601
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Buoncervello M, Gabriele L, Toschi E. The Janus Face of Tumor Microenvironment Targeted by Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174320. [PMID: 31484464 PMCID: PMC6747403 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex entity where host immune and non-immune cells establish a dynamic crosstalk with cancer cells. Through cell-cell interactions, which are mediated by key signals, such as the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, as well as the release of soluble mediators, this articulated process defines the nature of TME determining tumor development, prognosis, and response to therapy. Specifically, tumors are characterized by cellular plasticity that allows for the microenvironment to polarize towards inflammation or immunosuppression. Thus, the dynamic crosstalk among cancer, stromal, and immune components crucially favors the dominance of one of the Janus-faced contexture of TME crucial to the outcome of tumor development and therapeutic response. However, mostly, TME is dominated by an immunosuppressive landscape that blocks antitumor immunity and sustain tumor progression. Hence, in most cases, the immunosuppressive components of TME are highly competent in suppressing tumor-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes, the effectors of cancer destruction. In this complex context, immunotherapy aims to arm the hidden Janus face of TME disclosing and potentiating antitumor immune signals. Herein, we discuss recent knowledge on the immunosuppressive crosstalk within TME, and share perspectives on how immunotherapeutic approaches may exploit tumor immune signals to generate antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Buoncervello
- Research Coordination and Support Service, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Gabriele
- Tumor Immunology Section, Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Elena Toschi
- Research Coordination and Support Service, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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602
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Progress in Research on the Role of Flavonoids in Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174291. [PMID: 31480720 PMCID: PMC6747533 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Therefore, for the prevention, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of lung cancer, efficient preventive strategies and new therapeutic strategies are needed to face these challenges. Natural bioactive compounds and particular flavonoids compounds have been proven to have an important role in lung cancer prevention and of particular interest is the dose used for these studies, to underline the molecular effects and mechanisms at a physiological concentration. The purpose of this review was to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding relevant molecular mechanisms involved in the pharmacological effects, with a special focus on the anti-cancer role, by regulating the coding and non-coding genes. Furthermore, this review focused on the most commonly altered and most clinically relevant oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes and microRNAs in lung cancer. Particular attention was given to the biological effect in tandem with conventional therapy, emphasizing the role in the regulation of drug resistance related mechanisms.
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603
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Zhang X, Fang Q, Ma Y, Zou S, Liu Q, Wang H. Protease activated receptor 2 mediates tryptase-induced cell migration through MYO10 in colorectal cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:1995-2006. [PMID: 31598400 PMCID: PMC6780659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
MYO10 is an actin-based motor protein and correlates with cancer metastasis. However, the regulation of MYO10 by tumor microenvironment is unknown. In the current study, we found that the expression of protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) was highly correlated with that of MYO10 in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) specimens. Both MYO10 and PAR2 were up-regulated in lymph node metastasis group compared with non-metastasis group. Activation of PAR2 significantly induced cell migration through the up-regulation of MYO10, which was mediated by repression of miR-204 in multiple cell lines. Interestingly, it was observed that tryptase was highly expressed in adjacent tissue around primary tumor of CRC. Furthermore, tryptase stimulated cell migration and up-regulated MYO10 expression through a PAR2-dependent manner. Taken together, our findings showed that PAR2 enhanced the expression of MYO10 through the repression of miR-204. PAR2 mediated tryptase-induced cell migration and might contribute to the invasion of cancer cells at the edge of tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021, China
| | - Qing Fang
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021, China
| | - Yiming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021, China
| | - Shuangmei Zou
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021, China
| | - Hongying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021, China
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604
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Cancer-associated fibroblasts: an emerging target of anti-cancer immunotherapy. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:86. [PMID: 31462327 PMCID: PMC6714445 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0770-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Among all the stromal cells that present in the tumor microenvironment, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are one of the most abundant and critical components of the tumor mesenchyme, which not only provide physical support for tumor cells but also play a key role in promoting and retarding tumorigenesis in a context-dependent manner. CAFs have also been involved in the modulation of many components of the immune system, and recent studies have revealed their roles in immune evasion and poor responses to cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we describe our current understanding of the tumorigenic significance, origin, and heterogeneity of CAFs, as well as the roles of different CAFs subtypes in distinct immune cell types. More importantly, we highlight potential therapeutic strategies that target CAFs to unleash the immune system against the tumor.
