601
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Reina J. [Remdesivir, the antiviral hope against SARS-CoV-2]. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA : PUBLICACION OFICIAL DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA 2020. [PMID: 32239125 DOI: 10.37201/req/098.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
On December 31, 2019 a pneumonia outbreak caused by a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was detected in the city of Wuhan (China). Due to the high capacity of diffusion and human infection it has become a new zoonotic pandemic. The absence of a vaccine has determined the search for antiviral drugs with the capacity to inhibit the replication of the new virus. Among them, remdesivir, an analogue of adenosine, is what seems to have a more promising future. This drug has shown in vitro and in animals a high capacity to block infection and viral replication with attainable concentrations in human plasma. Although all studies have been carried out with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, it seems that by virological and functional analogy, remdesivir is one of the few antiviral drugs with proven efficacy. However, studies and clinical trials in humans are required to know the result of their application in them.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Reina
- Jordi Reina, Unidad de Virología, Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Facultad de Medicina (UIB). Carretera Valldemossa 79, 07120 Palma de Mallorca. Spain.
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602
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Li X, Geng M, Peng Y, Meng L, Lu S. Molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19. J Pharm Anal 2020; 10:102-108. [PMID: 32282863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.202003001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a kind of viral pneumonia which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has been marked as the third introduction of a highly pathogenic coronavirus into the human population after the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in the twenty-first century. In this minireview, we provide a brief introduction of the general features of SARS-CoV-2 and discuss current knowledge of molecular immune pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 on the base of the present understanding of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections, which may be helpful in offering novel insights and potential therapeutic targets for combating the SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Manman Geng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Yizhao Peng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Liesu Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Shemin Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
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603
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Li X, Geng M, Peng Y, Meng L, Lu S. Molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19. J Pharm Anal 2020. [PMID: 32282863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.03.0011235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a kind of viral pneumonia which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has been marked as the third introduction of a highly pathogenic coronavirus into the human population after the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in the twenty-first century. In this minireview, we provide a brief introduction of the general features of SARS-CoV-2 and discuss current knowledge of molecular immune pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 on the base of the present understanding of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections, which may be helpful in offering novel insights and potential therapeutic targets for combating the SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Manman Geng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Yizhao Peng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Liesu Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Shemin Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
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604
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Li X, Geng M, Peng Y, Meng L, Lu S. Molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19. J Pharm Anal 2020; 10:102-108. [PMID: 32282863 PMCID: PMC7104082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 885] [Impact Index Per Article: 221.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a kind of viral pneumonia which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has been marked as the third introduction of a highly pathogenic coronavirus into the human population after the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in the twenty-first century. In this minireview, we provide a brief introduction of the general features of SARS-CoV-2 and discuss current knowledge of molecular immune pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 on the base of the present understanding of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections, which may be helpful in offering novel insights and potential therapeutic targets for combating the SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Manman Geng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Yizhao Peng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Liesu Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Shemin Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
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605
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Mehta M, Patharkar J. Current Treatment Options Available for COVID-19 : A Review. ASIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH AND HEALTH CARE 2020. [DOI: 10.18311/ajprhc/2020/25540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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606
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Alhazzani W, Møller MH, Arabi YM, Loeb M, Gong MN, Fan E, Oczkowski S, Levy MM, Derde L, Dzierba A, Du B, Aboodi M, Wunsch H, Cecconi M, Koh Y, Chertow DS, Maitland K, Alshamsi F, Belley-Cote E, Greco M, Laundy M, Morgan JS, Kesecioglu J, McGeer A, Mermel L, Mammen MJ, Alexander PE, Arrington A, Centofanti JE, Citerio G, Baw B, Memish ZA, Hammond N, Hayden FG, Evans L, Rhodes A. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: guidelines on the management of critically ill adults with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Intensive Care Med 2020; 46:854-887. [PMID: 32222812 PMCID: PMC7101866 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-020-06022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1310] [Impact Index Per Article: 327.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of a rapidly spreading illness, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), affecting thousands of people around the world. Urgent guidance for clinicians caring for the sickest of these patients is needed.
Methods We formed a panel of 36 experts from 12 countries. All panel members completed the World Health Organization conflict of interest disclosure form. The panel proposed 53 questions that are relevant to the management of COVID-19 in the ICU. We searched the literature for direct and indirect evidence on the management of COVID-19 in critically ill patients in the ICU. We identified relevant and recent systematic reviews on most questions relating to supportive care. We assessed the certainty in the evidence using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach, then generated recommendations based on the balance between benefit and harm, resource and cost implications, equity, and feasibility. Recommendations were either strong or weak, or in the form of best practice recommendations.
