701
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Moustakas A, Pardali K, Gaal A, Heldin CH. Mechanisms of TGF-beta signaling in regulation of cell growth and differentiation. Immunol Lett 2002; 82:85-91. [PMID: 12008039 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(02)00023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is a secreted protein that regulates proliferation, differentiation and death of various cell types. All immune cell lineages, including B, T and dendritic cells as well as macrophages, secrete TGF-beta, which negatively regulates their proliferation, differentiation and activation by other cytokines. Thus, TGF-beta is a potent immunosuppressor and perturbation of TGF-beta signaling is linked to autoimmunity, inflammation and cancer. Regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation by TGF-beta is a topic of great basic and clinical importance. We summarize our work on the growth inhibitory pathway downstream of TGF-beta, which is triggered by receptor serine/threonine kinases at the cell surface and downstream effectors of the Smad family. Activated Smads regulate transcription of target genes, including cell cycle inhibitors such as p21, which mediate the anti-proliferative response and partially explain the tumor suppressive action of the TGF-beta pathway. We have described a molecular mechanism of regulation of the p21 gene by Smads and transcription factor Sp1. At late stages of tumor progression, TGF-beta promotes tumorigenesis via suppression of the immune system and changes in cell differentiation of epithelial tumor cells, a phenomenon termed epithelial to mesenchymal transdifferentiation (EMT). We review our work on the role of the Smad pathway in controlling EMT. In conclusion, the molecular pathways that describe the anti-proliferative and transdifferentiating effects of TGF-beta in epithelial cells have been uncovered to great molecular detail; a future challenge will be to test their generality in other systems, including the immune system.
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702
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Lutgens E, Gijbels M, Smook M, Heeringa P, Gotwals P, Koteliansky VE, Daemen MJAP. Transforming growth factor-beta mediates balance between inflammation and fibrosis during plaque progression. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002; 22:975-82. [PMID: 12067907 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000019729.39500.2f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The transition from stable to rupture-prone and ruptured atherosclerotic plaques involves many processes, including an altered balance between inflammation and fibrosis. An important mediator of both is transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, and a pivotal role for TGF-beta in atherogenesis has been postulated. Here, we determine the in vivo effects of TGF-beta inhibition on plaque progression and phenotype in atherosclerosis. Recombinant soluble TGF-beta receptor II (TGFbetaRII:Fc), which inhibits TGF-beta signaling, was injected in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice for 12 weeks (50 microg, twice a week intraperitoneally) as early treatment (treatment age 5 to 17 weeks) and delayed treatment (age 17 to 29 weeks). In the early treatment group, inhibition of TGF-beta signaling treatment resulted in a prominent increase in CD3- and CD45-positive cells in atherosclerotic lesions. Most profound effects were found in the delayed treatment group. Plaque area decreased 37.5% after TGFbetaRII:Fc treatment. Moreover, plaque morphology changed into an inflammatory phenotype that was low in fibrosis: lipid cores were 64.6% larger, and inflammatory cell content had increased 2.7-fold. The amount of fibrosis decreased 49.6%, and intraplaque hemorrhages and iron and fibrin deposition were observed frequently. TGFbetaRII:Fc treatment did not result in systemic effects. These results reveal a pivotal role for TGF-beta in the maintenance of the balance between inflammation and fibrosis in atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Lutgens
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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703
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Schmidt-Weber CB, Kunzmann S, Blaser K. TGF-beta-mediated control of allergen-specific T-cell responses. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2002; 2:259-62. [PMID: 11918869 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-002-0028-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Control of allergen-specific response by suppressive cytokines involves several layers of regulation, including secretion of the cytokine, deviation of cytokine expression by altered T-cell differentiation, immediate (de-) phosphorylation events upon binding of suppressive cytokines, and laterations in susceptibility of suppression.
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704
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Dennler S, Goumans M, ten Dijke P. Transforming growth factor β signal transduction. J Leukoc Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.71.5.731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sylviane Dennler
- Division of Cellular Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marie‐José Goumans
- Division of Cellular Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter ten Dijke
- Division of Cellular Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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705
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Prlic M, Jameson SC. Homeostatic expansion versus antigen-driven proliferation: common ends by different means? Microbes Infect 2002; 4:531-7. [PMID: 11959508 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(02)01569-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The requirements for T-cell proliferation driven by "space-filling" (homeostatic expansion) differ significantly from those for antigen-driven responses. Here we review these differences and discuss their implications for regulation of T-cell responses and the size of the T-cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Prlic
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, MMC 334, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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706
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Andersson PO, Olsson A, Wadenvik H. Reduced transforming growth factor-beta1 production by mononuclear cells from patients with active chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol 2002; 116:862-7. [PMID: 11886393 DOI: 10.1046/j.0007-1048.2002.03345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder in which activated T-helper (Th) cells and different Th-cell cytokines might play an important role. We have recently reported that chronic ITP patients in remission had elevated plasma levels of the Th3 cytokine transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), possibly as a part of a bystander immune suppression. In the present study we found that, in ITP patients with active disease [platelet count (plc) < 50 x 10(9)/l], mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) had a significantly reduced production of TGF-beta1 (444 +/- 178 pg/ml; n = 6) compared with patients with plc 50-150 x 10(9)/l (1293 +/- 374 pg/ml; n = 9; P < 0.05), patients with plc >150 x 10(9)/l (1894 +/- 244 pg/ml; n =12; P <0.005) and healthy controls (1698 +/- 241 pg/ml; n = 10; P < 0.01). Nineteen per cent of ITP patients expressed a platelet-induced PBMC proliferation. Surprisingly, 22% of the ITP patients had a PBMC proliferation below the normal range, i.e. a suppressed proliferation in the presence of platelets; five of these six patients had active disease. In summary, this study demonstrated that chronic ITP patients with active disease had reduced PBMC production of the Th3 cytokine TGF-beta1. This result gives further support to the theory that chronic ITP in active phase is associated with a downregulated Th3-response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per-Ola Andersson
- Haematology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska Hospital, University of Göteborg, Sweden.
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707
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Didierlaurent
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research and the Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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708
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Liu K, Wakeland EK. Delineation of the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus by using murine models. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2002; 490:1-6. [PMID: 11505967 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1243-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Liu
- Center for Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 75235-9093, USA
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709
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Abstract
Strict control of T-cell homeostasis is required to permit normal immune responses and prevent undesirable self-targeted responses. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) has been shown to have an essential role in that regulation. Owing to its broad expression, and inhibitory effects on multiple cell types of the immune system, TGF-beta regulation is complex. Through advances in cell-specific targeting of TGF-beta signalling in vivo, the role of TGF-beta in T-cell regulation has become clearer. Recent in vitro studies provide a better understanding of how TGF-beta regulates T-cell homeostasis, through multiple mechanisms involving numerous cell types.
