601
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Desireddy A, Kumar S, Guo J, Bolan MD, Griffith WP, Bigioni TP. Temporal stability of magic-number metal clusters: beyond the shell closing model. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:2036-2044. [PMID: 23370266 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr33705g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The anomalous stability of magic-number metal clusters has been associated with closed geometric and electronic shells and the opening of HOMO-LUMO gaps. Despite this enhanced stability, magic-number clusters are known to decay and react in the condensed phase to form other products. Improving our understanding of their decay mechanisms and developing strategies to control or eliminate cluster instability is a priority, to develop a more complete theory of their stability, to avoid studying mixtures of clusters produced by the decay of purified materials, and to enable technology development. Silver clusters are sufficiently reactive to facilitate the study of the ambient temporal stability of magic-number metal clusters and to begin to understand their decay mechanisms. Here, the solution phase stability of a series of silver:glutathione (Ag:SG) clusters was studied as a function of size, pH and chemical environment. Cluster stability was found to be a non-monotonic function of size. Electrophoretic separations showed that the dominant mechanism involved the redistribution of mass toward smaller sizes, where the products were almost exclusively previously known cluster sizes. Optical absorption spectra showed that the smaller clusters evolved toward the two most stable cluster sizes. The net surface charge was found to play an important role in cluster stabilization although charge screening had no effect on stability, contrary to DLVO theory. The decay mechanism was found to involve the loss of Ag(+) ions and silver glutathionates. Clusters could be stabilized by the addition of Ag(+) ions and destabilized by either the addition of glutathione or the removal of Ag(+) ions. Clusters were also found to be most stable in near neutral pH, where they had a net negative surface charge. These results provide new mechanistic insights into the control of post-synthesis stability and chemical decay of magic-number metal clusters, which could be used to develop design principles for synthesizing specific cluster species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Desireddy
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
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602
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Cheng L, Ren C, Zhang X, Yang J. New insight into the electronic shell of Au(38)(SR)(24): a superatomic molecule. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:1475-1478. [PMID: 23334777 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr32888g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Based on the recently proposed super valence bond model, in which superatoms can compose superatomic molecules by sharing valence pairs and nuclei for shell closure, the 23c-14e bi-icosahedral Au(23)((+9)) core of Au(38)(SR)(24) is proved to be a superatomic molecule. Molecular orbital analysis reveals that the Au(23)((+9)) core is an exact analogue of the F(2) molecule in electronic configuration. Chemical bonding analysis by the adaptive natural density partitioning method confirms the superatomic molecule bonding framework of Au(38)(SR)(24) in a straightforward manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longjiu Cheng
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, and High-Performance Computing Center, School of Computer Science and Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230039, P R China.
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603
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Gottlieb E, Qian H, Jin R. Atomic-Level Alloying and De-alloying in Doped Gold Nanoparticles. Chemistry 2013; 19:4238-43. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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604
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Xu Q, Wang S, Liu Z, Xu G, Meng X, Zhu M. Synthesis of selenolate-protected Au18(SeC6H5)14 nanoclusters. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:1176-82. [PMID: 23292193 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr33466f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This work reports the first synthesis of selenophenolate-protected Au(18)(SePh)(14) nanoclusters. This cluster exhibits distinct differences from its thiolate analogue in terms of optical absorption properties. The Au(18)(SePh)(14) nanoclusters were obtained via a controlled reaction of Au(25)(SCH(2)CH(2)Ph)(18) with selenophenol. Electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF-MS) revealed the crude product to contain predominantly Au(18)(SePh)(14) nanoclusters, and side products include Au(15)(SePh)(13), Au(19)(SePh)(15) and Au(20)(SePh)(16). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed to isolate Au(18)(SePh)(14) nanoclusters. The results of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), elemental analysis (EA), and (1)H/(13)C NMR spectroscopy confirmed the cluster composition. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of selenolate-protected Au(18) nanoclusters. Future theoretical and X-ray crystallographic work will reveal the geometric structure and the nature of selenolate-gold bonding in the nanocluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230039, PR China
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605
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Liu CW, Lin YR, Fang CS, Latouche C, Kahlal S, Saillard JY. [Ag7(H){E2P(OR)2}6] (E = Se, S): Precursors for the Fabrication of Silver Nanoparticles. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:2070-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ic302482p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. W. Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan 97401, R.O.C
| | - Yan-Ru Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan 97401, R.O.C
| | - Ching-Shiang Fang
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan 97401, R.O.C
| | - Camille Latouche
- UMR-CNRS, 6226 ‘‘Institut
des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes’’, Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Samia Kahlal
- UMR-CNRS, 6226 ‘‘Institut
des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes’’, Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Yves Saillard
- UMR-CNRS, 6226 ‘‘Institut
des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes’’, Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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606
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Niihori Y, Kurashige W, Matsuzaki M, Negishi Y. Remarkable enhancement in ligand-exchange reactivity of thiolate-protected Au25 nanoclusters by single Pd atom doping. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:508-12. [PMID: 23154292 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr32948d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The effect of Pd doping on the ligand-exchange reactivity of Au(25)(SC(12)H(25))(18) was studied by comparing the ligand-exchange reactivity of [Au(25)(SC(12)H(25))(18)](-) and [PdAu(24)(SC(12)H(25))(18)](0) and the results clearly demonstrate that, regardless of the kind of incoming thiols and solvents, Pd doping greatly increases the rate of ligand exchange of Au(25)(SC(12)H(25))(18), indicating an enhanced ease of ligand exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Niihori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