Results The Surviving Sepsis Campaign COVID-19 panel issued 54 statements, of which 4 are best practice statements, 9 are strong recommendations, and 35 are weak recommendations. No recommendation was provided for 6 questions. The topics were: (1) infection control, (2) laboratory diagnosis and specimens, (3) hemodynamic support, (4) ventilatory support, and (5) COVID-19 therapy.
Conclusion The Surviving Sepsis Campaign COVID-19 panel issued several recommendations to help support healthcare workers caring for critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19. When available, we will provide new recommendations in further releases of these guidelines.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00134-020-06022-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Alhazzani
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Morten Hylander Møller
- Department of Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 4131, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Scandinavian Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (SSAI), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yaseen M Arabi
- Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mark Loeb
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Michelle Ng Gong
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Healthcare System/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Eddy Fan
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Simon Oczkowski
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Mitchell M Levy
- Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Lennie Derde
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Amy Dzierba
- Department of Pharmacy, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bin Du
- Medical ICU, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Michael Aboodi
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Healthcare System/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Hannah Wunsch
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Anesthesia and Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maurizio Cecconi
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Science, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Younsuck Koh
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Daniel S Chertow
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center and Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Baltimore, USA
| | | | - Fayez Alshamsi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Emilie Belley-Cote
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Massimiliano Greco
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Science, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Matthew Laundy
- Microbiology and Infection Control, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust & St George's University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Jozef Kesecioglu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Allison McGeer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Leonard Mermel
- Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Manoj J Mammen
- Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA
| | - Paul E Alexander
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,GUIDE Research Methods Group, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Amy Arrington
- Houston Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | | | - Giuseppe Citerio
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Milano-Bicocca University, Milan, Italy.,ASST-Monza, Desio and San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Bandar Baw
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Department of Emergency Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziad A Memish
- Director, Research and Innovation Centre, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Naomi Hammond
- Critical Care Division, The George Institute for Global Health and UNSW, Sydney, Australia.,Malcolm Fisher Department of Intensive Care, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Frederick G Hayden
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University, of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Laura Evans
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Andrew Rhodes
- Adult Critical Care, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust & St George's University of London, London, UK.
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607
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Kuebler WM, Jordt SE, Liedtke WB. COVID-19: urgent reconsideration of lung edema as a preventable outcome Inhibition of TRPV4 as a promising and feasible approach. SSRN 2020:3558887. [PMID: 32714108 PMCID: PMC7366813 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3558887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lethality of Covid-19 during the 2020 pandemic, currently in the exponentially-accelerating phase in most countries, is critically driven by disruption of the alveolo-capillary barrier of the lung, leading to lung edema as a direct consequence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We argue for inhibition of the TRPV4 calcium-permeable ion channel as a strategy to address this issue, based on the rationale that TRPV4 inhibition is protective in various preclinical models of lung edema, and that TRPV4 hyperactivation potently damages the alveolo-capillary barrier, with lethal outcome. We believe that TRPV4 inhibition has a powerful prospect at protecting this vital barrier in Covid-19 patients, even to rescue a damaged barrier. A clinical trial using a selective TRPV4 inhibitor demonstrated a benign safety profile in healthy volunteers and in patients suffering from cardiogenic lung edema. We argue for expeditious clinical testing of this inhibitor in Covid-19 patients with respiratory malfunction and at risk for lung edema. We note that among the currently pursued therapeutic strategies against Covid-19, none is designed to directly protect the alveolo-capillary barrier. Successful protection of the alveolo-capillary barrier will not only reduce Covid-19 lethality but will pre-empt a catastrophic scenario in healthcare with insufficient capacity to provide ventilator-assisted respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sven-Eric Jordt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham NC, USA
| | - Wolfgang B Liedtke
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham NC, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham NC, USA
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608
