat and mouse indicates a functional requirement for this transcription factor that may be integral to the role of these SCN neurons in mediating daily physiological rhythms.
Collapse
|
617
|
Shimozaki K. Sox2 transcription network acts as a molecular switch to regulate properties of neural stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2014; 6:485-490. [PMID: 25258670 PMCID: PMC4172677 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v6.i4.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) contribute to ontogeny by producing neurons at the appropriate time and location. Neurogenesis from NSCs is also involved in various biological functions in adults. Thus, NSCs continue to exert their effects throughout the lifespan of the organism. The mechanism regulating the core functional properties of NSCs is governed by intra- and extracellular signals. Among the transcription factors that serve as molecular switches, Sox2 is considered a key factor in NSCs. Sox2 forms a core network with partner factors, thereby functioning as a molecular switch. This review discusses how the network of Sox2 partner and target genes illustrates the molecular characteristics of the mechanism underlying the self-renewal and multipotency of NSCs.
Collapse
|
618
|
Racca JD, Chen YS, Maloy JD, Wickramasinghe N, Phillips NB, Weiss MA. Structure-function relationships in human testis-determining factor SRY: an aromatic buttress underlies the specific DNA-bending surface of a high mobility group (HMG) box. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:32410-29. [PMID: 25258310 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.597526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human testis determination is initiated by SRY, a Y-encoded architectural transcription factor. Mutations in SRY cause 46 XY gonadal dysgenesis with female somatic phenotype (Swyer syndrome) and confer a high risk of malignancy (gonadoblastoma). Such mutations cluster in the SRY high mobility group (HMG) box, a conserved motif of specific DNA binding and bending. To explore structure-function relationships, we constructed all possible substitutions at a site of clinical mutation (W70L). Our studies thus focused on a core aromatic residue (position 15 of the consensus HMG box) that is invariant among SRY-related HMG box transcription factors (the SOX family) and conserved as aromatic (Phe or Tyr) among other sequence-specific boxes. In a yeast one-hybrid system sensitive to specific SRY-DNA binding, the variant domains exhibited reduced (Phe and Tyr) or absent activity (the remaining 17 substitutions). Representative nonpolar variants with partial or absent activity (Tyr, Phe, Leu, and Ala in order of decreasing side-chain volume) were chosen for study in vitro and in mammalian cell culture. The clinical mutation (Leu) was found to markedly impair multiple biochemical and cellular activities as respectively probed through the following: (i) in vitro assays of specific DNA binding and protein stability, and (ii) cell culture-based assays of proteosomal degradation, nuclear import, enhancer DNA occupancy, and SRY-dependent transcriptional activation. Surprisingly, however, DNA bending is robust to this or the related Ala substitution that profoundly impairs box stability. Together, our findings demonstrate that the folding, trafficking, and gene-regulatory function of SRY requires an invariant aromatic "buttress" beneath its specific DNA-bending surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Racca
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Yen-Shan Chen
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - James D Maloy
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Nalinda Wickramasinghe
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Nelson B Phillips
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Michael A Weiss
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| |
Collapse
|
619
|
Attramadal CG, Halstensen TS, Dhakal HP, Ulekleiv CH, Boysen ME, Nesland JM, Bryne M. High nuclear SOX2 expression is associated with radiotherapy response in small (T1/T2) oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2014; 44:515-22. [PMID: 25224722 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Expression of the stem cell transcription factor SOX2 is often used to imply stemness and poor prognosis in cancer. However, its role in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is not fully elucidated. MATERIAL AND METHODS Tumour tissues from 62 patients with primary, node negative and non-metastatic OSCCs were used to evaluate SOX2 expression by immunohistochemistry. The results were correlated to clinicopathology, treatment and disease recurrences. RESULTS The majority of the OSCCs (88%) expressed SOX2. Patients with higher nuclear SOX2 staining intensity in the invasive front compared to the adjacent normal epithelium, had a remarkable longer disease-free period if they received adjuvant post-operative radiotherapy (P = 0.001). This was in particular evident for highly differentiated OSCCs, as none of the high SOX2-expressing tumours reoccurred in contrast to all low SOX2-expressing OSCCs. CONCLUSIONS High nuclear SOX2 expression in the invasive front was associated with dramatic longer disease-free period than low SOX2-expressing carcinomas after post-operative radiotherapy in small OSCCs. The result suggested that high nuclear SOX2 expression at the invasive front may predict radiosensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie G Attramadal
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond S Halstensen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hari P Dhakal
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Camilla H Ulekleiv
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten E Boysen
- Department for Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jahn M Nesland
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Magne Bryne
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
620
|
Xie C, Han Y, Liu Y, Han L, Liu J. miRNA-124 down-regulates SOX8 expression and suppresses cell proliferation in non-small cell lung cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 7:6534-6542. [PMID: 25400731 PMCID: PMC4230110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Non-small lung cell carcinoma (NSCLC) is a leading lethal disease and a global health burden. The function of the Sex determining region Y (SRY)-related high mobility group box (SOX) family gene in cancer has attracted the attention of more and more scientists recently, yet there are few reports regarding the role of SOX in NSCLC. Our study aimed to investigate the expression of SOX8, a protein belonging to the E group of the SOX family, as well as SOX9, in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and the relationship of gene expression to clinicopathological factors and prognosis in patients. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to measure the expression of SOX8 in 80 NSCLC and 7 adjacent normal tissues. SOX8 expression was detected as elevated in tumor samples and correlated to tumor size (P < 0.001), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.001), differentiation classification (P = 0.015), and clinical stage (P = 0.013) significantly. Moreover, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that shorter survival time for patients who had higher SOX8 expression (P < 0.001). In addition, our experiments indicate that miRNA-124 functions as a tumor suppressor in NSCLC. We also demonstrate miRNA-124 directly targeted and decreased SOX8 in NSCLC cell lines, suggesting smiRNA-124 may regulate NSCLC cell proliferation via decreasing SOX8 (oncogenicity of biomarker in NSCLC).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xie
- Department of Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Yunwei Han
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical CollegeLuzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Radiation Protection, Shangdong Center for Disease Control and PreventionJinan 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Han