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605
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Gao YW, Ma F, Xie YC, Ding MG, Luo LH, Jiang S, Rao L, Liu XL. Sp1-induced upregulation of the long noncoding RNA TINCR inhibits cell migration and invasion by regulating miR-107/miR-1286 in lung adenocarcinoma. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:4761-4775. [PMID: 31497197 PMCID: PMC6731412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA tissue differentiation-inducing non-protein coding (TINCR) is associated with the carcinogenesis of several cancers. However, little is known about the function and mechanism of TINCR in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Here, we aimed to analyze expression of TINCR and elucidate its mechanistic involvement in the progression of LUAD. The expression of TINCR was investigated according to Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis at first and then detected in 29 LUAD tissues and paired adjacent normal tissues using qRT-PCR. Results indicated that TINCR was evidently downregulated in LUAD. The association between TINCR and clinicopathological parameters was analyzed by Pearson's chi-square test, suggesting TINCR was closely correlated with TNM stage and lymph mode metastasis. Subsequently, the function role of TINCR was examined by gain- and loss-of-function studies in LUAD (A549 and NCI-H292) cells. As analyzed by the scratch wound-healing and transwell assays, results revealed that TINCR suppressed the migration and invasion of A549 and NCI-H292 cells. However, TINCR exerted no effects on the cell proliferation as determined by CCK8 assay. Furthermore, we reported that loss of Sp1 could inhibit TINCR expression. Expressions of miR-107/miR-1286 were detected by qRT-PCR assay in A549 and NCI-H292 cells after TINCR knockdown or overexpression. In addition, the direct binding ability of the predicted miR-107 or miR-1286 binding site on TINCR was validated by luciferase activity assay. Results indicated TINCR could constrain the expression of miR-107/miR-1286, and was a target of them in LUAD cells. Bioinformatics analyses showed that BTRC and RAB14 was the potential target gene of miR-107 and miR-1286, respectively. These data revealed a possible regulatory mechanism in which upregulation of TINCR induced by Sp1 could constrain the migration and invasion through regulating miR-107 or miR-1286 in LUAD cells. Conjointly, our findings provide a valuable insight into the regulatory mechanism of TINCR in LUAD, supportive to its potential of therapeutic target for LUAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wen Gao
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Fang Ma
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yang-Chun Xie
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Meng-Ge Ding
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Li-Hua Luo
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Shun Jiang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Le Rao
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Xian-Ling Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha 410011, Hunan, China
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606
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Liang Y, Zhang H, Song X, Yang Q. Metastatic heterogeneity of breast cancer: Molecular mechanism and potential therapeutic targets. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 60:14-27. [PMID: 31421262 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies among women throughout the world and is the major cause of most cancer-related deaths. Several explanations account for the high rate of mortality of breast cancer, and metastasis to vital organs is identified as the principal cause. Over the past few years, intensive efforts have demonstrated that breast cancer exhibits metastatic heterogeneity with distinct metastatic precedence to various organs, giving rise to differences in prognoses and responses to therapy in breast cancer patients. Bone, lung, liver, and brain are generally accepted as the primary target sites of breast cancer metastasis. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of metastatic heterogeneity of breast cancer remains to be further elucidated. Recently, the advent of novel genomic and pathologic approaches as well as technological breakthroughs in imaging analysis and animal modelling have yielded an unprecedented change in our understanding of the heterogeneity of breast cancer metastasis and provided novel insight for establishing more effective therapeutics. This review summarizes recent molecular mechanisms and emerging concepts on the metastatic heterogeneity of breast cancer and discusses the potential of identifying specific molecules against tumor cells or tumor microenvironments to thwart the development of metastatic disease and improve the prognosis of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Liang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Xiaojin Song
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Qifeng Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China; Pathology Tissue Bank, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China.
