701
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Daniels AB, Lee JE, MacConaill LE, Palescandolo E, Van Hummelen P, Adams SM, DeAngelis MM, Hahn WC, Gragoudas ES, Harbour JW, Garraway LA, Kim IK. High throughput mass spectrometry-based mutation profiling of primary uveal melanoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:6991-6. [PMID: 22977135 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-10427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We assessed for mutations in a large number of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in primary uveal melanomas using a high-throughput profiling system. METHODS DNA was extracted and purified from 134 tissue samples from fresh-frozen tissues (n = 87) or formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues (n = 47) from 124 large uveal melanomas that underwent primary treatment by enucleation. DNA was subjected to whole genome amplification and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry-based mutation profiling (>1000 mutations tested across 120 oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes) using the OncoMap3 platform. All candidate mutations, as well as commonly occurring mutations in GNAQ and GNA11, were validated using homogeneous mass extension (hME) technology. RESULTS Of 123 samples, 97 (79%, representing 89 unique tumors) were amplified successfully, passed all quality control steps, and were assayed with the OncoMap platform. A total of 58 mutation calls was made for 49 different mutations across 26 different genes in 34/98 (35%) samples. Of 91 tumors that underwent hME validation, 83 (91%) harbored mutations in the GNAQ (47%) or GNA11 (44%) genes, while hME validation revealed two tumors with mutations in EGFR. These additional mutations occurred in tumors that also had mutations in GNAQ or GNA11. CONCLUSIONS The vast majority of primary large uveal melanomas harbor mutually-exclusive mutations in GNAQ or GNA11, but very rarely have the oncogenic mutations that are reported commonly in other cancers. When present, these other mutations were found in conjunction with GNAQ/GNA11 mutations, suggesting that these other mutations likely are not the primary drivers of oncogenesis in uveal melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony B Daniels
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114-3096, USA
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702
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703
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Huang L, Jolly LA, Willis-Owen S, Gardner A, Kumar R, Douglas E, Shoubridge C, Wieczorek D, Tzschach A, Cohen M, Hackett A, Field M, Froyen G, Hu H, Haas SA, Ropers HH, Kalscheuer VM, Corbett MA, Gecz J. A noncoding, regulatory mutation implicates HCFC1 in nonsyndromic intellectual disability. Am J Hum Genet 2012; 91:694-702. [PMID: 23000143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of mutations causing human disease has so far been biased toward protein-coding regions. Having excluded all annotated coding regions, we performed targeted massively parallel resequencing of the nonrepetitive genomic linkage interval at Xq28 of family MRX3. We identified in the binding site of transcription factor YY1 a regulatory mutation that leads to overexpression of the chromatin-associated transcriptional regulator HCFC1. When tested on embryonic murine neural stem cells and embryonic hippocampal neurons, HCFC1 overexpression led to a significant increase of the production of astrocytes and a considerable reduction in neurite growth. Two other nonsynonymous, potentially deleterious changes have been identified by X-exome sequencing in individuals with intellectual disability, implicating HCFC1 in normal brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Huang
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
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704
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Wiesner T, Fried I, Ulz P, Stacher E, Popper H, Murali R, Kutzner H, Lax S, Smolle-Jüttner F, Geigl JB, Speicher MR. Toward an improved definition of the tumor spectrum associated with BAP1 germline mutations. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30:e337-40. [PMID: 23032617 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.41.2965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wiesner
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, Box 20, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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705
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Wadt K, Choi J, Chung JY, Kiilgaard J, Heegaard S, Drzewiecki KT, Trent JM, Hewitt SM, Hayward NK, Gerdes AM, Brown KM. A cryptic BAP1 splice mutation in a family with uveal and cutaneous melanoma, and paraganglioma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012; 25:815-8. [PMID: 22889334 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inactivating germ line BRCA1-associated protein-1 (BAP1) mutations have recently been reported in families with uveal or cutaneous malignant melanoma (UMM, CMM), mesothelioma, and meningioma. Although apparently predisposing to a wide range of tumors, the exact tumor spectrum associated with germ line BAP1 mutations has yet to be established. Here, we report a novel germ line BAP1 splice mutation, c.1708C>G (p.Leu570fs*40), in a multiple-case Danish UMM family with a spectrum of other tumors. Whole-exome sequencing identified an apparent missense mutation of BAP1 in UMM, CMM, as well as paraganglioma, breast cancer, and suspected mesothelioma cases in the family. Bioinformatic analysis and splicing assays demonstrated that this mutation creates a strong cryptic splice donor, resulting in aberrant splicing and a truncating frameshift of the BAP1 transcript. Somatic loss of the wild-type allele was also confirmed in the UMM and paraganglioma tumors. Our findings further support BAP1 as a melanoma susceptibility gene and extend the potential predisposition spectrum to paraganglioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Wadt
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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706
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707