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710
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Abstract
Helix-loop-helix (HLH) proteins are essential factors for lymphocyte development and function. One class of HLH proteins, the E-proteins, regulate many aspects of lymphocyte maturation, survival, proliferation, and differentiation. E-proteins are negatively regulated by another class of HLH proteins known as the Id proteins. The Id proteins function as dominant negative inhibitors of E-proteins by inhibiting their ability to bind DNA. Here we discuss the function and regulation of the Id proteins in lymphocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rivera
- Division of Biology, 0366, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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711
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712
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Abstract
There is now compelling evidence that CD4(+) T cells that specialize in the suppression of immune responses play a key role in the control of immune pathology. Recently, there have been a number of reports that have provided information on the generation of CD4(+) regulatory T cells in the thymus and in the periphery. These cells have also been identified in humans, paving the way for analysis of the function of CD4(+) regulatory T cells in immune-mediated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Read
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RE, Oxford, UK.
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713
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Tzachanis D, Freeman GJ, Hirano N, van Puijenbroek AA, Delfs MW, Berezovskaya A, Nadler LM, Boussiotis VA. Tob is a negative regulator of activation that is expressed in anergic and quiescent T cells. Nat Immunol 2001; 2:1174-82. [PMID: 11694881 DOI: 10.1038/ni730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
During a search for genes that maintain T cell quiescence, we determined that Tob, a member of an anti-proliferative gene family, was highly expressed in anergic T cell clones. Tob was also expressed in unstimulated peripheral blood T lymphocytes and down-regulated during activation. Forced expression of Tob inhibited T cell proliferation and transcription of cytokines and cyclins. In contrast, suppression of Tob with an antisense oligonucleotide augmented CD3-mediated responses and abrogated the requirement of costimulation for maximal proliferation and cytokine secretion. Tob associated with Smad2 and Smad4 and enhanced Smad DNA-binding. The inhibitory effect of Tob on interleukin 2 (IL-2) transcription was not mediated by blockade of NFAT, AP-1 or NF-kappaB transactivation but by enhancement of Smad binding on the -105 negative regulatory element of the IL-2 promoter. Thus, T cell quiescence is an actively maintained phenotype that must be suppressed for T cell activation to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tzachanis
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Medical Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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714
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Curotto de Lafaille MA, Muriglan S, Sunshine MJ, Lei Y, Kutchukhidze N, Furtado GC, Wensky AK, Olivares-Villagómez D, Lafaille JJ. Hyper immunoglobulin E response in mice with monoclonal populations of B and T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 2001; 194:1349-59. [PMID: 11696599 PMCID: PMC2195981 DOI: 10.1084/jem.194.9.1349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A key event in the pathogenesis of allergies is the production of antibodies of the immunoglobulin (Ig)E class. In normal individuals the levels of IgE are tightly regulated, as illustrated by the low serum IgE concentration. In addition, multiple immunizations are usually required to generate detectable IgE responses in normal experimental animals. To define the parameters that regulate IgE production in vivo, we generated mice bearing monoclonal populations of B and T lymphocytes specific for influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) and chicken ovalbumin (OVA), respectively. A single immunization of the monoclonal mice with the cross-linked OVA-HA antigen led to serum IgE levels that reached 30-200 microg/ml. This unusually high IgE response was prevented by the infusion of regulatory alpha/beta CD4(+) T cells belonging to both CD25(+) and CD25(-) subpopulations. The regulation by the infused T cells impeded the development of fully competent OVA-specific effector/memory Th2 lymphocytes without inhibiting the initial proliferative response of T cells or promoting activation-induced cell death. Our results indicate that hyper IgE responses do not occur in normal individuals due to the presence of regulatory T cells, and imply that the induction of regulatory CD4(+) T cells could be used for the prevention of atopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Curotto de Lafaille
- Program of Molecular Pathogenesis, Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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715
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Sun H, Lu B, Li RQ, Flavell RA, Taneja R. Defective T cell activation and autoimmune disorder in Stra13-deficient mice. Nat Immunol 2001; 2:1040-7. [PMID: 11668339 DOI: 10.1038/ni721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Stra13, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, is up-regulated upon activation of CD4+ T cells. Here we show that Stra13-deficient mice exhibit defects in several phases of CD4+ T cell activation. In vivo, Stra13 deficiency results in ineffective elimination of activated T and B cells, which accumulate progressively, leading to lymphoid organ hyperplasia. Consequently, aging Stra13-/- mice develop autoimmune disease characterized by accumulation of spontaneously activated T and B cells, circulating autoantibodies, infiltration of T and B lymphocytes in several organs and immune complex deposition in glomeruli. Our studies identify Stra13 as a key regulator of lymphocyte activation that is vital for maintenance of self-tolerance and for constraint of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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716
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Shlomchik MJ, Craft JE, Mamula MJ. From T to B and back again: positive feedback in systemic autoimmune disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2001; 1:147-53. [PMID: 11905822 DOI: 10.1038/35100573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus, a prototypical systemic autoimmune disease, is the result of a series of interactions within the immune system that ultimately lead to the loss of self-tolerance to nuclear autoantigens. Here, we present an integrated model that explains how self-tolerance is initially lost and how the loss of tolerance is then amplified and maintained as a chronic autoimmune state. Key to this model are the self-reinforcing interactions of T and B cells, which we suggest lead to perpetuation of autoimmunity as well as its spread to multiple autoantigen targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Shlomchik
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8035, USA
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717
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Bailey M, Plunkett FJ, Rothkötter HJ, Vega-Lopez MA, Haverson K, Stokes CR. Regulation of mucosal immune responses in effector sites. Proc Nutr Soc 2001; 60:427-35. [PMID: 12069394 DOI: 10.1079/pns2001118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In human disease and rodent models, immune responses in the intestinal mucosa can be damaging. Damage is characterised by villus atrophy, crypt hyperplasia and reduced ability to digest and absorb nutrients. In normal individuals active responses to harmless environmental antigens associated with food and commensal bacteria are controlled by the development of immunological tolerance. Similar pathological changes occur in piglets weaned early from their mothers. Active immune responses to food antigens are observed in these piglets, and we and others have hypothesised that the changes occur as a result of transient allergic immune responses to novel food or bacteria antigens. The normal mechanism for producing tolerance to food antigens may operate at induction (Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes) or at the effector stage (intestinal lamina propria). In our piglet studies immunological tolerance occurs despite the initial active response. Together with evidence from rodents, this observation suggests that active responses are likely to be controlled at the effector stage, within the intestinal lamina propria. Support for this mechanism comes from the observation that human and pig intestinal T-cells are susceptible to apoptosis, and that this process is accelerated by antigen. We suggest that the role of the normal mature intestinal lamina propria is a balance between immunological effector and regulatory function. In neonatal animals this balance develops slowly and is dependant on contact with antigen. Immunological insults such as weaning may tip the balance of the developing mucosal immune system into excessive effector or regulatory function resulting in transient or chronic allergy or disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bailey
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford UK.