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607
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KRAS-Driven Lung Adenocarcinoma and B Cell Infiltration: Novel Insights for Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081145. [PMID: 31405063 PMCID: PMC6721568 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer, histologically classified into adenocarcinoma (AD) and squamous cell carcinoma, is one of the most deadly malignancies worldwide. Lung AD (LUAD) could benefit of a plethora of target therapies and, in the last few years, also of immunotherapies. Here we focused on a real-life cohort of LUAD and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-LUAD dataset aiming to gain insights into the immune contexture of such a malignancy. We explored the mutational status of 41 genes and the expression of 94 genes, related to immune-checkpoint, inflammation, and stromal microenvironment. Surprisingly, we found that our cohort has a very low mutational burden if we consider our panel as its surrogate. Regarding gene expression data, we identified 31 genes significantly deregulated in tumor tissues compared with a pool of normal samples. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of the deregulated genes is able to identify two clusters of tumor samples, differently enriched in alterations in actionable genes. In particular, we identified a cluster enriched in patients carrying KRAS alterations. In silico deconvolution, that is the inferring of tumor microenvironment composition by gene expression data, through TIMER algorithm has been performed to explore immune microenvironment. Estimation performed on our gene expression matrix showed that B cell infiltration is lower in the KRAS-mutated enriched cluster, as in the TCGA-LUAD dataset. Such a finding has been validated in situ through immunohistochemistry in an independent cohort. Moreover, cases in LUAD-TCGA with low B cell infiltration have a significantly worse overall survival than those with higher levels. In the real-life cohort we observed that cases belonging to cluster enriched in KRAS-mutated patients have a poor outcome. LUAD driven by KRAS mutation represents an unmet clinical need, being refractory to pharmacological inhibition. Our results link KRAS mutations to B cell infiltration. Thus, the present findings could be helpful in a better definition of immunotherapeutic approaches for KRAS mutated patients.
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608
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Zheng XQ, Huang JF, Lin JL, Chen L, Zhou TT, Chen D, Lin DD, Shen JF, Wu AM. Incidence, prognostic factors, and a nomogram of lung cancer with bone metastasis at initial diagnosis: a population-based study. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2019; 8:367-379. [PMID: 31555512 PMCID: PMC6749127 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr.2019.08.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone is one of the common metastatic sites of lung cancer, and its prognosis is not optimistic. We performed a study to evaluate the incidence, survival, and prognostic factors of lung cancer with bone metastasis (LCBM) at initial diagnosis, and to develop a nomogram to predict its outcomes. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study choosing 13,541 patients with LCBM from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 18 registry database. An X-tile analysis provided the optimal age cutoff point. The incidence, overall survival, and prognosis of bone metastasis were evaluated according to the patient information, characteristics of the tumor, and therapy. We also used multivariable Cox regression to estimate mortality hazard ratios (HRs) among patients with LCBM, while a visual nomogram was established to judge the prognosis. RESULTS The incidence of disease increased with age, but survival rates show the opposite trend. The median survival time was about 4 months. In addition, although the differences for patient race is not significant (P=0.445), White patients are prone to have bone metastases from lung cancer according to the incidence analysis. The difference for laterality is also not significant (P=0.534), while the factors of age, gender, the total number of sites, histological types, grade, tumor size, and treatment are significantly related to the outcome of patients with LCBM. Furthermore, our nomogram could predict the probability of surviving to the median survival time of the population with a c-index of 0.72. CONCLUSIONS Age, characteristics of the tumor, and therapy should be considered for prediction of prognosis for patients with lung cancer bone metastasis. Putatively, the younger patients and the patients with chemotherapy and surgery may indicate improved survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Qi Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jin-Feng Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jia-Liang Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Dong-Dong Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jian-Fei Shen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai 317000, China
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China
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609
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Stella GM, Kolling S, Benvenuti S, Bortolotto C. Lung-Seeking Metastases. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1010. [PMID: 31330946 PMCID: PMC6678078 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11071010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastases from different cancer types most often affect the lung parenchyma. Moreover, the lungs are among the most frequent sites of growth of metastatic masses of uncertain/unknown lineage of origin. Thus, with regards to pulmonary neoplastic parenchymal nodules, the critical issue is to determine if they are IN the lung or OF the lung. In this review, we highlight the clinical, instrumental and molecular features which characterize lung metastases, mainly focusing on recently advancing and emerging concepts regarding the metastatic niche, inflammation, angiogenesis, immune modulation and gene expression. A novel issue is related to the analysis of biomechanical forces which cooperate in the expansion of tumor masses in the lungs. We here aim to analyze the biological, genetic and pathological features of metastatic lesions to the lungs, here referred to as site of metastatic growth. This point should be a crucial part of the algorithm for a proper diagnostic and therapeutic approach in the era of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia M Stella
