601
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Zhang M, Liu J, Wang Y, Zhou D, Wang P. Redox couple related influences of π-conjugation extension in organic dye-sensitized mesoscopic solar cells. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1sc00199j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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602
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Johansson PG, Zhang Y, Abrahamsson M, Meyer GJ, Galoppini E. Slow excited state injection and charge recombination at star-shaped ruthenium polypyridyl compounds—TiO2 interfaces. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:6410-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc11210d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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603
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Lutterman DA, Lazinski-Melanson LA, Asher Y, Johnston DH, Gallucci JC, Turro C. Effect of intraligand π-delocalization on the photophysical properties of two new Ru(II) complexes. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2010.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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604
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Clifford JN, Martínez-Ferrero E, Viterisi A, Palomares E. Sensitizer molecular structure-device efficiency relationship in dye sensitized solar cells. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:1635-46. [DOI: 10.1039/b920664g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 494] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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605
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Dai FR, Wu WJ, Wang QW, Tian H, Wong WY. Heteroleptic ruthenium complexes containing uncommon 5,5′-disubstituted-2,2′-bipyridine chromophores for dye-sensitized solar cells. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:2314-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01043j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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606
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Pan QJ, Guo YR, Li L, Odoh SO, Fu HG, Zhang HX. Structures, spectroscopic properties and redox potentials of quaterpyridyl Ru(ii) photosensitizer and its derivatives for solar energy cell: a density functional study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:14481-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp00030f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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607
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Photoinduced electron transfer from Ru am(m)ine compounds with low-lying ligand field excited states to nanocrystalline TiO2. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2010.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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608
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Law C, Pathirana SC, Li X, Anderson AY, Barnes PRF, Listorti A, Ghaddar TH, O'Regan BC. Water-based electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:4505-4509. [PMID: 20803538 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201001703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- ChunHung Law
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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609
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Lin SH, Hsu YC, Lin JT, Lin CK, Yang JS. Isotruxene-Derived Cone-Shaped Organic Dyes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. J Org Chem 2010; 75:7877-86. [DOI: 10.1021/jo101831p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hsun Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chan Hsu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jiann T. Lin
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Kai Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan
| | - Jye-Shane Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan
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610
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Imahori H, Kang S, Hayashi H, Haruta M, Kurata H, Isoda S, Canton SE, Infahsaeng Y, Kathiravan A, Pascher T, Chábera P, Yartsev AP, Sundström V. Photoinduced Charge Carrier Dynamics of Zn−Porphyrin−TiO2 Electrodes: The Key Role of Charge Recombination for Solar Cell Performance. J Phys Chem A 2010; 115:3679-90. [DOI: 10.1021/jp103747t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Imahori
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Soonchul Kang
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hironobu Hayashi
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Haruta
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kurata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Seiji Isoda
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Sophie E. Canton
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Yingyot Infahsaeng
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Torbjörn Pascher
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Pavel Chábera
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Arkady P. Yartsev
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Villy Sundström
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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611
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Farnum BH, Gardner JM, Meyer GJ. Flash-Quench Technique Employed To Study the One-Electron Reduction of Triiodide in Acetonitrile: Evidence for a Diiodide Reaction Product. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:10223-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ic1015466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gerald J. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering
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612
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Gu J, Chen J, Schmehl RH. Using intramolecular energy transfer to transform non-photoactive, visible-light-absorbing chromophores into sensitizers for photoredox reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:7338-46. [PMID: 20459104 DOI: 10.1021/ja909785b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This work discusses the synthesis, photophysical behavior, and photoinduced electron-transfer reactivity of multichromophoric molecules having a visible-light-absorbing MLCT component coupled to a ligand with a localized excited state of the same spin multiplicity that serves to lengthen the excited-state lifetime of the complex significantly. The appropriate ligands were prepared by Wittig coupling of a bipyridine derivative with pyrenecarboxaldehyde. The modified ligand, a pyrene-vinyl-bipyridyl ensemble (pyrv-bpy), was then reacted with RuCl(3) to yield [(pyrv-bpy)(2)RuCl(2)]. The complex has MLCT absorption out to 800 nm, and excitation results in the formation of a ligand-localized excited state with a lifetime long enough to undergo bimolecular electron-transfer reactions. The pyrenylvinyl "localized" excited state of the complex reacts via photoinduced electron transfer with a variety of viologen and diquat electron acceptors. The remarkable aspect of the electron-transfer process is that whereas the excited state can be considered to be ligand-localized the photoredox reaction almost certainly involves the direct formation of the one-electron-oxidized metal center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA
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613
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Hagfeldt A, Boschloo G, Sun L, Kloo L, Pettersson H. Dye-sensitized solar cells. Chem Rev 2010; 110:6595-663. [PMID: 20831177 DOI: 10.1021/cr900356p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4259] [Impact Index Per Article: 304.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Hagfeldt
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 259, SE-751 05 Uppsala, Sweden.