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Munster VJ, Feldmann F, Williamson BN, van Doremalen N, Pérez-Pérez L, Schulz J, Meade-White K, Okumura A, Callison J, Brumbaugh B, Avanzato VA, Rosenke R, Hanley PW, Saturday G, Scott D, Fischer ER, de Wit E. Respiratory disease and virus shedding in rhesus macaques inoculated with SARS-CoV-2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.03.21.001628. [PMID: 32511299 PMCID: PMC7217148 DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.21.001628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An outbreak of a novel coronavirus, now named SARS-CoV-2, causing respiratory disease and a ~2% case fatality rate started in Wuhan, China in December 2019. Following unprecedented rapid global spread, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic on March 11, 2020. Although data on disease in humans are emerging at a steady pace, certain aspects of the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 can only be studied in detail in animal models, where repeated sampling and tissue collection is possible. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 causes respiratory disease in infected rhesus macaques, with disease lasting 8-16 days. Pulmonary infiltrates, a hallmark of human disease, were visible in lung radiographs of all animals. High viral loads were detected in swabs from the nose and throat of all animals as well as in bronchoalveolar lavages; in one animal we observed prolonged rectal shedding. Taken together, the rhesus macaque recapitulates moderate disease observed in the majority of human cases. The establishment of the rhesus macaque as a model of COVID-19 will increase our understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease and will aid development and testing of medical countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent J. Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Brandi N. Williamson
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Neeltje van Doremalen
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Lizzette Pérez-Pérez
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Schulz
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Meade-White
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Atsushi Okumura
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Julie Callison
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Beniah Brumbaugh
- Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Victoria A. Avanzato
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Rosenke
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Patrick W. Hanley
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Greg Saturday
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Dana Scott
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth R. Fischer
- Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Emmie de Wit
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
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609
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Clerkin KJ, Fried JA, Raikhelkar J, Sayer G, Griffin JM, Masoumi A, Jain SS, Burkhoff D, Kumaraiah D, Rabbani L, Schwartz A, Uriel N. COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation 2020; 141:1648-1655. [PMID: 32200663 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.046941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1162] [Impact Index Per Article: 290.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic affecting 185 countries and >3 000 000 patients worldwide as of April 28, 2020. COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which invades cells through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor. Among patients with COVID-19, there is a high prevalence of cardiovascular disease, and >7% of patients experience myocardial injury from the infection (22% of critically ill patients). Although angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 serves as the portal for infection, the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers requires further investigation. COVID-19 poses a challenge for heart transplantation, affecting donor selection, immunosuppression, and posttransplant management. There are a number of promising therapies under active investigation to treat and prevent COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Clerkin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York
| | - Justin A Fried
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York
| | - Jayant Raikhelkar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York
| | - Gabriel Sayer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York
| | - Jan M Griffin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York
| | - Amirali Masoumi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York
| | - Sneha S Jain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York
| | - Daniel Burkhoff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York
| | - Deepa Kumaraiah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York
| | - LeRoy Rabbani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York
| | - Allan Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York
| | - Nir Uriel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York
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610
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Ortega JT, Serrano ML, Pujol FH, Rangel HR. Unrevealing sequence and structural features of novel coronavirus using in silico approaches: The main protease as molecular target. EXCLI JOURNAL 2020; 19:400-409. [PMID: 32210741 PMCID: PMC7081067 DOI: 10.17179/excli2020-1189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Direct-acting antivirals are effective tools to control viral infections. SARS-CoV-2 is a coronavirus associated with the epidemiological outbreak in late 2019. Previous reports showed that HIV-1 protease inhibitors could block SARS-CoV main protease. Based on that and using an in silico approach, we evaluated SARS-CoV-2 main protease as a target for HIV-1 protease inhibitors to reveal the structural features related to their antiviral effect. Our results showed that several HIV inhibitors such as lopinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir produce strong interaction with the active site of SARS-CoV-2 main protease. Furthermore, broad library protease inhibitors obtained from PubChem and ZINC (www.zinc.docking.org) were evaluated. Our analysis revealed 20 compounds that could be clustered into three groups based on their chemical features. Then, these structures could serve as leading compounds to develop a series of derivatives optimizing their activity against SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses. Altogether, the results presented in this work contribute to gain a deep understanding of the molecular pharmacology of SARS-CoV-2 treatment and validate the use of protease inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Thomas Ortega
