Extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using the fungus Fusarium oxysporum

PHYTOSYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING CALLUS OF JATROPHA CURCAS: A BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACH

The present study reports a rapid plant-based biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using callus extract of Jatropha curcas L. The particle size and morphological analyses were carried out using Zetasizer, SEM, TEM. The physicochemical properties were monitored using UV-Vis spectroscopic, IR and DSC. The formation of silver nanoparticle was confirmed by using UV-Vis spectrophotometer and absorbance peaks at 421 nm. The silver nanoparticle was found to be a negatively charged with size ranging from 2 nm to 50 nm. The morphology of the nanoparticle is uniformly spherical and has a dispersion ratio of 0.14. The physicochemical study using DSC indicated significant thermal stability and crystalline nature of the nanoparticle. This intracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles is simple, cheap and eco-friendly than other mechanical and chemical approaches.

Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Whole Cells of Geotrichum candidum

The synthesis of nanoparticles with desired size and shape is an important area of research in nanotechnology. Use of biological system is an alternative approach to chemical and physical procedures for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles. An efficient environment-friendly approach for the biosynthesis of rapid and stable Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using whole cells of Geotrichum candidum is discussed in this paper. The enzymes/proteins present in the microorganism might be responsible for the reduction of metal salts to nanoparticles. Various reaction parameters such as culture age, temperature, pH, metal salt, and cell mass concentrations were optimized. The AuNPs were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Nanoparticles were isolated by sonicating the whole cells after treatment with Tween 80. The whole cell mediated process showed the simplistic, feasible, easy to scale up, and low-cost approach for the synthesis of AuNPs.

Aqueous phase synthesis of copper nanoparticles: a link between heavy metal resistance and nanoparticle synthesis ability in bacterial systems

We demonstrate aqueous phase biosynthesis of phase-pure metallic copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) using a silver resistant bacterium Morganella morganii. This is particularly important considering that there has been no report that demonstrates biosynthesis and stabilization of pure copper nanoparticles in the aqueous phase. Electrochemical analysis of bacterial cells exposed to Cu(2+) ions provides new insights into the mechanistic aspect of Cu(2+) ion reduction within the bacterial cell and indicates a strong link between the silver and copper resistance machinery of bacteria in the context of metal ion reduction. The outcomes of this study take us a step closer towards designing rational strategies for biosynthesis of different metal nanoparticles using microorganisms.

Silver-based nanoparticles induce apoptosis in human colon cancer cells mediated through p53

AIM

The authors have systematically investigated the anticancer potentiality of silver-based nanoparticles (AgNPs) and the mechanism underlying their biological activity in human colon cancer cells.

MATERIALS & METHODS

Starch-capped AgNPs were synthesized, characterized and their biological activity evaluated through multiple biochemical assays.

RESULTS

AgNPs decreased the growth and viability of HCT116 colon cancer cells. AgNP exposure increased apoptosis, as demonstrated by an increase in 4´,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole-stained apoptotic nuclei, BAX/BCL-XL ratio, cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, p53, p21 and caspases 3, 8 and 9, and by a decrease in the levels of AKT and NF-κB. The cell population in the G1 phase decreased, and the S-phase population increased after AgNP treatment. AgNPs caused DNA damage and reduced the interaction between p53 and NF-κB. Interestingly, no significant alteration was noted in the levels of p21, BAX/BCL-XL and NF-κB after AgNP treatment in a p53-knockout HCT116 cell line.

CONCLUSION

AgNPs are bona fide anticancer agents that act in a p53-dependent manner. Original submitted 16 March 2012; Revised submitted 25 August 2012; Published online 21 March 2013.

Antibacterial and cytotoxic efficacy of extracellular silver nanoparticles biofabricated from chromium reducing novel OS4 strain of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

