651
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Qi Y, Li Z, Kong CW, Tang NL, Huang Y, Li RA, Yao X. Uniaxial cyclic stretch stimulates TRPV4 to induce realignment of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 87:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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652
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Contractility of single cardiomyocytes differentiated from pluripotent stem cells depends on physiological shape and substrate stiffness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:12705-10. [PMID: 26417073 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1508073112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Single cardiomyocytes contain myofibrils that harbor the sarcomere-based contractile machinery of the myocardium. Cardiomyocytes differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC-CMs) have potential as an in vitro model of heart activity. However, their fetal-like misalignment of myofibrils limits their usefulness for modeling contractile activity. We analyzed the effects of cell shape and substrate stiffness on the shortening and movement of labeled sarcomeres and the translation of sarcomere activity to mechanical output (contractility) in live engineered hPSC-CMs. Single hPSC-CMs were cultured on polyacrylamide substrates of physiological stiffness (10 kPa), and Matrigel micropatterns were used to generate physiological shapes (2,000-µm(2) rectangles with length:width aspect ratios of 5:1-7:1) and a mature alignment of myofibrils. Translation of sarcomere shortening to mechanical output was highest in 7:1 hPSC-CMs. Increased substrate stiffness and applied overstretch induced myofibril defects in 7:1 hPSC-CMs and decreased mechanical output. Inhibitors of nonmuscle myosin activity repressed the assembly of myofibrils, showing that subcellular tension drives the improved contractile activity in these engineered hPSC-CMs. Other factors associated with improved contractility were axially directed calcium flow, systematic mitochondrial distribution, more mature electrophysiology, and evidence of transverse-tubule formation. These findings support the potential of these engineered hPSC-CMs as powerful models for studying myocardial contractility at the cellular level.
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653
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Defined MicroRNAs Induce Aspects of Maturation in Mouse and Human Embryonic-Stem-Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes. Cell Rep 2015; 12:1960-7. [PMID: 26365191 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent-cell-derived cardiomyocytes have great potential for use in research and medicine, but limitations in their maturity currently constrain their usefulness. Here, we report a method for improving features of maturation in murine and human embryonic-stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes (m/hESC-CMs). We found that coculturing m/hESC-CMs with endothelial cells improves their maturity and upregulates several microRNAs. Delivering four of these microRNAs, miR-125b-5p, miR-199a-5p, miR-221, and miR-222 (miR-combo), to m/hESC-CMs resulted in improved sarcomere alignment and calcium handling, a more negative resting membrane potential, and increased expression of cardiomyocyte maturation markers. Although this could not fully phenocopy all adult cardiomyocyte characteristics, these effects persisted for two months following delivery of miR-combo. A luciferase assay demonstrated that all four miRNAs target ErbB4, and siRNA knockdown of ErbB4 partially recapitulated the effects of miR-combo. In summary, a combination of miRNAs induced via endothelial coculture improved ESC-CM maturity, in part through suppression of ErbB4 signaling.
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654
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Akt1/protein kinase B enhances transcriptional reprogramming of fibroblasts to functional cardiomyocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:11864-9. [PMID: 26354121 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1516237112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Conversion of fibroblasts to functional cardiomyocytes represents a potential approach for restoring cardiac function after myocardial injury, but the technique thus far has been slow and inefficient. To improve the efficiency of reprogramming fibroblasts to cardiac-like myocytes (iCMs) by cardiac transcription factors [Gata4, Hand2, Mef2c, and Tbx5 (GHMT)], we screened 192 protein kinases and discovered that Akt/protein kinase B dramatically accelerates and amplifies this process in three different types of fibroblasts (mouse embryo, adult cardiac, and tail tip). Approximately 50% of reprogrammed mouse embryo fibroblasts displayed spontaneous beating after 3 wk of induction by Akt plus GHMT. Furthermore, addition of Akt1 to GHMT evoked a more mature cardiac phenotype for iCMs, as seen by enhanced polynucleation, cellular hypertrophy, gene expression, and metabolic reprogramming. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) acted upstream of Akt whereas the mitochondrial target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and forkhead box o3 (Foxo3a) acted downstream of Akt to influence fibroblast-to-cardiomyocyte reprogramming. These findings provide insights into the molecular basis of cardiac reprogramming and represent an important step toward further application of this technique.
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655
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Tang S, Xie M, Cao N, Ding S. Patient-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Disease Modeling and Phenotypic Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2015; 59:2-15. [PMID: 26322868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In vitro cell models are invaluable tools for studying diseases and discovering drugs. Human induced pluripotent stem cells, particularly derived from patients, are an advantageous resource for generating ample supplies of cells to create unique platforms that model disease. This manuscript will review recent developments in modeling a variety of diseases (including their cellular phenotypes) with induced pluripotent stem cells derived from patients. It will also describe how researchers have exploited these models to validate drugs as potential therapeutics for these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibing Tang
- Gladstone Institutes , 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Min Xie
- Gladstone Institutes , 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Nan Cao
- Gladstone Institutes , 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Sheng Ding
- Gladstone Institutes , 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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656
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Schade
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse
6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alleyn T. Plowright
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Innovative
Medicines, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 43183, Sweden
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657
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Cardiovascular Disease Modeling Using Patient-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:18894-922. [PMID: 26274955 PMCID: PMC4581278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160818894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has opened up a new scientific frontier in medicine. This technology has made it possible to obtain pluripotent stem cells from individuals with genetic disorders. Because iPSCs carry the identical genetic anomalies related to those disorders, iPSCs are an ideal platform for medical research. The pathophysiological cellular phenotypes of genetically heritable heart diseases such as arrhythmias and cardiomyopathies, have been modeled on cell culture dishes using disease-specific iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. These model systems can potentially provide new insights into disease mechanisms and drug discoveries. This review focuses on recent progress in cardiovascular disease modeling using iPSCs, and discusses problems and future perspectives concerning their use.