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical CollegeJining 272000, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences440 Jiyan Road, Jinan 250117, China
| |
Collapse
|
621
|
Lim DA, Alvarez-Buylla A. Adult neural stem cells stake their ground. Trends Neurosci 2014; 37:563-71. [PMID: 25223700 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The birth of new neurons in the walls of the adult brain lateral ventricles has captured the attention of many neuroscientists for over 2 decades, yielding key insights into the identity and regulation of neural stem cells (NSCs). In the adult ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ), NSCs are a specialized form of astrocyte that generates several types of neurons for the olfactory bulb. In this review, we discuss recent findings regarding the unique organization of the V-SVZ NSC niche, the multiple regulatory controls of neuronal production, the distinct regional identities of adult NSCs, and the epigenetic mechanisms that maintain adult neurogenesis. Understanding how V-SVZ NSCs establish and maintain lifelong neurogenesis continues to provide surprising insights into the cellular and molecular regulation of neural development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Lim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Arturo Alvarez-Buylla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
622
|
Ni Y, Zhang K, Liu X, Yang T, Wang B, Fu L, A L, Zhou Y. miR-21 promotes the differentiation of hair follicle-derived neural crest stem cells into Schwann cells. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:828-36. [PMID: 25206896 PMCID: PMC4146246 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.131599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair follicle-derived neural crest stem cells can be induced to differentiate into Schwann cells in vivo and in vitro. However, the underlying regulatory mechanism during cell differentiation remains poorly understood. This study isolated neural crest stem cells from human hair follicles and induced them to differentiate into Schwann cells. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that microRNA (miR)-21 expression was gradually increased during the differentiation of neural crest stem cells into Schwann cells. After transfection with the miR-21 agonist (agomir-21), the differentiation capacity of neural crest stem cells was enhanced. By contrast, after transfection with the miR-21 antagonist (antagomir-21), the differentiation capacity was attenuated. Further study results showed that SOX-2 was an effective target of miR-21. Without compromising SOX2 mRNA expression, miR-21 can down-regulate SOX protein expression by binding to the 3′-UTR of miR-21 mRNA. Knocking out the SOX2 gene from the neural crest stem cells significantly reversed the antagomir-21 inhibition of neural crest stem cells differentiating into Schwann cells. The results suggest that miR-21 expression was increased during the differentiation of neural crest stem cells into Schwann cells and miR-21 promoted the differentiation through down-regulating SOX protein expression by binding to the 3′-UTR of SOX2 mRNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Ni
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Kaizhi Zhang
- China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xuejuan Liu
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Tingting Yang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Baixiang Wang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Li Fu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Lan A
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yanmin Zhou
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
623
|
Merino F, Ng C, Veerapandian V, Schöler H, Jauch R, Cojocaru V. Structural Basis for the SOX-Dependent Genomic Redistribution of OCT4 in Stem Cell Differentiation. Structure 2014; 22:1274-1286. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
624
|
Wang J, Zhu HH, Chu M, Liu Y, Zhang C, Liu G, Yang X, Yang R, Gao WQ. Symmetrical and asymmetrical division analysis provides evidence for a hierarchy of prostate epithelial cell lineages. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4758. [PMID: 25163637 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although symmetrical and asymmetrical divisions of stem cells have been extensively studied in invertebrate and mammalian neural epithelia, their role remains largely unknown in mammalian non-neural epithelial development, regeneration and tumorigenesis. Here, using basal and luminal cell-specific markers and cell lineage tracing transgenic mice, we report that in developing prostatic epithelia, basal and luminal cells exhibit distinct division modes. While basal cells display both symmetric and asymmetric divisions leading to different cell fates, luminal cells only exhibit symmetrical divisions. Examination of cell division modes in prostate-specific Pten-null mice indicates that both luminal and basal cells can be cellular origins for prostate cancer. Furthermore, analysis of Sox2-expressing cells in p63 and Pten-null mice suggests that basal cells contribute to the luminal population and tumorigenesis. These findings provide direct evidence for the existence of a hierarchy of epithelial cell lineages during prostate development, regeneration and tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China [2] School of Biomedical Engineering &Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Helen He Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Mingliang Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yunying Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering &Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Chenxi Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study and the Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210061, China
| | - Geng Liu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study and the Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210061, China
| | - Xiaohang Yang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Ru Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Gao
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China [2] School of Biomedical Engineering &Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| |
Collapse
|
625
|
Matrix softness regulates plasticity of tumour-repopulating cells via H3K9 demethylation and Sox2 expression. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4619. [PMID: 25099074 PMCID: PMC4133791 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour-repopulating cells (TRCs) are a self-renewing, tumorigenic subpopulation of cancer cells critical in cancer progression. However, the underlying mechanisms of how TRCs maintain their self-renewing capability remain elusive. Here we show that relatively undifferentiated melanoma TRCs exhibit plasticity in Cdc42-mediated mechanical stiffening, histone 3 lysine residue 9 (H3K9) methylation, Sox2 expression and self-renewal capability. In contrast to differentiated melanoma cells, TRCs have a low level of H3K9 methylation that is unresponsive to matrix stiffness or applied forces. Silencing H3K9 methyltransferase G9a or SUV39h1 elevates the self-renewal capability of differentiated melanoma cells in a Sox2-dependent manner. Mechanistically, H3K9 methylation at the Sox2 promoter region inhibits Sox2 expression that is essential in maintaining self-renewal and tumorigenicity of TRCs both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our data suggest that 3D soft-fibrin-matrix-mediated cell softening, H3K9 demethylation and Sox2 gene expression are essential in regulating TRC self-renewal. Soft 3D gels can promote the growth of tumour-repopulating cells, a self-renewing subpopulation of cancer cells critical in cancer progression. Here, the authors investigate the mechanism behind this phenomenon and show that the histone 3 lysine residue 9 methylation and Sox2 are controlling this process.
