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Abstract
Our previous work has shown that polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) require cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release and autocrine purinergic signaling for their activation. Here we studied in a mouse model of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) whether sepsis affects this purinergic signaling process and thereby alters PMN responses after sepsis. Using high-performance liquid chromatography, we found that plasma ATP, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) concentrations increased up to 6-fold during the first 8 h after CLP, reaching top levels that were significantly higher than those in sham control animals without CLP. Although leukocyte and PMN counts in sham animals increased significantly after 4 h, these blood cell counts decreased in sepsis animals. CD11b expression on the cell surface of PMNs of septic animals was significantly higher compared with sham and untreated control animals. These findings suggest increased PMN activation and sequestration of PMN from the circulation after sepsis. Plasma ATP levels correlated with CD11b expression, suggesting that increased ATP concentrations in plasma contribute to PMN activation. We found that treatment of septic mice with the ATP receptor antagonist suramin diminished CD11b expression, indicating that plasma ATP contributes to PMN activation by stimulating P2 receptors of PMNs. Increased PMN activation can protect the host from invading microorganisms. However, increased PMN activation can also be detrimental by promoting secondary organ damage. We conclude that pharmacological targeting of P2 receptors may allow modulation of PMN responses in sepsis.
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602
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Pol J, Vacchelli E, Aranda F, Castoldi F, Eggermont A, Cremer I, Sautès-Fridman C, Fucikova J, Galon J, Spisek R, Tartour E, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch: Immunogenic cell death inducers for anticancer chemotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1008866. [PMID: 26137404 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1008866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The term "immunogenic cell death" (ICD) is now employed to indicate a functionally peculiar form of apoptosis that is sufficient for immunocompetent hosts to mount an adaptive immune response against dead cell-associated antigens. Several drugs have been ascribed with the ability to provoke ICD when employed as standalone therapeutic interventions. These include various chemotherapeutics routinely employed in the clinic (e.g., doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, mitoxantrone, bleomycin, bortezomib, cyclophosphamide and oxaliplatin) as well as some anticancer agents that are still under preclinical or clinical development (e.g., some microtubular inhibitors of the epothilone family). In addition, a few drugs are able to convert otherwise non-immunogenic instances of cell death into bona fide ICD, and may therefore be employed as chemotherapeutic adjuvants within combinatorial regimens. This is the case of cardiac glycosides, like digoxin and digitoxin, and zoledronic acid. Here, we discuss recent developments on anticancer chemotherapy based on ICD inducers.
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Key Words
- ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia
- AML, acute myeloid leukemia
- CML, chronic myeloid leukemia
- DAMP, damage-associated molecular pattern
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- EOX, epirubicin plus oxaliplatin plus capecitabine
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- FOLFIRINOX, folinic acid plus 5-fluorouracil plus irinotecan plus oxaliplatin
- FOLFOX, folinic acid plus 5-fluorouracil plus oxaliplatin
- GEMOX, gemcitabine plus oxaliplatin
- GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- ICD, immunogenic cell death
- MM, multiple myeloma
- NHL, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung carcinoma
- TACE, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization
- XELOX, capecitabine plus oxaliplatin
- antigen-presenting cell
- autophagy
- damage-associated molecular pattern
- dendritic cell
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- type I interferon
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Pol
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U1138 ; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France
| | - Erika Vacchelli
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U1138 ; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Group of Immune receptors of the Innate and Adaptive System, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)
| | - Francesca Castoldi
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U1138 ; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France ; Faculté de Medicine; Université Paris Sud/Paris XI ; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France ; Sotio a.c. ; Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Isabelle Cremer
- INSERM, U1138 ; Paris, France ; Equipe 13, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI ; Paris, France
| | - Catherine Sautès-Fridman
- INSERM, U1138 ; Paris, France ; Equipe 13, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI ; Paris, France
| | - Jitka Fucikova
- Sotio a.c. ; Prague, Czech Republic ; Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University ; Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jérôme Galon
- INSERM, U1138 ; Paris, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI ; Paris, France ; Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité ; Paris, France
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio a.c. ; Prague, Czech Republic ; Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University ; Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eric Tartour
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité ; Paris, France ; INSERM , U970 ; Paris, France ; Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC) ; Paris, France ; Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou (HEGP); AP-HP ; Paris, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U1015; CICBT507 ; Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM, U1138 ; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité ; Paris, France ; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; AP-HP ; Paris, France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U1138 ; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité ; Paris, France
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603
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Rovegno M, Soto PA, Sáez PJ, Naus CC, Sáez JC, von Bernhardi R. Connexin43 hemichannels mediate secondary cellular damage spread from the trauma zone to distal zones in astrocyte monolayers. Glia 2015; 63:1185-99. [PMID: 25731866 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of secondary damage spread after brain trauma remains unsolved. In this work, we redirected the attention to astrocytic communication pathways. Using an in vitro trauma model that consists of a scratch injury applied to an astrocyte monolayer, we found a significant and transient induction of connexin43 (Cx43) hemichannel activity in regions distal from the injury, which was maximal ∼1 h after scratch. Two connexin hemichannel blockers, La(3+) and the peptide Gap26, abolished the increased activity, which was also absent in Cx43 KO astrocytes. In addition, the scratch-induced increase of hemichannel activity was prevented by inhibition of P2 purinergic receptors. Changes in hemichannel activity took place with a particular spatial distribution, with cells located at ∼17 mm away from the scratch presenting the highest activity (dye uptake). In contrast, the functional state of gap junction channels (dye coupling) was not significantly affected. Cx43 hemichannel activity was also enhanced by the acute extracellular application of 60 mM K(+) . The increase in hemichannel activity was associated with an increment in apoptotic cells at 24 h after scratch that was totally prevented by Gap26 peptide. These findings suggest that Cx43 hemichannels could be a new approach to prevent or reduce the secondary cell damage of brain trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano Rovegno
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Neurología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Medicina Intensiva, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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604
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Rébé C, Derangère V, Ghiringhelli F. Induction of pyroptosis in colon cancer cells by LXRβ. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 2:e970094. [PMID: 27308405 PMCID: PMC4905240 DOI: 10.4161/23723548.2014.970094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) have been proposed to have some anticancer properties. We recently identified a new non-genomic role of LXRβ in colon cancer cells. Under LXR agonist treatment, LXRβ induces pyroptosis of these cells in vitro and in vivo, raising the possibility of targeting this isoform in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Rébé
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM); UMR 866; Dijon, France; Centre Georges François Leclerc; Dijon, France
| | - Valentin Derangère
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM); UMR 866; Dijon, France; Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie; Université de Bourgogne; Dijon, France
| | - François Ghiringhelli
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM); UMR 866; Dijon, France; Centre Georges François Leclerc; Dijon, France; Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie; Université de Bourgogne; Dijon, France
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605
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Billaud M, Chiu YH, Lohman AW, Parpaite T, Butcher JT, Mutchler SM, DeLalio LJ, Artamonov MV, Sandilos JK, Best AK, Somlyo AV, Thompson RJ, Le TH, Ravichandran KS, Bayliss DA, Isakson BE. A molecular signature in the pannexin1 intracellular loop confers channel activation by the α1 adrenoreceptor in smooth muscle cells. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra17. [PMID: 25690012 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Both purinergic signaling through nucleotides such as ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate) and noradrenergic signaling through molecules such as norepinephrine regulate vascular tone and blood pressure. Pannexin1 (Panx1), which forms large-pore, ATP-releasing channels, is present in vascular smooth muscle cells in peripheral blood vessels and participates in noradrenergic responses. Using pharmacological approaches and mice conditionally lacking Panx1 in smooth muscle cells, we found that Panx1 contributed to vasoconstriction mediated by the α1 adrenoreceptor (α1AR), whereas vasoconstriction in response to serotonin or endothelin-1 was independent of Panx1. Analysis of the Panx1-deficient mice showed that Panx1 contributed to blood pressure regulation especially during the night cycle when sympathetic nervous activity is highest. Using mimetic peptides and site-directed mutagenesis, we identified a specific amino acid sequence in the Panx1 intracellular loop that is essential for activation by α1AR signaling. Collectively, these data describe a specific link between noradrenergic and purinergic signaling in blood pressure homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Billaud
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Yu-Hsin Chiu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Alexander W Lohman
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Thibaud Parpaite
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Joshua T Butcher
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Stephanie M Mutchler
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Leon J DeLalio
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Mykhaylo V Artamonov
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Joanna K Sandilos
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Angela K Best
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Avril V Somlyo
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Roger J Thompson
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Thu H Le
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Kodi S Ravichandran
- Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Douglas A Bayliss
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Brant E Isakson
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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606