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658
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659
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Hwang HS, Kryshtal DO, Feaster TK, Sánchez-Freire V, Zhang J, Kamp TJ, Hong CC, Wu JC, Knollmann BC. Comparable calcium handling of human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes generated by multiple laboratories. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 85:79-88. [PMID: 25982839 PMCID: PMC4530041 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes (CMs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are being increasingly used to model human heart diseases. hiPSC-CMs generated by earlier aggregation-based methods (i.e., embryoid body) often lack functional sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca stores characteristic of mature mammalian CMs. Newer monolayer-based cardiac differentiation methods (i.e., Matrigel sandwich or small molecule-based differentiation) produce hiPSC-CMs of high purity and yield, but their Ca handling has not been comprehensively investigated. Here, we studied Ca handling and cytosolic Ca buffering properties of hiPSC-CMs generated independently from multiple hiPSC lines at Stanford University, Vanderbilt University and University of Wisconsin-Madison. hiPSC-CMs were cryopreserved at each university. Frozen aliquots were shipped, recovered from cryopreservation, plated at low density and compared 3-5days after plating with acutely-isolated adult rabbit and mouse ventricular CMs. Although hiPSC-CM cell volume was significantly smaller, cell capacitance to cell volume ratio and cytoplasmic Ca buffering were not different from rabbit-CMs. hiPSC-CMs from all three laboratories exhibited robust L-type Ca currents, twitch Ca transients and caffeine-releasable SR Ca stores comparable to adult CMs. Ca transport by sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca ATPase (SERCA) and Na/Ca exchanger (NCX) was similar in all hiPSC-CM lines, but slower compared to rabbit-CMs. However, the relative contribution of SERCA and NCX to Ca transport of hiPSC-CMs was comparable to rabbit-CMs. Ca handling maturity of hiPSC-CMs increased from 15 to 21days post-induction. We conclude that hiPSC-CMs generated independently from multiple iPSC lines using monolayer-based methods can be reproducibly recovered from cryopreservation and exhibit comparable and functional SR Ca handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Seok Hwang
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Oates Institute for Experimental Therapeutics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dmytro O Kryshtal
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Oates Institute for Experimental Therapeutics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - T K Feaster
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Verónica Sánchez-Freire
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Timothy J Kamp
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Charles C Hong
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN USA; Research Medicine, Veterans Affairs TVHS, Nasvhille, TN USA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Björn C Knollmann
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Oates Institute for Experimental Therapeutics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
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660
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Zhang Y, Sivakumaran P, Newcomb AE, Hernandez D, Harris N, Khanabdali R, Liu GS, Kelly DJ, Pébay A, Hewitt AW, Boyle A, Harvey R, Morrison WA, Elliott DA, Dusting GJ, Lim SY. Cardiac Repair With a Novel Population of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Resident in the Human Heart. Stem Cells 2015; 33:3100-13. [PMID: 26184084 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac resident stem cells (CRSCs) hold much promise to treat heart disease but this remains a controversial field. Here, we describe a novel population of CRSCs, which are positive for W8B2 antigen and were obtained from adult human atrial appendages. W8B2(+) CRSCs exhibit a spindle-shaped morphology, are clonogenic and capable of self-renewal. W8B2(+) CRSCs show high expression of mesenchymal but not hematopoietic nor endothelial markers. W8B2(+) CRSCs expressed GATA4, HAND2, and TBX5, but not C-KIT, SCA-1, NKX2.5, PDGFRα, ISL1, or WT1. W8B2(+) CRSCs can differentiate into cardiovascular lineages and secrete a range of cytokines implicated in angiogenesis, chemotaxis, inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling, cell growth, and survival. In vitro, conditioned medium collected from W8B2(+) CRSCs displayed prosurvival, proangiogenic, and promigratory effects on endothelial cells, superior to that of other adult stem cells tested, and additionally promoted survival and proliferation of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Intramyocardial transplantation of human W8B2(+) CRSCs into immunocompromised rats 1 week after myocardial infarction markedly improved cardiac function (∼40% improvement in ejection fraction) and reduced fibrotic scar tissue 4 weeks after infarction. Hearts treated with W8B2(+) CRSCs showed less adverse remodeling of the left ventricle, a greater number of proliferating cardiomyocytes (Ki67(+) cTnT(+) cells) in the remote region, higher myocardial vascular density, and greater infiltration of CD163(+) cells (a marker for M2 macrophages) into the border zone and scar regions. In summary, W8B2(+) CRSCs are distinct from currently known CRSCs found in human hearts, and as such may be an ideal cell source to repair myocardial damage after infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Andrew E Newcomb
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Vascular and Cardiac Surgery, The Cardiovascular Research Centre (CvRC), Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Damián Hernandez
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,O'Brien Institute Department, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole Harris
- O'Brien Institute Department, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ramin Khanabdali
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,O'Brien Institute Department, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Guei-Sheung Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Eye Research Australia & Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Darren J Kelly
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alice Pébay
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Eye Research Australia & Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alex W Hewitt
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Eye Research Australia & Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Boyle
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Harvey
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wayne A Morrison
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,O'Brien Institute Department, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,AORTEC, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - David A Elliott
- Cardiac Development, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gregory J Dusting
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,O'Brien Institute Department, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Eye Research Australia & Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shiang Y Lim
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,O'Brien Institute Department, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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661
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van den Berg CW, Okawa S, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM, van Iperen L, Passier R, Braam SR, Tertoolen LG, del Sol A, Davis RP, Mummery CL. Transcriptome of human foetal heart compared with cardiomyocytes from pluripotent stem cells. Development 2015. [PMID: 26209647 DOI: 10.1242/dev.123810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Differentiated derivatives of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are often considered immature because they resemble foetal cells more than adult, with hPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) being no exception. Many functional features of these cardiomyocytes, such as their cell morphology, electrophysiological characteristics, sarcomere organization and contraction force, are underdeveloped compared with adult cardiomyocytes. However, relatively little is known about how their gene expression profiles compare with the human foetal heart, in part because of the paucity of data on the human foetal heart at different stages of development. Here, we collected samples of matched ventricles and atria from human foetuses during the first and second trimester of development. This presented a rare opportunity to perform gene expression analysis on the individual chambers of the heart at various stages of development, allowing us to identify not only genes involved in the formation of the heart, but also specific genes upregulated in each of the four chambers and at different stages of development. The data showed that hPSC-CMs had a gene expression profile similar to first trimester foetal heart, but after culture in conditions shown previously to induce maturation, they cluster closer to the second trimester foetal heart samples. In summary, we demonstrate how the gene expression profiles of human foetal heart samples can be used for benchmarking hPSC-CMs and also contribute to determining their equivalent stage of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathelijne W van den Berg
- Dept. of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, Leiden 2333 ZC, The Netherlands
| | - Satoshi Okawa
- Computational Biology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 6, Avenue du Swing, Belvaux L-4367, Luxembourg
| | | | - Liesbeth van Iperen
- Dept. of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, Leiden 2333 ZC, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Passier
- Dept. of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, Leiden 2333 ZC, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan R Braam
- Pluriomics B.V., Biopartner building 3, Galileiweg 8, Leiden 2333 BD, The Netherlands
| | - Leon G Tertoolen
- Dept. of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, Leiden 2333 ZC, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio del Sol
- Computational Biology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 6, Avenue du Swing, Belvaux L-4367, Luxembourg
| | - Richard P Davis
- Dept. of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, Leiden 2333 ZC, The Netherlands
| | - Christine L Mummery
- Dept. of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, Leiden 2333 ZC, The Netherlands
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662
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Fermini B, Hancox JC, Abi-Gerges N, Bridgland-Taylor M, Chaudhary KW, Colatsky T, Correll K, Crumb W, Damiano B, Erdemli G, Gintant G, Imredy J, Koerner J, Kramer J, Levesque P, Li Z, Lindqvist A, Obejero-Paz CA, Rampe D, Sawada K, Strauss DG, Vandenberg JI. A New Perspective in the Field of Cardiac Safety Testing through the Comprehensive In Vitro Proarrhythmia Assay Paradigm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 21:1-11. [PMID: 26170255 DOI: 10.1177/1087057115594589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
For the past decade, cardiac safety screening to evaluate the propensity of drugs to produce QT interval prolongation and Torsades de Pointes (TdP) arrhythmia has been conducted according to ICH S7B and ICH E14 guidelines. Central to the existing approach are hERG channel assays and in vivo QT measurements. Although effective, the present paradigm carries a risk of unnecessary compound attrition and high cost, especially when considering costly thorough QT (TQT) studies conducted later in drug development. The C: omprehensive I: n Vitro P: roarrhythmia A: ssay (CiPA) initiative is a public-private collaboration with the aim of updating the existing cardiac safety testing paradigm to better evaluate arrhythmia risk and remove the need for TQT studies. It is hoped that CiPA will produce a standardized ion channel assay approach, incorporating defined tests against major cardiac ion channels, the results of which then inform evaluation of proarrhythmic actions in silico, using human ventricular action potential reconstructions. Results are then to be confirmed using human (stem cell-derived) cardiomyocytes. This perspective article reviews the rationale, progress of, and challenges for the CiPA initiative, if this new paradigm is to replace existing practice and, in time, lead to improved and widely accepted cardiac safety testing guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jules C Hancox
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Najah Abi-Gerges
- Translational Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D, Macclesfield, UK AnaBios Corporation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Bridgland-Taylor
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D, Macclesfield, UK
| | | | - Thomas Colatsky
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, CDER, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Bruce Damiano
- Global Safety Pharmacology, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Gul Erdemli
- Center for Proteomic Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gary Gintant
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, Integrated Sciences & Technology, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John Imredy
- Department of Safety Assessment, Merck & Co, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - John Koerner
- Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, CDER, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - James Kramer
- ChanTest, A Charles River Company, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Paul Levesque
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Development, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Zhihua Li
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, CDER, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | | | - David Rampe
- Preclinical Safety, Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ, USA
| | - Kohei Sawada
- Global Cardiovascular Assessment, Eisai Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - David G Strauss
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jamie I Vandenberg
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of NSW, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
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663
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Cavero I, Holzgrefe H. CiPA: Ongoing testing, future qualification procedures, and pending issues. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2015; 76:27-37. [PMID: 26159293 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The comprehensive in vitro proarrhythmia assay (CiPA) is a nonclinical, mechanism-based paradigm for assessing drug proarrhythmic liability. TOPICS COVERED The first CiPA assay determines effects on cloned human cardiac ion channels. The second investigates whether the latter study-generated metrics engender proarrhythmic markers on a computationally reconstructed human ventricular action potential. The third evaluates conclusions from, and searches possibly missed effects by in silico analysis, in human stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hSC-CMs). CiPA ad hoc Expert-Working Groups have proposed patch clamp protocols for seven cardiac ion channels, a modified O'Hara-Rudy model for in silico analysis, detailed procedures for field (MEA) and action potential (VSD) measurements in hSC-CMs, and 29 reference drugs for CiPA assay testing and validation. DISCUSSION CiPA adoption as drug development tool for identifying electrophysiological mechanisms conferring proarrhythmic liability to candidate drugs is a complex, multi-functional task requiring significant time, reflection, and efforts to be fully achieved.