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607
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Liu C, Li G, Pang G, Jin R. Toward understanding the growth mechanism of Aun(SR)m nanoclusters: effect of solvent on cluster size. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40775f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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608
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Dolamic I, Varnholt B, Bürgi T. Far-infrared spectra of well-defined thiolate-protected gold clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:19561-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp53845a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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609
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Shivhare A, Ambrose SJ, Zhang H, Purves RW, Scott RWJ. Stable and recyclable Au25clusters for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:276-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc37205c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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610
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Yang H, Lei J, Wu B, Wang Y, Zhou M, Xia A, Zheng L, Zheng N. Crystal structure of a luminescent thiolated Ag nanocluster with an octahedral Ag64+core. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc37347e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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611
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Knoppe S, Bürgi T. The fate of Au25(SR)18 clusters upon ligand exchange with binaphthyl-dithiol: interstaple binding vs. decomposition. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:15816-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52634h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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612
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Yancey DF, Chill ST, Zhang L, Frenkel AI, Henkelman G, Crooks RM. A theoretical and experimental examination of systematic ligand-induced disorder in Au dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticles. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc50614b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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613
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Lu Y, Chen W. Progress in the Synthesis and Characterization of Gold Nanoclusters. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/430_2013_126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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614
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Heinecke CL, Ackerson CJ. Preparation of gold nanocluster bioconjugates for electron microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 950:293-311. [PMID: 23086882 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-137-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we describe types of gold nanoparticle-biomolecule conjugates and their use in electron microscopy. Included are two detailed protocols for labeling an IgG antibody with gold monolayer protected clusters. The first approach is a direct bonding approach that utilizes the ligand place exchange reaction. The second approach describes NHS-EDC coupling of Au(144)(pMBA)(60) with IgG. Also included are various characterization techniques for determining labeling efficiency.
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615
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Negishi Y, Kurashige W, Niihori Y, Nobusada K. Toward the creation of stable, functionalized metal clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:18736-51. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52837e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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616
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Das A, Li T, Nobusada K, Zeng Q, Rosi NL, Jin R. Total structure and optical properties of a phosphine/thiolate-protected Au24 nanocluster. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:20286-9. [PMID: 23227995 DOI: 10.1021/ja3101566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and total structure determination of a Au(24) nanocluster protected by mixed ligands of phosphine and thiolate. Single crystal X-ray crystallography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) unequivocally determined the cluster formula to be [Au(24)(PPh(3))(10)(SC(2)H(4)Ph)(5)X(2)](+), where X = Cl and/or Br. The structure consists of two incomplete (i.e., one vertex missing) icosahedral Au(12) units joined by five thiolate linkages. This structure shows interesting differences from the previously reported vertex-sharing biicosahedral [Au(25)(PPh(3))(10)(SC(2)H(4)Ph)(5)X(2)](2+) nanocluster protected by the same type and number of phosphine and thiolate ligands. The optical absorption spectrum of Au(24) nanocluster was theoretically reproduced and interpreted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Das
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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617
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Knoppe S, Azoulay R, Dass A, Bürgi T. In Situ Reaction Monitoring Reveals a Diastereoselective Ligand Exchange Reaction between the Intrinsically Chiral Au38(SR)24 and Chiral Thiols. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:20302-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja310330m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Knoppe
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211
Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Raymond Azoulay
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211
Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Amala Dass
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, 352 Coulter Hall, Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Thomas Bürgi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211
Geneva 4, Switzerland
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618
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Lavenn C, Albrieux F, Bergeret G, Chiriac R, Delichère P, Tuel A, Demessence A. Functionalized gold magic clusters: Au25(SPhNH2)17. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:7334-7. [PMID: 23085779 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr32367b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
New Au(25) nanoclusters stabilized by heterotopic 4-aminothiophenolate ligands (HSPhNH(2)) have been isolated with a yield of ~70%. The nanoclusters formula determined by ESI-MS is Au(25)(SPhNH(2))(17), with the 18(th) position occupied by an amine or DMF molecules to close their electronic shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Lavenn
- Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l'Environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON), UMR 5256 CNRS-Université Lyon 1, 2 avenue Albert Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
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619