Biofabricated metal nanoparticles are generally biocompatible, inexpensive, and ecofriendly, therefore, are used preferably in industries, medical and material science research. Considering the importance of biofabricated materials, we isolated, characterized and identified a novel bacterial strain OS4 of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (GenBank: JN247637.1). At neutral pH, this Gram negative bacterial strain significantly reduced hexavalent chromium, an important heavy metal contaminant found in the tannery effluents and minings. Subsequently, even at room temperature the supernatant of log phase grown culture of strain OS4 also reduced silver nitrate (AgNO₃) to generate nanoparticles (AgNPs). These AgNPs were further characterized by UV–visible, Nanophox particle size analyzer, XRD, SEM and FTIR. As evident from the FTIR data, plausibly the protein components of supernatant caused the reduction of AgNO₃. The cuboid and homogenous AgNPs showed a characteristic UV-visible peak at 428 nm with average size of ∼93 nm. The XRD spectra exhibited the characteristic Bragg peaks of 111, 200, 220 and 311 facets of the face centred cubic symmetry of nanoparticles suggesting that these nanoparticles were crystalline in nature. From the nanoparticle release kinetics data, the rapid release of AgNPs was correlated with the particle size and increasing surface area of the nanoparticles. A highly significant antimicrobial activity against medically important bacteria by the biofabricated AgNPs was also revealed as decline in growth of Staphylococcus aureus (91%), Escherichia coli (69%) and Serratia marcescens (66%) substantially. Additionally, different cytotoxic assays showed no toxicity of AgNPs to liver function, RBCs, splenocytes and HeLa cells, hence these particles were safe to use. Therefore, this novel bacterial strain OS4 is likely to provide broad spectrum benefits for curing chromium polluted sites, for biofabrication of AgNPs and ultimately in the nanoparticle based drug formulation for the treatment of infectious diseases.

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by the endophytic fungus Epicoccum nigrum and their activity against pathogenic fungi

There is an enormous interest in developing safe, cost-effective and environmentally friendly technologies for nano-materials synthesis. In the present study, extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles was achieved by Epicoccum nigrum, an endophytic fungus isolated from the cambium of Phellodendron amurense. The reduction of the silver ions was monitored by UV-visible spectrophotometry, and the characterization of the Ag NPs was carried out by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The synthesized Ag NPs were exceptionally stable. It was found that an alkaline pH favored the formation of Ag NPs and elevated temperature accelerated the reduction process. Furthermore, the antifungal activity of the Ag NPs was assessed using a microdilution method. The biosynthesized Ag NPs showed considerable activity against the pathogenic fungi. The current research opens a new path for the green synthesis of Ag NPs and the process is easy to scale up for biomedical applications.

Biomimetic synthesis of selenium nanospheres by bacterial strain JS-11 and its role as a biosensor for nanotoxicity assessment: a novel se-bioassay

Selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) were synthesized by green technology using the bacterial isolate Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain JS-11. The bacteria exhibited significant tolerance to selenite (SeO3(2-)) up to 100 mM concentration with an EC50 value of 140 mM. The spent medium (culture supernatant) contains the potential of reducing soluble and colorless SeO3(2-) to insoluble red elemental selenium (Se(0)) at 37°C. Characterization of red Se° product by use of UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectrum (EDX) analysis revealed the presence of stable, predominantly monodispersed and spherical selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) of an average size of 21 nm. Most likely, the metabolite phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) released by strain JS-11 in culture supernatant along with the known redox agents like NADH and NADH dependent reductases are responsible for biomimetic reduction of SeO3(2-) to Se° nanospheres. Based on the bioreduction of a colorless solution of SeO3(2-) to elemental red Se(0), a high throughput colorimetric bioassay (Se-Assay) was developed for parallel detection and quantification of nanoparticles (NPs) cytotoxicity in a 96 well format. Thus, it has been concluded that the reducing power of the culture supernatant of strain JS-11 could be effectively exploited for developing a simple and environmental friendly method of Se-NPs synthesis. The results elucidated that the red colored Se° nanospheres may serve as a biosensor for nanotoxicity assessment, contemplating the inhibition of SeO3(2-) bioreduction process in NPs treated bacterial cell culture supernatant, as a toxicity end point.

Insights into biogenic and chemical production of inorganic nanomaterials and nanostructures

The synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials and nanostructures by the means of diverse physical, chemical, and biological principles has been developed in recent decades. The nanoscale materials and structures creation continue to be an active area of researches due to the exciting properties of the resulting nanomaterials and their innovative applications. Despite physical and chemical approaches which have been used for a long time to produce nanomaterials, biological resources as green candidates that can replace old production methods have been focused in recent years to generate various inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) or other nanoscale structures. Cost-effective, eco-friendly, energy efficient, and nontoxic produced nanomaterials using diverse biological entities have been received increasing attention in the last two decades in contrast to physical and chemical methods owe using toxic solvents, generate unwanted by-products, and high energy consumption which restrict the popularity of these ways employed in nanometric science and engineering. In this review, the biosynthesis of gold, silver, gold-silver alloy, magnetic, semiconductor nanocrystals, silica, zirconia, titania, palladium, bismuth, selenium, antimony sulfide, and platinum NPs, using bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, yeasts, plant extracts and also informational bio-macromolecules including proteins, polypeptides, DNA, and RNA have been reported extensively to mention the current status of the biological inorganic nanomaterial production. In other hand, two well-known wet chemical techniques, namely chemical reduction and sol-gel methods, used to produce various types of nanocrystalline powders, metal oxides, and hybrid organic-inorganic nanomaterials have presented.