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664
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Schwan J, Campbell SG. Prospects for In Vitro Myofilament Maturation in Stem Cell-Derived Cardiac Myocytes. Biomark Insights 2015; 10:91-103. [PMID: 26085788 PMCID: PMC4463797 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s23912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes derived from human stem cells are quickly becoming mainstays of cardiac regenerative medicine, in vitro disease modeling, and drug screening. Their suitability for such roles may seem obvious, but assessments of their contractile behavior suggest that they have not achieved a completely mature cardiac muscle phenotype. This could be explained in part by an incomplete transition from fetal to adult myofilament protein isoform expression. In this commentary, we review evidence that supports this hypothesis and discuss prospects for ultimately generating engineered heart tissue specimens that behave similarly to adult human myocardium. We suggest approaches to better characterize myofilament maturation level in these in vitro systems, and illustrate how new computational models could be used to better understand complex relationships between muscle contraction, myofilament protein isoform expression, and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Schwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stuart G Campbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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665
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Sirabella D, Cimetta E, Vunjak-Novakovic G. "The state of the heart": Recent advances in engineering human cardiac tissue from pluripotent stem cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:1008-18. [PMID: 26069271 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215589910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The pressing need for effective cell therapy for the heart has led to the investigation of suitable cell sources for tissue replacement. In recent years, human pluripotent stem cell research expanded tremendously, in particular since the derivation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells. In parallel, bioengineering technologies have led to novel approaches for in vitro cell culture. The combination of these two fields holds potential for in vitro generation of high-fidelity heart tissue, both for basic research and for therapeutic applications. However, this new multidisciplinary science is still at an early stage. Many questions need to be answered and improvements need to be made before clinical applications become a reality. Here we discuss the current status of human stem cell differentiation into cardiomyocytes and the combined use of bioengineering approaches for cardiac tissue formation and maturation in developmental studies, disease modeling, drug testing, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Sirabella
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York 10032, USA
| | - Elisa Cimetta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York 10032, USA
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666
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Vollert I, Eder A, Hansen A, Eschenhagen T. Engineering Cardiovascular Regeneration. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40778-015-0010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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667
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Huyer LD, Montgomery M, Zhao Y, Xiao Y, Conant G, Korolj A, Radisic M. Biomaterial based cardiac tissue engineering and its applications. Biomed Mater 2015; 10:034004. [PMID: 25989939 PMCID: PMC4464787 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/10/3/034004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide, necessitating the development of effective treatment strategies. A myocardial infarction involves the blockage of a coronary artery leading to depletion of nutrient and oxygen supply to cardiomyocytes and massive cell death in a region of the myocardium. Cardiac tissue engineering is the growth of functional cardiac tissue in vitro on biomaterial scaffolds for regenerative medicine application. This strategy relies on the optimization of the complex relationship between cell networks and biomaterial properties. In this review, we discuss important biomaterial properties for cardiac tissue engineering applications, such as elasticity, degradation, and induced host response, and their relationship to engineered cardiac cell environments. With these properties in mind, we also emphasize in vitro use of cardiac tissues for high-throughput drug screening and disease modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Locke Davenport Huyer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Miles Montgomery
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yimu Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yun Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Genevieve Conant
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anastasia Korolj
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Milica Radisic
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network and IBBME, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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668
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Tan Y, Richards D, Xu R, Stewart-Clark S, Mani SK, Borg TK, Menick DR, Tian B, Mei Y. Silicon nanowire-induced maturation of cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:2765-72. [PMID: 25826336 PMCID: PMC4431939 DOI: 10.1021/nl502227a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The current inability to derive mature cardiomyocytes from human pluripotent stem cells has been the limiting step for transitioning this powerful technology into clinical therapies. To address this, scaffold-based tissue engineering approaches have been utilized to mimic heart development in vitro and promote maturation of cardiomyocytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells. While scaffolds can provide 3D microenvironments, current scaffolds lack the matched physical/chemical/biological properties of native extracellular environments. On the other hand, scaffold-free, 3D cardiac spheroids (i.e., spherical-shaped microtissues) prepared by seeding cardiomyocytes into agarose microwells were shown to improve cardiac functions. However, cardiomyocytes within the spheroids could not assemble in a controlled manner and led to compromised, unsynchronized contractions. Here, we show, for the first time, that incorporation of a trace amount (i.e., ∼0.004% w/v) of electrically conductive silicon nanowires (e-SiNWs) in otherwise scaffold-free cardiac spheroids can form an electrically conductive network, leading to synchronized and significantly enhanced contraction (i.e., >55% increase in average contraction amplitude), resulting in significantly more advanced cellular structural and contractile maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tan
- Bioengineering Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Dylan Richards
- Bioengineering Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Ruoyu Xu
- Department of Chemistry, the James Franck Institute and the Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Santhosh Kumar Mani
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston SC 29425, USA
| | - Thomas Keith Borg
- Bioengineering Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Donald R. Menick
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston SC 29425, USA
| | - Bozhi Tian
- Department of Chemistry, the James Franck Institute and the Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ying Mei
- Bioengineering Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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669
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Cao H, Kang BJ, Lee CA, Shung KK, Hsiai TK. Electrical and Mechanical Strategies to Enable Cardiac Repair and Regeneration. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2015; 8:114-24. [PMID: 25974948 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2015.2431681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Inadequate replacement of lost ventricular myocardium from myocardial infarction leads to heart failure. Investigating the regenerative capacity of mammalian hearts represents an emerging direction for tissue engineering and cell-based therapy. Recent advances in stem cells hold promise to restore cardiac functions. However, embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes lack functional phenotypes of the native myocardium, and transplanted tissues are not fully integrated for synchronized electrical and mechanical coupling with the host. In this context, this review highlights the mechanical and electrical strategies to promote cardiomyocyte maturation and integration, and to assess the functional phenotypes of regenerating myocardium. Simultaneous microelectrocardiogram and high-frequency ultrasound techniques will also be introduced to assess electrical and mechanical coupling for small animal models of heart regeneration.
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670
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Let-7 family of microRNA is required for maturation and adult-like metabolism in stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E2785-94. [PMID: 25964336 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1424042112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In metazoans, transition from fetal to adult heart is accompanied by a switch in energy metabolism-glycolysis to fatty acid oxidation. The molecular factors regulating this metabolic switch remain largely unexplored. We first demonstrate that the molecular signatures in 1-year (y) matured human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CMs) are similar to those seen in in vivo-derived mature cardiac tissues, thus making them an excellent model to study human cardiac maturation. We further show that let-7 is the most highly up-regulated microRNA (miRNA) family during in vitro human cardiac maturation. Gain- and loss-of-function analyses of let-7g in hESC-CMs demonstrate it is both required and sufficient for maturation, but not for early differentiation of CMs. Overexpression of let-7 family members in hESC-CMs enhances cell size, sarcomere length, force of contraction, and respiratory capacity. Interestingly, large-scale expression data, target analysis, and metabolic flux assays suggest this let-7-driven CM maturation could be a result of down-regulation of the phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT protein kinase/insulin pathway and an up-regulation of fatty acid metabolism. These results indicate let-7 is an important mediator in augmenting metabolic energetics in maturing CMs. Promoting maturation of hESC-CMs with let-7 overexpression will be highly significant for basic and applied research.