Collapse
|
626
|
Chen T, Zhou L, Yuan Y, Fang Y, Guo Y, Huang H, Zhou Q, Lv X. Characterization of Bbx, a member of a novel subfamily of the HMG-box superfamily together with Cic. Dev Genes Evol 2014; 224:261-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00427-014-0476-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
627
|
SOX2 is a cancer-specific regulator of tumour initiating potential in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4511. [PMID: 25077433 PMCID: PMC4207965 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the principles that balance stem cell self-renewal and
differentiation in normal tissue homeostasis are beginning to emerge, it is
still unclear whether cancer cells with tumor initiating potential are similarly
governed, or whether they have acquired distinct mechanisms to sustain
self-renewal and long-term tumor growth. Here we show that the transcription
factor Sox2, which is not expressed in normal skin epithelium and is dispensable
for epidermal homeostasis, marks tumor initiating cells (TICs) in cutaneous
squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). We demonstrate that Sox2 is required for SCC
growth in mouse and human, where it enhances Nrp1/Vegf signaling to promote the
expansion of TICs along the tumor-stroma interface. Our findings suggest that
distinct transcriptional programs govern self-renewal and long-term growth of
TICs and normal skin epithelial stem and progenitor cells. These programs
present promising diagnostic markers and targets for cancer specific
therapies.
Collapse
|
628
|
de la Rocha AMA, Sampron N, Alonso MM, Matheu A. Role of SOX family of transcription factors in central nervous system tumors. Am J Cancer Res 2014; 4:312-324. [PMID: 25057435 PMCID: PMC4106650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
SOX genes are developmental regulators with functions in the instruction of cell fate and maintenance of progenitor's identity during embryogenesis. They play additional roles during tissue homeostasis and regeneration in adults particularly in the Central Nervous System (CNS). In the last years a growing number of evidences has shown that mutations and dysfunction of SOX factors are implicated in several human diseases, including a variety of cancers. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge about SOX family in CNS tumors and their role in the origin and maintenance of the subpopulation of cancer stem cells in these tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Sampron
- Biodonostia Institute, Paseo Dr. Beguiristain s/nSan Sebastian, Spain
| | - Marta M Alonso
- Clínica Universidad de NavarraAvda. Pio XII. 55, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ander Matheu
- Biodonostia Institute, Paseo Dr. Beguiristain s/nSan Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for ScienceBilbao, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
629
|
Abstract
The transcription factor Sox2 is a master regulator that maintains stemness in embryonic stem cells and neural stem cells. Using elegant lineage tracing strategies and genetic reporter mouse models, two studies (one of which is by Vanner and colleagues in this issue of Cancer Cell) now demonstrate that rare Sox2-expressing cells are the founding cancer stem cell population driving tumor initiation and therapy resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wai Leong Tam
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; MIT Ludwig Center for Molecular Oncology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Huck Hui Ng
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore; Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
630
|
Lundberg IV, Löfgren Burström A, Edin S, Eklöf V, Öberg Å, Stenling R, Palmqvist R, Wikberg ML. SOX2 expression is regulated by BRAF and contributes to poor patient prognosis in colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101957. [PMID: 25010701 PMCID: PMC4092103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignancy and also one of the main causes of cancer deaths worldwide. Aberrant expression of the transcription factor SOX2 has recently been observed in several cancer types, but its role in CRC has not been fully elucidated. Here we studied the expression of SOX2 in 441 CRC patients by immunohistochemistry and related the expression to clinicopathological and molecular variables and patient prognosis. SOX2 was expressed in 11% of the tumors and was significantly associated to BRAFV600E mutation, but not to KRAS mutations (codon 12 and 13). SOX2 positivity was correlated to poor patient survival, especially in BRAFV600E mutated cases. In vitro studies showed that cells expressing the constitutively active BRAFV600E had increased SOX2 expression, a finding not found in cells expressing KRASG12V. Furthermore, blocking downstream BRAF signalling using a MEK-inhibitor resulted in a decreased expression of SOX2. Since SOX2 overexpression has been correlated to increased migration and invasion, we investigated the SOX2 expression in human CRC liver metastasis and found that a SOX2 positive primary CRC also had SOX2 expression in corresponding liver metastases. Finally we found that cells overexpressing SOX2 in vitro showed enhanced expression of FGFR1, which has been reported to correlate with liver metastasis in CRC. Our novel findings suggest that SOX2 expression is partly regulated by BRAF signalling, and an increased SOX2 expression may promote CRC metastasis and mediate a poor patient prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ida V. Lundberg
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Sofia Edin
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Vincy Eklöf
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Åke Öberg
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Surgery, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Roger Stenling
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Richard Palmqvist
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Maria L. Wikberg
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
631
|
Cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating embryonic neurogenesis in the rodent olfactory epithelium. Int J Dev Neurosci 2014; 37:76-86. [PMID: 25003986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms that regulate cellular differentiation in developing embryos are maintained across multiple physiological systems, including the nervous system where neurons and glia are generated. The olfactory epithelium, which arises from the olfactory pit, is a stratified tissue in which the stepwise generation of neurons and support cells can easily be assessed and followed during embryogenesis and throughout adulthood. During olfactory epithelium morphogenesis, progenitor cells respond to factors that control their proliferation, survival, and differentiation in order to generate olfactory receptor neurons that detect odorants in the environment and glia-like sustentacular cells. The tight temporal regulation of expression of proneural genes in dividing progenitor cells, including Mash-1, Neurogenin-1, and NeuroD1, plays a central role in the production of olfactory receptor neurons. Multiple factors that either positively or negatively affect the generation of olfactory receptor neurons have been identified and shown to impinge on the transcriptional regulatory network in dividing progenitor cells. Several growth factors, such as FGF-8, act to promote neurogenesis by ensuring survival of progenitor cells that will give rise to olfactory receptor neurons. In contrast, other molecules, including members of the large TGF-β family of proteins, have negative impacts on neurogenesis by restricting progenitor cell proliferation and stalling their differentiation. Since recent reviews have focused on neurogenesis in the regenerating adult olfactory epithelium, this review describes neurogenesis at embryonic stages of olfactory epithelium development and summarizes our current understanding of how both cell intrinsic and extrinsic factors control this process.