Green synthesis and spectral characterization of silver nanoparticles from Lakshmi tulasi (Ocimum sanctum) leaf extract

A simple method for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous extract of Lakshmi tulasi (Ocimum sanctum) leaf as a reducing and stabilizing agent. AgNPs were rapidly synthesized using aqueous extract of tulasi leaf with AgNO(3) solution within 15 min. The green synthesized AgNPs were characterized using physic-chemical techniques viz., UV-Vis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Characterization data reveals that the particles were crystalline in nature and triangle shaped with an average size of 42 nm. The zeta potential of AgNPs were found to be -55.0 mV. This large negative zeta potential value indicates repulsion among AgNPs and their dispersion stability.

Study on Bactericidal Effect of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles in Combination with Gentamicin and Ampicillin on Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Silver nanoparticles are the most promising nanomaterial with antibacterial properties. Recent study of resistance to most potential antibiotics promotes research in the bactericidal activity of the silver nanoparticles. In this work, the effect of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles, in combination with gentamicin and ampicillin, on Pseudomonas Aeruginosa bacteria has been studied. Pseudomonas Aeruginosa is a common bacterium that can cause infections which are generalized as inflammation and sepsis. The results show that the bactericidal properties of the nanoparticles depends on the size of the as-synthesized silver nanoparticles as nanoparticles of diameter ~120 nm only have a direct interaction with the bacteria. It is observed that the antibacterial activities of antibiotics increase in the presence of AgNPs against test strains. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized elctrolytically using silver wire of 99% purity as anode and carbon rod wrapped with LDPE as cathode. 0.01 N Silver nitrate was used as an electrolyte. The process is termed as biosynthesis, because tea extract was used used as the capping agent which is also a very mild reducing agent. The polyphenols theaflavins and thearubigins, present in tea perform the role of stabilizing or capping agents due to their bulky and steric nature. A brown colored colloidal solution of silver nanoparticles is obtained. The as-synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized using XRD, TEM and UV-Vis spectroscopy.

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from the Aqueous Extract of Leaves ofOcimum sanctumfor Enhanced Antibacterial Activity

The field of nanotechnology is the most active area of research in modern materials science. Though there are many chemical as well as physical methods, green synthesis of nanomaterials is the most emerging method of synthesis. We report the synthesis of antibacterial silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using leaf broth of medicinal herb,Ocimum sanctum(Tulsi). The synthesized AgNPs have been characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffractometry. The mean particle of synthesized NPs was found to be 18 nm, as confirmed by TEM. The qualitative assessment of reducing potential of leaf extract has also been carried out which indicated presence of significant amount of reducing entities. FTIR analysis revealed that the AgNPs were stabilized by eugenols, terpenes, and other aromatic compounds present in the extract. Such AgNPs stabilized by Tulsi leaf extract were found to have enhanced antimicrobial activity against well-known pathogenic strains, namelyStaphylococcus aureusandE. coli.

Phytosynthesis of Cadmium Oxide Nanoparticles fromAchillea wilhelmsiiFlowers

The study here deals with the plant synthesis of cadmium oxide nanoparticles using flowers extract ofAchillea wilhelmsiias the reducing agent. The photosynthesis is carried out at room temperature in the laboratory ambience. The aqueous cadmium ions when exposed to flower extract were reduced and resulted in their nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using techniques such as scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy. Stable cadmium oxide nanoparticles were formed by treating aqueous solution of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) with the plant flower extracts as reducing agent.

Synthesis and characterization of bactericidal silver nanoparticles using cultural filtrate of simulated microgravity grown Klebsiella pneumoniae

Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by biological method using cultural filtrate of Klebsiella pneumoniae cultured under simulated microgravity and silver nitrate solution as precursor. The nanoparticles exhibited typical plasmon absorption maximum of silver nanoparticles between 405 and 407 nm. Spherical silver nanoparticles were found to have size between 15 and 37 nm by TEM analysis. XRD pattern corresponding to planes (111), (200), (220) (311) revealed the crystalline nature of the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles. FTIR spectrum proposed stabilization of silver nanoparticles by the protein molecules present in the cultural filtrate. The silver nanoparticles exhibited high bactericidal activity against Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli and moderate bactericidal activity against Streptococcus pyogenes.

Biogenesis of antibacterial silver nanoparticles using the endophytic bacterium Bacillus cereus isolated from Garcinia xanthochymus

OBJECTIVE

To synthesize the ecofriendly nanoparticles, which is viewed as an alternative to the chemical method which initiated the use of microbes like bacteria and fungi in their synthesis.