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671
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Martin U. New Muscle for Old Hearts: Engineering Tissue from Pluripotent Stem Cells. Hum Gene Ther 2015; 26:305-11. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2015.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Martin
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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672
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Csöbönyeiová M, Polák Š, Danišovič L. Perspectives of induced pluripotent stem cells for cardiovascular system regeneration. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:549-56. [PMID: 25595188 PMCID: PMC4935267 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214565976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for basic research and regenerative medicine. They offer the same advantages as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and moreover new perspectives for personalized medicine. iPSCs can be generated from adult somatic tissues by over-expression of a few defined transcription factors, including Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-myc. For regenerative medicine in particular, the technology provides great hope for patients with incurable diseases or potentially fatal disorders such as heart failure. The endogenous regenerative potentials of adult hearts are extremely limited and insufficient to compensate for myocardial loss occurring after myocardial infarction. Recent discoveries have demonstrated that iPSCs have the potential to significantly advance future cardiovascular regenerative therapies. Moreover, iPSCs can be generated from somatic cells of patients with genetic basis for their disease. This human iPSC derivates offer tremendous potential for new disease models. This paper reviews current applications of iPSCs in cardiovascular regenerative medicine and discusses progress in modeling cardiovascular diseases using iPSCs-derived cardiac cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Csöbönyeiová
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Comenius University in Bratislava, 81108 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Štefan Polák
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Comenius University in Bratislava, 81108 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - L'uboš Danišovič
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 81108 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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673
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Veerman CC, Kosmidis G, Mummery CL, Casini S, Verkerk AO, Bellin M. Immaturity of Human Stem-Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes in Culture: Fatal Flaw or Soluble Problem? Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1035-52. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan C. Veerman
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Georgios Kosmidis
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Christine L. Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Simona Casini
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Arie O. Verkerk
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Milena Bellin
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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674
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Suhaeri M, Subbiah R, Van SY, Du P, Kim IG, Lee K, Park K. Cardiomyoblast (h9c2) differentiation on tunable extracellular matrix microenvironment. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:1940-51. [PMID: 25836924 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrices (ECM) obtained from in vitro-cultured cells have been given much attention, but its application in cardiac tissue engineering is still limited. This study investigates cardiomyogenic potential of fibroblast-derived matrix (FDM) as a novel ECM platform over gelatin or fibronectin, in generating cardiac cell lineages derived from H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. As characterized through SEM and AFM, FDM exhibits unique surface texture and biomechanical property. Immunofluorescence also found fibronectin, collagen, and laminin in the FDM. Cells on FDM showed a more circular shape and slightly less proliferation in a growth medium. After being cultured in a differentiation medium for 7 days, H9c2 cells on FDM differentiated into cardiomyocytes, as identified by stronger positive markers, such as α-actinin and cTnT, along with more elevated gene expression of Myl2 and Tnnt compared to the cells on gelatin and fibronectin. The gap junction protein connexin 43 was also significantly upregulated for the cells differentiated on FDM. A successive work enabled matrix stiffness tunable; FDM crosslinked by 2wt% genipin increased the stiffness up to 8.5 kPa, 100 times harder than that of natural FDM. The gene expression of integrin subunit α5 was significantly more upregulated on FDM than on crosslinked FDM (X-FDM), whereas no difference was observed for β1 expression. Interestingly, X-FDM showed a much greater effect on the cardiomyoblast differentiation into cardiomyocytes over natural one. This study strongly indicates that FDM can be a favorable ECM microenvironment for cardiomyogenesis of H9c2 and that tunable mechanical compliance induced by crosslinking further provides a valuable insight into the role of matrix stiffness on cardiomyogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Suhaeri
- 1Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,2Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramesh Subbiah
- 1Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,2Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejon, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Young Van
- 1Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,2Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ping Du
- 1Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,2Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejon, Republic of Korea
| | - In Gul Kim
- 1Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangwon Lee
- 1Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,2Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwideok Park
- 1Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,2Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejon, Republic of Korea
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675
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Kamdar F, Klaassen Kamdar A, Koyano-Nakagawa N, Garry MG, Garry DJ. Cardiomyopathy in a dish: using human inducible pluripotent stem cells to model inherited cardiomyopathies. J Card Fail 2015; 21:761-70. [PMID: 25934595 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inherited cardiomyopathies, including hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathies, arrythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, and other inherited forms of heart failure, represent a unique set of genetically defined cardiovascular disease processes. Unraveling the molecular mechanisms of these deadly forms of human heart disease has been challenging, but recent groundbreaking scientific advances in stem cell technology have allowed for the generation of patient-specific human inducible stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs). hiPSC-derived CMs retain the genetic blueprint of the patient, they can be maintained in culture, and they recapitulate the phenotypic characteristics of the disease in vitro, thus serving as a disease in a dish. This review provides an overview of in vitro modeling of inherited cardiomyopathies with the use of patient-specific hiPSC-derived CMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forum Kamdar
- Cardiovascular Division and Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Andre Klaassen Kamdar
- Cardiovascular Division and Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Naoko Koyano-Nakagawa
- Cardiovascular Division and Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Mary G Garry
- Cardiovascular Division and Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Daniel J Garry
- Cardiovascular Division and Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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676
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Affiliation(s)
- Taketaro Sadahiro
- From the Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Japan Science and Technology CREST, Tokyo, Japan (T.S., M.I.); Japan Science and Technology CREST, Tokyo, Japan (M.I.); Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (S.Y.); and Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA (S.Y.)
| | - Shinya Yamanaka
- From the Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Japan Science and Technology CREST, Tokyo, Japan (T.S., M.I.); Japan Science and Technology CREST, Tokyo, Japan (M.I.); Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (S.Y.); and Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA (S.Y.)
| | - Masaki Ieda
- From the Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Japan Science and Technology CREST, Tokyo, Japan (T.S., M.I.); Japan Science and Technology CREST, Tokyo, Japan (M.I.); Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (S.Y.); and Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA (S.Y.)