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Kojima N, Kobayashi Y, Negishi Y, Seto M, Tsukuda T. Structural evolution of glutathionate-protected gold clusters studied by means of 197 Au Mössbauer spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10751-012-0708-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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620
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Malola S, Lehtovaara L, Knoppe S, Hu KJ, Palmer RE, Bürgi T, Häkkinen H. Au40(SR)24 Cluster as a Chiral Dimer of 8-Electron Superatoms: Structure and Optical Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:19560-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja309619n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stefan Knoppe
- Department of Physical
Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva
4, Switzerland
| | - Kuo-Juei Hu
- Nanoscale
Physics Research Laboratory,
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Richard E. Palmer
- Nanoscale
Physics Research Laboratory,
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Thomas Bürgi
- Department of Physical
Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva
4, Switzerland
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621
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Zeng C, Qian H, Li T, Li G, Rosi NL, Yoon B, Barnett RN, Whetten RL, Landman U, Jin R. Total Structure and Electronic Properties of the Gold Nanocrystal Au36(SR)24. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:13114-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201207098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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622
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Zeng C, Qian H, Li T, Li G, Rosi NL, Yoon B, Barnett RN, Whetten RL, Landman U, Jin R. Total Structure and Electronic Properties of the Gold Nanocrystal Au36(SR)24. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201207098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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623
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Li G, Qian H, Jin R. Gold nanocluster-catalyzed selective oxidation of sulfide to sulfoxide. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:6714-7. [PMID: 23023314 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr32171h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Thiolate-protected gold nanoclusters are explored for catalytic application in the selective oxidation of sulfide to sulfoxide by PhIO. The TiO(2)-supported Au(25)(SR)(18) nanocluster catalysts give rise to high catalytic activity (e.g.∼97% conv. of Ph-S-CH(3) and ∼92% selectivity for Ph-S(=O)-CH(3) sulfoxide) and show excellent recyclability in the sulfoxidation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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624
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Ciabatti I, Femoni C, Iapalucci MC, Longoni G, Zacchini S, Fedi S, Fabrizi de Biani F. Synthesis, Structure, and Electrochemistry of the Ni–Au Carbonyl Cluster [Ni12Au(CO)24]3– and Its Relation to [Ni32Au6(CO)44]6–. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:11753-61. [DOI: 10.1021/ic301679h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iacopo Ciabatti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica e Inorganica, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4
- 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Femoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica e Inorganica, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4
- 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Iapalucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica e Inorganica, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4
- 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuliano Longoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica e Inorganica, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4
- 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica e Inorganica, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4
- 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Serena Fedi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Siena, Via De Gasperi 2, Siena,
Italy
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625
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Li Y, Cheng H, Yao T, Sun Z, Yan W, Jiang Y, Xie Y, Sun Y, Huang Y, Liu S, Zhang J, Xie Y, Hu T, Yang L, Wu Z, Wei S. Hexane-Driven Icosahedral to Cuboctahedral Structure Transformation of Gold Nanoclusters. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:17997-8003. [DOI: 10.1021/ja306923a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yi Xie
- Department of
Nanomaterials
and Nanochemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences
at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Yongfu Sun
- Department of
Nanomaterials
and Nanochemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences
at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | | | | | - Jing Zhang
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation
Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Yaning Xie
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation
Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Tiandou Hu
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation
Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
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626
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Koivisto J, Malola S, Kumara C, Dass A, Häkkinen H, Pettersson M. Experimental and Theoretical Determination of the Optical Gap of the Au144(SC2H4Ph)60 Cluster and the (Au/Ag)144(SC2H4Ph)60 Nanoalloys. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:3076-80. [PMID: 26292253 DOI: 10.1021/jz301261x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Au144PET60 and Au144-xAgxPET60 (PET = SC2H4Ph, phenylethylthiolate, and 30 ≤ x ≤ 53) clusters were studied by optical spectroscopy and linear response time-dependent density functional theory. Spectra of thin dry films were measured in order to reveal the onset for electronic absorption. The optical gap of the Au144PET60 cluster was determined at 0.19 ± 0.01 eV, which agrees well with the computed energy for the first optical transition at 0.32 eV for a model cluster Au144(SH)60 when the line width of individual transitions is taken into account. The optical gaps for the Au144-xAgxPET60 alloy clusters were observed in a range of 0.12-0.26 eV, in good agreement with the calculations giving 0.16-0.36 eV for the lowest-energy optical transitions for corresponding Au144-xAgx(SH)60 models. This indicates that the gap is only moderately affected by doping Au with Ag. This work constitutes the first accurate determination of the fundamental spectroscopic gap of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chanaka Kumara
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Amal Dass
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States
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627
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Rojas-Cervellera V, Giralt E, Rovira C. Staple Motifs, Initial Steps in the Formation of Thiolate-Protected Gold Nanoparticles: How Do They Form? Inorg Chem 2012; 51:11422-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ic301079k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Rojas-Cervellera