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Beckel JM, Daugherty SL, Tyagi P, Wolf-Johnston AS, Birder LA, Mitchell CH, de Groat WC. Pannexin 1 channels mediate the release of ATP into the lumen of the rat urinary bladder. J Physiol 2015; 593:1857-71. [PMID: 25630792 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.283119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS ATP is released through pannexin channels into the lumen of the rat urinary bladder in response to distension or stimulation with bacterial endotoxins. Luminal ATP plays a physiological role in the control of micturition because intravesical perfusion of apyrase or the ecto-ATPase inhibitor ARL67156 altered reflex bladder activity in the anaesthetized rat. The release of ATP from the apical and basolateral surfaces of the urothelium appears to be mediated by separate mechanisms because intravesical administration of the pannexin channel antagonist Brilliant Blue FCF increased bladder capacity, whereas i.v. administration did not. Intravesical instillation of small interfering RNA-containing liposomes decreased pannexin 1 expression in the rat urothelium in vivo and increased bladder capacity. These data indicate a role for pannexin-mediated luminal ATP release in both the physiological and pathophysiological control of micturition and suggest that urothelial pannexin may be a viable target for the treatment of overactive bladder disorders. ABSTRACT ATP is released from the bladder epithelium, also termed the urothelium, in response to mechanical or chemical stimuli. Although numerous studies have described the contribution of this release to the development of various bladder disorders, little information exists regarding the mechanisms of release. In the present study, we examined the role of pannexin channels in mechanically-induced ATP release from the urothelium. PCR confirmed the presence of pannexin 1 and 2 mRNA in rat urothelial tissue, whereas immunofluorescence experiments localized pannexin 1 to all three layers of the urothelium. During continuous bladder cystometry in anaesthetized rats, inhibition of pannexin 1 channels using carbenoxolone (CBX) or Brilliant Blue FCF (BB-FCF) (1-100 μm, intravesically), or by using intravesical small interfering RNA, increased the interval between voiding contractions. Intravenous administration of BB-FCF (1-100 μg kg(-1) ) did not alter bladder activity. CBX or BB-FCF (100 μm intravesically) also decreased basal ATP concentrations in the perfusate from non-distended bladders and inhibited increases in ATP concentrations in response to bladder distension (15 and 30 cmH2 O pressure). Intravesical perfusion of the ATP diphosphohydrolase apyrase (2 U ml(-1) ), or the ATPase inhibitor ARL67156 (10 μm) increased or decreased reflex bladder activity, respectively. Intravesical instillation of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) (Escherichia coli 055:B5, 100 μg ml(-1) ) increased ATP concentrations in the bladder perfusate, and also increased voiding frequency; these effects were suppressed by BB-FCF. These data indicate that pannexin channels contribute to distension- or LPS-evoked ATP release into the lumen of the bladder and that luminal release can modulate voiding function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Beckel
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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607
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Boassa D, Nguyen P, Hu J, Ellisman MH, Sosinsky GE. Pannexin2 oligomers localize in the membranes of endosomal vesicles in mammalian cells while Pannexin1 channels traffic to the plasma membrane. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 8:468. [PMID: 25698922 PMCID: PMC4313697 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pannexin2 (Panx2) is the largest of three members of the pannexin proteins. Pannexins are topologically related to connexins and innexins, but serve different functional roles than forming gap junctions. We previously showed that pannexins form oligomeric channels but unlike connexins and innexins, they form only single membrane channels. High levels of Panx2 mRNA and protein in the Central Nervous System (CNS) have been documented. Whereas Pannexin1 (Panx1) is fairly ubiquitous and Pannexin3 (Panx3) is found in skin and connective tissue, both are fully glycosylated, traffic to the plasma membrane and have functions correlated with extracellular ATP release. Here, we describe trafficking and subcellular localizations of exogenous Panx2 and Panx1 protein expression in MDCK, HeLa, and HEK 293T cells as well as endogenous Panx1 and Panx2 patterns in the CNS. Panx2 was found in intracellular localizations, was partially N-glycosylated, and localizations were non-overlapping with Panx1. Confocal images of hippocampal sections immunolabeled for the astrocytic protein GFAP, Panx1 and Panx2 demonstrated that the two isoforms, Panx1 and Panx2, localized at different subcellular compartments in both astrocytes and neurons. Using recombinant fusions of Panx2 with appended genetic tags developed for correlated light and electron microscopy and then expressed in different cell lines, we determined that Panx2 is localized in the membrane of intracellular vesicles and not in the endoplasmic reticulum as initially indicated by calnexin colocalization experiments. Dual immunofluorescence imaging with protein markers for specific vesicle compartments showed that Panx2 vesicles are early endosomal in origin. In electron tomographic volumes, cross-sections of these vesicles displayed fine structural details and close proximity to actin filaments. Thus, pannexins expressed at different subcellular compartments likely exert distinct functional roles, particularly in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Boassa
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Phuong Nguyen
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Junru Hu
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark H Ellisman
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA ; Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gina E Sosinsky
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA ; Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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608
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Ferrari D, Vitiello L, Idzko M, la Sala A. Purinergic signaling in atherosclerosis. Trends Mol Med 2015; 21:184-92. [PMID: 25637413 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cell surface expression of specific receptors and ecto-nucleotidases makes extracellular nucleotides such as ATP, ADP, UTP, and adenosine suitable as signaling molecules for physiological and pathological events, including tissue stress and damage. Recent data have revealed the participation of purinergic signaling in atherosclerosis, depicting a scenario in which, in addition to some exceptions reflecting dual effects of individual receptor subtypes, adenosine and most P1 receptors, as well as ecto-nucleotidases, show a protective, anti-atherosclerotic function. By contrast, P2 receptors promote atherosclerosis. In consideration of these findings, modulation of purinergic signaling would represent an innovative and valuable tool to counteract atherosclerosis. We summarize recent developments on the participation of the purinergic network in atheroma formation and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Biotechnology Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Laura Vitiello
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Idzko
- Department of Pneumology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrea la Sala
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy
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609
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Effects on channel properties and induction of cell death induced by c-terminal truncations of pannexin1 depend on domain length. J Membr Biol 2015; 248:285-94. [PMID: 25567359 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-014-9767-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Pannexin1 (Panx1) is an integral membrane protein and known to form multifunctional hexameric channels. Recently, Panx1 was identified to be responsible for the release of ATP and UTP from apoptotic cells after site-specific proteolysis by caspases 3/7. Cleavage at the carboxy-terminal (CT) position aa 376-379 irreversibly opens human Panx1 channels and leads to the release of the respective nucleotides resulting in recruitment of macrophages and in subsequent activation of the immunologic response. The fact that cleavage of the CT at this particular residues terminates in a permanently open channel raised the issue of functional relevance of the CT of Panx1 for regulating channel properties. To analyze the impact of the CT on channel gating, we generated 14 truncated versions of rat Panx1 cleaved at different positions in the C-terminus. This allowed elaboration of the influence of defined residues on channel formation, voltage-dependent gating, execution of cell mortality, and susceptibility to the Panx1 inhibitor carbenoxolone. We demonstrate that expression of Panx1 proteins, which were truncated to lengths between 370 and 393 residues, induces differential effects after expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes as well as in Neuro2A cells with strongest impact downstream the caspase 3/7 cleavage site.
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610
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Pannexin‑1 silencing inhibits the proliferation of U87‑MG cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:3487-92. [PMID: 25572468 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pannexin‑1 (Panx‑1) is abundantly expressed in vertebrates and has been shown to assemble into high‑conductance single‑membrane channels, which are permeable to large molecules and regulate cellular function. However, the association between Panx‑1 and astrocyte proliferation is poorly understood. This study provides evidence for a difference in cell proliferation between wild‑type and Panx‑1‑knockdown cells. Proliferation of the U87‑MG malignant glioma cell line was reduced following transfection with Panx‑1‑short interfering RNA. In addition, treatment with the Panx‑1 activator, adenosine triphosphate, significantly reduced cell proliferation at 48 h in Panx‑1‑knockdown cells compared with wild type cells. In conclusion, on the basis of the present findings, Panx‑1 is likely to be important in the regulation of U87‑MG cell proliferation. This provides further support for the hypothesis that there is a correlation between Panx‑1 expression and U87‑MG cell proliferation.
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611
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Abstract
Ion channels and transporters mediate the transport of charged ions across hydrophobic lipid membranes. In immune cells, divalent cations such as calcium, magnesium, and zinc have important roles as second messengers to regulate intracellular signaling pathways. By contrast, monovalent cations such as sodium and potassium mainly regulate the membrane potential, which indirectly controls the influx of calcium and immune cell signaling. Studies investigating human patients with mutations in ion channels and transporters, analysis of gene-targeted mice, or pharmacological experiments with ion channel inhibitors have revealed important roles of ionic signals in lymphocyte development and in innate and adaptive immune responses. We here review the mechanisms underlying the function of ion channels and transporters in lymphocytes and innate immune cells and discuss their roles in lymphocyte development, adaptive and innate immune responses, and autoimmunity, as well as recent efforts to develop pharmacological inhibitors of ion channels for immunomodulatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Feske
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Heike Wulff
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Edward Y. Skolnik
- Division of Nephrology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- The Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
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612
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Abstract
During development, stress, infection, or normal homeostasis, billions of cells die on a daily basis, and the responsibility of clearing these cellular corpses lies with the phagocytes of innate immune system. This process, termed efferocytosis , is critical for the prevention of inflammation and autoimmunity , as well as modulation of the adaptive immune response. Defective clearance of dead cells is characteristic of many human autoimmune or autoinflammatory disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), atherosclerosis, and diabetes. The mechanisms that phagocytes employ to sense, engulf, and process dead cells for an appropriate immune response have been an area of great interest. However, insight into novel mechanisms of programmed cell death , such as necroptosis, has shed light on the fact that while the diner (or phagocyte) is important, the meal itself (the type of dead cell) can play a crucial role in shaping the pursuant immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Martinez
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
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613
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614
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Abstract
When cell death occurs in vivo, cell corpses are not left untreated, but are recognized and engulfed by phagocytes, such as macrophages and dendritic cells. In the past, cell death had been considered the final process of a cell's life, and cell corpses had been viewed as debris that is simply to be cleared by phagocytes. Recently, however, it has become clearer that various biological responses are induced with dead cells as the starting point. Most of these biological responses followed by cell death are thought to be mediated by macrophages and dendritic cells. In this review, we present the overview of molecular mechanisms and biological significance of dead cell clearance.