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718
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Mullen AC, Hutchins AS, Villarino AV, Lee HW, High FA, Cereb N, Yang SY, Hua X, Reiner SL. Cell cycle controlling the silencing and functioning of mammalian activators. Curr Biol 2001; 11:1695-9. [PMID: 11696328 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9822(01)00533-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Naïve CD4(+) helper T (T(H)) cells respond to stimulation by terminally differentiating into two mature classes, T(H)1 cells, which express interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), and T(H)2 cells, which express interleukin 4 (IL-4). The transcriptional activators T-bet and Gata-3 mediate commitment to the T(H)1 and T(H)2 fates, respectively, including chromatin remodeling of signature genes. The cytokine IL-12 fosters growth of committed T(H)1 cells, while IL-4 fosters growth of committed T(H)2 cells. IL-12 and IL-4 also play critical roles in commitment by promoting transcriptional silencing of Gata-3 and T-bet, respectively. We now show that both T-bet and Gata-3 are induced in a cell cycle-independent manner in bipotent progenitor cells. In contrast, both lineage-restricted gene induction by the activator proteins and heritable silencing of the transcription of each activator, the hallmarks of terminal differentiation, are cell cycle dependent. We found that cells that cannot cycle remain uncommitted and bipotent in response to the most polarizing signals for maturation. These results provide mechanistic insight into a mammalian model of terminal differentiation by illustrating that cell cycle-coupled epigenetic effects, as originally described in yeast, may represent an evolutionarily conserved strategy for organizing signaling and cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Mullen
- Department of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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719
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Abstract
The role of CTLA-4 in inducing the production of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) from T cells during a Leishmania infection has only recently been recognized. However, CTLA-4 and TGF-beta affect T helper cells differently, depending on the maturation. This review discusses the data obtained from different experimental models and demonstrates that CTLA-4 is a target molecule for vaccination and therapy against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Gomes
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21045-900, Brazil
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720
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Gorelik L, Flavell RA. Immune-mediated eradication of tumors through the blockade of transforming growth factor-beta signaling in T cells. Nat Med 2001; 7:1118-22. [PMID: 11590434 DOI: 10.1038/nm1001-1118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 566] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the existence of tumor-specific antigens and demonstrated presence of tumor-specific immune cells, the majority of tumors manage to avoid immune-mediated destruction. Various mechanisms have been suggested for tumor evasion from immune response. One such mechanism is thought to be mediated by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), an immunosuppressive cytokine found at the site of most tumors. We demonstrate here that T-cell-specific blockade of TGF-beta signaling allows the generation of an immune response capable of eradicating tumors in mice challenged with live tumor cells. In addition, we provide mechanisms through which abrogation of TGF-beta signaling leads to the enhancement of anti-tumor immunity. Our data indicate that T-cell-specific blockade of TGF-beta signaling has strong therapeutic potential to shift the balance of the immune response in favor of anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gorelik
- Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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721
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Abstract
It is now well established that regulatory T (T(R)) cells can inhibit harmful immunopathological responses directed against self or foreign antigens. However, many key aspects of T(R) cell biology remain unresolved, especially with regard to their antigen specificities and the cellular and molecular pathways involved in their development and mechanisms of action. We will review here recent findings in these areas, outline a model for how T(R) cells may inhibit the development of immune pathology and discuss potential therapeutic benefits that may arise from the manipulation of T(R) cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Maloy
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
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722
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Abstract
Regulatory T(Treg)-cell populations have been identified in a number of disease models. In this review we focus on the role of naturally occurring Treg cells in the control of intestinal inflammation. Specifically, we discuss their mechanism of action with particular emphasis on the role of anti-inflammatory cytokines and cell surface molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Toms
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
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723
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Monteleone G, Kumberova A, Croft NM, McKenzie C, Steer HW, MacDonald TT. Blocking Smad7 restores TGF-beta1 signaling in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Invest 2001; 108:601-9. [PMID: 11518734 PMCID: PMC209401 DOI: 10.1172/jci12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-beta1 functions as a negative regulator of T cell immune responses, signaling to target cells using the Smad family of proteins. We show here that Smad7, an inhibitor of TGF-beta1 signaling, is overexpressed in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mucosa and purified mucosal T cells. Both whole tissue and isolated cells exhibit defective signaling through this pathway, as measured by phospho-Smad3 immunoreactivity. Specific antisense oligonucleotides for Smad7 reduce Smad7 protein expression in cells isolated from patients with IBD, permitting the cells to respond to exogenous TGF-beta1. TGF-beta1 cannot inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production in isolated lamina propria mononuclear cells from patients with Crohn disease (CD), but inhibition of Smad7 restores TGF-beta1 signaling and enables TGF-beta1 to inhibit cytokine production. In inflamed mucosal tissue explants from patients with CD, inhibition of Smad7 also restores p-Smad3 and decreases proinflammatory cytokine production, an effect that is partially blocked by anti-TGF-beta1. These results show that Smad7 blockade of TGF-beta1 signaling helps maintain the chronic production of proinflammatory cytokines that drives the inflammatory process in IBD and that inhibition of Smad7 enables endogenous TGF-beta to downregulate this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Monteleone
- Division of Infection, Inflammation and Repair, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
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724
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Fiocchi C. TGF-beta/Smad signaling defects in inflammatory bowel disease: mechanisms and possible novel therapies for chronic inflammation. J Clin Invest 2001; 108:523-6. [PMID: 11518725 PMCID: PMC209413 DOI: 10.1172/jci13863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C Fiocchi
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, BRB 425, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4952, USA.