- Computer Simulation and Modeling
Laboratory, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10−12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, Diagonal 647, 08028
Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Química
Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ernest Giralt
- Institut
de Recerca Biomèdica
de Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10−12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Química
Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Rovira
- Computer Simulation and Modeling
Laboratory, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10−12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, Diagonal 647, 08028
Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Química
Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig
Lluís Companys 23, 08018 Barcelona, Spain
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628
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Dolzhnikov DS, Iapalucci MC, Longoni G, Tiozzo C, Zacchini S, Femoni C. New High-Nuclearity Carbonyl and Carbonyl-Substituted Rhodium Clusters and Their Relationships with Polyicosahedral Carbonyl-Substituted Palladium- and Gold-Thiolates. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:11214-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ic3011508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy S. Dolzhnikov
- Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica ed
Inorganica, Università
di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria C. Iapalucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica ed
Inorganica, Università
di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuliano Longoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica ed
Inorganica, Università
di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Tiozzo
- Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica ed
Inorganica, Università
di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica ed
Inorganica, Università
di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Femoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica ed
Inorganica, Università
di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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629
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Luo Z, Yuan X, Yu Y, Zhang Q, Leong DT, Lee JY, Xie J. From Aggregation-Induced Emission of Au(I)–Thiolate Complexes to Ultrabright Au(0)@Au(I)–Thiolate Core–Shell Nanoclusters. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:16662-70. [DOI: 10.1021/ja306199p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1117] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhentao Luo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260
| | - Xun Yuan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260
| | - Yue Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260
| | - Qingbo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251-1892, United
States
| | - David Tai Leong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260
| | - Jim Yang Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260
| | - Jianping Xie
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260
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630
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Qian H, Jiang DE, Li G, Gayathri C, Das A, Gil RR, Jin R. Monoplatinum doping of gold nanoclusters and catalytic application. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:16159-62. [PMID: 22992034 DOI: 10.1021/ja307657a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report single-atom doping of gold nanoclusters (NCs), and its drastic effects on the optical, electronic, and catalytic properties, using the 25-atom system as a model. In our synthetic approach, a mixture of Pt(1)Au(24)(SC(2)H(4)Ph)(18) and Au(25)(SC(2)H(4)Ph)(18) was produced via a size-focusing process, and then Pt(1)Au(24)(SC(2)H(4)Ph)(18) NCs were obtained by selective decomposition of Au(25)(SC(2)H(4)Ph)(18) in the mixture with concentrated H(2)O(2) followed by purification via size-exclusion chromatography. Experimental and theoretical analyses confirmed that Pt(1)Au(24)(SC(2)H(4)Ph)(18) possesses a Pt-centered icosahedral core capped by six Au(2)(SC(2)H(4)Ph)(3) staples. The Pt(1)Au(24)(SC(2)H(4)Ph)(18) cluster exhibits greatly enhanced stability and catalytic activity relative to Au(25)(SC(2)H(4)Ph)(18) but a smaller energy gap (E(g) ≈ 0.8 eV vs 1.3 eV for the homogold cluster).
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Qian
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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631
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Qian H, Zhu M, Wu Z, Jin R. Quantum sized gold nanoclusters with atomic precision. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:1470-9. [PMID: 22720781 DOI: 10.1021/ar200331z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 599] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles typically have a metallic core, and the electronic conduction band consists of quasicontinuous energy levels (i.e. spacing δ ≪ k(B)T, where k(B)T is the thermal energy at temperature T (typically room temperature) and k(B) is the Boltzmann constant). Electrons in the conduction band roam throughout the metal core, and light can collectively excite these electrons to give rise to plasmonic responses. This plasmon resonance accounts for the beautiful ruby-red color of colloidal gold first observed by Faraday back in 1857. On the other hand, when gold nanoparticles become extremely small (<2 nm in diameter), significant quantization occurs to the conduction band. These quantum-sized nanoparticles constitute a new class of nanomaterial and have received much attention in recent years. To differentiate quantum-sized nanoparticles from conventional plasmonic gold nanoparticles, researchers often refer to the ultrasmall nanoparticles as nanoclusters. In this Account, we chose several typical sizes of gold nanoclusters, including Au(25)(SR)(18), Au(38)(SR)(24), Au(102)(SR)(44), and Au(144)(SR)(60), to illustrate the novel properties of metal nanoclusters imparted by quantum size effects. In the nanocluster size regime, many of the physical and chemical properties of gold nanoparticles are fundamentally altered. Gold nanoclusters have discrete electronic energy levels as opposed to the continuous band in plasmonic nanoparticles. Quantum-sized nanoparticles also show multiple optical absorption peaks in the optical spectrum versus a single surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 520 nm for spherical gold nanocrystals. Although larger nanocrystals show an fcc structure, nanoclusters often have non-fcc atomic packing structures. Nanoclusters also have unique fluorescent, chiral, and magnetic properties. Due to the strong quantum confinement effect, adding or removing one gold atom significantly changes the structure and the electronic and optical properties of the nanocluster. Therefore, precise atomic control of nanoclusters is critically important: the nanometer precision typical of conventional nanoparticles is not sufficient. Atomically precise nanoclusters are represented by molecular formulas (e.g. Au(n)(SR)(m) for thiolate-protected ones, where n and m denote the respective number of gold atoms and ligands). Recently, major advances in the synthesis and structural characterization of molecular purity gold nanoclusters have made in-depth investigations of the size evolution of metal nanoclusters possible. Metal nanoclusters lie in the intermediate regime between localized atomic states and delocalized band structure in terms of electronic properties. We anticipate that future research on quantum-sized nanoclusters will stimulate broad scientific and technological interests in this special type of metal nanomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Qian