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677
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Almeida SO, Skelton RJ, Adigopula S, Ardehali R. Arrhythmia in stem cell transplantation. Card Electrophysiol Clin 2015; 7:357-70. [PMID: 26002399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccep.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell regenerative therapies hold promise for treating diseases across the spectrum of medicine. While significant progress has been made in the preclinical stages, the clinical application of cardiac cell therapy is limited by technical challenges. Certain methods of cell delivery, such as intramyocardial injection, carry a higher rate of arrhythmias. Other potential contributors to the arrhythmogenicity of cell transplantation include reentrant pathways caused by heterogeneity in conduction velocities between graft and host as well as graft automaticity. In this article, the arrhythmogenic potential of cell delivery to the heart is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shone O Almeida
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 100 UCLA Medical Plaza, Suite 630 East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rhys J Skelton
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 100 UCLA Medical Plaza, Suite 630 East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Cardiac Development, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Sasikanth Adigopula
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 100 UCLA Medical Plaza, Suite 630 East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Reza Ardehali
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 100 UCLA Medical Plaza, Suite 630 East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edyth Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Drive South, MRL Room 3780, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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678
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Suter-Dick L, Alves PM, Blaauboer BJ, Bremm KD, Brito C, Coecke S, Flick B, Fowler P, Hescheler J, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Jennings P, Kelm JM, Manou I, Mistry P, Moretto A, Roth A, Stedman D, van de Water B, Beilmann M. Stem cell-derived systems in toxicology assessment. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1284-96. [PMID: 25675366 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Industrial sectors perform toxicological assessments of their potential products to ensure human safety and to fulfill regulatory requirements. These assessments often involve animal testing, but ethical, cost, and time concerns, together with a ban on it in specific sectors, make appropriate in vitro systems indispensable in toxicology. In this study, we summarize the outcome of an EPAA (European Partnership of Alternatives to Animal Testing)-organized workshop on the use of stem cell-derived (SCD) systems in toxicology, with a focus on industrial applications. SCD systems, in particular, induced pluripotent stem cell-derived, provide physiological cell culture systems of easy access and amenable to a variety of assays. They also present the opportunity to apply the vast repository of existing nonclinical data for the understanding of in vitro to in vivo translation. SCD systems from several toxicologically relevant tissues exist; they generally recapitulate many aspects of physiology and respond to toxicological and pharmacological interventions. However, focused research is necessary to accelerate implementation of SCD systems in an industrial setting and subsequent use of such systems by regulatory authorities. Research is required into the phenotypic characterization of the systems, since methods and protocols for generating terminally differentiated SCD cells are still lacking. Organotypical 3D culture systems in bioreactors and microscale tissue engineering technologies should be fostered, as they promote and maintain differentiation and support coculture systems. They need further development and validation for their successful implementation in toxicity testing in industry. Analytical measures also need to be implemented to enable compound exposure and metabolism measurements for in vitro to in vivo extrapolation. The future of SCD toxicological tests will combine advanced cell culture technologies and biokinetic measurements to support regulatory and research applications. However, scientific and technical hurdles must be overcome before SCD in vitro methods undergo appropriate validation and become accepted in the regulatory arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Suter-Dick
- 1University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Paula M Alves
- 2iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,3Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Bas J Blaauboer
- 4Division of Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Klaus-Dieter Bremm
- 5Bayer Pharma AG, Global Drug Discovery-Global Early Development, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Catarina Brito
- 2iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,3Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sandra Coecke
- 6European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, EURL ECVAM, Ispra, Italy
| | - Burkhard Flick
- 7BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Hescheler
- 9Institut for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Paul Jennings
- 11Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Irene Manou
- 13European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA), B-Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pratibha Mistry
- 14Syngenta Ltd., Product Safety, Jealott's Hill International Research Station, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Angelo Moretto
- 15Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.,16Centro Internazionale per gli Antiparassitari e la Prevenzione Sanitaria, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Adrian Roth
- 17F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Innovation Center Basel, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Donald Stedman
- 18Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Bob van de Water
- 19Division of Toxicology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
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679
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Dell’Era P, Benzoni P, Crescini E, Valle M, Xia E, Consiglio A, Memo M. Cardiac disease modeling using induced pluripotent stem cell-derived human cardiomyocytes. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:329-342. [PMID: 25815118 PMCID: PMC4369490 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i2.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Causative mutations and variants associated with cardiac diseases have been found in genes encoding cardiac ion channels, accessory proteins, cytoskeletal components, junctional proteins, and signaling molecules. In most cases the functional evaluation of the genetic alteration has been carried out by expressing the mutated proteins in in-vitro heterologous systems. While these studies have provided a wealth of functional details that have greatly enhanced the understanding of the pathological mechanisms, it has always been clear that heterologous expression of the mutant protein bears the intrinsic limitation of the lack of a proper intracellular environment and the lack of pathological remodeling. The results obtained from the application of the next generation sequencing technique to patients suffering from cardiac diseases have identified several loci, mostly in non-coding DNA regions, which still await functional analysis. The isolation and culture of human embryonic stem cells has initially provided a constant source of cells from which cardiomyocytes (CMs) can be obtained by differentiation. Furthermore, the possibility to reprogram cellular fate to a pluripotent state, has opened this process to the study of genetic diseases. Thus induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a completely new cellular model that overcomes the limitations of heterologous studies. Importantly, due to the possibility to keep spontaneously beating CMs in culture for several months, during which they show a certain degree of maturation/aging, this approach will also provide a system in which to address the effect of long-term expression of the mutated proteins or any other DNA mutation, in terms of electrophysiological remodeling. Moreover, since iPSC preserve the entire patients’ genetic context, the system will help the physicians in identifying the most appropriate pharmacological intervention to correct the functional alteration. This article summarizes the current knowledge of cardiac genetic diseases modelled with iPSC.
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680
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Barbuti A, Robinson RB. Stem Cell–Derived Nodal-Like Cardiomyocytes as a Novel Pharmacologic Tool: Insights from Sinoatrial Node Development and Function. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:368-88. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.009597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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681
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On human pluripotent stem cell control: The rise of 3D bioengineering and mechanobiology. Biomaterials 2015; 52:26-43. [PMID: 25818411 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) provide promising resources for regenerating tissues and organs and modeling development and diseases in vitro. To fulfill their promise, the fate, function, and organization of hPSCs need to be precisely regulated in a three-dimensional (3D) environment to mimic cellular structures and functions of native tissues and organs. In the past decade, innovations in 3D culture systems with functional biomaterials have enabled efficient and versatile control of hPSC fate at the cellular level. However, we are just at the beginning of bringing hPSC-based regeneration and development and disease modeling to the tissue and organ levels. In this review, we summarize existing bioengineered culture platforms for controlling hPSC fate and function by regulating inductive mechanical and biochemical cues coexisting in the synthetic cell microenvironment. We highlight recent excitements in developing 3D hPSC-based in vitro tissue and organ models with in vivo-like cellular structures, interactions, and functions. We further discuss an emerging multifaceted mechanotransductive signaling network--with transcriptional coactivators YAP and TAZ at the center stage--that regulate fates and behaviors of mammalian cells, including hPSCs. Future development of 3D biomaterial systems should incorporate dynamically modulated mechanical and chemical properties targeting specific intracellular signaling events leading to desirable hPSC fate patterning and functional tissue formation in 3D.
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682
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Gerbin KA, Murry CE. The winding road to regenerating the human heart. Cardiovasc Pathol 2015; 24:133-40. [PMID: 25795463 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Regenerating the human heart is a challenge that has engaged researchers and clinicians around the globe for nearly a century. From the repair of the first septal defect in 1953, followed by the first successful heart transplant in 1967, and later to the first infusion of bone marrow-derived cells to the human myocardium in 2002, significant progress has been made in heart repair. However, chronic heart failure remains a leading pathological burden worldwide. Why has regenerating the human heart been such a challenge, and how close are we to achieving clinically relevant regeneration? Exciting progress has been made to establish cell transplantation techniques in recent years, and new preclinical studies in large animal models have shed light on the promises and challenges that lie ahead. In this review, we will discuss the history of cell therapy approaches and provide an overview of clinical trials using cell transplantation for heart regeneration. Focusing on the delivery of human stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, current experimental strategies in the field will be discussed as well as their clinical translation potential. Although the human heart has not been regenerated yet, decades of experimental progress have guided us onto a promising path. SUMMARY Previous work in clinical cell therapy for heart repair using bone marrow mononuclear cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and cardiac-derived cells have overall demonstrated safety and modest efficacy. Recent advancements using human stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes have established them as a next generation cell type for moving forward, however certain challenges must be overcome for this technique to be successful in the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaytlyn A Gerbin
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Cardiovascular Biology and the Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Charles E Murry
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Cardiovascular Biology and the Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pathology, Center for Cardiovascular Biology and the Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Center for Cardiovascular Biology and the Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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683
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Functional maturation of human pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes in vitro--correlation between contraction force and electrophysiology. Biomaterials 2015; 51:138-150. [PMID: 25771005 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC-CM) have many potential applications in disease modelling and drug target discovery but their phenotypic similarity to early fetal stages of cardiac development limits their applicability. In this study we compared contraction stresses of hPSC-CM to 2nd trimester human fetal derived cardiomyocytes (hFetal-CM) by imaging displacement of fluorescent beads by single contracting hPSC-CM, aligned by microcontact-printing on polyacrylamide gels. hPSC-CM showed distinctly lower contraction stress than cardiomyocytes isolated from hFetal-CM. To improve maturation of hPSC-CM in vitro we made use of commercial media optimized for cardiomyocyte maturation, which promoted significantly higher contraction stress in hPSC-compared with hFetal-CM. Accordingly, other features of cardiomyocyte maturation were observed, most strikingly increased upstroke velocities and action potential amplitudes, lower resting membrane potentials, improved sarcomeric organization and alterations in cardiac-specific gene expression. Performing contraction force and electrophysiology measurements on individual cardiomyocytes revealed strong correlations between an increase in contraction force and a rise of the upstroke velocity and action potential amplitude and with a decrease in the resting membrane potential. We showed that under standard differentiation conditions hPSC-CM display lower contractile force than primary hFetal-CM and identified conditions under which a commercially available culture medium could induce molecular, morphological and functional maturation of hPSC-CM in vitro. These results are an important contribution for full implementation of hPSC-CM in cardiac disease modelling and drug discovery.