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725
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Chambers CA, Kuhns MS, Egen JG, Allison JP. CTLA-4-mediated inhibition in regulation of T cell responses: mechanisms and manipulation in tumor immunotherapy. Annu Rev Immunol 2001; 19:565-94. [PMID: 11244047 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.19.1.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 714] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The T cell compartment of adaptive immunity provides vertebrates with the potential to survey for and respond specifically to an incredible diversity of antigens. The T cell repertoire must be carefully regulated to prevent unwanted responses to self. In the periphery, one important level of regulation is the action of costimulatory signals in concert with T cell antigen-receptor (TCR) signals to promote full T cell activation. The past few years have revealed that costimulation is quite complex, involving an integration of activating signals and inhibitory signals from CD28 and CTLA-4 molecules, respectively, with TCR signals to determine the outcome of a T cell's encounter with antigen. Newly emerging data suggest that inhibitory signals mediated by CTLA-4 not only can determine whether T cells become activated, but also can play a role in regulating the clonal representation in a polyclonal response. This review primarily focuses on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of regulation by CTLA-4 and its manipulation as a strategy for tumor immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Abatacept
- Adenocarcinoma/immunology
- Adenocarcinoma/therapy
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Cell Cycle/physiology
- Cell Differentiation
- Clonal Anergy
- Cytokines/physiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Immunoconjugates
- Immunotherapy
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/genetics
- Macromolecular Substances
- Male
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Immunological
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms/immunology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Chambers
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
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726
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Affiliation(s)
- A Davidson
- Department of Microbiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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727
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Abstract
Studies conducted over the past 10 years have provided ample evidence that many types of inflammations arising from basic abnormalities of immune regulation are ultimately 'funneled' through a Th1 or Th2 T cell-mediated immune reaction. Thus, by understanding these types of reactions and, in particular, by identifying their natural checkpoints, one can control the inflammation regardless of its more basic causes. A case in point is the inflammatory disease of the intestine known as Crohn disease, a disease now thought to be due to one or more abnormalities leading to an excessive immune response to elements of the bacterial microflora of the gut. Both in murine models and by study of Crohn disease itself, we have shown that Crohn inflammation is due to a Th1 T-cell abnormality involving overproduction of interleukin (IL)-12, interferon (IFN-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. In addition, we and others have shown that treatment of mice with anti-IL-12 or other agents that downregulate the level of IL- 12 secretion can have a dramatic effect on the inflammation. This is because anti-IL-12 administration leads to apoptosis of activated Th1 T cells. A second checkpoint of Th1 T-cell-mediated inflammation involves its downregulation by the suppressor cytokine, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta. We have been delivering TGF-beta to mice with experimental intestinal inflammation, using several novel approaches. In particular, we have successfully treated such mice with intranasally administered DNA encoding active TGF-beta. Another approach currently under investigation is delivery of TGF-beta by gene therapy. These and other developments in the understanding of inflammation paint a bright future for cytokine-based therapeutic agents. It is now apparent that these therapies are not only effective and safe but also potentially long-lasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Strober
- Mucosal Immunity Section, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, NIAID, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1890, USA.
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728
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Neurath
- Gastroenterology Division, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115 6195, USA.
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729
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Letterio JJ, Lehrnbecher T, Pollack G, Walsh TJ, Chanock SJ. Invasive candidiasis stimulates hepatocyte and monocyte production of active transforming growth factor beta. Infect Immun 2001; 69:5115-20. [PMID: 11447193 PMCID: PMC98607 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.8.5115-5120.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2000] [Accepted: 04/17/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen and a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with compromised immune function. The cytokine response to tissue invasion by C. albicans can influence the differentiation and function of lymphocytes and other mononuclear cells that are critical components of the host response. While the production of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) has been documented in mice infected with C. albicans and is known to suppress phagocyte function, the cellular source and role of this cytokine in the pathogenesis of systemic candidiasis are not well understood. We have investigated the source of production of TGF-beta by immunohistochemical studies in tissue samples from patients with an uncommon complication of lymphoreticular malignancy, chronic disseminated candidiasis (CDC), and from a neutropenic-rabbit model of CDC. Liver biopsy specimens from patients with documented CDC demonstrated intense staining for extracellular matrix-associated TGF-beta1 within inflammatory granulomas, as well as staining for TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta3 within adjacent hepatocytes. These results correlate with the immunolocalization of TGF-beta observed in livers of infected neutropenic rabbits, using a neutralizing antibody that recognizes the mature TGF-beta protein. Human peripheral blood monocytes incubated with C. albicans in vitro release large amounts of biologically active TGF-beta1. The data demonstrate that local production of active TGF-betas by hepatocytes and by infected mononuclear cells is a component of the response to C. albicans infection that most probably contributes to disease progression in the immunocompromised host.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Letterio
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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730
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Le LQ, Kabarowski JH, Weng Z, Satterthwaite AB, Harvill ET, Jensen ER, Miller JF, Witte ON. Mice lacking the orphan G protein-coupled receptor G2A develop a late-onset autoimmune syndrome. Immunity 2001; 14:561-71. [PMID: 11371358 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(01)00145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mice with a targeted disruption of the gene encoding a lymphoid-expressed orphan G protein-coupled receptor, G2A, demonstrate a normal pattern of T and B lineage differentiation through young adulthood. As G2A-deficient animals age, they develop secondary lymphoid organ enlargement associated with abnormal expansion of both T and B lymphocytes. Older G2A-deficient mice (>1 year) develop a slowly progressive wasting syndrome, characterized by lymphocytic infiltration into various tissues, glomerular immune complex deposition, and anti-nuclear autoantibodies. G2A-deficient T cells are hyperresponsive to TCR stimulation, exhibiting enhanced proliferation and a lower threshold for activation. Our findings demonstrate that G2A plays a critical role in controlling peripheral lymphocyte homeostasis and that its ablation results in the development of a novel, late-onset autoimmune syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Q Le
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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731
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Cottrez F, Groux H. Regulation of TGF-beta response during T cell activation is modulated by IL-10. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:773-8. [PMID: 11441082 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.2.773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