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Zhikun Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Rongchao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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632
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Philip R, Chantharasupawong P, Qian H, Jin R, Thomas J. Evolution of nonlinear optical properties: from gold atomic clusters to plasmonic nanocrystals. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:4661-4667. [PMID: 22845756 DOI: 10.1021/nl301988v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Atomic clusters of metals are an emerging class of extremely interesting materials occupying the intermediate size regime between atoms and nanoparticles. Here we report the nonlinear optical (NLO) characteristics of ultrasmall, atomically precise clusters of gold, which are smaller than the critical size for electronic energy quantization (∼2 nm). Our studies reveal remarkable features of the distinct evolution of the optical nonlinearity as the clusters progress in size from the nonplasmonic regime to the plasmonic regime. We ascertain that the smallest atomic clusters do not show saturable absorption at the surface plasmon wavelength of larger gold nanocrystals (>2 nm). Consequently, the third-order optical nonlinearity in these ultrasmall gold clusters exhibits a significantly lower threshold for optical power limiting. This limiting efficiency, which is superior to that of plasmonic nanocrystals, is highly beneficial for optical limiting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reji Philip
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
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633
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Wan XK, Lin ZW, Wang QM. Au20 Nanocluster Protected by Hemilabile Phosphines. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:14750-2. [DOI: 10.1021/ja307256b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Kai Wan
- State Key
Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid
Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen,
Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Wei Lin
- State Key
Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid
Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen,
Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Quan-Ming Wang
- State Key
Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid
Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen,
Fujian 361005, P. R. China
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634
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Nishigaki JI, Tsunoyama R, Tsunoyama H, Ichikuni N, Yamazoe S, Negishi Y, Ito M, Matsuo T, Tamao K, Tsukuda T. A New Binding Motif of Sterically Demanding Thiolates on a Gold Cluster. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:14295-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja305477a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Nishigaki
- Department
of Chemistry, School
of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1
Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Risako Tsunoyama
- Catalysis Research Center, Hokkaido University, Nishi 10, Kita 21, Sapporo 001-0021,
Japan
| | - Hironori Tsunoyama
- Catalysis Research Center, Hokkaido University, Nishi 10, Kita 21, Sapporo 001-0021,
Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Ichikuni
- Department of Applied
Chemistry
and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Seiji Yamazoe
- Department
of Chemistry, School
of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1
Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Mikinao Ito
- Functional Elemento-Organic
Chemistry Unit, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Matsuo
- Functional Elemento-Organic
Chemistry Unit, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kohei Tamao
- Functional Elemento-Organic
Chemistry Unit, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department
of Chemistry, School
of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1
Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Catalysis Research Center, Hokkaido University, Nishi 10, Kita 21, Sapporo 001-0021,
Japan
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635
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Structural and theoretical basis for ligand exchange on thiolate monolayer protected gold nanoclusters. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:13316-22. [PMID: 22816317 DOI: 10.1021/ja3032339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ligand exchange reactions are widely used for imparting new functionality on or integrating nanoparticles into devices. Thiolate-for-thiolate ligand exchange in monolayer protected gold nanoclusters has been used for over a decade; however, a firm structural basis of this reaction has been lacking. Herein, we present the first single-crystal X-ray structure of a partially exchanged Au(102)(p-MBA)(40)(p-BBT)(4) (p-MBA = para-mercaptobenzoic acid, p-BBT = para-bromobenzene thiol) with p-BBT as the incoming ligand. The crystal structure shows that 2 of the 22 symmetry-unique p-MBA ligand sites are partially exchanged to p-BBT under the initial fast kinetics in a 5 min timescale exchange reaction. Each of these ligand-binding sites is bonded to a different solvent-exposed Au atom, suggesting an associative mechanism for the initial ligand exchange. Density functional theory calculations modeling both thiol and thiolate incoming ligands postulate a mechanistic pathway for thiol-based ligand exchange. The discrete modification of a small set of ligand binding sites suggests Au(102)(p-MBA)(44) as a powerful platform for surface chemical engineering.
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636
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Knoppe S, Dolamic I, Bürgi T. Racemization of a Chiral Nanoparticle Evidences the Flexibility of the Gold–Thiolate Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:13114-20. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3053865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Knoppe
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Igor Dolamic
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Bürgi
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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637