Collapse
|
632
|
Weina K, Utikal J. SOX2 and cancer: current research and its implications in the clinic. Clin Transl Med 2014; 3:19. [PMID: 25114775 PMCID: PMC4126816 DOI: 10.1186/2001-1326-3-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SOX2 is a gene that encodes for a transcription factor belonging to the SOX gene family and contains a high-mobility group (HMG) domain, which permits highly specific DNA binding. Consequently, SOX2 functions as an activator or suppressor of gene transcription. SOX2 has been described as an essential embryonic stem cell gene and moreover, a necessary factor for induced cellular reprogramming. SOX2 research has only recently switched focus from embryogenesis and development to SOX2’s function in disease. Particularly, the role of SOX2 in cancer pathogenesis has become of interest in the field. To date, studies have shown SOX2 to be amplified in various cancer types and affect cancer cell physiology via involvement in complicated cell signaling and protein-protein interactions. Recent reviews in this field have highlighted SOX2 in mammalian physiology, development and pathology. In this review, we comprehensively compile what is known to date about SOX2’s involvement in cancer biology, focusing on the most recent findings in the fields of cellular signaling and cancer stem cells. Lastly, we underscore the role of SOX2 in the clinic and highlight new findings, which may provide novel clinical applications for SOX2 as a prognostic marker, indicator of metastasis, biomarker or potential therapeutic target in some cancer types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kasia Weina
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany ; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany ; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
633
|
Wang S, Xia P, Ye B, Huang G, Liu J, Fan Z. Transient activation of autophagy via Sox2-mediated suppression of mTOR is an important early step in reprogramming to pluripotency. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 13:617-25. [PMID: 24209762 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential cellular mechanism that degrades cytoplasmic proteins and organelles to recycle their components. Here we show that autophagy is required for reprogramming of somatic cells to form induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Our data indicate that mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is downregulated by Sox2 at an early stage of iPSC generation and that this transient downregulation of mTOR is required for reprogramming to take place. In the absence of Sox2, mTOR remains at a high level and inhibits autophagy. Mechanistically, Sox2 binds to a repressive region on the mTOR promoter and recruits the NuRD complex to mediate transcriptional repression. We also detected enhanced autophagy at the four- to eight-cell stage of embryonic development, and a similar Sox2 and mTOR-mediated regulatory pathway seems to operate in this context as well. Thus, our findings reveal Sox2-dependent temporal regulation of autophagy as a key step in cellular reprogramming processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
634
|
Lu W, Feng F, Xu J, Lu X, Wang S, Wang L, Lu H, Wei M, Yang G, Wang L, Lu Z, Liu Y, Lei X. QKI impairs self-renewal and tumorigenicity of oral cancer cells via repression of SOX2. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:1174-84. [PMID: 24918581 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.29502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) may contribute to tumor initiation, distant metastasis and chemo-resistance. One of RNA-binding proteins, Quaking (QKI), was reported to be a tumor suppressor. Here we showed that reduced QKI levels were observed in many human oral cancer samples. Moreover further reduction of QKI expression in CSCs was detected compared with non-CSCs in oral cancer cell lines. Overexpressing QKI in oral cancer cells significantly reduced CSC sphere formation and stem cell-associated genes. In tumor implanting nude mice model, QKI significantly impeded tumor initiation rates, tumor sizes and lung metastasis rates. As a contrast, knocking down QKI enhanced the above effects. Among the putative CSC target genes, SOX2 expression was negatively affected by QKI, mechanism study revealed that QKI may directly regulate SOX2 expression via specific binding with its 3'UTR in a cis element-dependent way. Loss of SOX2 even completely reversed the sphere forming ability in QKI knockdown cell line. Taken together, these data demonstrated that SOX2 is an important CSC regulator in oral cancer. QKI is a novel CSC inhibitor and impaired multiple oral CSC properties via partial repression of SOX2. Therefore, reduced expression of QKI may provide a novel diagnostic marker for oral cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; School of Stomatology; the Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an, PR China; Department of Stomatology; 101 Hospital of PLA; Wuxi, PR China
| | - Feixue Feng
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology; Department of Pharmacogenomics; the Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an, PR China
| | - Jinke Xu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; School of Stomatology; the Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an, PR China
| | - Xiaozhao Lu
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology; Department of Pharmacogenomics; the Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an, PR China
| | - Shan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology; Department of Pharmacogenomics; the Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an, PR China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; the Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an, PR China
| | - Huanyu Lu
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology; Department of Pharmacogenomics; the Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an, PR China
| | - Mengying Wei
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; the Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an, PR China
| | - Guodong Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; the Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an, PR China
| | - Li Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology; Department of Pharmacogenomics; the Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an, PR China
| | - Zifan Lu
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology; Department of Pharmacogenomics; the Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yanpu Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; School of Stomatology; the Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Lei
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology; Department of Pharmacogenomics; the Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
635
|
SOX2 controls tumour initiation and cancer stem-cell functions in squamous-cell carcinoma. Nature 2014; 511:246-50. [PMID: 24909994 DOI: 10.1038/nature13305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 491] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been reported in various cancers, including in skin squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC). The molecular mechanisms regulating tumour initiation and stemness are still poorly characterized. Here we find that Sox2, a transcription factor expressed in various types of embryonic and adult stem cells, was the most upregulated transcription factor in the CSCs of squamous skin tumours in mice. SOX2 is absent in normal epidermis but begins to be expressed in the vast majority of mouse and human pre-neoplastic skin tumours, and continues to be expressed in a heterogeneous manner in invasive mouse and human SCCs. In contrast to other SCCs, in which SOX2 is frequently genetically amplified, the expression of SOX2 in mouse and human skin SCCs is transcriptionally regulated. Conditional deletion of Sox2 in the mouse epidermis markedly decreases skin tumour formation after chemical-induced carcinogenesis. Using green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a reporter of Sox2 transcriptional expression (SOX2-GFP knock-in mice), we showed that SOX2-expressing cells in invasive SCC are greatly enriched in tumour-propagating cells, which further increase upon serial transplantations. Lineage ablation of SOX2-expressing cells within primary benign and malignant SCCs leads to tumour regression, consistent with the critical role of SOX2-expressing cells in tumour maintenance. Conditional Sox2 deletion in pre-existing skin papilloma and SCC leads to tumour regression and decreases the ability of cancer cells to be propagated upon transplantation into immunodeficient mice, supporting the essential role of SOX2 in regulating CSC functions. Transcriptional profiling of SOX2-GFP-expressing CSCs and of tumour epithelial cells upon Sox2 deletion uncovered a gene network regulated by SOX2 in primary tumour cells in vivo. Chromatin immunoprecipitation identified several direct SOX2 target genes controlling tumour stemness, survival, proliferation, adhesion, invasion and paraneoplastic syndrome. We demonstrate that SOX2, by marking and regulating the functions of skin tumour-initiating cells and CSCs, establishes a continuum between tumour initiation and progression in primary skin tumours.