- Department of Medical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Unit of Respiratory System Diseases, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | | | - Silvia Benvenuti
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics and Exploratory Research, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy
| | - Chandra Bortolotto
- Department of Intensive Medicine, Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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610
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EZH2 regulates PD-L1 expression via HIF-1α in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 517:201-209. [PMID: 31331645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and accounts for most cancer-related mortalities worldwide. The high expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is an important factor that promotes immune escape of lung cancer, thus aggravates chemotherapy resistance and poor prognosis. Therefore, understanding the regulatory mechanism of PD-L1 in lung cancer is critical for tumor immunotherapy. Enhancer of Zeste homolog2 (EZH2), an epigenetic regulatory molecule with histone methyltransferase activity, promotes the formation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. This study aimed to investigate the role of EZH2 in PD-L1 expression and in the progression of lung tumors. We found that EZH2 was upregulated in lung cancer tissues and positively correlated with PD-L1 levels and poor prognosis. Further, shRNA-expressing lentivirus mediated EZH2 knockdown suppressed both the mRNA and protein expression level of PD-L1, thus delaying lung cancer progression in vivo by enhancing anti-tumor immune responses. Moreover, the regulatory effect of EZH2 on PD-L1 depended on HIF-1α. The present results indicate that EZH2 regulates the immunosuppressive molecule PD-L1 expression via HIF-1α in non-small cell lung cancer cells.
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611
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Fortunato O, Gasparini P, Boeri M, Sozzi G. Exo-miRNAs as a New Tool for Liquid Biopsy in Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11060888. [PMID: 31242686 PMCID: PMC6627875 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the predominant cause of cancer-related deaths. The high mortality rates are mainly due to the lack of diagnosis before the cancer is at a late stage. Liquid biopsy is a promising technique that could allow early diagnosis of lung cancer and better treatment selection for patients. Cell-free microRNAs have been detected in biological fluids, such as serum and plasma, and are considered interesting biomarkers for lung cancer screening and detection. Exosomes are nanovesicles of 30-150 nm and can be released by different cell types within the tumor microenvironment. Their exosomal composition reflects that of their parental cells and could be potentially useful as a biomarker for lung cancer diagnosis. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art of circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) in lung cancer, focusing on their potential use in clinical practice. Moreover, we describe the importance of exosomal miRNA cargo in lung cancer detection and their potential role during lung carcinogenesis. Finally, we discuss our experience with the analysis of circulating exosomal miRNAs in the bioMILD screening trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orazio Fortunato
- Tumor Genomics Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Gasparini
- Tumor Genomics Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Mattia Boeri
- Tumor Genomics Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Sozzi
- Tumor Genomics Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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612
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Welch DR, Hurst DR. Defining the Hallmarks of Metastasis. Cancer Res 2019; 79:3011-3027. [PMID: 31053634 PMCID: PMC6571042 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the primary cause of cancer morbidity and mortality. The process involves a complex interplay between intrinsic tumor cell properties as well as interactions between cancer cells and multiple microenvironments. The outcome is the development of a nearby or distant discontiguous secondary mass. To successfully disseminate, metastatic cells acquire properties in addition to those necessary to become neoplastic. Heterogeneity in mechanisms involved, routes of dissemination, redundancy of molecular pathways that can be utilized, and the ability to piggyback on the actions of surrounding stromal cells makes defining the hallmarks of metastasis extraordinarily challenging. Nonetheless, this review identifies four distinguishing features that are required: motility and invasion, ability to modulate the secondary site or local microenvironments, plasticity, and ability to colonize secondary tissues. By defining these first principles of metastasis, we provide the means for focusing efforts on the aspects of metastasis that will improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny R Welch
- Department of Cancer Biology and The University of Kansas Cancer Center, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.