TGF-beta1 is an important pleiotropic cytokine that has been described to have both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on cell growth and differentiation. For several cell types, the effect of TGF-beta1 was found to correlate with the differentiation stage of the cells and the presence of other cytokines. In this report, we address the influence of TGF-beta1 on CD4(+) T cell activation by evaluating the effect of TGF-beta1 on the proliferative and cytokine responses of purified resting and activated human or mouse CD4(+) T cells. TGF-beta1 inhibits proliferation and cytokine secretion on resting CD4(+) T cells but has no inhibitory effect on activated T cells. Moreover, TGF-beta1 unresponsiveness of activated T cells was correlated with a down-regulation in the expression of the TGF-beta receptor type II. Interestingly, IL-10 addition enhances TGF-beta receptor type II expression and restores TGF-beta responsiveness on activated T cells. These results indicated that TGF-beta responsiveness is sequentially regulated on T cells by the modulation of the of TGF-beta receptor type II chain expression. Moreover, we have identified a novel regulatory role of IL-10 on TGF-beta-dependent T cell growth that can explain the control of T cell activation on chronic vs acute inflammatory sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cottrez
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Route de St. Antoine de Ginestière, Unité 343, Nice, France
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732
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Chen W, Frank ME, Jin W, Wahl SM. TGF-beta released by apoptotic T cells contributes to an immunosuppressive milieu. Immunity 2001; 14:715-25. [PMID: 11420042 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(01)00147-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
T cell apoptosis is critical to development and homeostasis of the immune system. The most salient feature of apoptosis is the lack of an attendant inflammatory response or tissue damage. Here, we present evidence that apoptotic T cells release TGF-beta, thereby contributing to an immunosuppressive milieu. Apoptotic T cells released not only latent but also bio-active TGF-beta. Nonetheless, TGF-beta transcription was not upregulated, suggesting release of existing rather than synthesis of new TGF-beta. Localized within the intracellular membrane-bound compartment, which includes mitochondria, TGF-beta was redistributed into the cytosol following loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. TGF-beta secreted from apoptotic T cells inhibited proinflammatory cytokine production by activated macrophages to foster immune suppression. These findings broaden the potential mechanisms whereby induction of immune tolerance or deficiency occurs through T cell deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Chen
- Cellular Immunology Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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733
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Abstract
The ability of the mucosal immune system to distinguish between harmful and harmless antigens is essential for mounting protective immune responses and preventing the induction of mucosal pathology yet the basis for this remains unclear. As fed antigen can also exert systemic effects understanding oral tolerance and priming will also have important consequences for therapy and vaccination. Here we will not only review the increasing amount of information about the potential mechanisms of oral tolerance and priming but also attempt to shed some light on how differences in the uptake and handling i.e. 'the journey' of orally administered antigen may promote these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Garside
- Department of Immunology & Bacteriology, University of Glasgow, Western Infirmary, Glasgow G11 6NT, UK
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734
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Gorham JD, Lin JT, Sung JL, Rudner LA, French MA. Genetic regulation of autoimmune disease: BALB/c background TGF-beta 1-deficient mice develop necroinflammatory IFN-gamma-dependent hepatitis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:6413-22. [PMID: 11342667 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.10.6413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in humans arises spontaneously in genetically susceptible individuals and is associated with the presence of Th1 cells in the liver. The understanding of AIH has advanced more slowly than that of other organ-specific autoimmune diseases, however, largely because of the lack of an appropriate animal model. We now describe a new mouse model characterized by spontaneous development of necroinflammatory hepatitis that is restricted by genetic background. Mice deficient in the immunomodulatory cytokine TGF-beta1 were extensively back-bred to the BALB/c background. The BALB/c background dramatically modified the phenotype of TGF-beta1(-/-) mice: specifically, BALB/c-TGF-beta1(-/-) mice developed a lethal necroinflammatory hepatitis that was not observed in TGF-beta1(-/-) mice on a different genetic background. BALB/c background TGF-beta1(-/-) livers contained large numbers of activated CD4(+) T cells that produced large quantities of IFN-gamma, but little IL-4, identifying them as Th1 cells. BALB/c background TGF-beta1(-/-)/IFN-gamma(-/-) double knockout mice, generated by cross-breeding, did not develop necroinflammatory hepatitis, demonstrating that IFN-gamma is mechanistically required for its pathogenesis. This represents the first murine model of hepatitis that develops spontaneously, is restricted by genetic background, and is dependent upon the Th1 cytokine IFN-gamma, and that thus recapitulates these important aspects of AIH.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmune Diseases/genetics
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/mortality
- Autoimmune Diseases/pathology
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Crosses, Genetic
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Hepatitis, Animal/genetics
- Hepatitis, Animal/immunology
- Hepatitis, Animal/mortality
- Hepatitis, Animal/pathology
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C/genetics
- Mice, Inbred BALB C/immunology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Knockout
- Necrosis
- Survival Rate
- Th1 Cells/pathology
- Th2 Cells/pathology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/biosynthesis
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/deficiency
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Gorham
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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735
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Abstract
We have investigated two models of virally-induced autoimmune myocarditis in mice using widely different infectious agents. Infection of susceptible BALB/c mice with either Coxsackievirus or murine cytomegalovirus results in the development of acute myocarditis from day 7-14 after infection, and chronic myocarditis from day 28 onwards. The chronic phase of myocarditis is associated with mononuclear infiltration of the myocardium and the production of autoantibodies to cardiac myosin, although infectious virus cannot be detected past day 14 of infection. T cells and autoantibodies have been shown to be important for the development of autoimmune myocarditis. Many researchers have investigated the role of molecular mimicry in the development of myocarditis after viral infection. This review explores the 'adjuvant' effect of infection on the innate immune response and how this determines the progression to autoimmune disease. We show that NK cells protect against the development of disease, while complement and complement receptors are involved in the development of autoimmune myocarditis induced by inoculation with virus or cardiac myosin, respectively. Our results suggest that the innate immune response to viral and self-antigens may determine whether susceptible strains of mice progress to chronic autoimmune disease. These findings have broad implications for understanding the role of infection in inducing autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fairweather
- The Department of Pathology and The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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736
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Green AJ, Barcellos LF, Rimmler JB, Garcia ME, Caillier S, Lincoln RR, Bucher P, Pericak-Vance MA, Haines JL, Hauser SL, Oksenberg JR. Sequence variation in the transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGFB1) gene and multiple sclerosis susceptibility. J Neuroimmunol 2001; 116:116-24. [PMID: 11311337 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00283-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Genome screenings in multiple sclerosis (MS) have identified multiple susceptibility regions supporting a polygenic model for this disease. Evidence for linkage was consistently observed at ch.19q13 suggesting the presence of an MS gene(s) in this region. Several interesting candidate genes are encoded within this region, including transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGFB1) and interleukin-11 (IL11). Both are multifunctional cytokines with significant and well-characterized immunomodulatory properties. We performed a comprehensive evaluation of common polymorphisms within the TGFB1 and IL11 loci and three closely flanking microsatellite markers (D19S421, CEA, D19S908) in 161 stringently ascertained and clinically characterized MS multiplex families using tests of both linkage (lod score, sib-pair analysis) and association (pedigree disequilibrium test or PDT). Patients and families were stratified by HLA-DR2 status to search for two-locus interactions. Suggestive evidence for linkage and association to CEA (lod score = 1.25, theta = 0.20, p = 0.015, respectively), located 0.4 cM from TGFB1, was observed in DR2 positive families only. Distinct clinical phenotypes were also examined and an association between a TGFB1 haplotype and a mild disease course was present (p = 0.008), raising the possibility that TGFB1 or a nearby locus may influence disease expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Green