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614
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Charge transport in nanostructured materials for solar energy conversion studied by time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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615
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Kent CA, Mehl BP, Ma L, Papanikolas JM, Meyer TJ, Lin W. Energy Transfer Dynamics in Metal−Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:12767-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja102804s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caleb A. Kent
- Department of Chemistry, CB#3290, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Brian P. Mehl
- Department of Chemistry, CB#3290, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Liqing Ma
- Department of Chemistry, CB#3290, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - John M. Papanikolas
- Department of Chemistry, CB#3290, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Thomas J. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, CB#3290, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Wenbin Lin
- Department of Chemistry, CB#3290, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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616
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McDaniel AM, Tseng HW, Damrauer NH, Shores MP. Synthesis and Solution Phase Characterization of Strongly Photooxidizing Heteroleptic Cr(III) Tris-Dipyridyl Complexes. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:7981-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ic1009972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M. McDaniel
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872
| | - Huan-Wei Tseng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215
| | - Niels H. Damrauer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215
| | - Matthew P. Shores
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872
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617
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Mulfort KL, Tiede DM. Supramolecular Cobaloxime Assemblies for H2 Photocatalysis: An Initial Solution State Structure−Function Analysis. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:14572-81. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1023636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen L. Mulfort
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - David M. Tiede
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439
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618
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Nishikawa M, Nomoto K, Kume S, Inoue K, Sakai M, Fujii M, Nishihara H. Dual Emission Caused by Ring Inversion Isomerization of a 4-Methyl-2-pyridyl-pyrimidine Copper(I) Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:9579-81. [DOI: 10.1021/ja103718e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Nishikawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kuniharu Nomoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shoko Kume
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Keiichi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Makoto Sakai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masaaki Fujii
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishihara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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619
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Puntoriero F, Nastasi F, Campagna S, Bura T, Ziessel R. Vectorial Photoinduced Energy Transfer Between Boron-Dipyrromethene (Bodipy) Chromophores Across a Fluorene Bridge. Chemistry 2010; 16:8832-45. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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620
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Ardo S, Sun Y, Castellano FN, Meyer GJ. Excited-State Electron Transfer from Ruthenium-Polypyridyl Compounds to Anatase TiO2 Nanocrystallites: Evidence for a Stark Effect. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:14596-604. [DOI: 10.1021/jp102349m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shane Ardo
- Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, and Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403
| | - Yali Sun
- Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, and Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403
| | - Felix N. Castellano
- Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, and Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403
| | - Gerald J. Meyer
- Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, and Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403
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621
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Ardo S, Meyer GJ. Direct Observation of Photodriven Intermolecular Hole Transfer across TiO2 Nanocrystallites: Lateral Self-Exchange Reactions and Catalyst Oxidation. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:9283-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja1035946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shane Ardo
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Gerald J. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
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622
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Sun Y, El Ojaimi M, Hammitt R, Thummel RP, Turro C. Effect of Ligands with Extended π-System on the Photophysical Properties of Ru(II) Complexes. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:14664-70. [DOI: 10.1021/jp102613n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Sun
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 and Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204
| | - Maya El Ojaimi
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 and Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204
| | - Richard Hammitt
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 and Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204
| | - Randolph P. Thummel