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684
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Bellin M, Greber B. Human iPS cell models of Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome. Rare Dis 2015; 3:e1012978. [PMID: 26481773 PMCID: PMC4588220 DOI: 10.1080/21675511.2015.1012978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recessive mutations in the ion channel-encoding KCNQ1 gene may cause Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome (JLNS), a fatal cardiac disease leading to arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death in young patients. Mutations in KCNQ1 may also cause a milder and dominantly inherited form of the disease, long QT syndrome 1 (LQT1). However, why some mutations cause LQT1 and others cause JLNS can often not be understood a priori. In a recent study,1 we have generated human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) models of JLNS. Our work mechanistically revealed how distinct classes of JLNS-causing genetic lesions, namely, missense and splice-site mutations, may promote the typical severe features of the disease at the cellular level. Interestingly, the JLNS models also displayed highly sensitive responses to pro-arrhythmic stresses. We hence propose JLNS hiPSCs as a powerful system for evaluating both phenotype-correcting as well as cardiotoxicity-causing drug effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Bellin
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology; Leiden University Medical Center ; Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Boris Greber
- Human Stem Cell Pluripotency Group; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine ; Münster, Germany ; Chemical Genomics Center of the Max Planck Society ; Dortmund, Germany
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685
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Meijer van Putten RME, Mengarelli I, Guan K, Zegers JG, van Ginneken ACG, Verkerk AO, Wilders R. Ion channelopathies in human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes: a dynamic clamp study with virtual IK1. Front Physiol 2015; 6:7. [PMID: 25691870 PMCID: PMC4315032 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) are widely used in studying basic mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias that are caused by ion channelopathies. Unfortunately, the action potential profile of hiPSC-CMs-and consequently the profile of individual membrane currents active during that action potential-differs substantially from that of native human cardiomyocytes, largely due to almost negligible expression of the inward rectifier potassium current (IK1). In the present study, we attempted to "normalize" the action potential profile of our hiPSC-CMs by inserting a voltage dependent in silico IK1 into our hiPSC-CMs, using the dynamic clamp configuration of the patch clamp technique. Recordings were made from single hiPSC-CMs, using the perforated patch clamp technique at physiological temperature. We assessed three different models of IK1, with different degrees of inward rectification, and systematically varied the magnitude of the inserted IK1. Also, we modified the inserted IK1 in order to assess the effects of loss- and gain-of-function mutations in the KCNJ2 gene, which encodes the Kir2.1 protein that is primarily responsible for the IK1 channel in human ventricle. For our experiments, we selected spontaneously beating hiPSC-CMs, with negligible IK1 as demonstrated in separate voltage clamp experiments, which were paced at 1 Hz. Upon addition of in silico IK1 with a peak outward density of 4-6 pA/pF, these hiPSC-CMs showed a ventricular-like action potential morphology with a stable resting membrane potential near -80 mV and a maximum upstroke velocity >150 V/s (n = 9). Proarrhythmic action potential changes were observed upon injection of both loss-of-function and gain-of-function IK1, as associated with Andersen-Tawil syndrome type 1 and short QT syndrome type 3, respectively (n = 6). We conclude that injection of in silico IK1 makes the hiPSC-CM a more reliable model for investigating mechanisms underlying cardiac arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie M E Meijer van Putten
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Isabella Mengarelli
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kaomei Guan
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan G Zegers
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Antoni C G van Ginneken
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arie O Verkerk
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ronald Wilders
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
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686
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Jackman CP, Shadrin IY, Carlson AL, Bursac N. Human Cardiac Tissue Engineering: From Pluripotent Stem Cells to Heart Repair. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2015; 7:57-64. [PMID: 25599018 PMCID: PMC4293542 DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Engineered cardiac tissues hold great promise for use in drug and toxicology screening, in vitro studies of human physiology and disease, and as transplantable tissue grafts for myocardial repair. In this review, we discuss recent progress in cell-based therapy and functional tissue engineering using pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and we describe methods for delivery of cells into the injured heart. While significant hurdles remain, notable advances have been made in the methods to derive large numbers of pure human cardiomyocytes, mature their phenotype, and produce and implant functional cardiac tissues, bringing the field a step closer to widespread in vitro and in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilya Y. Shadrin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Aaron L. Carlson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Nenad Bursac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC
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687
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Li G, Plonowska K, Kuppusamy R, Sturzu A, Wu SM. Identification of cardiovascular lineage descendants at single-cell resolution. Development 2015; 142:846-57. [PMID: 25633351 DOI: 10.1242/dev.116897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptional profiles of cardiac cells derived from murine embryos and from mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) have primarily been studied within a cell population. However, the characterization of gene expression in these cells at a single-cell level might demonstrate unique variations that cannot be appreciated within a cell pool. In this study, we aimed to establish a single-cell quantitative PCR platform and perform side-by-side comparison between cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) and cardiomyocytes (CMs) derived from mESCs and mouse embryos. We first generated a reference map for cardiovascular single cells through quantifying lineage-defining genes for CPCs, CMs, smooth muscle cells (SMCs), endothelial cells (EDCs), fibroblasts and mESCs. This panel was then applied against single embryonic day 10.5 heart cells to demonstrate its ability to identify each endocardial cell and chamber-specific CM. In addition, we compared the gene expression profile of embryo- and mESC-derived CPCs and CMs at different developmental stages and showed that mESC-derived CMs are phenotypically similar to embryo-derived CMs up to the neonatal stage. Furthermore, we showed that single-cell expression assays coupled with time-lapse microscopy can resolve the identity and the lineage relationships between progenies of single cultured CPCs. With this approach, we found that mESC-derived Nkx2-5(+) CPCs preferentially become SMCs or CMs, whereas single embryo-derived Nkx2-5(+) CPCs represent two phenotypically distinct subpopulations that can become either EDCs or CMs. These results demonstrate that multiplex gene expression analysis in single cells is a powerful tool for examining the unique behaviors of individual embryo- or mESC-derived cardiac cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Li
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Karolina Plonowska
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rajarajan Kuppusamy
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anthony Sturzu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sean M Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA Child Health Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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688
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Matsa E, Burridge PW, Wu JC. Human stem cells for modeling heart disease and for drug discovery. Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:239ps6. [PMID: 24898747 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A major research focus in the field of cardiovascular medicine is the prospect of using stem cells and progenitor cells for cardiac regeneration. With the advent of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, major efforts are also underway to use iPSCs to model heart disease, to screen for new drugs, and to test candidate drugs for cardiotoxicity. Here, we discuss recent advances in the exciting fields of stem cells and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Matsa
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Paul W Burridge
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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689
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Eschenhagen T, Mummery C, Knollmann BC. Modelling sarcomeric cardiomyopathies in the dish: from human heart samples to iPSC cardiomyocytes. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 105:424-38. [PMID: 25618410 PMCID: PMC4349163 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the obstacles to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of human cardiomyopathies has been poor availability of heart-tissue samples at early stages of disease development. This has possibly changed by the advent of patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) from which cardiomyocytes can be derived in vitro. The main promise of hiPSC technology is that by capturing the effects of thousands of individual gene variants, the phenotype of differentiated derivatives of these cells will provide more information on a particular disease than simple genotyping. This article summarizes what is known about the ‘human cardiomyopathy or heart failure phenotype in vitro’, which constitutes the reference for modelling sarcomeric cardiomyopathies in hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. The current techniques for hiPSC generation and cardiac myocyte differentiation are briefly reviewed and the few published reports of hiPSC models of sarcomeric cardiomyopathies described. A discussion of promises and challenges of hiPSC-modelling of sarcomeric cardiomyopathies and individualized approaches is followed by a number of questions that, in the view of the authors, need to be answered before the true potential of this technology can be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Eschenhagen