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143-0435, USA
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737
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Kieper WC, Prlic M, Schmidt CS, Mescher MF, Jameson SC. Il-12 enhances CD8 T cell homeostatic expansion. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:5515-21. [PMID: 11313390 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.9.5515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The size of the T lymphocyte pool is maintained by regulation of T cell production, proliferation, and survival. Under the pressure of a T lymphopenic environment, mature naive T cells begin to proliferate in the absence of Ag, a process called homeostatic expansion. Homeostatic expansion involves TCR recognition of self peptide/MHC ligands, but less is known about the soluble factors that regulate this process. Here we show that IL-12 dramatically enhanced the homeostatic proliferation of CD8 T cells. In contrast, IL-2 had no beneficial effect on homeostatic expansion and, in fact, inhibited T cell expansion induced by IL-12. Using gene-targeted mice, we showed that IL-12 acted directly on the T cells to enhance homeostatic expansion, but that IL-12 cannot override the requirement for TCR interaction with self peptide/MHC ligands in homeostatic expansion. These data indicate that inflammatory cytokines may modulate T cell homeostasis after lymphopenia and have implications for regulation of the T cell repertoire and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Kieper
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Center for Immunology, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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738
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Levings MK, Sangregorio R, Galbiati F, Squadrone S, de Waal Malefyt R, Roncarolo MG. IFN-alpha and IL-10 induce the differentiation of human type 1 T regulatory cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:5530-9. [PMID: 11313392 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.9.5530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T regulatory type 1 (Tr1) cells suppress Ag-specific immune responses in vitro and in vivo. Although IL-10 is critical for the differentiation of Tr1 cells, the effects of other cytokines on differentiation of naive T cells into Tr1 cells have not been investigated. Here we demonstrate that endogenous or exogenous IL-10 in combination with IFN-alpha, but not TGF-beta, induces naive CD4(+) T cells derived from cord blood to differentiate into Tr1 cells: IL-10(+)IFN-gamma(+)IL-2(-/low)IL-4(-). Naive CD4(+) T cells derived from peripheral blood require both exogenous IL-10 and IFN-alpha for Tr1 cell differentiation. The proliferative responses of the Tr1-containing lymphocyte populations, following activation with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 mAbs, were reduced. Similarly, cultures containing Tr1 cells displayed reduced responses to alloantigens via a mechanism that was partially mediated by IL-10 and TGF-beta. More importantly, Tr1-containing populations strongly suppressed responses of naive T cells to alloantigens. Collectively, these results show that IFN-alpha strongly enhances IL-10-induced differentiation of functional Tr1 cells, which represents a first major step in establishing specific culture conditions to generate T regulatory cells for biological and biochemical analysis, and for cellular therapy to induce peripheral tolerance in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Levings
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET), Milan, Italy
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739
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Eickelberg O, Pansky A, Koehler E, Bihl M, Tamm M, Hildebrand P, Perruchoud AP, Kashgarian M, Roth M. Molecular mechanisms of TGF-(beta) antagonism by interferon (gamma) and cyclosporine A in lung fibroblasts. FASEB J 2001; 15:797-806. [PMID: 11259398 DOI: 10.1096/fj.00-0233com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Lung fibrosis is a fatal condition of excess extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition associated with increased transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) activity. Although much is known about its pathological features, our understanding of the signal transduction pathways resulting in increased ECM and collagen deposition in response to TGF-beta is still incompletely defined. We have previously reported that a JunD homodimer of the transcription factor AP-1 is specifically activated by TGF-beta in lung fibroblasts. Here we demonstrate that JunD is also specifically required for TGF-beta-induced effects. Antisense against JunD, but not c-fos or c-jun, significantly inhibited collagen deposition in response to TGF-beta in primary human lung fibroblasts. We then investigated the ability of pharmacological agents to inhibit TGF-beta-induced signaling and collagen deposition. Cs-A and IFN-gamma, but not glucocorticoids, cyclophosphamide, or azathioprine, inhibited TGF-beta-induced signaling, as assessed by luciferase reporter gene assays, and collagen deposition. TGF-beta antagonism by Cs-A was associated with direct inhibition of JunD activation, as demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shift analyses. In contrast, the effects of IFN-gamma required signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-1. We thus identify the JunD isoform of AP-1 as an essential mediator of TGF-beta-induced effects in lung fibroblasts. TGF-beta-induced signaling and collagen deposition are efficiently antagonized by Cs-A and IFN-gamma treatment, both of which exhibit distinct molecular mechanisms of action. These observations therefore offer novel targets for future therapy of fibrotic lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Eickelberg
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8023, USA.
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740
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Annacker O, Pimenta-Araujo R, Burlen-Defranoux O, Barbosa TC, Cumano A, Bandeira A. CD25+ CD4+ T cells regulate the expansion of peripheral CD4 T cells through the production of IL-10. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:3008-18. [PMID: 11207250 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.5.3008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which the immune system achieves constant T cell numbers throughout life, thereby controlling autoaggressive cell expansions, are to date not completely understood. Here, we show that the CD25(+) subpopulation of naturally activated (CD45RB(low)) CD4 T cells, but not CD25(-) CD45RB(low) CD4 T cells, inhibits the accumulation of cotransferred CD45RB(high) CD4 T cells in lymphocyte-deficient mice. However, both CD25(+) and CD25(-) CD45RB(low) CD4 T cell subpopulations contain regulatory cells, since they can prevent naive CD4 T cell-induced wasting disease. In the absence of a correlation between disease and the number of recovered CD4(+) cells, we conclude that expansion control and disease prevention are largely independent processes. CD25(+) CD45RB(low) CD4 T cells from IL-10-deficient mice do not protect from disease. They accumulate to a higher cell number and cannot prevent the expansion of CD45RB(high) CD4 T cells upon transfer compared with their wild-type counterparts. Although CD25(+) CD45RB(low) CD4 T cells are capable of expanding when transferred in vivo, they reach a homeostatic equilibrium at lower cell numbers than CD25(-) CD45RB(low) or CD45RB(high) CD4 T cells. We conclude that CD25(+) CD45RB(low) CD4 T cells from nonmanipulated mice control the number of peripheral CD4 T cells through a mechanism involving the production of IL-10 by regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Annacker
- Unité du Développement des Lymphocytes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité de Recherche Associée 1961, Institut Pasteur, Paris,
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741
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Kee BL, Rivera RR, Murre C. Id3 inhibits B lymphocyte progenitor growth and survival in response to TGF-beta. Nat Immunol 2001; 2:242-7. [PMID: 11224524 DOI: 10.1038/85303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
E proteins function in many developmental processes and are essential for the formation of lymphocyte progenitors. However, it is not known whether E proteins regulate lymphocyte survival, proliferation or differentiation or how their activity is regulated during lymphocyte development. We show here a role for Id3, an inhibitor of E protein activity, in the induction of apoptosis and growth arrest. Id3 is induced in response to transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), a pleiotropic cytokine that inhibits the growth and survival of normal and transformed lymphocyte progenitors. In the absence of Id3, the response of lymphocyte progenitors to TGF-beta is perturbed, which indicates that Id3 is a mediator of this response. Our data show a key role for E proteins in lymphocyte survival and link the activity of E proteins, and their antagonists, to members of the TGF-beta family of cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Kee
- Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA.