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 and Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 and Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204
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623
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DeVries MJ, Pellin MJ, Hupp JT. Dye-sensitized solar cells: driving-force effects on electron recombination dynamics with cobalt-based shuttles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:9082-9087. [PMID: 20148512 DOI: 10.1021/la904643t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A series of cobalt-containing redox couples, based on [Co(1,10-phenanthroline)(3)](ClO(4))(2) and its derivatives, were prepared for use as regenerators/shuttles in dye-sensitized solar cells featuring modified TiO(2) photoelectrodes. Surface modification and trap-state passivation of the TiO(2) nanoparticle film electrodes were accomplished via atomic layer deposition of an ultrathin alumina coating. Electron lifetimes were then extracted from open-circuit voltage decay measurements. Cells employing alumina barrier/passivation layers exhibited higher open-circuit voltages as shuttles with more positive redox potentials were used, with the Co(5-nitro-phen)(3)(3+/2+) couple exhibiting the highest V(oc) (0.844 V). Analysis of the open-circuit voltages and electron lifetimes indicate Marcus normal-region behavior for back electron transfer from the TiO(2) photoanode to these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J DeVries
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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624
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McConnell I, Li G, Brudvig GW. Energy conversion in natural and artificial photosynthesis. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2010; 17:434-47. [PMID: 20534342 PMCID: PMC2891097 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Revised: 05/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Modern civilization is dependent upon fossil fuels, a nonrenewable energy source originally provided by the storage of solar energy. Fossil-fuel dependence has severe consequences, including energy security issues and greenhouse gas emissions. The consequences of fossil-fuel dependence could be avoided by fuel-producing artificial systems that mimic natural photosynthesis, directly converting solar energy to fuel. This review describes the three key components of solar energy conversion in photosynthesis: light harvesting, charge separation, and catalysis. These processes are compared in natural and in artificial systems. Such a comparison can assist in understanding the general principles of photosynthesis and in developing working devices, including photoelectrochemical cells, for solar energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain McConnell
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8107
| | - Gonghu Li
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8107
| | - Gary W. Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8107
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625
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Robson KCD, Koivisto BD, Gordon TJ, Baumgartner T, Berlinguette CP. Triphenylamine-Modified Ruthenium(II) Terpyridine Complexes: Enhancement of Light Absorption by Conjugated Bridging Motifs. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:5335-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ic9025427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi C. D. Robson
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Energy, Environment & Economy, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N-1N4
| | - Bryan D. Koivisto
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Energy, Environment & Economy, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N-1N4
| | - Terry J. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Energy, Environment & Economy, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N-1N4
| | - Thomas Baumgartner
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Energy, Environment & Economy, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N-1N4
| | - Curtis P. Berlinguette
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Energy, Environment & Economy, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N-1N4
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626
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Wark M. Kompostite auf Basis von Zeolithen oder geordnet mesoporösen Oxiden für Anwendungen in der Photonik und Sensorik. CHEM-ING-TECH 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201000067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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627
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Nyhlen J, Boschloo G, Hagfeldt A, Kloo L, Privalov T. Regeneration of Oxidized Organic Photo-Sensitizers in Grätzel Solar Cells: Quantum-Chemical Portrait of a General Mechanism. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:1858-62. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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628
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Lee CH, Zhang Y, Romayanantakit A, Galoppini E. Modular synthesis of ruthenium tripodal system with variable anchoring groups positions for semiconductor sensitization. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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629
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Ardo S, Sun Y, Staniszewski A, Castellano FN, Meyer GJ. Stark Effects after Excited-State Interfacial Electron Transfer at Sensitized TiO2 Nanocrystallites. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:6696-709. [DOI: 10.1021/ja909781g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shane Ardo
- Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, and Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403
| | - Yali Sun
- Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, and Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403
| | - Aaron Staniszewski
- Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, and Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403
| | - Felix N. Castellano
- Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, and Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403
| | - Gerald J. Meyer
- Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, and Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403
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630
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Zhang Y, Galoppini E. Organic polyaromatic hydrocarbons as sensitizing model dyes for semiconductor nanoparticles. CHEMSUSCHEM 2010; 3:410-428. [PMID: 20135672 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.200900233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The study of interfacial charge-transfer processes (sensitization) of a dye bound to large-bandgap nanostructured metal oxide semiconductors, including TiO(2), ZnO, and SnO(2), is continuing to attract interest in various areas of renewable energy, especially for the development of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The scope of this Review is to describe how selected model sensitizers prepared from organic polyaromatic hydrocarbons have been used over the past 15 years to elucidate, through a variety of techniques, fundamental aspects of heterogeneous charge transfer at the surface of a semiconductor. This Review does not focus on the most recent or efficient dyes, but rather on how model dyes prepared from aromatic hydrocarbons have been used, over time, in key fundamental studies of heterogeneous charge transfer. In particular, we describe model chromophores prepared from anthracene, pyrene, perylene, and azulene. As the level of complexity of the model dye-bridge-anchor group compounds has increased, the understanding of some aspects of very complex charge transfer events has improved. The knowledge acquired from the study of the described model dyes is of importance not only for DSSC development but also to other fields of science for which electronic processes at the molecule/semiconductor interface are relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07102,USA
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631
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Kumar A, Chauhan R, Molloy K, Kociok-Köhn G, Bahadur L, Singh N. Synthesis, Structure and Light-Harvesting Properties of Some New Transition-Metal Dithiocarbamates Involving Ferrocene. Chemistry 2010; 16:4307-14. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200903367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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632
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An organic redox electrolyte to rival triiodide/iodide in dye-sensitized solar cells. Nat Chem 2010; 2:385-9. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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633
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Lee CY, Hupp JT. Dye sensitized solar cells: TiO2 sensitization with a bodipy-porphyrin antenna system. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:3760-3765. [PMID: 19886633 DOI: 10.1021/la9031927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A zinc porphyrin derivative (2) and zinc porphyrin-bodipy dyad (3) have been prepared and applied to dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). On the basis of absorption and fluorescence excitation spectra, dyad 3 efficiently transfers energy from the bodipy to zinc porphyrin constituent. The 3-sensitized solar cell demonstrates higher solar spectral coverage, based on incident photon to current efficiency (IPCE) spectra, and an improved power conversion efficiency (eta = 1.55%) compared to that of the 2-sensitized cell (eta = 0.84%). The better performance of the 3-sensitized cell is attributed largely to the gain in spectral absorbance provided by the bodipy constituent of 3. Also evident, however, are secondary effects reflecting (a) fill-factor improvement and (b) a slight gain in porphyrin red-edge absorbance due to bodipy-conjugate formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Yeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, 2145 Sheridan Road, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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634
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Marinado T, Nonomura K, Nissfolk J, Karlsson MK, Hagberg DP, Sun L, Mori S, Hagfeldt A. How the nature of triphenylamine-polyene dyes in dye-sensitized solar cells affects the open-circuit voltage and electron lifetimes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:2592-2598. [PMID: 19863060 DOI: 10.1021/la902897z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Three donor-linker-acceptor triphenylamine-based cyanoacrylic acid organic dyes used for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) have been examined with respect to their effect on the open-circuit voltage (V(oc)). Our previous study showed a decrease in V(oc) for DSCs based on dyes with increased molecular size (increased linker conjugation). In the present study, we investigate the origin of V(oc) with respect to (i) conduction band (E(CB)) positions of TiO(2) and (ii) degree of recombination between electrons in TiO(2) and electrolyte acceptor species at the interface. These parameters were studied as a function of dye structure, dye load, and I(2) concentration. Two types of behavior were identified: the smaller polyene dyes show a surface-protecting effect preventing recombination upon increased dye loading, whereas the larger dyes enhance the recombination. How the different dye structures affect the recombination is discussed in terms of dye surface blocking and intermolecular interactions between dyes and electrolyte acceptor species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tannia Marinado
- Inorganic Chemistry, Center of Molecular Devices, Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
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635