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615
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Chen J, Zhao Y, Liu Y. The role of nucleotides and purinergic signaling in apoptotic cell clearance - implications for chronic inflammatory diseases. Front Immunol 2014; 5:656. [PMID: 25566266 PMCID: PMC4274988 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Billions of cells undergo apoptosis every day in healthy individuals. A prompt removal of dying cells prevents the release of pro-inflammatory intracellular content and progress to secondary necrosis. Thus, inappropriate clearance of apoptotic cells provokes autoimmunity and has been associated with many chronic inflammatory diseases. Recent studies have suggested that extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate and related nucleotides play an important role in the apoptotic clearance process. Here, we review the current understanding of nucleotides and purinergic receptors in apoptotic cell clearance and the potential therapeutic targets of purinergic receptor subtypes in inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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616
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Thompson RJ. Pannexin channels and ischaemia. J Physiol 2014; 593:3463-70. [PMID: 25384783 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.282426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An ischaemic stroke occurs during loss of blood flow in the brain from the occlusion of a blood vessel. The ischaemia itself comprises a complex array of insults, including oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD), glutamate excitotoxicity, acidification/hypercapnia, and loss of sheer forces. A substantial amount of knowledge has accumulated that define the excitotoxic cascade downstream of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). While the NMDAR can influence numerous downstream elements, one critical target during ischaemia is the ion channel, pannexin-1 (Panx1). The C-terminal region of Panx1 appears critical for its regulation under a host of physiological and pathological stimuli. We have shown using hippocampal brain slices that Panx1 is activated by NMDARs through Src family kinases. However, it is not yet certain if this involves direct phosphorylation of Panx1 or an allosteric interaction between the channel's C-terminal tail and Src. Interestingly, Panx1 opening during ischaemia and NMDAR over-activation is antagonized by an interfering peptide that comprises amino acids 305-318 of Panx1. Thus, targeting the activation of Panx1 by NMDARs and Src kinases is an attractive mechanism to reduce anoxic depolarizations and neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger J Thompson
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
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617
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Mondal P, Trigun SK. Pannexin1 as a novel cerebral target in pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 2014; 29:1007-15. [PMID: 24807590 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9556-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) represents a nervous system disorder caused due to liver dysfunction. HE is broadly classified as acute/overt and moderate-minimal HE. Since HE syndrome severely affects quality of life of the patients and it may be life threatening, it is important to develop effective therapeutic strategy against HE. Mainly ammonia neurotoxicity is considered accountable for HE. Increased level of ammonia in the brain activates glutamate-NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor (NMDAR) pathway leading to Ca(2+) influx, energy deficit and oxidative stress in the post synaptic neurons. Moreover, NMDAR blockage has been found to be a poor therapeutic option, as this neurotransmitter receptor plays important role in maintaining normal neurophysiology of the brain. Thus, searching new molecular players in HE pathogenesis is of current concern. There is an evolving concept about roles of the trans-membrane channels in the pathogenesis of a number of neurological complications. Pannexin1 (Panx1) is one of them and has been described to be implicated in stroke, epilepsy and ischemia. Importantly, the pathogenesis of these complications relates to some extent with NMDAR over activation. Thus, it is speculated that HE pathogenesis might also involve Panx1. Indeed, some recent observations in the animal models of HE provide support to this argument. Since opening of Panx1 channel is mostly associated with the neuronal dysfunctions, down regulation of this channel could serve as a relevant therapeutic strategy without producing any serious side effects. In the review article an attempt has been made to summarize the current information on implication of Panx1 in the brain disorders and its prospects for being examined as pharmacological target in HE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Papia Mondal
- Biochemistry Section Centre of Advanced Study in Zoology, Banaras Hindu university, Varanasi, 221005, India
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618
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Desai BN, Leitinger N. Purinergic and calcium signaling in macrophage function and plasticity. Front Immunol 2014; 5:580. [PMID: 25505897 PMCID: PMC4245916 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to a fundamental role in cellular bioenergetics, the purine nucleotide adenosine triphosphate (ATP) plays a crucial role in the extracellular space as a signaling molecule. ATP and its metabolites serve as ligands for a family of receptors that are collectively referred to as purinergic receptors. These receptors were first described and characterized in the nervous system but it soon became evident that they are expressed ubiquitously. In the immune system, purinergic signals regulate the migration and activation of immune cells and they may also orchestrate the resolution of inflammation (1, 2). The intracellular signal transduction initiated by purinergic receptors is strongly coupled to Ca(2+)-signaling, and co-ordination of these pathways plays a critical role in innate immunity. In this review, we provide an overview of purinergic and Ca(2+)-signaling in the context of macrophage phenotypic polarization and discuss the implications on macrophage function in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bimal N Desai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA , USA
| | - Norbert Leitinger
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA , USA
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619
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Kelly JJ, Simek J, Laird DW. Mechanisms linking connexin mutations to human diseases. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 360:701-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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620
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Abstract
Pannexins (PANXs) are channel-forming proteins implicated in cellular communication through the secretion of biomolecules, such as ATP and glutamate. PANX1 and PANX3 are expressed in the male rat reproductive tract and their levels are regulated by androgens in the epididymis. There is currently no information on the regulation of the Panx1 promoter. The objective of the present study was to characterize the Panx1 promoter in order to understand its regulation in the epididymis. RNA ligase-mediated rapid amplification of cDNA ends identified three transcriptional start sites, at positions -443, -429, and -393. In silico analysis revealed that transcription was initiated downstream of binding sites for CREB and ETV4 transcription factors, in a CpG island context. To determine the importance of this region in gene transactivation, a 2-kb fragment of the promoter was cloned into a vector containing a luciferase reporter gene. Deletion constructs indicated that the highest transactivation levels were achieved with shorter constructs (-973 to -346 and -550 to -346). Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and supershifts indicated that both transcription factors were able to bind to the promoter region. Chromatin immunoprecipitation using rat caput epididymis cells confirmed the binding of ETV4 and CREB on the Panx1 promoter. Site mutation of either the ETV4 or CREB binding site decreased the transactivation of the reporter gene. Previous studies indicated that orchidectomy increased epididymal PANX1 levels. Likewise, we observed an increase in both ETV4 and CREB in orchidectomized rats. These results indicate that ETV4 and cAMP response elements play a role in the transcriptional regulation of Panx1 in the epididymis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Dufresne
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Daniel G Cyr
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada
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621
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Burnstock G, Boeynaems JM. Purinergic signalling and immune cells. Purinergic Signal 2014; 10:529-64. [PMID: 25352330 PMCID: PMC4272370 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-014-9427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article provides a historical perspective on the role of purinergic signalling in the regulation of various subsets of immune cells from early discoveries to current understanding. It is now recognised that adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and other nucleotides are released from cells following stress or injury. They can act on virtually all subsets of immune cells through a spectrum of P2X ligand-gated ion channels and G protein-coupled P2Y receptors. Furthermore, ATP is rapidly degraded into adenosine by ectonucleotidases such as CD39 and CD73, and adenosine exerts additional regulatory effects through its own receptors. The resulting effect ranges from stimulation to tolerance depending on the amount and time courses of nucleotides released, and the balance between ATP and adenosine. This review identifies the various receptors involved in the different subsets of immune cells and their effects on the function of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK,
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622
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Kang R, Lotze MT, Zeh HJ, Billiar TR, Tang D. Cell death and DAMPs in acute pancreatitis. Mol Med 2014; 20:466-77. [PMID: 25105302 PMCID: PMC4277549 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death and inflammation are key pathologic responses of acute pancreatitis (AP), the leading cause of hospital admissions for gastrointestinal disorders. It is becoming increasingly clear that damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs) play an important role in the pathogenesis of AP by linking local tissue damage to systemic inflammation syndrome. Endogenous DAMPs released from dead, dying or injured cells initiate and extend sterile inflammation via specific pattern recognition receptors. Inhibition of the release and activity of DAMPs (for example, high mobility group box 1, DNA, histones and adenosine triphosphate) provides significant protection against experimental AP. Moreover, increased serum levels of DAMPs in patients with AP correlate with disease severity. These findings provide novel insight into the mechanism, diagnosis and management of AP. DAMPs might be an attractive therapeutic target in AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Herbert J Zeh
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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623
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Nakagawa S, Omura T, Yonezawa A, Yano I, Nakagawa T, Matsubara K. Extracellular nucleotides from dying cells act as molecular signals to promote wound repair in renal tubular injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 307:F1404-11. [PMID: 25354940 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00196.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) often correlates with poor prognosis and is followed by various severe unfavorable systemic outcomes. It is important to understand the pathophysiology of AKI for the development of novel therapeutic approaches toward promoting renal regeneration after injury. Recent studies have indicated that AKI-induced tubular cell death plays an active role in the onset of tissue regeneration; however, the mechanisms underlying renal tubular repair after injury have yet to be understood. In the present study, we explored molecules that might serve as "danger" signals in mediating tubular regeneration. Kidneys of rats systemically administered the nephrotoxicant cisplatin (to induce AKI) exhibited massive cell proliferation. The proportion of proliferating cells in the total cell distribution was highest in the outer stripe of the outer medulla coincided with where the tubular damage was the most severe in this study. This finding suggests that soluble factors may have been released from damaged cells to stimulate the proliferation of neighboring tubular epithelial cells. In elucidating the mechanism of dying cell-to-surviving cell communication using normal rat kidney NRK-52E epithelial cells, we found a significant increase in ATP levels in supernatants of these cells after the induction of cell death using ultraviolet irradiation. Furthermore, treatment of conditioned supernatants with apyrase or suramin, which inhibits purinergic signaling, resulted in significant decreases in cell proliferation and migration activities. These results demonstrate a novel role for extracellular nucleotides, probably as danger signals in aggravating tubular regeneration after AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsaku Nakagawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Omura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yonezawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ikuko Yano
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakagawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuo Matsubara
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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624