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742
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Suri-Payer E, Cantor H. Differential cytokine requirements for regulation of autoimmune gastritis and colitis by CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells. J Autoimmun 2001; 16:115-23. [PMID: 11247637 DOI: 10.1006/jaut.2000.0473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Murine autoimmune gastritis, induced by neonatal thymectomy or the injection of CD25-depleted lymphocytes into nu/nu recipients, is characterized by an inflammatory infiltrate into the gastric mucosa, parietal cell destruction and circulating anti-parietal cell antibodies. Using RAG-2(-/-)mice as recipients, we determined that the induction of disease relies on CD4(+)CD25(-)effector cells and prevention relies on CD4(+)CD25(+)regulatory cells; neither requires participation of CD8 cells or B cells. The severity of gastritis was dependent on the cytokine repertoire of CD4(+)CD25(-)effector T cells. Recipients of IL-4(-/-)T cells developed more severe gastritis and recipients of INF-gamma(-/-)T cells developed milder disease than recipients of wildtype or IL-10(-/-)effector T cells. Gastritis did not develop in the absence of IL-12. Protection from gastritis does not require either IL-4 or IL-10 because CD4(+)CD25(+)cells from IL-4(-/-)or IL-10(-/-)mice completely abrogated the disease process. CD4(+)CD25(+)cells also protected RAG-2(-/-)recipients from colitis and inhibitory activity was partially dependent on IL-10 expression. These findings highlight the critical role of CD4(+)CD25(+)regulatory T cells in protection from several autoimmune syndromes and delineate the differential contribution of IL-10 to CD4(+)CD25(+)Treg activity in the settings of gastritis and colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Suri-Payer
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, SM722, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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743
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Sullivan TJ, Letterio JJ, van Elsas A, Mamura M, van Amelsfort J, Sharpe S, Metzler B, Chambers CA, Allison JP. Lack of a role for transforming growth factor-beta in cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4-mediated inhibition of T cell activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:2587-92. [PMID: 11226283 PMCID: PMC30182 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.051632398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Similarities in the phenotypes of mice deficient for cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) or transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and other observations have led to speculation that CTLA-4 mediates its inhibitory effect on T cell activation via costimulation of TGF-beta production. Here, we examine the role of TGF-beta in CTLA-4-mediated inhibition of T cell activation and of CTLA-4 in the regulation of TGF-beta production. Activation of AND TCR transgenic mouse T cells with costimulatory receptor-specific antigen presenting cells results in efficient costimulation of proliferation by CD28 ligation and inhibition by CTLA-4 ligation. Neutralizing antibody to TGF-beta does not reverse CTLA-4-mediated inhibition. Also, CTLA-4 ligation equally inhibits proliferation of wild-type, TGF-beta1(-/-), and Smad3(-/-) T cells. Further, CTLA-4 engagement does not result in the increased production of either latent or active TGF-beta by CD4(+) T cells. These results indicate that CTLA-4 ligation does not regulate TGF-beta production and that CTLA-4-mediated inhibition can occur independently of TGF-beta. Collectively, these data demonstrate that CTLA-4 and TGF-beta represent distinct mechanisms for regulation of T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Sullivan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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744
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Vratsanos GS, Jung S, Park YM, Craft J. CD4(+) T cells from lupus-prone mice are hyperresponsive to T cell receptor engagement with low and high affinity peptide antigens: a model to explain spontaneous T cell activation in lupus. J Exp Med 2001; 193:329-37. [PMID: 11157053 PMCID: PMC2195926 DOI: 10.1084/jem.193.3.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyclonal CD4(+) T cell activation is characteristic of spontaneous lupus. As a potential explanation for this phenotype, we hypothesized that T cells from lupus-prone mice are intrinsically hyperresponsive to stimulation with antigen, particularly to those peptide ligands having a low affinity for the T cell receptor (TCR). To test this hypothesis, we backcrossed the alpha and beta chain genes of the AND TCR specific for amino acids 88-104 of pigeon cytochrome C (PCC) to the Fas-intact MRL/Mp(+)(Fas-lpr) and to the H-2(k)-matched control backgrounds B10.BR and CBA/CaJ (MRL.AND, B10.AND, and CBA.AND, respectively), and assessed naive CD4(+) TCR transgenic T cell activation in vitro after its encounter with cognate antigen and lower affinity altered peptide ligands (APLs). MRL.AND T cells, compared with control B10.AND and CBA.AND cells, proliferated more when stimulated with agonist antigen. More strikingly, MRL.AND T cells proliferated significantly more and produced more interleukin 2 when stimulated with the APLs of PCC 88-104, having lower affinity for the transgenic TCR. These results imply that one of the forces driving polyclonal activation of alpha/beta T cells in lupus is an intrinsically heightened response to peptide antigen, particularly those with low affinity for the TCR, independent of the nature of the antigen-presenting cell and degree of costimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S. Vratsanos
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and the Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Sungsoo Jung
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and the Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Yeong-Min Park
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and the Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Joe Craft
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and the Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
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745
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Boussiotis VA, Chen ZM, Zeller JC, Murphy WJ, Berezovskaya A, Narula S, Roncarolo MG, Blazar BR. Altered T-cell receptor + CD28-mediated signaling and blocked cell cycle progression in interleukin 10 and transforming growth factor-beta-treated alloreactive T cells that do not induce graft-versus-host disease. Blood 2001; 97:565-71. [PMID: 11154238 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.2.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of anergy in T cells, although widely accepted as critical for the maintenance of tolerance, is still poorly understood at the molecular level. Recent evidence demonstrates that in addition to blockade of costimulation using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against cell surface determinants, treatment of mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) cultures with interleukin 10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) results in induction of tolerance, rendering alloreactive murine CD4(+) T cells incapable of inducing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after in vivo transfer to histoincompatible recipients. The present study, using these cells prior to adoptive transfer, determined that IL-10 + TGF-beta-tolerant CD4(+) T cells exhibit an altered pattern of T-cell receptor (TCR) + CD28-mediated signaling and are incapable of progressing out of the G(1) phase of the cell cycle during stimulation with HLA class II disparate antigen-presenting cells. TGFbeta + IL-10-tolerant cells were incapable of phosphorylating TCR-zeta, or activating ZAP-70, Ras, and MAPK, similarly to T-cell tolerized by blockade of B7/CD28 and CD40/CD40L pathways. Moreover, these cells were incapable of clonal expansion due to defective synthesis of cyclin D3 and cyclin A, and defective activation of cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk)4, cdk6, and cdk2. These cells also exhibited defective down-regulation of p27(kip1) cdk inhibitor and lack of cyclin D2-cdk4 activation, Rb hyperphosphorylation, and progression to the S phase of the cell cycle. These data link anergy-specific proximal biochemical alterations and the downstream nuclear pathways that control T-cell expansion and provide a biochemical profile of IL-10 + TGF-beta-tolerant alloreactive T cells that do not induce GVHD when transferred into MHC class II disparate recipients in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Animals
- Blood Group Incompatibility
- CD28 Antigens/drug effects
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- CD28 Antigens/physiology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Cycle/immunology
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/drug effects
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/metabolism
- Drug Synergism
- Graft vs Host Disease/immunology
- Graft vs Host Disease/prevention & control
- Immune Tolerance/drug effects
- Interleukin-10/immunology
- Interleukin-10/pharmacology
- Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed
- Membrane Proteins/drug effects
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Membrane Proteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/pharmacology
- Models, Animal
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/drug effects
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/immunology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/pharmacology
- Tyrosine/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Boussiotis
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Medical Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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746
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Parry S. Role of TGF? in immune homeostasis. Arthritis Res Ther 2000. [DOI: 10.1186/ar-2000-66805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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747
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Roncarolo MG, Levings MK. The role of different subsets of T regulatory cells in controlling autoimmunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2000; 12:676-83. [PMID: 11102772 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-7915(00)00162-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
T regulatory cells-in addition to clonal deletion and anergy-are essential for the downregulation of T cell responses to both foreign and self antigens, and for the prevention of autoimmunity. Recent progress has been made in characterising the different subsets of T regulatory cells, the factors that drive their differentiation, and their mode of action. The resolution of these mechanisms will make it possible to use T regulatory cells therapeutically in human autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Roncarolo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET), Via Olgettina 58, Milan 20132, Italy.