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Jakubikova E, Martin RL, Batista ER. Systematic Study of Modifications to Ruthenium(II) Polypyridine Dyads for Electron Injection Enhancement. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:2975-82. [DOI: 10.1021/ic902504y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Jakubikova
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS-B268, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | - Richard L. Martin
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS-B268, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | - Enrique R. Batista
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS-B268, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
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636
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Verma S, Kar P, Das A, Palit D, Ghosh H. The Effect of Heavy Atoms on Photoinduced Electron Injection from Nonthermalized and Thermalized Donor States of MIIâPolypyridyl (M=Ru/Os) Complexes to Nanoparticulate TiO2Surfaces: An Ultrafast Time-Resolved Absorption Study. Chemistry 2010; 16:611-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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637
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Guo L, Wang Y, Lu HP. Combined Single-Molecule Photon-Stamping Spectroscopy and Femtosecond Transient Absorption Spectroscopy Studies of Interfacial Electron Transfer Dynamics. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:1999-2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ja909168e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Guo
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403
| | - Yuanmin Wang
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403
| | - H. Peter Lu
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403
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638
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Singh V, Chauhan R, Kumar A, Bahadur L, Singh N. Efficient phenylmercury(ii) methylferrocenyldithiocarbamate functionalized dye-sensitized solar cells. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:9779-88. [PMID: 20830401 DOI: 10.1039/c0dt00575d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
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639
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Hall JD, McLean TM, Smalley SJ, Waterland MR, Telfer SG. Chromophoric dipyrrin complexes capable of binding to TiO2: Synthesis, structure and spectroscopy. Dalton Trans 2010:437-45. [DOI: 10.1039/b912332f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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640
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Jones DR, Troisi A. A method to rapidly predict the charge injection rate in dye sensitized solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:4625-34. [DOI: 10.1039/b926157e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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641
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Dixon IM, Alary F, Heully JL. Electronic peculiarities of the excited states of [RuN5C]+vs. [RuN6]2+ polypyridine complexes: insight from theory. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:10959-66. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt00563k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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642
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Bozic-Weber B, Constable EC, Housecroft CE, Neuburger M, Price JR. Sticky complexes: carboxylic acid-functionalized N-phenylpyridin-2-ylmethanimine ligands as anchoring domains for copper and ruthenium dye-sensitized solar cells. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:3585-94. [DOI: 10.1039/b925623g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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643
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Park Y, Lee SH, Kang SO, Choi W. Organic dye-sensitized TiO2 for the redox conversion of water pollutants under visible light. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:2477-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b924829c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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644
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Chen C, Ma W, Zhao J. Semiconductor-mediated photodegradation of pollutants under visible-light irradiation. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:4206-19. [DOI: 10.1039/b921692h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1818] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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645
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Lee SH, Park Y, Wee KR, Son HJ, Cho DW, Pac C, Choi W, Kang SO. Significance of Hydrophilic Characters of Organic Dyes in Visible-Light Hydrogen Generation Based on TiO2. Org Lett 2009; 12:460-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol9026182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hyun Lee
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Sejong Campus, Korea University, Chung-Nam 339-700, South Korea, and School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, South Korea
| | - Yiseul Park
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Sejong Campus, Korea University, Chung-Nam 339-700, South Korea, and School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Ryang Wee
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Sejong Campus, Korea University, Chung-Nam 339-700, South Korea, and School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, South Korea
| | - Ho-Jin Son
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Sejong Campus, Korea University, Chung-Nam 339-700, South Korea, and School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, South Korea
| | - Dae Won Cho
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Sejong Campus, Korea University, Chung-Nam 339-700, South Korea, and School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, South Korea
| | - Chyongjin Pac
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Sejong Campus, Korea University, Chung-Nam 339-700, South Korea, and School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, South Korea