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Nie X, Qian H, Ge Q, Xu H, Jin R. CO oxidation catalyzed by oxide-supported Au25(SR)18 nanoclusters and identification of perimeter sites as active centers. ACS NANO 2012; 6:6014-22. [PMID: 22690649 DOI: 10.1021/nn301019f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we explore the catalytic application of atomically monodisperse, thiolate-protected Au(25)(SR)(18) (where R = CH(2)CH(2)Ph) nanoclusters supported on oxides for CO oxidation. The solution phase nanoclusters were directly deposited onto various oxide supports (including TiO(2), CeO(2), and Fe(2)O(3)), and the as-prepared catalysts were evaluated for the CO oxidation reaction in a fixed bed reactor. The supports exhibited a strong effect, and the Au(25)(SR)(18)/CeO(2) catalyst was found to be much more active than the others. Interestingly, O(2) pretreatment of the catalyst at 150 °C for 1.5 h significantly enhanced the catalytic activity. Since this pretreatment temperature is well below the thiolate desorption temperature (~200 °C), the thiolate ligands should remain on the Au(25) cluster surface, indicating that the CO oxidation reaction is catalyzed by intact Au(25)(SR)(18)/CeO(2). We further found that increasing the O(2) pretreatment temperature to 250 °C (above the thiolate desorption temperature) did not lead to any further increase in activity at all reaction temperatures from room temperature to 100 °C. These results are in striking contrast with the common thought that surface thiolates must be removed-as is often done in the literature work-before the catalyst can exert high catalytic activity. The 150 °C O(2)-pretreated Au(25)(SR)(18)/CeO(2) catalyst offers ~94% CO conversion at 80 °C and ~100% conversion at 100 °C. The effect of water vapor on the catalytic performance is also investigated. Our results imply that the perimeter sites of the interface of Au(25)(SR)(18)/CeO(2) should be the active centers. The intact structure of the Au(25)(SR)(18) catalyst in the CO oxidation process allows one to gain mechanistic insight into the catalytic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotao Nie
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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638
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Barngrover BM, Aikens CM. The golden pathway to thiolate-stabilized nanoparticles: following the formation of gold(I) thiolate from gold(III) chloride. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:12590-5. [PMID: 22827488 DOI: 10.1021/ja303050s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Pathways for the formation of gold thiolate complexes from gold(III) chloride precursors AuCl(4)(-) and AuCl(3) are examined. This work demonstrates that two distinct reaction pathways are possible; which pathway is accessible in a given reaction may depend on factors such as the residue group R on the incoming thiol. Density functional theory calculations using the BP86 functional and a polarized triple-ζ basis set show that the pathway resulting in gold(III) reduction is favored for R = methyl. A two-to-one ratio of thiol or thiolate to gold can reduce Au(III) to Au(I), and a three-to-one ratio can lead to polymeric Au(SR) species, which was first suggested by Schaaff et al. J. Phys. Chem. B, 1997, 101, 7885 and later confirmed by Goulet and Lennox J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2010, 132, 9582. Most transition states in the pathways examined here have reasonable barrier heights around 0.3 eV; we find two barrier heights that differ substantially from this which suggest the potential for kinetic control in the first step of thiolate-protected gold nanoparticle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Barngrover
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
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639
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Jung J, Kang S, Han YK. Ligand effects on the stability of thiol-stabilized gold nanoclusters: Au25(SR)18(-), Au38(SR)24, and Au102(SR)44. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:4206-10. [PMID: 22609900 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr30501a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the electrochemical and thermodynamic stability of Au(25)(SR)(18)(-), Au(38)(SR)(24), and Au(102)(SR)(44), R = CH(3), C(6)H(13), CH(2)CH(2)Ph, Ph, PhF, and PhCOOH, in order to examine ligand effects on the stability of thiol-stabilized gold nanoclusters, Au(m)(SR)(n). Aliphatic thiols, in general, have higher electrochemical and thermodynamic stability than aromatic thiols, and the -SCH(2)CH(2)Ph thiol is particularly appealing because of its high electrochemical and thermodynamic stability. The stabilization of Au(m) by nSR for Au(m)(SR)(n) can be rationalized by the stabilization of an Au atom by an SR for the simple molecule AuSR, regardless of interligand interaction and system size and shape. Thiol moieties play a strong role in the electron oxidation and reduction of Au(m)(SR)(n). Accounting for the characteristics of thiol ligands is essential for understanding the electronic and thermodynamic stability of thiol-stabilized gold nanoclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehoon Jung
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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640
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Maity P, Xie S, Yamauchi M, Tsukuda T. Stabilized gold clusters: from isolation toward controlled synthesis. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:4027-37. [PMID: 22717451 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr30900a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Bare metal clusters with fewer than ∼100 atoms exhibit intrinsically unique and size-specific properties, making them promising functional units or building blocks for novel materials. To utilize such clusters in functional materials, they need to be stabilized against coalescence by employing organic ligands, polymers, and solid materials. To realize rational development of cluster-based materials, it is essential to clarify how the stability and nature of clusters are modified by interactions with stabilizers by characterizing isolated clusters. The next stage is to design on-demand function by intentionally controlling the structural parameters of cluster-based materials; such parameters include the size, composition, and atomic arrangement of clusters and the interfacial structure between clusters and stabilizers. This review summarizes the current state of the art of isolation of gold clusters stabilized in various environments and surveys ongoing efforts to precisely control the structural parameters with atomic level accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Maity
- Catalysis Research Center, Hokkaido University, Nishi 10, Kita 21, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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641
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Knoppe S, Dass A, Bürgi T. Strong non-linear effects in the chiroptical properties of the ligand-exchanged Au38 and Au40 clusters. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:4211-6. [PMID: 22653001 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr30498h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ligand exchange reactions on size-selected Au(38)(2-PET)(24) and Au(40)(2-PET)(24) clusters (2-PET: 2-phenylethylthiol) with mono- and bi-dentate chiral thiols were performed. The reactions were monitored with MALDI mass spectrometry and the arising chiroptical properties were compared to the number of incorporated chiral ligands. Only a small fraction of chiral ligands is needed to induce significant optical activity to the clusters. The use of bidentate 1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2'-dithiol (BINAS) leads to slow exchange, but the optical activity measured is strong. Moreover, a non-linear behaviour between optical activity and the number of chiral ligands is found in the BINAS case for both Au(38) and Au(40), which may indicate different exchange rates of enantiopure BINAS with the enantiomers of inherently chiral (but racemic) clusters. This is ascribed to effects arising from the bidentate nature of BINAS. In contrast, the use of monodentate camphor-10-thiol (CamSH) leads to comparably fast exchange on both clusters. The arising optical activity is weak. This is the first study where chiroptical effects are directly correlated with the composition of the ligand shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Knoppe