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748
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Pierreux CE, Nicolás FJ, Hill CS. Transforming growth factor beta-independent shuttling of Smad4 between the cytoplasm and nucleus. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:9041-54. [PMID: 11074002 PMCID: PMC86557 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.20.23.9041-9054.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Smad4 plays a pivotal role in all transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) signaling pathways. Here we describe six widely expressed alternatively spliced variants of human Smad4 with deletions of different exons in the linker, the region of Smad4 that separates the two well-conserved MH1 and MH2 domains. All these Smad4 variants form complexes with activated Smad2 and Smad3 and are incorporated into DNA-binding complexes with the transcription factor Fast-1, regardless of the amount of linker they contain. However, sequences encoded by exons 5 to 7 in the linker are essential for transcriptional activation. Most importantly, our observation that different Smad4 isoforms have different subcellular localizations has led us to the identification of a functional CRM1-dependent nuclear export signal in the Smad4 linker and a constitutively active nuclear localization signal in the N-terminal MH1 domain. In the absence of TGF-beta signaling, we conclude that Smad4 is rapidly and continuously shuttling between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, the distribution of Smad4 between the nucleus and the cytoplasm being dictated by the relative strengths of the nuclear import and export signals. We demonstrate that inhibition of CRM1-mediated nuclear export by treatment of cells with leptomycin B results in endogenous Smad4 accumulating very rapidly in the nucleus. Endogenous Smad2 and Smad3 are completely unaffected by leptomycin B treatment, indicating that the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling is specific for Smad4. We propose that, upon TGF-beta signaling, complex formation between Smad4 and activated Smad2 or -3 leads to nuclear accumulation of Smad4 through inhibition of its nuclear export. We demonstrate that after prolonged TGF-beta signaling Smad2 becomes dephosphorylated and Smad2 and Smad4 accumulate back in the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Pierreux
- Laboratory of Developmental Signalling, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London WC2A 3PX, United Kingdom
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749
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Harbige LS, Layward L, Morris-Downes MM, Dumonde DC, Amor S. The protective effects of omega-6 fatty acids in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in relation to transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta1) up-regulation and increased prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. Clin Exp Immunol 2000; 122:445-52. [PMID: 11122253 PMCID: PMC1905795 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2000.01399.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids are known to affect the immune response and administration of the omega-6 fatty acid linoleic acid has been reported to be beneficial in multiple sclerosis (MS) and EAE. In this study we have investigated the effects of oral feeding of plant lipid rich in the omega-6 fatty acid gamma-linolenic acid from Borago officinalis on acute and relapse disease and the immune response in EAE using SJL mice. EAE was induced by an encephalitogenic peptide (92-106) of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), and mice were fed the plant lipid daily from 7 days after EAE induction to assess the effects on acute disease and from day 25 to assess the effects on disease relapse. The clinical incidence and histological manifestations of acute EAE, and the clinical relapse phase of chronic relapsing EAE (CREAE) were markedly inhibited by omega-6 fatty acid feeding. A significant increase in the production of TGF-beta1 in response to concanavalin A (Con A) at day 13 and a significant increase in TGF-beta1 and PGE2 to Con A, PPD and MOG peptide (92-106) at day 21 were detected in spleen mononuclear cells from fatty acid-fed mice. There was no difference in interferon-gamma, IL-4 and IL-2 production between the fatty acid-fed and control groups. Significantly higher TGF-beta mRNA expression was found in the spleens of omega-6 fatty acid-fed mice at day 21. There were no differences in spleen cell proliferative response to Con A, PPD and MOG peptide (92-106). Biochemical analysis of spleen cell membrane fatty acids revealed significant increases in the eicosanoid precursor fatty acids dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid in response to gamma-linolenic acid feeding, indicating rapid metabolism to longer chain omega-6 fatty acids. These results show that oral feeding of gamma-linolenic acid-rich plant lipid markedly affects the disease course of acute EAE and CREAE and is associated with an increase in cell membrane long chain omega-6 fatty acids, production of PGE2 and gene transcription and, on activation, secretion of TGF-beta1.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Concanavalin A/pharmacology
- Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/administration & dosage
- Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/pharmacology
- Dinoprostone/biosynthesis
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Fatty Acids/metabolism
- Fatty Acids, Omega-6
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/administration & dosage
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/pharmacology
- Gene Expression
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Male
- Mice
- Mitogens/pharmacology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Myelin Proteins
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/administration & dosage
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/adverse effects
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Plant Oils/administration & dosage
- Plant Oils/pharmacology
- Spleen/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/biosynthesis
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1
- Up-Regulation
- alpha-Linolenic Acid/administration & dosage
- alpha-Linolenic Acid/pharmacology
- gamma-Linolenic Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Harbige
- Department of Immunology, United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, UK.
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750
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Gorelik L, Fields PE, Flavell RA. Cutting edge: TGF-beta inhibits Th type 2 development through inhibition of GATA-3 expression. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:4773-7. [PMID: 11045997 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.9.4773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
TGF-beta is an important immunomodulatory cytokine that can inhibit differentiation of effector T cells. In this report, we address the molecular mechanisms through which TGF-beta inhibits differentiation of CD4(+) cells into Th type 2 cells. We demonstrate that TGF-beta inhibits GATA-3 expression in developing Th cells. We also show that inhibition of GATA-3 expression by TGF-beta is a major mechanism of inhibition of Th2 differentiation by TGF-beta as ectopic expression of GATA-3 in developing T cells overcomes the ability of TGF-beta to inhibit Th2 differentiation. TGF-beta likely inhibits GATA-3 expression at the transcriptional level and does so without interfering with IL-4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gorelik
- Section of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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