METHODS

The current study uses the endophytic bacterium Bacillus cereus isolated from the Garcinia xanthochymus to synthesize the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The AgNPs were synthesized by reduction of silver nitrate solution by the endophytic bacterium after incubation for 3-5 d at room temperature. The synthesis was initially observed by colour change from pale white to brown which was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The AgNPs were further characterized using FTIR, SEM-EDX and TEM analyses.

RESULTS

The synthesized nanoparticles were found to be spherical with the size in the range of 20-40 nm which showed a slight aggregation. The energy-dispersive spectra of the nanoparticle dispersion confirmed the presence of elemental silver. The AgNPs were found to have antibacterial activity against a few pathogenic bacteria like Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

CONCLUSIONS

The endophytic bacteria identified as Bacillus cereus was able to synthesize silver nanoparticles with potential antibacterial activity.

Use of Bacteria and Microalgae in Synthesis of Nanoparticles

A critical need in the field of nanotechnology is the development of a reliable and eco-friendly process for synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. A number of different organisms, including bacteria, microalgae, yeast and fungi, have shown their ability to produce metal nanoparticles. But they have some drawbacks in providing better control over size distribution, shape and crystallinity. This review article presents an overview of microorganisms (bacteria and microalga) capable of producing silver and gold nanoparticles. This article is an extended abstract of a communication presented at the Conference Ecological Chemistry 2012.

Biosynthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense JT1, a Plant Pathogenic Fungus

The development of reliable processes for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles is an important aspect of current nanotechnology research. Recently, reports are published on the extracellular as well as intracellular biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using microorganisms. However, these methods of synthesis are rather slow. In present study, rapid and extracellular synthesis of gold nanoparticles using a plant pathogenic fungus F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense JT1 (FocJT1) is reported. Incubation of FocJT1 mycelium with auric chloride solution produces gold nanoparticles in 60 min. Gold nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, and particle size analysis. The particles synthesized were of 22 nm sized, capped by proteins, and posed antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas sp.

Inorganic materials using 'unusual' microorganisms

A promising avenue of research in materials science is to follow the strategies used by Mother Nature to fabricate ornate hierarchical structures as exemplified by organisms such as diatoms, sponges and magnetotactic bacteria. Some of the strategies used in the biological world to create functional inorganic materials may well have practical implications in the world of nanomaterials. Therefore, the strive towards exploring nature's ingenious work for designing strategies to create inorganic nanomaterials in our laboratories has led to development of biological and biomimetic synthesis routes over the past decade or so. A large proportion of these relentless efforts have explored the use of those microorganisms, which are typically not known to encounter these inorganic materials in their natural environment. Therefore, one can consider these microorganisms as 'unusual' for the purpose for which they have been utilized - it is in this context that this review has been penned down. In this extensive review, we discuss the use of these 'unusual' microorganisms for deliberate biosynthesis of various nanomaterials including biominerals, metals, sulfides and oxides nanoparticles. In addition to biosynthesis approach, we have also discussed a bioleaching approach, which can provide a noble platform for room-temperature synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials using naturally available raw materials. Moreover, the unique properties and functionalities displayed by these biogenic inorganic materials have been discussed, wherever such properties have been investigated previously. Finally, towards the end of this review, we have made efforts to summarize the common outcomes of the biosynthesis process and draw conclusions, which provide a perspective on the current status of the biosynthesis research field and highlights areas where future research in this field should be directed to realize the full potential of biological routes towards nanomaterials synthesis. Furthermore, the review clearly demonstrates that the biological route to inorganic materials synthesis is not merely an addition to the existing list of synthesis routes; biological routes using 'unusual' microorganisms might in fact provide an edge over other nanomaterials synthesis routes in terms of their eco-friendliness, low energy intensiveness, and economically-viable synthesis. This review has significant importance for colloids and interface science since it underpins the synthesis of colloidal materials using 'unusual' microorganism, wherein the role of biological interfaces for controlled synthesis of technologically important nanomaterials is clearly evident.

Sunlight-induced reduction of ionic Ag and Au to metallic nanoparticles by dissolved organic matter

Despite the possible occurrence of metal nanoparticles in the environment due to the discharge of engineered nanoparticles and the natural transformation of metal ions into metal nanoparticles, little is known about the transformation mechanism, fates, behaviors, and effects of these nanoparticles in the environment. Here, we show that dissolved organic matter (DOM) in environmental waters can mediate the reduction of ionic Ag and Au to their metallic nanoparticles under natural sunlight, suggesting that this process may be general for metals with high reduction potential. We demonstrated that the reduction was mediated by superoxide from photoirradiation of the phenol group in DOM, and the dissolved O(2) significantly enhanced the formation of Ag nanoparticles. These results imply that previous knowledge about O(2)-induced dissolution and its effect on persistence of Ag nanoparticles should be reconsidered in a sunlit DOM-rich aqueous environment. This study can also shed light on understanding possible natural sources of Ag and Au nanoparticles in the aquatic environment, which is possibly critical in the supergene enrichment of Ag and Au.