Collapse
|
636
|
Guo W. Concise review: breast cancer stem cells: regulatory networks, stem cell niches, and disease relevance. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:942-8. [PMID: 24904174 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown that cancer stem cells (CSCs), the cancer cells that have long-term proliferative potential and the ability to regenerate tumors with phenotypically heterogeneous cell types, are important mediators of tumor metastasis and cancer relapse. In breast cancer, these cells often possess attributes of cells that have undergone an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Signaling networks mediated by microRNAs and EMT-inducing transcription factors connect the EMT program with the core stem cell regulatory machineries. These signaling networks are also regulated by extrinsic niche signals that induce and maintain CSCs, contributing to metastatic colonization and promoting the reactivation of dormant tumor cells. Targeting these CSC pathways is likely to improve the efficacy of conventional chemo- and radiotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Guo
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
637
|
Tsurusaki Y, Koshimizu E, Ohashi H, Phadke S, Kou I, Shiina M, Suzuki T, Okamoto N, Imamura S, Yamashita M, Watanabe S, Yoshiura KI, Kodera H, Miyatake S, Nakashima M, Saitsu H, Ogata K, Ikegawa S, Miyake N, Matsumoto N. De novo SOX11 mutations cause Coffin-Siris syndrome. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4011. [PMID: 24886874 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Coffin-Siris syndrome (CSS) is a congenital disorder characterized by growth deficiency, intellectual disability, microcephaly, characteristic facial features and hypoplastic nails of the fifth fingers and/or toes. We previously identified mutations in five genes encoding subunits of the BAF complex, in 55% of CSS patients. Here we perform whole-exome sequencing in additional CSS patients, identifying de novo SOX11 mutations in two patients with a mild CSS phenotype. sox11a/b knockdown in zebrafish causes brain abnormalities, potentially explaining the brain phenotype of CSS. SOX11 is the downstream transcriptional factor of the PAX6-BAF complex, highlighting the importance of the BAF complex and SOX11 transcriptional network in brain development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Tsurusaki
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan [2]
| | - Eriko Koshimizu
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan [2]
| | - Hirofumi Ohashi
- Division of Medical Genetics, Saitama Children's Medical Center, 2100 Magome, Iwatsuki 339-8551, Japan
| | - Shubha Phadke
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Rd, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Ikuyo Kou
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Masaaki Shiina
- Department of Biochemistry, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Suzuki
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan [2] Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University, Hongo 3-1-3, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okamoto
- Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, 840 Murodo-cho, Izumi 594-1101, Japan
| | - Shintaro Imamura
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-8648, Japan
| | - Michiaki Yamashita
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-8648, Japan
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Department of Human Genetics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Koh-ichiro Yoshiura
- Department of Human Genetics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kodera
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Satoko Miyatake
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Nakashima
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Saitsu
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ogata
- Department of Biochemistry, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Shiro Ikegawa
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Noriko Miyake
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
638
|
Thu KL, Becker-Santos DD, Radulovich N, Pikor LA, Lam WL, Tsao MS. SOX15 and other SOX family members are important mediators of tumorigenesis in multiple cancer types. Oncoscience 2014; 1:326-35. [PMID: 25594027 PMCID: PMC4278306 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SOX genes are transcription factors with important roles in embryonic development and carcinogenesis. The SOX family of 20 genes is responsible for regulating lineage and tissue specific gene expression patterns, controlling numerous developmental processes including cell differentiation, sex determination, and organogenesis. As is the case with many genes involved in regulating development, SOX genes are frequently deregulated in cancer. In this perspective we provide a brief overview of how SOX proteins can promote or suppress cancer growth. We also present a pan-cancer analysis of aberrant SOX gene expression and highlight potential molecular mechanisms responsible for their disruption in cancer. Our analyses indicate the prominence of SOX deregulation in different cancer types and reveal potential roles for SOX genes not previously described in cancer. Finally, we summarize our recent identification of SOX15 as a candidate tumor suppressor in pancreatic cancer and propose several research avenues to pursue to further delineate the emerging role of SOX15 in development and carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsie L Thu
- BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | | | | | | | - Wan L Lam
- BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Ming-Sound Tsao