| | - Douglas R Hurst
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
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613
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Chang R, Zou Q, Xing R, Yan X. Peptide‐Based Supramolecular Nanodrugs as a New Generation of Therapeutic Toolboxes against Cancer. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical EngineeringInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Qianli Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical EngineeringInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Ruirui Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical EngineeringInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Xuehai Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical EngineeringInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- Center for MesoscienceInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
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614
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Xu L, Qiu S, Yang L, Xu H, Liu X, Fan S, Cui R, Fu W, Zhao C, Shen L, Wang L, Huang X. Aminocyanopyridines as anti‐lung cancer agents by inhibiting the STAT3 pathway. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:1512-1525. [PMID: 31069881 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingyuan Xu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityKey Laboratory of Heart and LungWenzhou Zhejiang China
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Sensen Qiu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringGuangxi University for NationalitiesNanning China
| | - Lehe Yang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityKey Laboratory of Heart and LungWenzhou Zhejiang China
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Haitang Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringGuangxi University for NationalitiesNanning China
| | - Xu Liu
- School of MedicineGuangxi UniversityNanning Guangxi China
| | - Shiqian Fan
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityKey Laboratory of Heart and LungWenzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Ri Cui
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Weitao Fu
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Chengguang Zhao
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Liqun Shen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringGuangxi University for NationalitiesNanning China
| | - Liangxing Wang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityKey Laboratory of Heart and LungWenzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Xiaoying Huang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityKey Laboratory of Heart and LungWenzhou Zhejiang China
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615
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Gao Y, Bado I, Wang H, Zhang W, Rosen JM, Zhang XHF. Metastasis Organotropism: Redefining the Congenial Soil. Dev Cell 2019; 49:375-391. [PMID: 31063756 PMCID: PMC6506189 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the most devastating stage of cancer progression and causes the majority of cancer-related deaths. Clinical observations suggest that most cancers metastasize to specific organs, a process known as "organotropism." Elucidating the underlying mechanisms may help identify targets and treatment strategies to benefit patients. This review summarizes recent findings on tumor-intrinsic properties and their interaction with unique features of host organs, which together determine organ-specific metastatic behaviors. Emerging insights related to the roles of metabolic changes, the immune landscapes of target organs, and variation in epithelial-mesenchymal transitions open avenues for future studies of metastasis organotropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Igor Bado
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hai Wang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Weijie Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Rosen
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiang H-F Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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616
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Guan Q, Fu DD, Li YA, Kong XM, Wei ZY, Li WY, Zhang SJ, Dong YB. BODIPY-Decorated Nanoscale Covalent Organic Frameworks for Photodynamic Therapy. iScience 2019; 14:180-198. [PMID: 30981114 PMCID: PMC6461589 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), an emerging class of organic porous materials, have attracted intense attention due to their versatile applications. However, the deliberate fabrication of COF-based nanomaterials for nanomedical application remains challenging due to difficulty in their size- and structure-controlled synthesis and poor aqueous dispersibility. Herein, we report two boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY)-decorated nanoscale COFs (NCOFs), which were prepared by the Schiff-base condensation of the free end -CHO (bonding defects in COFs) on the established imine-based NCOFs with the amino-substituted organic photosensitizer BODIPY via "bonding defects functionalization" approach. Thus BODIPY has been successfully nanocrystallized via the NCOF platform, and can be used for photodynamic therapy (PDT) to treat tumors. These NCOF-based PDT agents featured nanometer size (∼110 nm), low dark toxicity, and high phototoxicity as evidenced by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Moreover, the "bonding defects functionalization" approach might open up new avenues for the fabrication of additional COF-based platforms for biomedical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Guan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Dan-Dan Fu
- Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong Province, Jinan 250014, P. R. China; Binzhou Medical University (Yantai Campus), Yantai 264003, P. R. China
| | - Yan-An Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Xiang-Mei Kong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Wei
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Yan Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Shao-Jun Zhang
- Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong Province, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Yu-Bin Dong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
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617