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Pacheco PAF, Faria RX, Ferreira LGB, Paixão ICNP. Putative roles of purinergic signaling in human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection. Biol Direct 2014; 9:21. [PMID: 25351961 PMCID: PMC4218944 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6150-9-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reviewers This article was reviewed by Neil S. Greenspan and Rachel Gerstein. Nucleotides and nucleosides act as potent extracellular messengers via the activation of the family of cell-surface receptors termed purinergic receptors. These receptors are categorized into P1 and P2 receptors (P2Rs). P2Rs are further classified into two distinct families, P2X receptors (P2XRs) and P2Y receptors (P2YRs). These receptors display broad tissue distribution throughout the body and are involved in several biological events. Immune cells express various P2Rs, and purinergic signaling mechanisms have been shown to play key roles in the regulation of many aspects of immune responses. Researchers have elucidated the involvement of these receptors in the host response to infections. The evidences indicate a dual function of these receptors, depending on the microorganism and the cellular model involved. Three recent reports have examined the relationship between the level of extracellular ATP, the mechanisms underlying purinergic receptors participating in the infection mechanism of HIV-1 in the cell. Although preliminary, these results indicate that purinergic receptors are putative pharmacological targets that should be further explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robson X Faria
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av, Brazil, 4365 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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625
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Li M, Pang Z, Xiao W, Liu X, Zhang Y, Yu D, Yang M, Yang Y, Hu J, Luo K. A transcriptome analysis suggests apoptosis-related signaling pathways in hemocytes of Spodoptera litura after parasitization by Microplitis bicoloratus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110967. [PMID: 25350281 PMCID: PMC4211697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microplitis bicoloratus parasitism induction of apoptotic DNA fragmentation of host Spodoptera litura hemocytes has been reported. However, how M. bicoloratus parasitism regulates the host signaling pathways to induce DNA fragmentation during apoptosis remains unclear. To address this question, we performed a new RNAseq-based comparative analysis of the hemocytes transcriptomes of non-parasitized and parasitized S. litura. We were able to assemble a total of more than 11.63 Gbp sequence, to yield 20,571 unigenes. At least six main protein families encoded by M. bicoloratus bracovirus are expressed in the parasitized host hemocytes: Ankyrin-repeat, Ben domain, C-type lectin, Egf-like and Mucin-like, protein tyrosine phosphatase. The analysis indicated that during DNA fragmentation and cell death, 299 genes were up-regulated and 2,441 genes were down-regulated. Data on five signaling pathways related with cell death, the gap junctions, Ca2+, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, ATM/p53 revealed that CypD, which is involved in forming a Permeability Transition Pore Complex (PTPC) to alter mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (MMP), was dramatically up-regulated. The qRT-PCR also provided that the key genes for cell survival were down-regulated under M. bicoloratus parasitism, including those encoding Inx1, Inx2 and Inx3 of the gap junction signaling pathway, p110 subunit of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, and the p50 and p65 subunit of the NF-κB signaling pathway. These findings suggest that M. bicoloratus parasitism may regulate host mitochondria to trigger internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. This study will facilitate the identification of immunosuppression-related genes and also improves our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying polydnavirus-parasitoid-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China; Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Zunyu Pang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China; Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Wei Xiao
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China; Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China; Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China; Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Dongshuai Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China; Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Minjun Yang
- Shanghai–Ministry of Science and Technology Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China; Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Jiansheng Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China; Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Kaijun Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China; Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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626
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Abstract
Recent studies in Drosophila, Hydra, planarians, zebrafish, mice, indicate that cell death can open paths to regeneration in adult animals. Indeed injury can induce cell death, itself triggering regeneration following an immediate instructive mechanism, whereby the dying cells release signals that induce cellular responses over short and/or long-range distances. Cell death can also provoke a sustained derepressing response through the elimination of cells that suppress regeneration in homeostatic conditions. Whether common properties support what we name "regenerative cell death," is currently unclear. As key parameters, we review here the injury proapoptotic signals, the signals released by the dying cells, the cellular responses, and their respective timing. ROS appears as a common signal triggering cell death through MAPK and/or JNK pathway activation. But the modes of ROS production vary, from a brief pulse upon wounding, to repeated waves as observed in the zebrafish fin where ROS supports two peaks of cell death. Indeed regenerative cell death can be restricted to the injury phase, as in Hydra, Drosophila, or biphasic, immediate, and delayed, as in planarians and zebrafish. The dying cells release in a caspase-dependent manner a variety of signaling molecules, cytokines, growth factors, but also prostaglandins or ATP as recorded in Drosophila, Hydra, mice, and zebrafish, respectively. Interestingly, the ROS-producing cells often resist to cell death, implying a complex paracrine mode of signaling to launch regeneration, involving ROS-producing cells, ROS-sensing cells that release signaling molecules upon caspase activation, and effector cells that respond to these signals by proliferating, migrating, and/or differentiating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Vriz
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Paris, France; University Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Silke Reiter
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte Galliot
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
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627
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Robinson LE, Shridar M, Smith P, Murrell-Lagnado RD. Plasma membrane cholesterol as a regulator of human and rodent P2X7 receptor activation and sensitization. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:31983-31994. [PMID: 25281740 PMCID: PMC4231676 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.574699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X7 receptors are nonselective cation channels gated by high extracellular ATP, but with sustained activation, receptor sensitization occurs, whereby the intrinsic pore dilates, making the cell permeable to large organic cations, which eventually leads to cell death. P2X7 receptors associate with cholesterol-rich lipid rafts, but it is unclear how this affects the properties of the receptor channel. Here we show that pore-forming properties of human and rodent P2X7 receptors are sensitive to perturbations of cholesterol levels. Acute depletion of cholesterol with 5 mm methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MCD) caused a substantial increase in the rate of agonist-evoked pore formation, as measured by the uptake of ethidium dye, whereas cholesterol loading inhibited this process. Patch clamp analysis of P2X7 receptor currents carried by Na+ and N-methyl-d-glucamine (NMDG+) showed enhanced activation and current facilitation following cholesterol depletion. This contrasts with the inhibitory effect of methyl-β-cyclodextrin reported for other P2X subtypes. Mutational analysis suggests the involvement of an N-terminal region and a proximal C-terminal region that comprises multiple cholesterol recognition amino acid consensus (CRAC) motifs, in the cholesterol sensitivity of channel gating. These results reveal cholesterol as a negative regulator of P2X7 receptor pore formation, protecting cells from P2X7-mediated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy E Robinson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, United Kingdom
| | - Mitesh Shridar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth D Murrell-Lagnado
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, United Kingdom.
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628
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Activation of neuronal NMDA receptors triggers transient ATP-mediated microglial process outgrowth. J Neurosci 2014; 34:10511-27. [PMID: 25100586 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0405-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are morphologically dynamic cells that rapidly extend their processes in response to various stimuli including extracellular ATP. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that stimulation of neuronal NMDARs trigger ATP release leading to communication with microglia. We used acute mouse hippocampal brain slices and two-photon laser scanning microscopy to study microglial dynamics and developed a novel protocol for fixation and immunolabeling of microglia processes. Similar to direct topical ATP application in vivo, short multiple applications of NMDA triggered transient microglia process outgrowth that was reversible and repeatable indicating that this was not due to excitotoxic damage. Stimulation of NMDAR was required as NMDAR antagonists, but not blockers of AMPA/kainate receptors or voltage-gated sodium channels, prevented microglial outgrowth. We report that ATP release, secondary to NMDAR activation, was the key mediator of this neuron-microglia communication as both blocking purinergic receptors and inhibiting hydrolysis of ATP to prevent locally generated gradients abolished outgrowth. Pharmacological and genetic analyses showed that the NMDA-triggered microglia process extension was independent of Pannexin 1, the ATP releasing channels, ATP release from astrocytes via connexins, and nitric oxide generation. Finally, using whole-cell patch clamping we demonstrate that activation of dendritic NMDAR on single neurons is sufficient to trigger microglia process outgrowth. Our results suggest that dendritic neuronal NMDAR activation triggers ATP release via a Pannexin 1-independent manner that induces outgrowth of microglia processes. This represents a novel uncharacterized form of neuron-microglial communication mediated by ATP.
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629
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Kepp O, Senovilla L, Vitale I, Vacchelli E, Adjemian S, Agostinis P, Apetoh L, Aranda F, Barnaba V, Bloy N, Bracci L, Breckpot K, Brough D, Buqué A, Castro MG, Cirone M, Colombo MI, Cremer I, Demaria S, Dini L, Eliopoulos AG, Faggioni A, Formenti SC, Fučíková J, Gabriele L, Gaipl US, Galon J, Garg A, Ghiringhelli F, Giese NA, Guo ZS, Hemminki A, Herrmann M, Hodge JW, Holdenrieder S, Honeychurch J, Hu HM, Huang X, Illidge TM, Kono K, Korbelik M, Krysko DV, Loi S, Lowenstein PR, Lugli E, Ma Y, Madeo F, Manfredi AA, Martins I, Mavilio D, Menger L, Merendino N, Michaud M, Mignot G, Mossman KL, Multhoff G, Oehler R, Palombo F, Panaretakis T, Pol J, Proietti E, Ricci JE, Riganti C, Rovere-Querini P, Rubartelli A, Sistigu A, Smyth MJ, Sonnemann J, Spisek R, Stagg J, Sukkurwala AQ, Tartour E, Thorburn A, Thorne SH, Vandenabeele P, Velotti F, Workenhe ST, Yang H, Zong WX, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Consensus guidelines for the detection of immunogenic cell death. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e955691. [PMID: 25941621 PMCID: PMC4292729 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.955691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 610] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic cells have long been considered as intrinsically tolerogenic or unable to elicit immune responses specific for dead cell-associated antigens. However, multiple stimuli can trigger a functionally peculiar type of apoptotic demise that does not go unnoticed by the adaptive arm of the immune system, which we named "immunogenic cell death" (ICD). ICD is preceded or accompanied by the emission of a series of immunostimulatory damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in a precise spatiotemporal configuration. Several anticancer agents that have been successfully employed in the clinic for decades, including various chemotherapeutics and radiotherapy, can elicit ICD. Moreover, defects in the components that underlie the capacity of the immune system to perceive cell death as immunogenic negatively influence disease outcome among cancer patients treated with ICD inducers. Thus, ICD has profound clinical and therapeutic implications. Unfortunately, the gold-standard approach to detect ICD relies on vaccination experiments involving immunocompetent murine models and syngeneic cancer cells, an approach that is incompatible with large screening campaigns. Here, we outline strategies conceived to detect surrogate markers of ICD in vitro and to screen large chemical libraries for putative ICD inducers, based on a high-content, high-throughput platform that we recently developed. Such a platform allows for the detection of multiple DAMPs, like cell surface-exposed calreticulin, extracellular ATP and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and/or the processes that underlie their emission, such as endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy and necrotic plasma membrane permeabilization. We surmise that this technology will facilitate the development of next-generation anticancer regimens, which kill malignant cells and simultaneously convert them into a cancer-specific therapeutic vaccine.