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network at the University of Toronto
| |
Collapse
|
639
|
Abstract
Over the last decade, it has been discovered that the transcription factor Sox9 plays several critical roles in governing the development of the embryonic pancreas and the homeostasis of the mature organ. While analysis of pancreata from patients affected by the Sox9 haploinsufficiency syndrome campomelic dysplasia initially alluded to a functional role of Sox9 in pancreatic morphogenesis, transgenic mouse models have been instrumental in mechanistically dissecting such roles. Although initially defined as a marker and maintenance factor for pancreatic progenitors, Sox9 is now considered to fulfill additional indispensable functions during pancreogenesis and in the postnatal organ through its interactions with other transcription factors and signaling pathways such as Fgf and Notch. In addition to maintaining both multipotent and bipotent pancreatic progenitors, Sox9 is also required for initiating endocrine differentiation and maintaining pancreatic ductal identity, and it has recently been unveiled as a key player in the initiation of pancreatic cancer. These functions of Sox9 are discussed in this article, with special emphasis on the knowledge gained from various loss-of-function and lineage tracing mouse models. Also, current controversies regarding Sox9 function in healthy and injured adult pancreas and unanswered questions and avenues of future study are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Seymour
- The Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
640
|
YB-1 regulates Sox2 to coordinately sustain stemness and tumorigenic properties in a phenotypically distinct subset of breast cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:328. [PMID: 24885403 PMCID: PMC4025193 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sox2, a transcription factor and an embryonic stem cell marker, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of breast cancer (BC). YB-1 is another transcription factor that has been shown to promote stemness in BC cells. METHODS Western blotting, quantitative PCR, and siRNAs were used to query the regulatory relationships between YB-1, Sox2, and their downstream targets. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to detect YB-1 interactions at the Sox2 promoter. Mammosphere and soft agar assays were used to assess the phenotypic consequences of YB-1 knockdown. RESULTS Here, we report that YB-1 regulates Sox2. YB-1 was found to bind to the SOX2 promoter and down-regulate its expression in MCF7 and ZR751. The regulatory interaction between YB-1 and Sox2 was drastically different between the two phenotypically distinct cell subsets, purified based on their differential response to a Sox2 reporter. They are referred to as the reporter unresponsive (RU) cells and the reporter responsive (RR) cells. Upon siRNA knockdown of YB-1, RU cells showed an increase in Sox2 expression but no change in Sox2 reporter activity; in contrast, RR cells exhibited increased expression and reporter activity of Sox2. Correlating with these findings, YB-1 knockdown induced a differential response in the expression of genes known to be regulated by both Sox2 and YB-1 (e.g. CCND1 and ITGA6). For instance, in response to YB-1 knockdown, CCND1 and ITGA6 expression were decreased or unchanged in RU cells but paradoxically increased in RR cells. Compared to RU cells, RR cells were significantly more resistant to the suppression of mammosphere formation due to YB-1 knockdown. Importantly, mammospheres derived from parental MCF7 cells treated with YB-1 siRNA knockdown exhibited higher expression levels of SOX2 and its downstream targets. CONCLUSIONS To conclude, in a subset of BC cells, namely RR cells, YB-1 regulates Sox2 to coordinately maintain stemness and tumorigenic properties.
Collapse
|
641
|
Epigenetic regulation of sox30 is associated with testis development in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97203. [PMID: 24810894 PMCID: PMC4014610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is involved in tissue-specific and developmentally regulated gene expression. Here, we screened a novel methylation gene Sox30, whose methylation might contribute to its regulation and testis development in mice. Sox30 is a member of Sox transcription factors, and is considered to be involved in spermatogonial differentiation and spermatogenesis. However, the precise function and regulatory expression pattern remain unclear. In the present study, we found that Sox30 is highly expressed in adult testes but not in ovaries. Sox30 expression begins in early development, and in the testes, it is specifically increased coincidentally with development until adulthood. Moreover, Sox30 is expressed not only in testis germ cells, but also in sertoli cells. Sox30 is hypo-methylated in testis, epididymis and lung of adult mice, in which Sox30 is expressed. By contrast, Sox30 is hypermethylated in ovary, heart, brain, liver, kidney, spleen, pancreas, muscle, intestine, pituitary gland, blood and hippocampus of adult mice, in which the Sox30 is absent. Importantly, decreased methylation at CpG islands of Sox30 is observed in mouse developmental testes after birth, which is associated with enhanced Sox30 expression. However, the hypermethylated status of Sox30 is maintained in ovaries that does not express Sox30 during this period. Further, following demethylation treatment using 5-aza-dC, Sox30 expression is restored in GC2, TM3 and TM4 cell lines. This observation convincingly confirms that methylation really contributes to Sox30 silencing. In summary, we show that Sox30 expression is under the control of DNA methylation status, and this expression pattern is associated with testis development in mice.