- Department of Pharmacology and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Maria Luisa Serrano
- Unidad de Química Medicinal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Flor Helene Pujol
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Hector Rafael Rangel
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
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611
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Yuen KS, Ye ZW, Fung SY, Chan CP, Jin DY. SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: The most important research questions. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:40. [PMID: 32190290 PMCID: PMC7074995 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00404-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an ongoing global health emergency. Here we highlight nine most important research questions concerning virus transmission, asymptomatic and presymptomatic virus shedding, diagnosis, treatment, vaccine development, origin of virus and viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit-San Yuen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, 3/F Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Zi -Wei Ye
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Sin-Yee Fung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, 3/F Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Ping Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, 3/F Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, 3/F Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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612
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Kaul D. An overview of coronaviruses including the SARS-2 coronavirus - Molecular biology, epidemiology and clinical implications. CURRENT MEDICINE RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2020; 10:54-64. [PMID: 32363221 PMCID: PMC7194867 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmrp.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus infections have emerged as epidemic and pandemic threats in last two decades. After the H1N1 influenza pandemic in 2009, recently diagnosed novel betacoronavirus or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 has spread across 203 countries and territories in all 5 major continents. World Health Organization (WHO) declared this as a public health emergency of international concern on January 30, 2020. Subsequently on February 11, 2020 a new name was given to this disease i.e. COVID-19 by an expert group from WHO. As of April 12, 2020, 10:00 CET, GMT+2:00, 1,696,588 confirmed cases and 105,952 confirmed deaths have been reported to the WHO. (Coronavirus disease 2019, situation report 83). It possibly originated from a small animal market in Wuhan, China. A cluster of patients were admitted with unusual pneumonia not responding to treatment in various hospitals. Epidemiological, genomic analysis and correlation with other coronaviruses led to the isolation of new coronavirus, closely resembling the bat coronaviruses, from such patients in Wuhan. They were identified as the SARS-CoV-2. This virus infection presents as influenza like illness in the affected people. Fever, cough, respiratory distress with fatigue, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting are common symptoms seen in adults. This may progress on to severe respiratory distress, hypoxia, need for oxygen supplementation and ventilator support as seen in patients in the SARS-CoV-1 epidemic (2003) in Guangdong, China. The transmissibility of SARS-CoV-1 was less as compared to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and it was well controlled with good public health efforts. The present COVID-19 epidemic is still in the acceleration phase of 3 and 4 in various countries. Without any effective antiviral agents available at present, the need of the hour is early case detection, isolation of cases, use of good preventive care measures by the household contacts and in the hospital set up. The results of ongoing clinical trials on hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin alone or in combination and a new antiviral agent remdesivir may help to treat some of the infections. A need for effective vaccine is being seen an as good preventive strategy in this pandemic. However the results of clinical trials and incorporation of vaccines in public health programs is a long way to go.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kaul
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi -110060, India
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613
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Nicastri E, Petrosillo N, Ascoli Bartoli T, Lepore L, Mondi A, Palmieri F, D’Offizi G, Marchioni L, Murachelli S, Ippolito G, Antinori A. National Institute for the Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", IRCCS. Recommendations for COVID-19 clinical management. Infect Dis Rep 2020; 12:8543. [PMID: 32218915 PMCID: PMC7097833 DOI: 10.4081/idr.2020.8543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
On January 9 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the identification, by Chinese Health authorities, of a novel coronavirus, further classified as SARS-CoV-2 responsible of a disease (COVID-19) ranging from asymptomatic cases to severe respiratory involvement. On March 9 2020, WHO declared COVID-19 a global pandemic. Italy is the second most affected country by COVID-19 infection after China. The "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for the Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, Rome, Italy, has been the first Italian hospital to admit and manage patients affected by COVID-19. Hereby, we show our recommendations for the management of COVID-19 patients, based on very limited clinical evidences; they should be considered as expert opinions, which may be modified according to newly produced literature data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola Petrosillo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L.
Spallanzani”, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrea Antinori
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L.