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Key Words
- APC, antigen-presenting cell
- ATF6, activating transcription factor 6
- ATP release
- BAK1, BCL2-antagonist/killer 1
- BAX, BCL2-associated X protein
- BCL2, B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 protein
- CALR, calreticulin
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- DAMP, damage-associated molecular pattern
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- DiOC6(3), 3,3′-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide
- EIF2A, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FLT3LG, fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand
- G3BP1, GTPase activating protein (SH3 domain) binding protein 1
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- H2B, histone 2B
- HMGB1
- HMGB1, high mobility group box 1
- HSP, heat shock protein
- HSV-1, herpes simplex virus type I
- ICD, immunogenic cell death
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- MOMP, mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization
- PDIA3, protein disulfide isomerase family A
- PI, propidium iodide
- RFP, red fluorescent protein
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- XBP1, X-box binding protein 1
- autophagy
- calreticulin
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- immunotherapy
- member 3
- Δψm, mitochondrial transmembrane potential
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Kepp
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- INSERM; U1138; Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
| | - Laura Senovilla
- INSERM; U1138; Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
- INSERM; U1015; Villejuif, France
| | - Ilio Vitale
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute; Rome, Italy
| | - Erika Vacchelli
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- INSERM; U1138; Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
| | - Sandy Adjemian
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- INSERM; U1138; Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory; Department of Immunology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of São Paulo; São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Cell Death Research and Therapy (CDRT) Laboratory; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of Leuven; Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lionel Apetoh
- INSERM; UMR866; Dijon, France
- Centre Georges François Leclerc; Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne; Dijon, France
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- INSERM; U1138; Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
| | - Vincenzo Barnaba
- Departement of Internal Medicine and Medical Sciences; University of Rome La Sapienza; Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur; Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti; Rome, Italy
| | - Norma Bloy
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- INSERM; U1138; Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
| | - Laura Bracci
- Department of Hematology; Oncology and Molecular Medicine; Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS); Rome, Italy
| | - Karine Breckpot
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy (LMCT); Department of Biomedical Sciences Medical School of the Free University of Brussels (VUB); Jette, Belgium
| | - David Brough
- Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester, UK
| | - Aitziber Buqué
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- INSERM; U1138; Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
| | - Maria G. Castro
- Department of Neurosurgery and Cell and Developmental Biology; University of Michigan School of Medicine; Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Mara Cirone
- Department of Experimental Medicine; University of Rome La Sapienza; Rome, Italy
| | - Maria I. Colombo
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular; Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM); Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; Universidad Nacional de Cuyo; CONICET; Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Isabelle Cremer
- INSERM; U1138; Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI; Paris, France
- Equipe 13; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
| | - Sandra Demaria
- Department of Pathology; New York University School of Medicine; New York, NY USA
| | - Luciana Dini
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology (DiSTeBA); University of Salento; Lecce, Italy
| | - Aristides G. Eliopoulos
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory; Division of Basic Sciences; University of Crete Medical School; Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; Foundation of Research and Technology - Hellas; Heraklion, Greece
| | - Alberto Faggioni
- Department of Experimental Medicine; University of Rome La Sapienza; Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia C. Formenti
- Department of Radiation Oncology; NewYork University School of Medicine and Langone Medical Center; New York, NY USA
| | - Jitka Fučíková
- Department of Immunology; 2 Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University; Prague, Czech Republic
- Sotio; Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Gabriele
- Department of Hematology; Oncology and Molecular Medicine; Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS); Rome, Italy
| | - Udo S. Gaipl
- Department of Radiation Oncology; University Hospital Erlangen; University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jérôme Galon
- INSERM; U1138; Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI; Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
| | - Abhishek Garg
- Cell Death Research and Therapy (CDRT) Laboratory; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of Leuven; Leuven, Belgium
| | - François Ghiringhelli
- INSERM; UMR866; Dijon, France
- Centre Georges François Leclerc; Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne; Dijon, France
| | - Nathalia A. Giese
- European Pancreas Center; Department of Surgery; University Hospital Heidelberg; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zong Sheng Guo
- Department of Surgery; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group; Transplantation laboratory; Haartman Institute; University of Helsinki; Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3; University of Erlangen-Nuremberg; Erlangen, Germany
| | - James W. Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH); Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Stefan Holdenrieder
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology; University Hospital Bonn; Bonn, Germany
| | - Jamie Honeychurch
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Cancer Studies; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center; University of Manchester; Manchester, UK
| | - Hong-Min Hu
- Cancer Research and Biotherapy Center; Second Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University; Nanjing, China
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunobiology; Earle A. Chiles Research Institute; Providence Portland Medical Center; Portland, OR USA
| | - Xing Huang
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- INSERM; U1138; Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
| | - Tim M. Illidge
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Cancer Studies; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center; University of Manchester; Manchester, UK
| | - Koji Kono
- Department of Surgery; National University of Singapore; Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore; National University of Singapore; Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Dmitri V. Krysko
- VIB Inflammation Research Center; Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology; Ghent University; Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sherene Loi
- Division of Cancer Medicine and Division of Research; Peter MacCallum Cancer Center; East Melbourne; Victoria, Australia
| | - Pedro R. Lowenstein
- Department of Neurosurgery and Cell and Developmental Biology; University of Michigan School of Medicine; Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Enrico Lugli
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center; Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan; Rozzano, Italy
| | - Yuting Ma
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- INSERM; U1138; Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; University of Graz; Graz, Austria
| | - Angelo A. Manfredi
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele; Milano, Italy
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Milano, Italy
| | - Isabelle Martins
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
- INSERM, U1030; Villejuif, France
- Faculté de Médecine; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center; Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan; Rozzano, Italy
| | - Laurie Menger
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- INSERM; U1138; Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Haematology; University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute; London, UK
| | - Nicolò Merendino
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), Tuscia University; Viterbo, Italy
| | - Michael Michaud
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- INSERM; U1138; Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
| | - Gregoire Mignot
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology and Endocrinology, Oniris; Nantes, France
| | - Karen L. Mossman
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine; McMaster Immunology Research Center; Hamilton, Canada
- Institute for Infectious Disease Research; McMaster University; Hamilton, Canada
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Klinikum rechts der Isar; Technical University of Munich; Munich, Germany
| | - Rudolf Oehler
- Comprehensive Cancer Center; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabio Palombo
- Departement of Internal Medicine and Medical Sciences; University of Rome La Sapienza; Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur; Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti; Rome, Italy
| | | | - Jonathan Pol
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- INSERM; U1138; Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
| | - Enrico Proietti
- Department of Hematology; Oncology and Molecular Medicine; Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS); Rome, Italy
| | - Jean-Ehrland Ricci
- INSERM; U1065; Nice, France
- Equipe “Contrôle Métabolique des Morts Cellulaires,” Center Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M); Nice, France
- Faculté de Médecine; Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis; Nice, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice; Nice, France
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Department of Oncology and Subalpine Center for Research and Experimental Medicine (CeRMS); University of Turin; Turin, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rovere-Querini
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele; Milano, Italy
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Rubartelli
- Cell Biology Unit; Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino; Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro; Genova, Italy
| | | | - Mark J. Smyth
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Herston, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland; Herston, Australia
| | - Juergen Sonnemann
- Department of Pediatric Haematology and Oncology; Jena University Hospital, Children's Clinic; Jena, Germany
| | - Radek Spisek
- Department of Immunology; 2 Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University; Prague, Czech Republic
- Sotio; Prague, Czech Republic
| | - John Stagg
- Centre de Recherche du Center Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal; Montréal, Canada
| | - Abdul Qader Sukkurwala
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- INSERM; U1138; Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
- Department of Pathology, Dow International Medical College; Dow University of Health Sciences; Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Eric Tartour
- INSERM; U970; Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; AP-HP; Paris, France
| | - Andrew Thorburn
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Colorado School of Medicine; Aurora, CO USA
| | | | - Peter Vandenabeele
- VIB Inflammation Research Center; Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology; Ghent University; Ghent, Belgium
- Methusalem Program; Ghent University; Ghent, Belgium
| | - Francesca Velotti
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), Tuscia University; Viterbo, Italy
| | - Samuel T. Workenhe
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine; McMaster Immunology Research Center; Hamilton, Canada
- Institute for Infectious Disease Research; McMaster University; Hamilton, Canada
| | - Haining Yang
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center; Honolulu, HI USA
| | - Wei-Xing Zong
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- INSERM; U1015; Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique Biothérapie 507 (CICBT507); Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- INSERM; U1138; Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; AP-HP; Paris, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- INSERM; U1138; Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
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630