Collapse
|
642
|
Lei Y, Jaradat JM, Owosho A, Adebiyi KE, Lybrand KS, Neville BW, Müller S, Bilodeau EA. Evaluation of SOX2 as a potential marker for ameloblastic carcinoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2014; 117:608-616.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
643
|
Liu S, Herault Y, Pavlovic G, Leask A. Skin progenitor cells contribute to bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:707-13. [PMID: 24574231 DOI: 10.1002/art.38276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The origin of the cells that contribute to skin fibrosis is unclear. We undertook the present study to assess the contribution of Sox2-expressing skin progenitor cells to bleomycin-induced scleroderma. METHODS Scleroderma was induced, by bleomycin administration, in wild-type mice and in mice in which CCN2 was deleted from Sox2-expressing cells. Lineage tracing analysis was performed to assess whether cells expressing Sox2 are recruited to fibrotic lesions in response to bleomycin-induced scleroderma. RESULTS In response to bleomycin, Sox2-positive/α-smooth muscle actin-positive cells were recruited to fibrotic tissue. CCN2-conditional knockout mice in which CCN2 was deleted from Sox2-expressing cells exhibited resistance to bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis. Collectively, these results indicate that CCN2 is required for the recruitment of progenitor cells and that CCN2-expressing progenitor cells are essential for bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis. Lineage tracing analysis using mice in which a tamoxifen-dependent Cre recombinase was expressed under the control of the Sox2 promoter confirmed that progenitor cells were recruited to the fibrotic lesion in response to bleomycin, and that this did not occur in CCN2-knockout mice. The ability of serum to induce α-smooth muscle actin expression in skin progenitor cells required the presence of CCN2. CONCLUSION Sox2-positive skin progenitor cells are required in order for bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis to occur, and CCN2 is required for the recruitment of these cells to the fibrotic lesion. Targeting stem cell recruitment or CCN2 may therefore represent a useful therapeutic approach in combating fibrotic skin disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shangxi Liu
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
644
|
Schnitzler CE, Simmons DK, Pang K, Martindale MQ, Baxevanis AD. Expression of multiple Sox genes through embryonic development in the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi is spatially restricted to zones of cell proliferation. EvoDevo 2014; 5:15. [PMID: 24834317 PMCID: PMC4021642 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9139-5-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Sox genes, a family of transcription factors characterized by the presence of a high mobility group (HMG) box domain, are among the central groups of developmental regulators in the animal kingdom. They are indispensable in progenitor cell fate determination, and various Sox family members are involved in managing the critical balance between stem cells and differentiating cells. There are 20 mammalian Sox genes that are divided into five major groups (B, C, D, E, and F). True Sox genes have been identified in all animal lineages but not outside Metazoa, indicating that this gene family arose at the origin of the animals. Whole-genome sequencing of the lobate ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi allowed us to examine the full complement and expression of the Sox gene family in this early-branching animal lineage. Results Our phylogenetic analyses of the Sox gene family were generally in agreement with previous studies and placed five of the six Mnemiopsis Sox genes into one of the major Sox groups: SoxB (MleSox1), SoxC (MleSox2), SoxE (MleSox3, MleSox4), and SoxF (MleSox5), with one unclassified gene (MleSox6). We investigated the expression of five out of six Mnemiopsis Sox genes during early development. Expression patterns determined through in situ hybridization generally revealed spatially restricted Sox expression patterns in somatic cells within zones of cell proliferation, as determined by EdU staining. These zones were located in the apical sense organ, upper tentacle bulbs, and developing comb rows in Mnemiopsis, and coincide with similar zones identified in the cydippid ctenophore Pleurobrachia. Conclusions Our results are consistent with the established role of multiple Sox genes in the maintenance of stem cell pools. Both similarities and differences in juvenile cydippid stage expression patterns between Mnemiopsis Sox genes and their orthologs from Pleurobrachia highlight the importance of using multiple species to characterize the evolution of development within a given phylum. In light of recent phylogenetic evidence that Ctenophora is the earliest-branching animal lineage, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the ancient primary function of Sox family genes was to regulate the maintenance of stem cells and function in cell fate determination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Schnitzler
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David K Simmons
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA
| | - Kevin Pang
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mark Q Martindale
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA
| | - Andreas D Baxevanis
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
645
|
Berezovsky AD, Poisson LM, Cherba D, Webb CP, Transou AD, Lemke NW, Hong X, Hasselbach LA, Irtenkauf SM, Mikkelsen T, deCarvalho AC. Sox2 promotes malignancy in glioblastoma by regulating plasticity and astrocytic differentiation. Neoplasia 2014; 16:193-206, 206.e19-25. [PMID: 24726753 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The high-mobility group-box transcription factor sex-determining region Y-box 2 (Sox2) is essential for the maintenance of stem cells from early development to adult tissues. Sox2 can reprogram differentiated cells into pluripotent cells in concert with other factors and is overexpressed in various cancers. In glioblastoma (GBM), Sox2 is a marker of cancer stemlike cells (CSCs) in neurosphere cultures and is associated with the proneural molecular subtype. Here, we report that Sox2 expression pattern in GBM tumors and patient-derived mouse xenografts is not restricted to a small percentage of cells and is coexpressed with various lineage markers, suggesting that its expression extends beyond CSCs to encompass more differentiated neoplastic cells across molecular subtypes. Employing a CSC derived from a patient with GBM and isogenic differentiated cell model, we show that Sox2 knockdown in the differentiated state abolished dedifferentiation and acquisition of CSC phenotype. Furthermore, Sox2 deficiency specifically impaired the astrocytic component of a biphasic gliosarcoma xenograft model while allowing the formation of tumors with sarcomatous phenotype. The expression of genes associated with stem cells and malignancy were commonly downregulated in both CSCs and serum-differentiated cells on Sox2 knockdown. Genes previously shown to be associated with pluripontency and CSCs were only affected in the CSC state, whereas embryonic stem cell self-renewal genes and cytokine signaling were downregulated, and the Wnt pathway activated in differentiated Sox2-deficient cells. Our results indicate that Sox2 regulates the expression of key genes and pathways involved in GBM malignancy, in both cancer stemlike and differentiated cells, and maintains plasticity for bidirectional conversion between the two states, with significant clinical implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laila M Poisson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - David Cherba
- Program of Translational Medicine, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI
| | - Craig P Webb
- Program of Translational Medicine, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI
| | | | - Nancy W Lemke
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Xin Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | | | | | - Tom Mikkelsen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | | |
Collapse
|
646
|