Spallanzani”, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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614
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Gordon CJ, Tchesnokov EP, Feng JY, Porter DP, Götte M. The antiviral compound remdesivir potently inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:4773-4779. [PMID: 32094225 PMCID: PMC7152756 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ac120.013056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 131.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiviral drugs for managing infections with human coronaviruses are not yet approved,
posing a serious challenge to current global efforts aimed at containing the outbreak of
severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus 2 (CoV-2). Remdesivir (RDV) is an
investigational compound with a broad spectrum of antiviral activities against RNA
viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome–CoV and Middle East
respiratory syndrome (MERS–CoV). RDV is a nucleotide analog inhibitor of
RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRps). Here, we co-expressed the MERS–CoV
nonstructural proteins nsp5, nsp7, nsp8, and nsp12 (RdRp) in insect cells as a part a
polyprotein to study the mechanism of inhibition of MERS–CoV RdRp by RDV. We
initially demonstrated that nsp8 and nsp12 form an active complex. The triphosphate form
of the inhibitor (RDV-TP) competes with its natural counterpart ATP. Of note, the
selectivity value for RDV-TP obtained here with a steady-state approach suggests that it
is more efficiently incorporated than ATP and two other nucleotide analogs. Once
incorporated at position i, the inhibitor caused RNA synthesis arrest at
position i + 3. Hence, the likely mechanism of action is delayed RNA
chain termination. The additional three nucleotides may protect the inhibitor from
excision by the viral 3′–5′ exonuclease activity. Together, these
results help to explain the high potency of RDV against RNA viruses in cell-based
assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin J Gordon
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Egor P Tchesnokov
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Joy Y Feng
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404
| | | | - Matthias Götte
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada .,Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology at University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
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615
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Menzella F, Matucci A, Vultaggio A, Barbieri C, Biava M, Scelfo C, Fontana M, Facciolongo NC. COVID-19: general overview, pharmacological options and ventilatory support strategies. Multidiscip Respir Med 2020; 15:708. [PMID: 33282284 PMCID: PMC7662457 DOI: 10.4081/mrm.2020.708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus called "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2" (SARS-CoV-2) caused an outbreak in December 2019, starting from the Chinese city of Wuhan, in the Hubei province, and rapidly spreading to the rest of the world. Consequently, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) can be characterized as a pandemic. During COVID-19 several immunological alterations have been observed: in plasma of severe patients, inflammatory cytokines are at a much higher concentration ("cytokine storm"). These aspects are associated with pulmonary inflammation and parenchymal infiltrates with an extensive lung tissue damage in COVID-19 patients. To date, clinical evidence and guidelines based on reliable data and randomized clinical trials (RCTs) for the treatment of COVID-19 are lacking. In the absence of definitive management protocols, many treatments are currently being evaluated worldwide. Some of these options were soon abandoned due to ineffectiveness, while others showed promising results. As for ventilatory strategies, at the moment there are still no consistent data published about the different approaches and how they may influence disease progression. What will probably represent the real solution to this pandemic is the identification of a safe and effective vaccine, for which enormous efforts and investments are being put in place. This review will summarize the state-of-the-art of COVID-19 current treatment options and those potentially available in the future, as well as high flow oxygen therapy and non-invasive mechanical ventilation approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Menzella
- Department of Medical Specialties, Pneumology Unit, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Azienda USL di Reggio Emilia- IRCCS, Reggio Emilia
| | - Andrea Matucci
- Immunoallergology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence
| | | | - Chiara Barbieri
- Department of Medical Specialties, Pneumology Unit, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Azienda USL di Reggio Emilia- IRCCS, Reggio Emilia
| | | | - Chiara Scelfo
- Department of Medical Specialties, Pneumology Unit, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Azienda USL di Reggio Emilia- IRCCS, Reggio Emilia
| | - Matteo Fontana
- Department of Medical Specialties, Pneumology Unit, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Azienda USL di Reggio Emilia- IRCCS, Reggio Emilia
| | - Nicola Cosimo Facciolongo
- Department of Medical Specialties, Pneumology Unit, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Azienda USL di Reggio Emilia- IRCCS, Reggio Emilia
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616
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617
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Singh TU, Parida S, Lingaraju MC, Kesavan M, Kumar D, Singh RK. Drug repurposing approach to fight COVID-19. Pharmacol Rep 2020; 72:1479-1508. [PMID: 32889701 PMCID: PMC7474498 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00155-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there are no treatment options available for the deadly contagious disease, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Drug repurposing is a process of identifying new uses for approved or investigational drugs and it is considered as a very effective strategy for drug discovery as it involves less time and cost to find a therapeutic agent in comparison to the de novo drug discovery process. The present review will focus on the repurposing efficacy of the currently used drugs against COVID-19 and their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, dosing, safety, and their future perspective. Relevant articles with experimental studies conducted in-silico, in-vitro, in-vivo, clinical trials in humans, case reports, and news archives were selected for the review. Number of drugs such as remdesivir, favipiravir, ribavirin, lopinavir, ritonavir, darunavir, arbidol, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, tocilizumab and interferons have shown inhibitory effects against the SARS-CoV2 in-vitro as well as in clinical conditions. These drugs either act through virus-related targets such as RNA genome, polypeptide packing and uptake pathways or target host-related pathways involving angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptors and inflammatory pathways. Using the basic knowledge of viral pathogenesis and pharmacodynamics of drugs as well as using computational tools, many drugs are currently in pipeline to be repurposed. In the current scenario, repositioning of the drugs could be considered the new avenue for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thakur Uttam Singh