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Li R, Tan B, Yan Y, Ma X, Zhang N, Zhang Z, Liu M, Qian M, Du B. Extracellular UDP and P2Y6 function as a danger signal to protect mice from vesicular stomatitis virus infection through an increase in IFN-β production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4515-26. [PMID: 25261483 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides that constitute a "danger signal" play an important role in the regulation of immune responses. However, the function and mechanism of extracellular UDP and P2Y6 in antiviral immunity remain unknown. In this study, we demonstrated the in vitro and in vivo protection of UDP/P2Y6 signaling in vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection. First, we demonstrated that VSV-infected cells secrete UDP from the cytoplasm as a danger signal to arouse surrounding cells. Meanwhile, expression of the UDP-specific receptor P2Y6 also was enhanced by VSV. Consequently, UDP protects RAW 264.7 cells, murine embryonic fibroblasts, bone marrow-derived macrophages, and L929 cells from VSV and GFP lentivirus infection. This protection can be blocked by the P2Y6 selective antagonist MRS2578 or IFN-α/β receptor-blocking Ab. VSV-induced cell death and virus replication were both enhanced significantly by knocking down and knocking out P2Y6 in different cells. Mechanistically, UDP facilitates IFN-β secretion through the p38/JNK- and ATF-2/c-Jun-signaling pathways, which are crucial in promoting antiviral immunity. Interestingly, UDP was released through a caspase-cleaved pannexin-1 channel in VSV-induced apoptotic cells and protected cells from infection through P2Y6 receptor in an autocrine or paracrine manner. Furthermore, UDP also protected mice from VSV infection through P2Y6 receptors in an acute neurotropic infection mouse model. Taken together, these results demonstrate the important role of extracellular UDP and P2Y6 as a danger signal in antiviral immune responses and suggest a potential therapeutic role for UDP/P2Y6 in preventing and controlling viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimei Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; and
| | - Binghe Tan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; and
| | - Yan Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; and
| | - Xiaobin Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; and
| | - Na Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; and
| | - Zhi Zhang
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Sichuan 643000, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; and
| | - Min Qian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; and
| | - Bing Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; and
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631
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Toll-like receptor-triggered calcium mobilization protects mice against bacterial infection through extracellular ATP release. Infect Immun 2014; 82:5076-85. [PMID: 25245808 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02546-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP (eATP), released as a "danger signal" by injured or stressed cells, plays an important role in the regulation of immune responses, but the relationship between ATP release and innate immune responses is still uncertain. In this study, we demonstrated that ATP was released through Toll-like receptor (TLR)-associated signaling in both Escherichia coli-infected mice and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or Pam3CSK4-treated macrophages. This ATP release could be blocked completely only by N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), not by carbenoxolone (CBX), flufenamic acid (FFA), or probenecid, suggesting the key role of exocytosis in this process. Furthermore, LPS-induced ATP release could also be reduced dramatically through suppressing calcium mobilization by use of U73122, caffeine, and thapsigargin (TG). In addition, the secretion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and CCL-2 was enhanced significantly by ATP, in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, macrophage-mediated phagocytosis of bacteria was also promoted significantly by ATP stimulation. Furthermore, extracellular ATP reduced the number of invading bacteria and protected mice from peritonitis by activating purinergic receptors. Mechanistically, phosphorylation of AKT and ERK was overtly increased by ATP in antibacterial immune responses. Accordingly, if we blocked the P2X- and P2Y-associated signaling pathway by using suramin and pyridoxal phosphate-6-azo(benzene-2,4-disulfonic acid), tetrasodium salt (PPADS), the ATP-enhanced immune response was restrained significantly. Taken together, our findings reveal an internal relationship between danger signals and TLR signaling in innate immune responses, which suggests a potential therapeutic significance of calcium mobilization-mediated ATP release in infectious diseases.
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632
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Abstract
In less than a decade, a small family of channel-forming glycoproteins, named pannexins, have captured the interest of many biologists, in large part due to their association with common diseases, ranging from cancers to neuropathies to infectious diseases. Although the pannexin family consists of only three members (Panx1, Panx2 and Panx3), one or more of these pannexins are expressed in virtually every mammalian organ, implicating their potential role in a diverse array of pathophysiologies. Panx1 is the most extensively studied, but features of this pannexin must be cautiously extrapolated to the other pannexins, as for example we now know that Panx2, unlike Panx1, exhibits unique properties such as a tendency to be retained within intracellular compartments. In the present review, we assess the biochemical and channel features of pannexins focusing on the literature which links these unique molecules to over a dozen diseases and syndromes. Although no germ-line mutations in genes encoding pannexins have been linked to any diseases, many cases have shown that high pannexin expression is associated with disease onset and/or progression. Disease may also occur, however, when pannexins are underexpressed, highlighting that pannexin expression must be exquisitely regulated. Finally, we discuss some of the most pressing questions and controversies in the pannexin field as the community seeks to uncover the full biological relevance of pannexins in healthy organs and during disease.
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633
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Langlois S, Xiang X, Young K, Cowan BJ, Penuela S, Cowan KN. Pannexin 1 and pannexin 3 channels regulate skeletal muscle myoblast proliferation and differentiation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:30717-30731. [PMID: 25239622 PMCID: PMC4215249 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.572131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pannexins constitute a family of three glycoproteins (Panx1, -2, and -3) forming single membrane channels. Recent work demonstrated that Panx1 is expressed in skeletal muscle and involved in the potentiation of contraction. However, Panxs functions in skeletal muscle cell differentiation, and proliferation had yet to be assessed. We show here that Panx1 and Panx3, but not Panx2, are present in human and rodent skeletal muscle, and their various species are differentially expressed in fetal versus adult human skeletal muscle tissue. Panx1 levels were very low in undifferentiated human primary skeletal muscle cells and myoblasts (HSMM) but increased drastically during differentiation and became the main Panx expressed in differentiated cells. Using HSMM, we found that Panx1 expression promotes this process, whereas it was impaired in the presence of probenecid or carbenoxolone. As for Panx3, its lower molecular weight species were prominent in adult skeletal muscle but very low in the fetal tissue and in undifferentiated skeletal muscle cells and myoblasts. Its overexpression (∼43-kDa species) induced HSMM differentiation and also inhibited their proliferation. On the other hand, a ∼70-kDa immunoreactive species of Panx3, likely glycosylated, sialylated, and phosphorylated, was highly expressed in proliferative myoblasts but strikingly down-regulated during their differentiation. Reduction of its endogenous expression using two Panx3 shRNAs significantly inhibited HSMM proliferation without triggering their differentiation. In summary, our results demonstrate that Panx1 and Panx3 are co-expressed in human skeletal muscle myoblasts and play a pivotal role in dictating the proliferation and differentiation status of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Langlois
- Department of Surgery, Division of Paediatric Surgery, University of Ottawa, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada,; Apoptosis Research Center, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Xiao Xiang
- Apoptosis Research Center, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada,; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Kelsey Young
- Apoptosis Research Center, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Bryce J Cowan
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4E8, Canada, and
| | - Silvia Penuela
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Kyle N Cowan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Paediatric Surgery, University of Ottawa, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada,; Apoptosis Research Center, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada,; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada,.
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634
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Suzuki J, Imanishi E, Nagata S. Exposure of phosphatidylserine by Xk-related protein family members during apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:30257-30267. [PMID: 25231987 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.583419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic cells expose phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) on their surface as an "eat me" signal. Mammalian Xk-related (Xkr) protein 8, which is predicted to contain six transmembrane regions, and its Caenorhabditis elegans homolog CED-8 promote apoptotic PtdSer exposure. The mouse and human Xkr families consist of eight and nine members, respectively. Here, we found that mouse Xkr family members, with the exception of Xkr2, are localized to the plasma membrane. When Xkr8-deficient cells, which do not expose PtdSer during apoptosis, were transformed by Xkr family members, the transformants expressing Xkr4, Xkr8, or Xkr9 responded to apoptotic stimuli by exposing cell surface PtdSer and were efficiently engulfed by macrophages. Like Xkr8, Xkr4 and Xkr9 were found to possess a caspase recognition site in the C-terminal region and to require its direct cleavage by caspases for their function. Site-directed mutagenesis of the amino acid residues conserved among CED-8, Xkr4, Xkr8, and Xkr9 identified several essential residues in the second transmembrane and second cytoplasmic regions. Real time PCR analysis indicated that unlike Xkr8, which is ubiquitously expressed, Xkr4 and Xkr9 expression is tissue-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Suzuki
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Eiichi Imanishi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Nagata
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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635
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Li S, Li X, Chen X, Geng X, Sun J. ATP release channel Pannexin1 is a novel immune response gene in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 40:164-173. [PMID: 25007779 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP is an important damage-associated molecular pattern molecule that plays key roles in innate immunity. In fish, however, the mechanism for extracellular ATP release remains largely undefined. Pannexin1 (Panx1) is a newly discovered extracellular ATP release channel with a wide tissue distribution and diverse biological functions in mammals. In the present study, we identified and characterized a Panx1 homolog cDNA, termed poPanx1, from Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, which is one of the most important economic mariculture fish species in China. PoPanx1 is a membrane protein that is composed of 437 amino acids with an estimated molecular mass of 48.7 kDa and an isoelectric point of 6.46. The poPanx1 mRNA ubiquitously expresses in all examined tissues but with predominant expression in hepatopancreas in unstimulated healthy adult Japanese flounder. In Japanese flounder head kidney primary cells, poPanx1 gene expression could be significantly induced by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs; polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid and bacterial endotoxin LPS) stimulations. In vivo experiments revealed that poPanx1 mRNA expression was significantly up-regulated upon immune challenges with Edwardsiella tarda and Vibrio anguillarum. Furthermore, we showed that poPanx1 is an important channel protein for PAMP-induced extracellular ATP release that is required for activation of purinergic signaling in fish innate immunity. Taken together, our findings suggest that the ATP release channel, poPanx1, is a novel immune response gene in purinergic signaling of Japanese flounder P. olivaceus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 393 Binshuixidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Xuejing Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 393 Binshuixidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 393 Binshuixidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Xuyun Geng
- Tianjin Center for Control and Prevention of Aquatic Animal Infectious Disease, 442 South Jiefang Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300221, China
| | - Jinsheng Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 393 Binshuixidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, China.