| | - Wonyong Choi
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Sejong Campus, Korea University, Chung-Nam 339-700, South Korea, and School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, South Korea
| | - Sang Ook Kang
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Sejong Campus, Korea University, Chung-Nam 339-700, South Korea, and School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, South Korea
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646
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Morris AJ, Stromberg JR, Meyer GJ. Dynamics and Equilibrium of Heme Axial Ligation in Mesoporous Nanocrystalline TiO2 Thin Films. Inorg Chem 2009; 49:29-37. [DOI: 10.1021/ic9008015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Morris
- Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Jonathan R. Stromberg
- Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Gerald J. Meyer
- Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
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647
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Xia HL, Ardo S, Narducci Sarjeant AA, Huang S, Meyer GJ. Photodriven spin change of Fe(II) benzimidazole compounds anchored to nanocrystalline TiO(2) thin films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:13641-13652. [PMID: 19645515 DOI: 10.1021/la9022213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ferrous tris-chelate compounds based on 2-(2'-pyridyl)benzimidazole (pybzim) have been prepared and characterized for studies of spin equilibria in fluid solution and when anchored to the surface of mesoporous nanocrystalline (anatase) TiO(2) and colloidal ZrO(2) thin films. The solid state structure of Fe(pybzim)(3)(ClO(4))(2).CH(3)CN.H(2)O was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction at 110 K to be triclinic, P-1, a = 11.6873(18), b = 12.2318(12), c = 14.723(4) A, alpha = 89.864(13) degrees , beta = 71.430(17) degrees , gamma = 73.788(11) degrees , V = 1907.1(6) A(3), Z = 2, and R = 0.0491. The iron compound has a meridional FeN(6) distorted octahedral geometry with bond lengths expected for a low-spin iron center at 110 K. The visible absorption spectra of Fe(pybzim)(3)(2+) and Fe(pymbA)(3)(2+), where pymbA is 4-(2-pyridin-2-yl-benzimidazol-1-ylmethyl)-benzoic acid, in methanol solution were dominated by metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) bands. Variable-temperature UV-visible absorption spectroscopy revealed dramatic changes in the extinction coefficient consistent with a high-spin ((1)A) left harpoon over right harpoon low-spin ((5)T) equilibrium. Thermodynamic parameters for the temperature-dependent spin equilibrium of Fe(pymbA)(3)(2+) in methanol were determined to be DeltaH(HL) = 3270 +/- 210 cm(-1) and DeltaS(HL) = 13.3 +/- 0.8 cm(-1) K(-1). The corresponding values for Fe(pybzimEE)(3)(2+), where pybzimEE is (2-pyridin-2-yl-benzimidazol-1-yl)-acetic acid ethyl ester, in acetonitrile solution were determined to be 3072 +/- 34 cm(-1)and 10.5 +/- 0.1 cm(-1) K(-1). The temperature-dependent effective magnetic moments of Fe(pybzimEE)(3)(2+) in acetonitrile solution were also quantified by the Evans method. Pulsed 532 nm light excitation of Fe(pybzim)(3)(2+) or Fe(pymbA)(3)(2+) in solution resulted in an immediate bleach of the MLCT absorption bands. Relaxation back to the equilibrium state followed a first-order reaction mechanism. Arrhenius analysis of the (5)T --> (1)A rate constant yielded an activation energy, E(a), of 1090 +/- 20 cm(-1) and 710 +/- 10 cm(-1) for Fe(pybzim)(3)(2+) and Fe(pymbA)(3)(2+) in methanol, respectively. The compound Fe(pymbA)(3)(2+) was found to bind to colloidal TiO(2) and ZrO(2) thin films. The absorption spectra of the surface-attached compounds were quantified from 295 to 193 K. Pulsed light excitation of Fe(pymbA)(3)/TiO(2) and Fe(pymbA)(3)/ZrO(2) resulted in the immediate bleach of the MLCT absorption bands. Relaxation was nonexponential but was well described by kinetic models based on a Gaussian distribution of activation energies or a Levy distribution of lifetimes. An Arrhenius analysis of the Gaussian data yielded average activation energies of 660 +/- 80 cm(-1) and 730 +/- 40 cm(-1) for Fe(pymbA)(3)(ClO(4))(2) on TiO(2) and ZrO(2) surfaces, respectively. The Levy distribution analysis did not adequately fit the Arrhenius model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Long Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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648
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Xiong W, Laaser JE, Paoprasert P, Franking RA, Hamers RJ, Gopalan P, Zanni MT. Transient 2D IR Spectroscopy of Charge Injection in Dye-Sensitized Nanocrystalline Thin Films. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:18040-1. [DOI: 10.1021/ja908479r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Jennifer E. Laaser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Peerasak Paoprasert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Ryan A. Franking
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Robert J. Hamers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Padma Gopalan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Martin T. Zanni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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649