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck
| | - Christine Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Einthovenweg 20, 2333ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bjorn C Knollmann
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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690
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Roberts EG, Lee EL, Backman D, Buczek-Thomas JA, Emani S, Wong JY. Engineering myocardial tissue patches with hierarchical structure-function. Ann Biomed Eng 2014; 43:762-73. [PMID: 25515314 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-014-1210-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Complex hierarchical organization is a hallmark of tissues and their subsequent integration into organs. A major challenge in tissue engineering is to generate arrays of cells with defined structural organization that display appropriate functional properties. Given what is known about cellular responses to physiochemical cues from the surrounding environment, we can build tissue structures that mimic these microenvironments and validate these platforms using both experimental and computational approaches. Tissue generation encompasses many methods and tissue types, but here we review layering cell sheets to create scaffold-less myocardial patches. We discuss surgical criteria that can drive the design of myocardial cell sheets and the methods used to fabricate, mechanically condition, and functionally test them. We also focus on how computational and experimental approaches could be integrated to optimize tissue mechanical properties by using measurements of biomechanical properties and tissue anisotropy to create predictive computational models. Tissue anisotropy and dynamic mechanical stimuli affect cell phenotype in terms of protein expression and secretion, which in turn, leads to compositional and structural changes that ultimately impact tissue function. Therefore, a combinatorial approach of design, fabrication, testing, and modeling can be carried out iteratively to optimize engineered tissue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin G Roberts
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, 15 St. Mary's St., Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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691
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Chong JJH, Murry CE. Cardiac regeneration using pluripotent stem cells--progression to large animal models. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:654-65. [PMID: 25087896 PMCID: PMC4253057 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have indisputable cardiomyogenic potential and therefore have been intensively investigated as a potential cardiac regenerative therapy. Current directed differentiation protocols are able to produce high yields of cardiomyocytes from PSCs and studies in small animal models of cardiovascular disease have proven sustained engraftment and functional efficacy. Therefore, the time is ripe for cardiac regenerative therapies using PSC derivatives to be tested in large animal models that more closely resemble the hearts of humans. In this review, we discuss the results of our recent study using human embryonic stem cell derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CM) in a non-human primate model of ischemic cardiac injury. Large scale remuscularization, electromechanical coupling and short-term arrhythmias demonstrated by our hESC-CM grafts are discussed in the context of other studies using adult stem cells for cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J H Chong
- Department of Cardiology Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Charles E Murry
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine/Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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692
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Drawnel FM, Boccardo S, Prummer M, Delobel F, Graff A, Weber M, Gérard R, Badi L, Kam-Thong T, Bu L, Jiang X, Hoflack JC, Kiialainen A, Jeworutzki E, Aoyama N, Carlson C, Burcin M, Gromo G, Boehringer M, Stahlberg H, Hall BJ, Magnone MC, Kolaja K, Chien KR, Bailly J, Iacone R. Disease modeling and phenotypic drug screening for diabetic cardiomyopathy using human induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell Rep 2014; 9:810-21. [PMID: 25437537 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a complication of type 2 diabetes, with known contributions of lifestyle and genetics. We develop environmentally and genetically driven in vitro models of the condition using human-induced-pluripotent-stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes. First, we mimic diabetic clinical chemistry to induce a phenotypic surrogate of diabetic cardiomyopathy, observing structural and functional disarray. Next, we consider genetic effects by deriving cardiomyocytes from two diabetic patients with variable disease progression. The cardiomyopathic phenotype is recapitulated in the patient-specific cells basally, with a severity dependent on their original clinical status. These models are incorporated into successive levels of a screening platform, identifying drugs that preserve cardiomyocyte phenotype in vitro during diabetic stress. In this work, we present a patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) model of a complex metabolic condition, showing the power of this technique for discovery and testing of therapeutic strategies for a disease with ever-increasing clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faye M Drawnel
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Boccardo
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Michael Prummer
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Delobel
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Graff
- Center for Cell Imaging and Nano Analytics, Biozentrum, Department for Biosystems Science and Engineering, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Weber
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Régine Gérard
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laura Badi
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tony Kam-Thong
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lei Bu
- The Cardiovascular Research Center, Richard B. Simches Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Suite 3201, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Xin Jiang
- The Cardiovascular Research Center, Richard B. Simches Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Suite 3201, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jean-Christophe Hoflack
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Kiialainen
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elena Jeworutzki
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Coby Carlson
- Cellular Dynamics International, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Mark Burcin
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gianni Gromo
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Boehringer
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Henning Stahlberg
- Center for Cell Imaging and Nano Analytics, Biozentrum, Department for Biosystems Science and Engineering, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin J Hall
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria Chiara Magnone
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kyle Kolaja
- Cellular Dynamics International, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Kenneth R Chien
- Departments of Cell and Molecular Biology and of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Harvard Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jacques Bailly
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Iacone
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland.
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693
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Vascularisation to improve translational potential of tissue engineering systems for cardiac repair. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 56:38-46. [PMID: 25449260 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac tissue engineering is developing as an alternative approach to heart transplantation for treating heart failure. Shortage of organ donors and complications arising after orthotopic transplant remain major challenges to the modern field of heart transplantation. Engineering functional myocardium de novo requires an abundant source of cardiomyocytes, a biocompatible scaffold material and a functional vasculature to sustain the high metabolism of the construct. Progress has been made on several fronts, with cardiac cell biology, stem cells and biomaterials research particularly promising for cardiac tissue engineering, however currently employed strategies for vascularisation have lagged behind and limit the volume of tissue formed. Over ten years we have developed an in vivo tissue engineering model to construct vascularised tissue from various cell and tissue sources, including cardiac tissue. In this article we review the progress made with this approach and others, together with their potential to support a volume of engineered tissue for cardiac tissue engineering where contractile mass impacts directly on functional outcomes in translation to the clinic. It is clear that a scaled-up cardiac tissue engineering solution required for clinical treatment of heart failure will include a robust vascular supply for successful translation. This article is part of a directed issue entitled: Regenerative Medicine: the challenge of translation.
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694
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Zhu R, Blazeski A, Poon E, Costa KD, Tung L, Boheler KR. Physical developmental cues for the maturation of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 5:117. [PMID: 25688759 PMCID: PMC4396914 DOI: 10.1186/scrt507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) are the most promising source of cardiomyocytes (CMs) for experimental and clinical applications, but their use is largely limited by a structurally and functionally immature phenotype that most closely resembles embryonic or fetal heart cells. The application of physical stimuli to influence hPSC-CMs through mechanical and bioelectrical transduction offers a powerful strategy for promoting more developmentally mature CMs. Here we summarize the major events associated with in vivo heart maturation and structural development. We then review the developmental state of in vitro derived hPSC-CMs, while focusing on physical (electrical and mechanical) stimuli and contributory (metabolic and hypertrophic) factors that are actively involved in structural and functional adaptations of hPSC-CMs. Finally, we highlight areas for possible future investigation that should provide a better understanding of how physical stimuli may promote in vitro development and lead to mechanistic insights. Advances in the use of physical stimuli to promote developmental maturation will be required to overcome current limitations and significantly advance research of hPSC-CMs for cardiac disease modeling, in vitro drug screening, cardiotoxicity analysis and therapeutic applications.