Medina DJ, Abass-Shereef J, Walton K, Goodell L, Aviv H, Strair RK, Budak-Alpdogan T. Cobblestone-area forming cells derived from patients with mantle cell lymphoma are enriched for CD133+ tumor-initiating cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91042. [PMID: 24722054 PMCID: PMC3982953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is associated with a significant risk of therapeutic failure and disease relapse, but the biological origin of relapse is poorly understood. Here, we prospectively identify subpopulations of primary MCL cells with different biologic and immunophenotypic features. Using a simple culture system, we demonstrate that a subset of primary MCL cells co-cultured with either primary human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSC) or murine MS-5 cells form in cobblestone-areas consisting of cells with a primitive immunophenotype (CD19−CD133+) containing the chromosomal translocation t (11;14)(q13;q32) characteristic of MCL. Limiting dilution serial transplantation experiments utilizing immunodeficient mice revealed that primary MCL engraftment was only observed when either unsorted or CD19−CD133+ cells were utilized. No engraftment was seen using the CD19+CD133− subpopulation. Our results establish that primary CD19−CD133+ MCL cells are a functionally distinct subpopulation of primary MCL cells enriched for MCL-initiating activity in immunodeficient mice. This rare subpopulation of MCL-initiating cells may play an important role in the pathogenesis of MCL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Medina
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jeneba Abass-Shereef
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Kelly Walton
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Lauri Goodell
- Department of Pathology, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Hana Aviv
- Department of Pathology, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Roger K. Strair
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Tulin Budak-Alpdogan
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
647
|
Hyland PL, Hu N, Rotunno M, Su H, Wang C, Wang L, Pfeiffer RM, Gherman B, Giffen C, Dykes C, Dawsey SM, Abnet CC, Johnson KM, Acosta RD, Young PE, Cash BD, Taylor PR. Global changes in gene expression of Barrett's esophagus compared to normal squamous esophagus and gastric cardia tissues. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93219. [PMID: 24714516 PMCID: PMC3979678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Barrett's esophagus (BE) is a metaplastic precursor lesion of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA), the most rapidly increasing cancer in western societies. While the prevalence of BE is increasing, the vast majority of EA occurs in patients with undiagnosed BE. Thus, we sought to identify genes that are altered in BE compared to the normal mucosa of the esophagus, and which may be potential biomarkers for the development or diagnosis of BE. DESIGN We performed gene expression analysis using HG-U133A Affymetrix chips on fresh frozen tissue samples of Barrett's metaplasia and matched normal mucosa from squamous esophagus (NE) and gastric cardia (NC) in 40 BE patients. RESULTS Using a cut off of 2-fold and P<1.12E-06 (0.05 with Bonferroni correction), we identified 1324 differentially-expressed genes comparing BE vs NE and 649 differentially-expressed genes comparing BE vs NC. Except for individual genes such as the SOXs and PROM1 that were dysregulated only in BE vs NE, we found a subset of genes (n = 205) whose expression was significantly altered in both BE vs NE and BE vs NC. These genes were overrepresented in different pathways, including TGF-β and Notch. CONCLUSION Our findings provide additional data on the global transcriptome in BE tissues compared to matched NE and NC tissues which should promote further understanding of the functions and regulatory mechanisms of genes involved in BE development, as well as insight into novel genes that may be useful as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of BE in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula L. Hyland
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nan Hu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Melissa Rotunno
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hua Su
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chaoyu Wang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lemin Wang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ruth M. Pfeiffer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Carol Giffen
- Information Management Services, Inc, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cathy Dykes
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sanford M. Dawsey
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christian C. Abnet
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kathryn M. Johnson
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ruben D. Acosta
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Patrick E. Young
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brooks D. Cash
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Philip R. Taylor
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
648
|
Choi MK, Seong I, Kang SA, Kim J. Down-regulation of Sox11 is required for efficient osteogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells. Mol Cells 2014; 37:337-44. [PMID: 24722414 PMCID: PMC4012083 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2014.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells represent a type of mesenchymal stem cells with the attendant capacity to self-renew and differentiate into multiple cell lineages. We have performed a microarray-based gene expression profiling of osteogenic differentiation and found that the transcription factor Sox11 is down-regulated during the process. Functional assays demonstrate that down-regulation of Sox11 is required for an efficient differentiation. Furthermore, results from forced expression of constitutively-active and dominant-negative derivatives of Sox11 indicate that Sox11 functions as a transcriptional activator in inhibiting osteogenesis. Sox11 thus represents a novel regulator of osteogenesis whose expression and activity can be potentially manipulated for controlled differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Kyung Choi
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750,
Korea
| | - Ikjoo Seong
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750,
Korea
- Ewha Research Center for Systems Biology, Seoul 120-750,
Korea
| | - Seon Ah Kang
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750,
Korea
| | - Jaesang Kim
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750,
Korea
- Ewha Research Center for Systems Biology, Seoul 120-750,
Korea
| |
Collapse
|
649
|
Guo Y, Liu S, Zhang X, Wang L, Zhang X, Hao A, Han A, Yang J. Sox11 promotes endogenous neurogenesis and locomotor recovery in mice spinal cord injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 446:830-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.02.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
650
|
Kadaja M, Keyes BE, Lin M, Pasolli HA, Genander M, Polak L, Stokes N, Zheng D, Fuchs E. SOX9: a stem cell transcriptional regulator of secreted niche signaling factors. Genes Dev 2014; 28:328-41. [PMID: 24532713 PMCID: PMC3937512 DOI: 10.1101/gad.233247.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Hair follicles (HFs) undergo cyclical periods of growth, which are fueled by stem cells (SCs) at the base of the resting follicle. HF-SC formation occurs during HF development and requires transcription factor SOX9. Whether and how SOX9 functions in HF-SC maintenance remain unknown. By conditionally targeting Sox9 in adult HF-SCs, we show that SOX9 is essential for maintaining them. SOX9-deficient HF-SCs still transition from quiescence to proliferation and launch the subsequent hair cycle. However, once activated, bulge HF-SCs begin to differentiate into epidermal cells, which naturally lack SOX9. In addition, as HF-SC numbers dwindle, outer root sheath production is not sustained, and HF downgrowth arrests prematurely. Probing the mechanism, we used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to identify SOX9-dependent transcriptional changes and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and deep sequencing (ChIP-seq) to identify SOX9-bound genes in HF-SCs. Intriguingly, a large cohort of SOX9-sensitive targets encode extracellular factors, most notably enhancers of Activin/pSMAD2 signaling. Moreover, compromising Activin signaling recapitulates SOX9-dependent defects, and Activin partially rescues them. Overall, our findings reveal roles for SOX9 in regulating adult HF-SC maintenance and suppressing epidermal differentiation in the niche. In addition, our studies expose a role for SCs in coordinating their own behavior in part through non-cell-autonomous signaling within the niche.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meelis Kadaja
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|