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636
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Pannexin 1 channels play essential roles in urothelial mechanotransduction and intercellular signaling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106269. [PMID: 25170954 PMCID: PMC4149561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Urothelial cells respond to bladder distension with ATP release, and ATP signaling within the bladder and from the bladder to the CNS is essential for proper bladder function. In other cell types, pannexin 1 (Panx1) channels provide a pathway for mechanically-induced ATP efflux and for ATP-induced ATP release through interaction with P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs). We report that Panx1 and P2X7R are functionally expressed in the bladder mucosa and in immortalized human urothelial cells (TRT-HU1), and participate in urothelial ATP release and signaling. ATP release from isolated rat bladders induced by distention was reduced by the Panx1 channel blocker mefloquine (MFQ) and was blunted in mice lacking Panx1 or P2X7R expression. Hypoosmotic shock induced YoPro dye uptake was inhibited by MFQ and the P2X7R blocker A438079 in TRT-HU1 cells, and was also blunted in primary urothelial cells derived from mice lacking Panx1 or P2X7R expression. Rinsing-induced mechanical stimulation of TRT-HU1 cells triggered ATP release, which was reduced by MFQ and potentiated in low divalent cation solution (LDPBS), a condition known to enhance P2X7R activation. ATP signaling evaluated as intercellular Ca2+ wave radius was significantly larger in LDPBS, reduced by MFQ and by apyrase (ATP scavenger). These findings indicate that Panx1 participates in urothelial mechanotransduction and signaling by providing a direct pathway for mechanically-induced ATP release and by functionally interacting with P2X7Rs.
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637
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Burnstock G, Di Virgilio F. Purinergic signalling and cancer. Purinergic Signal 2014; 9:491-540. [PMID: 23797685 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-013-9372-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptors for extracellular nucleotides are widely expressed by mammalian cells. They mediate a large array of responses ranging from growth stimulation to apoptosis, from chemotaxis to cell differentiation and from nociception to cytokine release, as well as neurotransmission. Pharma industry is involved in the development and clinical testing of drugs selectively targeting the different P1 nucleoside and P2 nucleotide receptor subtypes. As described in detail in the present review, P2 receptors are expressed by all tumours, in some cases to a very high level. Activation or inhibition of selected P2 receptor subtypes brings about cancer cell death or growth inhibition. The field has been largely neglected by current research in oncology, yet the evidence presented in this review, most of which is based on in vitro studies, although with a limited amount from in vivo experiments and human studies, warrants further efforts to explore the therapeutic potential of purinoceptor targeting in cancer.
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638
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Liver X receptor β activation induces pyroptosis of human and murine colon cancer cells. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:1914-24. [PMID: 25124554 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) have been proposed to have some anticancer properties, through molecular mechanisms that remain elusive. Here we report for the first time that LXR ligands induce caspase-1-dependent cell death of colon cancer cells. Caspase-1 activation requires Nod-like-receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and ATP-mediated P2 × 7 receptor activation. Surprisingly, LXRβ is mainly located in the cytoplasm and has a non-genomic role by interacting with pannexin 1 leading to ATP secretion. Finally, LXR ligands have an antitumoral effect in a mouse colon cancer model, dependent on the presence of LXRβ, pannexin 1, NLRP3 and caspase-1 within the tumor cells. Our results demonstrate that LXRβ, through pannexin 1 interaction, can specifically induce caspase-1-dependent colon cancer cell death by pyroptosis.
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639
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Idzko M, Ferrari D, Riegel AK, Eltzschig HK. Extracellular nucleotide and nucleoside signaling in vascular and blood disease. Blood 2014; 124:1029-37. [PMID: 25001468 PMCID: PMC4133480 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-09-402560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotides and nucleosides-such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine-are famous for their intracellular roles as building blocks for the genetic code or cellular energy currencies. In contrast, their function in the extracellular space is different. Here, they are primarily known as signaling molecules via activation of purinergic receptors, classified as P1 receptors for adenosine or P2 receptors for ATP. Because extracellular ATP is rapidly converted to adenosine by ectonucleotidase, nucleotide-phosphohydrolysis is important for controlling the balance between P2 and P1 signaling. Gene-targeted mice for P1, P2 receptors, or ectonucleotidase exhibit only very mild phenotypic manifestations at baseline. However, they demonstrate alterations in disease susceptibilities when exposed to a variety of vascular or blood diseases. Examples of phenotypic manifestations include vascular barrier dysfunction, graft-vs-host disease, platelet activation, ischemia, and reperfusion injury or sickle cell disease. Many of these studies highlight that purinergic signaling events can be targeted therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Idzko
- Department of Pneumology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Davide Ferrari
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; and
| | - Ann-Kathrin Riegel
- Organ Protection Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- Organ Protection Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
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640
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Boyd-Tressler A, Penuela S, Laird DW, Dubyak GR. Chemotherapeutic drugs induce ATP release via caspase-gated pannexin-1 channels and a caspase/pannexin-1-independent mechanism. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:27246-27263. [PMID: 25112874 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.590240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-tumor immune responses have been linked to the regulated release of ATP from apoptotic cancer cells to engage P2 purinergic receptor signaling cascades in nearby leukocytes. We used the Jurkat T cell acute lymphocytic leukemia model to characterize the role of pannexin-1 (Panx1) channels in the release of nucleotides during chemotherapeutic drug-induced apoptosis. Diverse pro-apoptotic drugs, including topoisomerase II inhibitors, kinase inhibitors, and proteosome inhibitors, induced functional activation of Panx1 channels via caspase-3-mediated cleavage of the Panx1 autoinhibitory C-terminal domain. The caspase-activated Panx1 channels mediated efflux of ATP, but also ADP and AMP, with the latter two comprising >90% of the released adenine nucleotide pool as cells transitioned from the early to late stages of apoptosis. Chemotherapeutic drugs also activated an alternative caspase- and Panx1-independent pathway for ATP release from Jurkat cells in the presence of benzyloxycarbonyl-VAD, a pan-caspase inhibitor. Comparison of Panx1 levels indicated much higher expression in leukemic T lymphocytes than in normal, untransformed T lymphoblasts. This suggests that signaling roles for Panx1 may be amplified in leukemic leukocytes. Together, these results identify chemotherapy-activated pannexin-1 channels and ATP release as possible mediators of paracrine interaction between dying tumor cells and the effector leukocytes that mediate immunogenic anti-tumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Boyd-Tressler
- Departments of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Silvia Penuela
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A-SC1, Canada
| | - Dale W Laird
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A-SC1, Canada
| | - George R Dubyak
- Departments of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106; Departments of Physiology and Biophysics and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 and.
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641
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Rampon C, Gauron C, Meda F, Volovitch M, Vriz S. Adenosine enhances progenitor cell recruitment and nerve growth via its A2B receptor during adult fin regeneration. Purinergic Signal 2014; 10:595-602. [PMID: 25084769 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-014-9420-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A major issue in regenerative medicine is the control of progenitor cell mobilisation. Apoptosis has been reported as playing a role in cell plasticity, and it has been recently shown that apoptosis is necessary for organ and appendage regeneration. In this context, we explore its possible mode of action in progenitor cell recruitment during adult regeneration in zebrafish. Here, we show that apoptosis inhibition impairs blastema formation and nerve growth, both of which can be restored by exogenous adenosine acting through its A2B receptor. Moreover, adenosine increases the number of progenitor cells. Purinergic signalling is therefore an early and essential event in the pathway from lesion to blastema formation and provides new targets for manipulating cell plasticity in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Rampon
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en biologie (CIRB), CNRS UMR 7241//INSERM U1050, Collège de France, 11, Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France
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642
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Gallardo Bolaños JM, Balao da Silva CM, Martín Muñoz P, Morillo Rodríguez A, Plaza Dávila M, Rodríguez-Martínez H, Aparicio IM, Tapia JA, Ortega Ferrusola C, Peña FJ. Phosphorylated AKT preserves stallion sperm viability and motility by inhibiting caspases 3 and 7. Reproduction 2014; 148:221-35. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-13-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AKT, also referred to as protein kinase B (PKB or RAC), plays a critical role in controlling cell survival and apoptosis. To gain insights into the mechanisms regulating sperm survival after ejaculation, the role of AKT was investigated in stallion spermatozoa using a specific inhibitor and a phosphoflow approach. Stallion spermatozoa were washed and incubated in Biggers–Whitten–Whittingham medium, supplemented with 1% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in the presence of 0 (vehicle), 10, 20 or 30 μM SH5, an AKT inhibitor. SH5 treatment reduced the percentage of sperm displaying AKT phosphorylation, with inhibition reaching a maximum after 1 h of incubation. This decrease in phosphorylation was attributable to either dephosphorylation or suppression of the active phosphorylation pathway. Stallion spermatozoa spontaneously dephosphorylated during in vitro incubation, resulting in a lack of a difference in AKT phosphorylation between the SH5-treated sperm and the control after 4 h of incubation. AKT inhibition decreased the proportion of motile spermatozoa (total and progressive) and the sperm velocity. Similarly, AKT inhibition reduced membrane integrity, leading to increased membrane permeability and reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential concomitantly with activation of caspases 3 and 7. However, the percentage of spermatozoa exhibiting oxidative stress, the production of mitochondrial superoxide radicals, DNA oxidation and DNA fragmentation were not affected by AKT inhibition. It is concluded that AKT maintains the membrane integrity of ejaculated stallion spermatozoa, presumably by inhibiting caspases 3 and 7, which prevents the progression of spermatozoa to an incomplete form of apoptosis.Free Spanish abstractA Spanish translation of this abstract is freely available at http://www.reproduction-online.org/content/148/2/221/suppl/DC1.