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695
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has become the most-common cause of death worldwide. The Western lifestyle does not promote healthy living, and the consequences are most devastating when social inequalities are combined with economic factors and population growth. The expansion of poor nutritional habits, obesity, and associated conditions (such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, physical inactivity, and advancing age) are major risk factors for developing CVD and are increasing in prevalence. Individuals in low-income and middle-income countries are undergoing a major shift in cardiovascular risk factors as they adopt Western lifestyles, a phenomenon that is hastened by industrialization, urbanization, and globalization. In this Perspectives article, I predict the 10 most-promising advances in cardiovascular therapies and interventions. Our improved understanding of CVD might help us, during the next decade, to achieve a transition from treating complex disease to promoting global cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Fuster
- Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, PO Box 1030, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
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696
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Savla JJ, Nelson BC, Perry CN, Adler ED. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for the Study of Cardiovascular Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 64:512-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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697
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Josowitz R, Lu J, Falce C, D’Souza SL, Wu M, Cohen N, Dubois NC, Zhao Y, Sobie EA, Fishman GI, Gelb BD. Identification and purification of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived atrial-like cardiomyocytes based on sarcolipin expression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101316. [PMID: 25010565 PMCID: PMC4092021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of human stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes to study atrial biology and disease has been restricted by the lack of a reliable method for stem cell-derived atrial cell labeling and purification. The goal of this study was to generate an atrial-specific reporter construct to identify and purify human stem cell-derived atrial-like cardiomyocytes. We have created a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) reporter construct in which fluorescence is driven by expression of the atrial-specific gene sarcolipin (SLN). When purified using flow cytometry, cells with high fluorescence specifically express atrial genes and display functional calcium handling and electrophysiological properties consistent with atrial cardiomyocytes. Our data indicate that SLN can be used as a marker to successfully monitor and isolate hiPSC-derived atrial-like cardiomyocytes. These purified cells may find many applications, including in the study of atrial-specific pathologies and chamber-specific lineage development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Josowitz
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jia Lu
- The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Christine Falce
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sunita L. D’Souza
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Meng Wu
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ninette Cohen
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Nicole C. Dubois
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yong Zhao
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Eric A. Sobie
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Glenn I. Fishman
- The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Bruce D. Gelb
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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698
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Barad L, Schick R, Zeevi-Levin N, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Binah O. Human embryonic stem cells vs human induced pluripotent stem cells for cardiac repair. Can J Cardiol 2014; 30:1279-87. [PMID: 25442431 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have the capacity to differentiate into any specialized cell type, including cardiomyocytes. Therefore, hESC-derived and hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CMs and hiPSC-CMs, respectively) offer great potential for cardiac regenerative medicine. Unlike some organs, the heart has a limited ability to regenerate, and dysfunction resulting from significant cardiomyocyte loss under pathophysiological conditions, such as myocardial infarction (MI), can lead to heart failure. Unfortunately, for patients with end-stage heart failure, heart transplantation remains the main alternative, and it is insufficient, mainly because of the limited availability of donor organs. Although left ventricular assist devices are progressively entering clinical practice as a bridge to transplantation and even as an optional therapy, cell replacement therapy presents a plausible alternative to donor organ transplantation. During the past decade, multiple candidate cells were proposed for cardiac regeneration, and their mechanisms of action in the myocardium have been explored. The purpose of this article is to critically review the comprehensive research involving the use of hESCs and hiPSCs in MI models and to discuss current controversies, unresolved issues, challenges, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Barad
- Department of Physiology, Technion, Haifa, Israel; The Rappaport Family Institute, Technion, Haifa, Israel; Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Revital Schick
- Department of Physiology, Technion, Haifa, Israel; The Rappaport Family Institute, Technion, Haifa, Israel; Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Naama Zeevi-Levin
- Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel; The Sohnis and Forman Families Stem Cell Center, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Joseph Itskovitz-Eldor
- The Rappaport Family Institute, Technion, Haifa, Israel; Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel; The Sohnis and Forman Families Stem Cell Center, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ofer Binah
- Department of Physiology, Technion, Haifa, Israel; The Rappaport Family Institute, Technion, Haifa, Israel; Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel.
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699
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Expression profiles of histone lysine demethylases during cardiomyocyte differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:899-906. [PMID: 24989252 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Histone lysine demethylases (KDMs) control the lineage commitments of stem cells. However, the KDMs involved in the determination of the cardiomyogenic lineage are not fully defined. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression profiles of KDMs during the cardiac differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). METHODS An in vitro cardiac differentiation system of mESCs with Brachyury (a mesodermal specific marker) and Flk-1(+)/Cxcr4(+) (dual cell surface biomarkers) selection was used. The expression profiles of KDMs during differentiation were analyzed using Q-PCR. To understand the contributions of KDMs to cardiomyogenesis, the mESCs on differentiation d 3.5 were sorted by FACS into Brachyury(+) cells and Brachyury(-) cells, and mESCs on d 5.5 were sorted into Flk-1(+)/Cxcr4(+) and Flk-1(-)/Cxcr4(-) cells. RESULTS mESCs were differentiated into spontaneously beating cardiomyocytes that were visible in embryoid bodies (EBs) on d 7. On d 12-14, all EBs developed spontaneously beating cardiomyocytes. Among the 16 KDMs examined, the expression levels of Phf8, Jarid1a, Jhdm1d, Utx, and Jmjd3 were increased by nearly 2-6-fold on d 14 compared with those on d 0. Brachyury(+) cells showed higher expression levels of Jmjd3, Jmjd2a and Jhdm1d than Brachyury(-) cells. A higher level of Jmjd3 was detected in Flk-1(+)/Cxcr4(+) cells, whereas the level of Jmjd2c was lower in both Brachyury(+) cells and Flk-1(+)/Cxcr4(+) cells. CONCLUSION KDMs may play important roles during cardiomyogenesis of mESCs. Our results provide a clue for further exploring the roles of KDMs in the cardiac lineage commitment of mESCs and the potential interference of cardiomyogenesis.
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700
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Chong JJH, Yang X, Don CW, Minami E, Liu YW, Weyers JJ, Mahoney WM, Van Biber B, Cook SM, Palpant NJ, Gantz JA, Fugate JA, Muskheli V, Gough GM, Vogel KW, Astley CA, Hotchkiss CE, Baldessari A, Pabon L, Reinecke H, Gill EA, Nelson V, Kiem HP, Laflamme MA, Murry CE. Human embryonic-stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes regenerate non-human primate hearts. Nature 2014; 510:273-7. [PMID: 24776797 PMCID: PMC4154594 DOI: 10.1038/nature13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 985] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells provide a potential solution to current epidemic rates of heart failure by providing human cardiomyocytes to support heart regeneration. Studies of human embryonic-stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CMs) in small-animal models have shown favourable effects of this treatment. However, it remains unknown whether clinical-scale hESC-CM transplantation is feasible, safe or can provide sufficient myocardial regeneration. Here we show that hESC-CMs can be produced at a clinical scale (more than one billion cells per batch) and cryopreserved with good viability. Using a non-human primate model of myocardial ischaemia followed by reperfusion, we show that cryopreservation and intra-myocardial delivery of one billion hESC-CMs generates extensive remuscularization of the infarcted heart. The hESC-CMs showed progressive but incomplete maturation over a 3-month period. Grafts were perfused by host vasculature, and electromechanical junctions between graft and host myocytes were present within 2 weeks of engraftment. Importantly, grafts showed regular calcium transients that were synchronized to the host electrocardiogram, indicating electromechanical coupling. In contrast to small-animal models, non-fatal ventricular arrhythmias were observed in hESC-CM-engrafted primates. Thus, hESC-CMs can remuscularize substantial amounts of the infarcted monkey heart. Comparable remuscularization of a human heart should be possible, but potential arrhythmic complications need to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J H Chong
- 1] Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA [2] Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA [3] Department of Cardiology Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia [4] School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia [5] Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA [6] University of Sydney School of Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia and Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Xiulan Yang
- 1] Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA [2] Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA [3] Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Creighton W Don
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Elina Minami
- 1] Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA [2] Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA [3] Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA [4] Department of Medicine/Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Yen-Wen Liu
- 1] Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA [2] Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA [3] Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Jill J Weyers
- 1] Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA [2] Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA [3] Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - William M Mahoney
- 1] Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA [2] Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA [3] Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Benjamin Van Biber
- 1] Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA [2] Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA [3] Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Savannah M Cook
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Nathan J Palpant
- 1] Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA [2] Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA [3] Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Jay A Gantz
- 1] Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA [2] Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA [3] Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA [4] Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - James A Fugate
- 1] Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA [2] Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA [3] Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Veronica Muskheli
- 1] Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA [2] Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA [3] Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - G Michael Gough
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Keith W Vogel
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Cliff A Astley
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Charlotte E Hotchkiss
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Audrey Baldessari
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Lil Pabon
- 1] Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA [2] Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA [3] Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Hans Reinecke
- 1] Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA [2] Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA [3] Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Edward A Gill
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Veronica Nelson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Hans-Peter Kiem
- 1] Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA [2] Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Michael A Laflamme
- 1] Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA [2] Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA [3] Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Charles E Murry
- 1] Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA [2] Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA [3] Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA [4] Department of Medicine/Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA [5] Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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