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Subhashree Parida
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Madhu Cholenahalli Lingaraju
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Manickam Kesavan
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 Uttar Pradesh India
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618
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Abstract
On December 31, 2019, an outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology was detected in the city of Wuhan (China). A week later, a new coronavirus was isolated in these patients, initially designated as 2019-nCoV and subsequently SARS-CoV-2. This is a new virus that is much closer genetically to the coronavirus of bats than to human SARS. The new virus infects and replicates in the lung parenchyma pneumocytes and macrophages in which the ACE-2 cell receptor resides. He has now infected many more people than his predecessors (> 85,000). From the clinical point of view, those infected have an average age of 55 years; the main symptoms are fever, dry cough, lymphopenia, dyspnea, and pneumonia in its severe form. The overall lethality rate is 2-3% in China and 0.1% in cases detected outside of this country. The incubation period has been set at about 3 days (0-24 days). There are no specific antivirals or vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Reina
- Unidad de Virología, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Facultad de Medicina, UIB, Palma de Mallorca, España
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619
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Mohammadi Barzelighi H, Daraei B, Dastan F. Approaches for the Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Pharmacologic View and Literature Review. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2020; 19:258-281. [PMID: 33680028 PMCID: PMC7757982 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2020.113821.14506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of a novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) inducing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was identified in Hubei province of China in December 2019 and rapidly spread worldwide as pandemic and became a public health concern. COVID-19 disease is caused by a new virus known as SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2), which has recently offered many challenges and efforts to identify effective drugs for its prevention and treatment. Currently, there is no proven effective approach and medication against this virus. Quickly expanding clinical trials and studies on Coronavirus disease 2019 increase our knowledge regarding SARS-CoV-2 virus and introduce several potential drugs targeting virus moiety or host cell elements. Overall, 3 stages were suggested for SARS-CoV-2 infection according to the disease severity, clinical manifestations, and treatment outcomes, including mild, moderate, and severe. This review aimed to classify and summarize several medications and potential therapies according to the disease 3 stages; however, it is worth noting that no medication and therapy has been effective so far.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bahram Daraei
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farzaneh Dastan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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620
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Abstract
We highlighted the discovery process, preparation techniques, broad-spectrum activities, antiviral mechanism, and future perspectives of GS-5734.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
- China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Liyan Yang
- School of Physics and Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
- China
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621
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Feng Z, Xiao C, Li P, You Z, Yin X, Zheng F. Comparison of spatio-temporal transmission characteristics of COVID-19 and its mitigation strategies in China and the US. JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENCES 2020; 30. [PMCID: PMC7762830 DOI: 10.1007/s11442-020-1822-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Investigating the spatio-temporal transmission features and process of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mitigation strategies are of great practical significance to understand the development of COVID-19 and establish international cooperation for prevention and control. In this paper, the cumulative number of confirmed cases, number of confirmed cases per day and cumulative number of deaths, were used to compare transmission paths, outbreaks timelines, and coping strategies of COVID-19 in China and the US. The results revealed that: first, the COVID-19 outbreaks in both China and the US exhibited a 6-week initiation stage. In China, the COVID-19 erupted in late January. It lasted only a short period of time and was almost completely contained within 6–8 weeks. But the COVID-19 erupted in early March in the US and was still in the peak or post-peak stage. Second, in China, the COVID-19 emerged in Wuhan and spread to other regions of Hubei Province and then nationwide, exhibiting a cross(“+”)-shaped of spread with Wuhan city as the center. Importantly, the COVID-19 in China had a large concentration and there were no national outbreaks. In contrast, the COVID-19 in the US first spread through New York and the western and eastern coasts but has since emerged throughout the entire country. Third, the lack of emergency response planning in both countries in the early stage (about 6-week) hampered COVID-19 prevention. However, actively high-pressure prevention and control measures were used to basically control COVID-19 in early March in China. And then China has gradually resumed business and production activities. Unfortunately, the US government missed the best opportunity to contain the epidemic. Faced with the choice between economic recovery and coronavirus containment, the US removed the quarantine and restriction measures too early. The COVID-19 is continuing to spread in the country and blossom everywhere, still showing no signs of receding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Feng
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing, 100101 China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Chiwei Xiao
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing, 100101 China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Peng Li
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing, 100101 China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Zhen You
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing, 100101 China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Xu Yin
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing, 100101 China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Fangyu Zheng
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing, 100101 China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
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