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643
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Nucleotide signalling during inflammation. Nature 2014; 509:310-7. [PMID: 24828189 DOI: 10.1038/nature13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 674] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory conditions are associated with the extracellular release of nucleotides, particularly ATP. In the extracellular compartment, ATP predominantly functions as a signalling molecule through the activation of purinergic P2 receptors. Metabotropic P2Y receptors are G-protein-coupled, whereas ionotropic P2X receptors are ATP-gated ion channels. Here we discuss how signalling events through P2 receptors alter the outcomes of inflammatory or infectious diseases. Recent studies implicate a role for P2X/P2Y signalling in mounting appropriate inflammatory responses critical for host defence against invading pathogens or tumours. Conversely, P2X/P2Y signalling can promote chronic inflammation during ischaemia and reperfusion injury, inflammatory bowel disease or acute and chronic diseases of the lungs. Although nucleotide signalling has been used clinically in patients before, research indicates an expanding field of opportunities for specifically targeting individual P2 receptors for the treatment of inflammatory or infectious diseases.
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644
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Lin L, Dong M, Liu C, Wei C, Wang Y, Sun H, Ye H. A Supramolecular Strategy for Self-Mobile Adsorption Sites in Affinity Membrane. Macromol Rapid Commun 2014; 35:1587-91. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201400289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ligang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Hollow Fiber Membrane Materials and Processes; Tianjin Polytechnic University; Tianjin 300187 P. R. China
| | - Meimei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Hollow Fiber Membrane Materials and Processes; Tianjin Polytechnic University; Tianjin 300187 P. R. China
| | - Chunyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hollow Fiber Membrane Materials and Processes; Tianjin Polytechnic University; Tianjin 300187 P. R. China
| | - Chenjie Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Hollow Fiber Membrane Materials and Processes; Tianjin Polytechnic University; Tianjin 300187 P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hollow Fiber Membrane Materials and Processes; Tianjin Polytechnic University; Tianjin 300187 P. R. China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Hollow Fiber Membrane Materials and Processes; Tianjin Polytechnic University; Tianjin 300187 P. R. China
| | - Hui Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Hollow Fiber Membrane Materials and Processes; Tianjin Polytechnic University; Tianjin 300187 P. R. China
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645
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Wang J, Ambrosi C, Qiu F, Jackson DG, Sosinsky G, Dahl G. The membrane protein Pannexin1 forms two open-channel conformations depending on the mode of activation. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra69. [PMID: 25056878 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pannexin1 (Panx1) participates in several signaling events that involve adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release, including the innate immune response, ciliary beat in airway epithelia, and oxygen supply in the vasculature. The view that Panx1 forms a large ATP release channel has been challenged by the association of a low-conductance, small anion-selective channel with the presence of Panx1. We showed that Panx1 membrane channels can function in two distinct modes with different conductances and permeabilities when heterologously expressed in Xenopus oocytes. When stimulated by potassium ions (K(+)), Panx1 formed a high-conductance channel of ~500 pS that was permeable to ATP. Various physiological stimuli can induce this ATP-permeable conformation of the channel in several cell types. In contrast, the channel had a low conductance (~50 pS) with no detectable ATP permeability when activated by voltage in the absence of K(+). The two channel states were associated with different reactivities of the terminal cysteine of Panx1 to thiol reagents, suggesting different conformations. Single-particle electron microscopic analysis revealed that K(+) stimulated the formation of channels with a larger pore diameter than those formed in the absence of K(+). These data suggest that different stimuli lead to distinct channel structures with distinct biophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Cinzia Ambrosi
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-06083, USA
| | - Feng Qiu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - David G Jackson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Gina Sosinsky
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-06083, USA. Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-06083, USA
| | - Gerhard Dahl
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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646
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Woller N, Gürlevik E, Ureche CI, Schumacher A, Kühnel F. Oncolytic viruses as anticancer vaccines. Front Oncol 2014; 4:188. [PMID: 25101244 PMCID: PMC4104469 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy has shown impressive results in preclinical studies and first promising therapeutic outcomes in clinical trials as well. Since viruses are known for a long time as excellent vaccination agents, oncolytic viruses are now designed as novel anticancer agents combining the aspect of lysis-dependent cytoreductive activity with concomitant induction of antitumoral immune responses. Antitumoral immune activation by oncolytic virus infection of tumor tissue comprises both, immediate effects of innate immunity and also adaptive responses for long lasting antitumoral activity, which is regarded as the most prominent challenge in clinical oncology. To date, the complex effects of a viral tumor infection on the tumor microenvironment and the consequences for the tumor-infiltrating immune cell compartment are poorly understood. However, there is more and more evidence that a tumor infection by an oncolytic virus opens up a number of options for further immunomodulating interventions such as systemic chemotherapy, generic immunostimulating strategies, dendritic cell-based vaccines, and antigenic libraries to further support clinical efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Woller
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Engin Gürlevik
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Cristina-Ileana Ureche
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Anja Schumacher
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Florian Kühnel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover , Hannover , Germany
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647
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Willems JJLP, Arnold BP, Gregory CD. Sinister self-sacrifice: the contribution of apoptosis to malignancy. Front Immunol 2014; 5:299. [PMID: 25071762 PMCID: PMC4081761 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jorine J L P Willems
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Benjamin P Arnold
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Christopher D Gregory
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
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648
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Onami K, Kimura Y, Ito Y, Yamauchi T, Yamasaki K, Aiba S. Nonmetal Haptens Induce ATP Release from Keratinocytes through Opening of Pannexin Hemichannels by Reactive Oxygen Species. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:1951-1960. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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649
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Schalper KA, Carvajal-Hausdorf D, Oyarzo MP. Possible role of hemichannels in cancer. Front Physiol 2014; 5:237. [PMID: 25018732 PMCID: PMC4073485 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, connexins (Cxs) and pannexins (Panxs) are the building blocks of hemichannels. These proteins are frequently altered in neoplastic cells and have traditionally been considered as tumor suppressors. Alteration of Cxs and Panxs in cancer cells can be due to genetic, epigenetic and post-transcriptional/post-translational events. Activated hemichannels mediate the diffusional membrane transport of ions and small signaling molecules. In the last decade hemichannels have been shown to participate in diverse cell processes including the modulation of cell proliferation and survival. However, their possible role in tumor growth and expansion remains largely unexplored. Herein, we hypothesize about the possible role of hemichannels in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. To support this theory, we summarize the evidence regarding the involvement of hemichannels in cell proliferation and migration, as well as their possible role in the anti-tumor immune responses. In addition, we discuss the evidence linking hemichannels with cancer in diverse models and comment on the current technical limitations for their study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Schalper
- Servicio Anatomía Patológica, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo Santiago, Chile ; Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Mauricio P Oyarzo
- Servicio Anatomía Patológica, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo Santiago, Chile
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650
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Chen G, Park CK, Xie RG, Berta T, Nedergaard M, Ji RR. Connexin-43 induces chemokine release from spinal cord astrocytes to maintain late-phase neuropathic pain in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 137:2193-209. [PMID: 24919967 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that spinal cord astrocytes play an important role in neuropathic pain sensitization by releasing astrocytic mediators (e.g. cytokines, chemokines and growth factors). However, it remains unclear how astrocytes control the release of astrocytic mediators and sustain late-phase neuropathic pain. Astrocytic connexin-43 (now known as GJ1) has been implicated in gap junction and hemichannel communication of cytosolic contents through the glial syncytia and to the extracellular space, respectively. Connexin-43 also plays an essential role in facilitating the development of neuropathic pain, yet the mechanism for this contribution remains unknown. In this study, we investigated whether nerve injury could upregulate connexin-43 to sustain late-phase neuropathic pain by releasing chemokine from spinal astrocytes. Chronic constriction injury elicited a persistent upregulation of connexin-43 in spinal astrocytes for >3 weeks. Spinal (intrathecal) injection of carbenoxolone (a non-selective hemichannel blocker) and selective connexin-43 blockers (connexin-43 mimetic peptides (43)Gap26 and (37,43)Gap27), as well as astroglial toxin but not microglial inhibitors, given 3 weeks after nerve injury, effectively reduced mechanical allodynia, a cardinal feature of late-phase neuropathic pain. In cultured astrocytes, TNF-α elicited marked release of the chemokine CXCL1, and the release was blocked by carbenoxolone, Gap26/Gap27, and connexin-43 small interfering RNA. TNF-α also increased connexin-43 expression and hemichannel activity, but not gap junction communication in astrocyte cultures prepared from cortices and spinal cords. Spinal injection of TNF-α-activated astrocytes was sufficient to induce persistent mechanical allodynia, and this allodynia was suppressed by CXCL1 neutralization, CXCL1 receptor (CXCR2) antagonist, and pretreatment of astrocytes with connexin-43 small interfering RNA. Furthermore, nerve injury persistently increased excitatory synaptic transmission (spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents) in spinal lamina IIo nociceptive synapses in the late phase, and this increase was suppressed by carbenoxolone and Gap27, and recapitulated by CXCL1. Together, our findings demonstrate a novel mechanism of astrocytic connexin-43 to enhance spinal cord synaptic transmission and maintain neuropathic pain in the late-phase via releasing chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- 1 Departments of Anaesthesiology and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Chul-Kyu Park
- 1 Departments of Anaesthesiology and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Rou-Gang Xie
- 1 Departments of Anaesthesiology and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Temugin Berta
- 1 Departments of Anaesthesiology and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- 2 Centre for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Centre, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Ru-Rong Ji
- 1 Departments of Anaesthesiology and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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