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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642
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Tang Z, Ahuja T, Wang S, Wang G. Near infrared luminescence of gold nanoclusters affected by the bonding of 1,4-dithiolate durene and monothiolate phenylethanethiolate. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:4119-4124. [PMID: 22643767 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr30504f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of Au-thiolate bonding on the near infrared (IR) luminescence of Au nanoclusters are studied by designing two types of monolayer reactions. Firstly, 1,4-dithiol durene (durene-DT) is reacted with Au(25) monolayer protected clusters (MPCs) stabilized by phenylethanethiolate (PhC2S) ligands. Upon the addition of durene-DT, the near IR luminescence of Au MPCs intensifies while the well-defined absorbance bands diminish. The optical transition is associated with the ligand exchange process monitored by proton NMR. In the second approach, PhC2S monothiols are reacted with durene-DT stabilized Au nanoclusters (DTCs). The addition of PhC2S to the Au DTCs induces the gradual decrease of the near IR luminescence. Mass spectrometry and NMR analysis reveal similar final products of mixed thiolate Au nanoclusters from both reactions. The results suggest that the 1,4-dithiolate-Au bonding interaction is a promising factor to further enhance the near IR luminescence of Au nanoclusters for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghua Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
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643
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Wang M, Wu Z, Yang J, Wang G, Wang H, Cai W. Au25(SG)18 as a fluorescent iodide sensor. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:4087-4090. [PMID: 22522406 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr30169e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The recently emerging gold nanoclusters (GNC) are of major importance for both basic science studies and practical applications. Based on its surface-induced fluorescence properties, we investigated the potential use of Au(25)(SG)(18) (GSH: glutathione) as a fluorescent iodide sensor. The current detection limit of 400 nM, which can possibly be further enhanced by optimizing the conditions, and excellent selectivity among 12 types of anion (F(-), Cl(-), Br(-), I(-), NO(3)(-), ClO(4)(-), HCO(3)(-), IO(3)(-), SO(4)(2-), SO(3)(2-), CH(3)COO(-) and C(6)H(5)O(7)(3-)) make Au(25)(SG)(18) a good candidate for iodide sensing. Furthermore, our work has revealed the particular sensing mechanism, which was found to be affinity-induced ratiometric and enhanced fluorescence (abbreviated to AIREF), which has rarely been reported previously and may provide an alternative strategy for devising nanoparticle-based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Wang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
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644
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Jiang DE, Walter M. The halogen analogs of thiolated gold nanoclusters. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:4234-4239. [PMID: 22539033 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr30377a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Is it possible to replace all the thiolates in a thiolated gold nanocluster with halogens while still maintaining the geometry and the electronic structure? In this work, we show from density functional theory that such halogen analogs of thiolated gold nanoclusters are highly likely. Using Au(25)X(18)(-) as an example, where X = F, Cl, Br, or I replaces -SR, we find that Au(25)Cl(18)(-) demonstrates a high similarity to Au(25)(SR)(18)(-) by showing Au-Cl distances, Cl-Au-Cl angles, band gap, and frontier orbitals similar to those in Au(25)(SR)(18)(-). DFT-based global minimization also indicates the energetic preference of staple formation for the Au(25)Cl(18)(-) cluster. The similarity between Au(m)(SR)(n) and Au(m)X(n) could be exploited to make viable Au(m)X(n) clusters and to predict structures for Au(m)(SR)(n).
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Affiliation(s)
- De-en Jiang
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA.
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645
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Harkness KM, Tang Y, Dass A, Pan J, Kothalawala N, Reddy VJ, Cliffel DE, Demeler B, Stellacci F, Bakr OM, McLean JA. Ag44(SR)30(4-): a silver-thiolate superatom complex. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:4269-74. [PMID: 22706613 PMCID: PMC3518420 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr30773a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Intensely and broadly absorbing nanoparticles (IBANs) of silver protected by arylthiolates were recently synthesized and showed unique optical properties, yet question of their dispersity and their molecular formulas remained. Here IBANs are identified as a superatom complex with a molecular formula of Ag(44)(SR)(30)(4-) and an electron count of 18. This molecular character is shared by IBANs protected by 4-fluorothiophenol or 2-naphthalenethiol. The molecular formula and purity is determined by mass spectrometry and confirmed by sedimentation velocity-analytical ultracentrifugation. The data also give preliminary indications of a unique structure and environment for Ag(44)(SR)(30)(4-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellen M. Harkness
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN USA 37235, tel : +1.615.322.1195
| | - Yun Tang
- Institute of Materials, EcolePolytechniqueFederale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amala Dass
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Jun Pan
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Solar and Photo-voltaics Engineering Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nuwan Kothalawala
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Vijay J. Reddy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - David E. Cliffel
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN USA 37235, tel : +1.615.322.1195
| | - Borries Demeler
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | | | - Osman M. Bakr
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Solar and Photo-voltaics Engineering Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - John A. McLean
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN USA 37235, tel : +1.615.322.1195
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646