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Boschloo G, Hagfeldt A. Characteristics of the iodide/triiodide redox mediator in dye-sensitized solar cells. Acc Chem Res 2009; 42:1819-26. [PMID: 19845388 DOI: 10.1021/ar900138m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 675] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) have gained widespread interest because of their potential for low-cost solar energy conversion. Currently, the certified record efficiency of these solar cells is 11.1%, and measurements of their durability and stability suggest lifetimes exceeding 10 years under operational conditions. The DSC is a photoelectrochemical system: a monolayer of sensitizing dye is adsorbed onto a mesoporous TiO(2) electrode, and the electrode is sandwiched together with a counter electrode. An electrolyte containing a redox couple fills the gap between the electrodes. The redox couple is a key component of the DSC. The reduced part of the couple regenerates the photo-oxidized dye. The formed oxidized species diffuses to the counter electrode, where it is reduced. The photovoltage of the device depends on the redox couple because it sets the electrochemical potential at the counter electrode. The redox couple also affects the electrochemical potential of the TiO(2) electrode through the recombination kinetics between electrons in TiO(2) and oxidized redox species. This Account focuses on the special properties of the iodide/triiodide (I(-)/I(3)(-)) redox couple in dye-sensitized solar cells. It has been the preferred redox couple since the beginning of DSC development and still yields the most stable and efficient DSCs. Overall, the iodide/triiodide couple has good solubility, does not absorb too much light, has a suitable redox potential, and provides rapid dye regeneration. But what distinguishes I(-)/I(3)(-) from most redox mediators is the very slow recombination kinetics between electrons in TiO(2) and the oxidized part of the redox couple, triiodide. Certain dyes adsorbed at TiO(2) catalyze this recombination reaction, presumably by binding iodine or triiodide. The standard potential of the iodide/triiodide redox couple is 0.35 V (versus the normal hydrogen electrode, NHE), and the oxidation potential of the standard DSC-sensitizer (Ru(dcbpy)(2)(NCS)(2)) is 1.1 V. The driving force for reduction of oxidized dye is therefore as large as 0.75 V. This process leads to the largest internal potential loss in DSC devices. We expect that overall efficiencies above 15% might be achieved if half of this internal potential loss could be gained. The regeneration of oxidized dye with iodide leads to the formation of the diiodide radical (I(2)(-*)). The redox potential of the I(2)(-*)/I(-) couple must therefore be considered when determining the actual driving force for dye regeneration. The formed I(2)(-*) disproportionates to I(3)(-) and I(-), which leads to a large loss in potential energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Boschloo
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 259, 75105 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Hagfeldt
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 259, 75105 Uppsala, Sweden
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650
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O’Regan BC, Durrant JR. Kinetic and energetic paradigms for dye-sensitized solar cells: moving from the ideal to the real. Acc Chem Res 2009; 42:1799-808. [PMID: 19754041 DOI: 10.1021/ar900145z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are photoelectrochemical solar cells. Their function is based on photoinduced charge separation at a dye-sensitized interface between a nanocrystalline, mesoporous metal oxide electrode and a redox electrolyte. They have been the subject of substantial academic and commercial research over the last 20 years, motivated by their potential as a low-cost solar energy conversion technology. Substantial progress has been made in enhancing the efficiency, stability, and processability of this technology and, in particular, the interplay between these technology drivers. However, despite intense research efforts, our ability to identify predictive materials and structure/device function relationships and, thus, achieve the rational optimization of materials and device design, remains relatively limited. A key challenge in developing such predictive design tools is the chemical complexity of the device. DSSCs comprise distinct materials components, including metal oxide nanoparticles, a molecular sensitizer dye, and a redox electrolyte, all of which exhibit complex interactions with each other. In particular, the electrolyte alone is chemically complex, including not only a redox couple (almost always iodide/iodine) but also a range of additional additives found empirically to enhance device performance. These molecular solutes make up typically 20% of the electrolyte by volume. As with most molecular systems, they exhibit complex interactions with both themselves and the other device components (e.g., the sensitizer dye and the metal oxide). Moreover, these interactions can be modulated by solar irradiation and device operation. As such, understanding the function of these photoelectrochemical solar cells requires careful consideration of the chemical complexity and its impact upon device operation. In this Account, we focus on the process by which electrons injected into the nanocrystalline electrode are collected by the external electrical circuit in real devices under operating conditions. We first of all summarize device function, including the energetics and kinetics of the key processes, using an "idealized" description, which does not fully account for much of the chemical complexity of the system. We then go on to consider recent advances in our understanding of the impact of these complexities upon the efficiency of electron collection. These include "catalysis" of interfacial recombination losses by surface adsorption processes and the influence of device operating conditions upon the recombination rate constant and conduction band energy, both attributed to changes in the chemical composition of the interface. We go on to discuss appropriate methodologies for quantifying the efficiency of electron collection in devices under operation. Finally, we show that, by taking into account these advances in our understanding of the DSSC function, we are able to recreate the current/voltage curves of both efficient and degraded devices without any fitting parameters and, thus, gain significant insight into the determinants of DSSC performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C. O’Regan
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - James R. Durrant
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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