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Wang T, Xing Y, Meng Q, Lu H, Liu W, Yan S, Song Y, Xu X, Huang J, Cui Y, Jia D, Cai L. Mammalian Eps15 homology domain 1 potentiates angiogenesis of non-small cell lung cancer by regulating β2AR signaling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:174. [PMID: 31023336 PMCID: PMC6482525 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a devastating disease with a heterogeneous prognosis, and the molecular mechanisms underlying tumor progression remain elusive. Mammalian Eps15 homology domain 1 (EHD1) plays a promotive role in tumor progression, but its role in cancer angiogenesis remains unknown. This study thus explored the role of EHD1 in angiogenesis in NSCLC. METHODS The changes in angiogenesis were evaluated through human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) proliferation, migration and tube formation assays. The impact of EHD1 on β2-adrenoceptor (β2AR) signaling was evaluated by Western blotting, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The interaction between EHD1 and β2AR was confirmed by immunofluorescence (IF) and coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) experiments, and confocal microscopy immunofluorescence studies revealed that β2AR colocalized with the recycling endosome marker Rab11, which indicated β2AR endocytosis. Xenograft tumor models were used to investigate the role of EHD1 in NSCLC tumor growth. RESULTS The microarray analysis revealed that EHD1 was significantly correlated with tumor angiogenesis, and loss- and gain-of-function experiments demonstrated that EHD1 potentiates HUVEC proliferation, migration and tube formation. EHD1 knockdown inhibited β2AR signaling activity, and EHD1 upregulation promoted vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and β2AR expression. Interestingly, EHD1 interacted with β2AR and played a novel and critical role in β2AR endocytic recycling to prevent receptor degradation. Aberrant VEGFA or β2AR expression significantly affected EHD1-mediated tumor angiogenesis. The proangiogenic role of EHD1 was confirmed in xenograft tumor models, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis confirmed that EHD1 expression was positively correlated with VEGFA expression, microvessel density (MVD) and β2AR expression in patient specimens. CONCLUSION Collectively, the data obtained in this study suggest that EHD1 plays a critical role in NSCLC angiogenesis via β2AR signaling and highlight a potential target for antiangiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Ying Xing
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Qingwei Meng
- The Sixth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Hailing Lu
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Wei Liu
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Shi Yan
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Xuefu Road 246, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xinyuan Xu
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Jian Huang
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yue Cui
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Dexin Jia
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Li Cai
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, 150040, China.
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618
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Kyrochristos ID, Ziogas DE, Roukos DH. Drug resistance: origins, evolution and characterization of genomic clones and the tumor ecosystem to optimize precise individualized therapy. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1281-1294. [PMID: 31009757 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Progress in understanding and overcoming fatal intrinsic and acquired resistance is slow, with only a few exceptions. Despite advances in modern genome and transcriptome analysis, the controversy of the three different theories on drug resistance and tumor progression, namely dynamic intratumor heterogeneity, pre-existing minor genomic clones and tumor ecosystem, is unresolved. Moreover, evidence on transcriptional heterogeneity suggests the necessity of a drug bank for individualized, precise drug-sensitivity prediction. We propose a cancer type- and stage-specific clinicogenomic and tumor ecosystemic concept toward cancer precision medicine, focusing on early therapeutic resistance and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis D Kyrochristos
- Centre for Biosystems and Genome Network Medicine, Ioannina University, Ioannina, Greece; Department of Surgery, Ioannina University Hospital, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Demosthenes E Ziogas
- Centre for Biosystems and Genome Network Medicine, Ioannina University, Ioannina, Greece; Department of Surgery, 'G. Hatzikosta' General Hospital, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Dimitrios H Roukos
- Centre for Biosystems and Genome Network Medicine, Ioannina University, Ioannina, Greece; Department of Surgery, Ioannina University Hospital, Ioannina, Greece; Department of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece.
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619
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Milette S, Fiset PO, Walsh LA, Spicer JD, Quail DF. The innate immune architecture of lung tumors and its implication in disease progression. J Pathol 2019; 247:589-605. [DOI: 10.1002/path.5241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Milette
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental MedicineMcGill University Montreal Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research CentreMcGill University Montreal Canada
| | - Pierre O Fiset
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of MedicineMcGill University Montreal Canada
| | - Logan A Walsh
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research CentreMcGill University Montreal Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of MedicineMcGill University Montreal Canada
| | - Jonathan D Spicer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental MedicineMcGill University Montreal Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research CentreMcGill University Montreal Canada
- Department of SurgeryMcGill University Health Center Montreal Canada
| | - Daniela F Quail
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental MedicineMcGill University Montreal Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research CentreMcGill University Montreal Canada
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of MedicineMcGill University Montreal Canada
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