Metallic silver nanoparticle: a therapeutic agent in combination with antifungal drug against human fungal pathogen

Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) are known to have inhibitory and fungicidal effects. Resistance against fungal infection has emerged as a major health problem in recent years, which needs great and immediate concern. Here, we report the extracellular biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles through a simple green route approach using a marine mangrove (Rhizophora mucronata) and silver nitrate. Aqueous extract of marine mangrove helped in reduction and was used as capping agent in biological synthesis. Nanoparticles were characterized using microscopy and spectroscopy techniques such as HRTEM, UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the nanoparticles had face centered cubic structure with crystalline nature. FTIR spectroscopy showed the presence of different functional groups, such as hydroxyl and carbonyl, involved in the synthesis of nanoparticles. The antifungal activity of fluconazole and itraconazole was enhanced against the tested pathogenic fungi in the presence of Ag-NP and confirmed from increase in fold area of inhibition. This environmentally friendly method of biological synthesis can be easily integrated for various medical applications.

Gold nanoparticles in theranostic oncology: current state-of-the-art

INTRODUCTION

In recent years, extensive multidisciplinary investigations have been carried out in the area of cancer nanotechnology. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have emerged as promising carrier for delivery of various pay-loads into their target. In view of their unique physicochemical and optical properties, GNPs have been exploited for multimodality imaging, tumor targeting, and as transporter of various therapeutics. Additionally, GNPs have been used as photothermal therapeutics against cancer.

AREAS COVERED

This review will focus on recent progress in the field of gold nanomaterials in cancer therapy and diagnosis. Moreover, concern about the toxicity of gold nanomaterials is addressed.

EXPERT OPINION

GNPs present versatile scaffolds for efficient delivery of cancer chemotherapeutics. Tuneable chemistry of the GNPs contributes to their ever increasing use in oncology research. The promises of a functional cancer therapy using GNPs have been extensively demonstrated, although the materials are still in their infancy stage and not surfaced to meet clinical standards.

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles by polysaccharide bioflocculant produced from marine Bacillus subtilis MSBN17

The polysaccharides are emerging as stabilizing and reducing agents for nanoparticles synthesis, however the commercial polysaccharides are not economically viable. Therefore, the exopolysaccharide from microbial origin such as bioflocculants are promising alternate for the synthesis and stabilization of nanoparticles. In this report, a bioflocculant (MSBF17) was produced from marine sponge-associated Bacillus subtilis MSBN17 under submerged fermentation using the economical substrates. The production was statistically optimized with most significant factors such as palm jaggery, NH(4)NO(2), K(2)HPO(4) and NaCl. The maximum bioflocculant production obtained with statistically optimized medium was 13.42 g/l. Based on the biochemical composition and FT-IR analysis, the flocculant compound was predicted as a polysaccharide derivative. The flocculating activity of the MSBF17 was invariably considerable at high salinity and temperature. It was found that the nano-scale silver can be synthesized in reverse micelles using the bioflocculant as stabilizer. The silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were characterized by UV-spectroscopy, FT-IR and TEM analysis. The AgNPs were spherical shaped (60 nm) and stable for 5 months. Therefore, the bioflocculant-mediated synthesis of nanomaterials can be considered as environmental benign greener approach.

MICROWAVE-ASSISTED RAPID BIOSYNTHESIS OF STABLE SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING CLOVE BUDS (SYZYGIUM AROMATICUM) SOLUTION

This is an extended work on the biosynthesis of noble metal nanoparticles using dried clove buds. Here microwave assistance is taken not only for accelerating the reaction rate but also for denaturing the proteins and other enzymes, which will prevent obtaining desired functionalized nanoparticles. FTIR studies infer that nanoparticles thus obtained are found adsorbed with water soluble organic moieties, mostly flavonoids. The bathochromic shift from 320 nm in ultra-violet range indicates the involvement of water soluble bio-moieties of the clove in the formation of AgNP . X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum confirmed that the AgNP are crystalline in nature. The surface morphology is studied using FESEM, TEM and AFM techniques infer that the AgNP are well dispersed, roughly spherical in shape and are in the range of 30–60 nm. The AgNP with the organic moiety will have synergic antimicrobial action.