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Kumar S, Jin R. Water-soluble Au25(Capt)18 nanoclusters: synthesis, thermal stability, and optical properties. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:4222-7. [PMID: 22706688 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr30833a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This work was motivated by the unsatisfactory stability of Au(25)(SG)(18) in solution under thermal conditions (e.g. 70-90 °C for DNA melting). Thus, we searched for a better, water-soluble thiol ligand. Herein, we report a one-pot synthesis and investigation of the stability and optical properties of captopril (abbreviated Capt)-protected Au(25)(Capt)(18) nanoclusters. The Au(25)(Capt)(18) (anionic, counterion: Na(+)) nanoclusters were formed via size focusing under ambient conditions. Significantly, Au(25)(Capt)(18) nanoclusters exhibit largely improved thermal stability compared to the glutathione (HSG) capped Au(25)(SG)(18). Both Au(25)(Capt)(18) and Au(25)(SG)(18) nanoclusters show fluorescence centered at ∼700 nm. The chiral ligands (Capt, SG, as well as chirally modified phenylethanethiol (PET*)) give rise to distinct chiroptical features. The high thermal stability and distinct optical properties of Au(25)(Capt)(18) nanoclusters render this material quite promising for biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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647
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Abstract
Au(38-n)Ag(n)(SCH(2)CH(2)Ph)(24) alloy nanomolecules were synthesized, purified and characterized by MALDI TOF mass spectrometry. Similar to 25 and unlike 144 metal atom count AuAg alloy nanomolecules, incorporation of Ag atoms here results in loss or smearing out of distinct UV-vis features. We propose that the short and long staples contain Au atoms, while the inner core consists of both Au and Ag atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanaka Kumara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, USA
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648
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Grönbeck H. The bonding in thiolate protected gold nanoparticles from Au4f photoemission core level shifts. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:4178-4182. [PMID: 22635169 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr30903c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations are used to evaluate Au4f core level shifts of methyl thiolate protected Au(25), Au(102) and Au(144) nanoparticles. The shifts are found to provide sensitive fingerprints of the chemical environment. In particular, Au atoms in protective gold-thiolate complexes have higher binding energies than Au atoms with solely metal neighbors. The core level shifts for the nanoparticles are compared to the corresponding results for methyl thiolates adsorbed on Au(111) and implications for the understanding of the gold-sulfur bond is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Grönbeck
- Department of Applied Physics and Competence Centre for Catalysis, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Göteborg, Sweden.
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649
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Pei Y, Zeng XC. Investigating the structural evolution of thiolate protected gold clusters from first-principles. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:4054-72. [PMID: 22635136 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr30685a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Unlike bulk materials, the physicochemical properties of nano-sized metal clusters can be strongly dependent on their atomic structure and size. Over the past two decades, major progress has been made in both the synthesis and characterization of a special class of ligated metal nanoclusters, namely, the thiolate-protected gold clusters with size less than 2 nm. Nevertheless, the determination of the precise atomic structure of thiolate-protected gold clusters is still a grand challenge to both experimentalists and theorists. The lack of atomic structures for many thiolate-protected gold clusters has hampered our in-depth understanding of their physicochemical properties and size-dependent structural evolution. Recent breakthroughs in the determination of the atomic structure of two clusters, [Au(25)(SCH(2)CH(2)Ph)(18)](q) (q = -1, 0) and Au(102)(p-MBA)(44), from X-ray crystallography have uncovered many new characteristics regarding the gold-sulfur bonding as well as the atomic packing structure in gold thiolate nanoclusters. Knowledge obtained from the atomic structures of both thiolate-protected gold clusters allows researchers to examine a more general "inherent structure rule" underlying this special class of ligated gold nanoclusters. That is, a highly stable thiolate-protected gold cluster can be viewed as a combination of a highly symmetric Au core and several protecting gold-thiolate "staple motifs", as illustrated by a general structural formula [Au](a+a')[Au(SR)(2)](b)[Au(2)(SR)(3)](c)[Au(3)(SR)(4)](d)[Au(4)(SR)(5)](e) where a, a', b, c, d and e are integers that satisfy certain constraints. In this review article, we highlight recent progress in the theoretical exploration and prediction of the atomic structures of various thiolate-protected gold clusters based on the "divide-and-protect" concept in general and the "inherent structure rule" in particular. As two demonstration examples, we show that the theoretically predicted lowest-energy structures of Au(25)(SR)(8)(-) and Au(38)(SR)(24) (-R is the alkylthiolate group) have been fully confirmed by later experiments, lending credence to the "inherent structure rule".
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Pei
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University, Hunan Province, China.
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650
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Shichibu Y, Suzuki K, Konishi K. Facile synthesis and optical properties of magic-number Au13 clusters. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:4125-9. [PMID: 22643883 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr30675a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of molecular gold clusters through a post-synthetic scheme involving HCl-promoted nuclearity convergence was examined with various phosphine ligands. Systematic studies with a series of bis(diphenylphosphino) ligands (Ph(2)P-(CH(2))(m)-PPh(2)) using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and electronic absorption spectroscopy demonstrated that the use of dppp (m = 3), dppb (m = 4) and dpppe (m = 5) as the ligands resulted in the formation of [Au(13)P(8)Cl(4)](+) type clusters, whereas the [Au(13)P(10)Cl(2)](3+) type cluster was formed with dppe (m = 2). The cluster species did not survive the HCl treatment step when monophosphines PPh(3), PMe(2)Ph, and POct(3) were employed, but [Au(13)(POct(3))(8)Cl(4)](+) was isolated as a minor product in the NaBH(4) reduction of Au(POct(3))Cl in aqueous THF. Electronic absorption and photoluminescence studies of a series of Au(13) clusters revealed that their optical properties are highly dependent on the phosphine/chloride composition ratio, but are far less so on the phosphine structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukatsu Shichibu
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science and Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, North 10 West 5, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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