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Shih AH, Abdel-Wahab O, Patel JP, Levine RL. The role of mutations in epigenetic regulators in myeloid malignancies. Nat Rev Cancer 2012; 12:599-612. [PMID: 22898539 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 541] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent genomic studies have identified novel recurrent somatic mutations in patients with myeloid malignancies, including myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). In some cases these mutations occur in genes with known roles in regulating chromatin and/or methylation states in haematopoietic progenitors, and in other cases genetic and functional studies have elucidated a role for specific mutations in altering epigenetic patterning in myeloid malignancies. In this Review we discuss recent genetic and functional data implicating mutations in epigenetic modifiers, including tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 (TET2), isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), IDH2, additional sex combs-like 1 (ASXL1), enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2) and DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A), in the pathogenesis of MPN, MDS and AML, and discuss how this knowledge is leading to novel clinical, biological and therapeutic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan H Shih
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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708
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BAP1 cancer syndrome: malignant mesothelioma, uveal and cutaneous melanoma, and MBAITs. J Transl Med 2012; 10:179. [PMID: 22935333 PMCID: PMC3493315 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background BRCA1–associated protein 1 (BAP1) is a tumor suppressor gene located on chromosome 3p21. Germline BAP1 mutations have been recently associated with an increased risk of malignant mesothelioma, atypical melanocytic tumors and other neoplasms. To answer the question if different germline BAP1 mutations may predispose to a single syndrome with a wide phenotypic range or to distinct syndromes, we investigated the presence of melanocytic tumors in two unrelated families (L and W) with germline BAP1 mutations and increased risk of malignant mesothelioma. Methods Suspicious cutaneous lesions were clinically and pathologically characterized and compared to those present in other families carrying BAP1 mutations. We then conducted a meta-analysis of all the studies reporting BAP1-mutated families to survey cancer risk related to the germline BAP1 mutation (means were compared using t-test and proportions were compared with Pearson χ2 test or two-tailed Fisher’s exact test). Results Melanocytic tumors: of the five members of the L family studied, four (80%) carried a germline BAP1 mutation (p.Gln684*) and also presented one or more atypical melanocytic tumors; of the seven members of W family studied, all carried a germline BAP1 mutation (p.Pro147fs*48) and four of them (57%) presented one or more atypical melanocytic tumors, that we propose to call “melanocytic BAP1-mutated atypical intradermal tumors” (MBAITs). Meta-analysis: 118 individuals from seven unrelated families were selected and divided into a BAP1-mutated cohort and a BAP1-non-mutated cohort. Malignant mesothelioma, uveal melanoma, cutaneous melanoma, and MBAITs prevalence was significantly higher in the BAP1-mutated cohort (p ≤ 0.001). Conclusions Germline BAP1 mutations are associated with a novel cancer syndrome characterized by malignant mesothelioma, uveal melanoma, cutaneous melanoma and MBAITs, and possibly by other cancers. MBAITs provide physicians with a marker to identify individuals who may carry germline BAP1 mutations and thus are at high risk of developing associated cancers.
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709
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Gill HS, Char DH. Uveal melanoma prognostication: from lesion size and cell type to molecular class. Can J Ophthalmol 2012; 47:246-53. [PMID: 22687301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2012.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the evidence for molecular genetic testing of uveal melanoma in the context of prognostic indicators of metastasis and tumour-related mortality. DESIGN Review of the literature and personal experiences of the authors. METHODS We conducted a MEDLINE, Embase, and PubMed literature search (1980-2011) for English-language abstracts and full-text references regarding molecular genetic testing of uveal melanoma. Search terms included uveal, melanoma, cytogenetic, gene, and molecular. All studies in which patients with primary uveal melanoma underwent molecular genetic testing with survival data for disease-related metastasis and mortality were reviewed. RESULTS From 176 identified articles, 40 were scientific studies of uveal melanomas that included histologic and molecular genetic analysis. Of those, 24 included survival data, correlation of molecular genetic features with other prognostic indicators, or both. Cytogenetic and microarray gene expression analysis allows uveal melanoma lesions to be classified as high risk or low risk for metastasis and disease-related mortality. Gene expression profiling supersedes clinical, histologic, and cytogenetic prognosticators. CONCLUSIONS Uveal melanoma comprises a heterogeneous group of malignancies based on its molecular biology. Molecular class by gene expression profiling has the most strongly predictive value for uveal melanoma metastasis and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmeet S Gill
- Division of Oculofacial Plastic and Orbital Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.
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710
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Abdel-Wahab O, Adli M, LaFave LM, Gao J, Hricik T, Shih AH, Pandey S, Patel J, Chung YR, Koche R, Perna F, Zhao X, Taylor JE, Park CY, Carroll M, Melnick A, Nimer SD, Jaffe JD, Aifantis I, Bernstein BE, Levine RL. ASXL1 mutations promote myeloid transformation through loss of PRC2-mediated gene repression. Cancer Cell 2012; 22:180-93. [PMID: 22897849 PMCID: PMC3422511 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent somatic ASXL1 mutations occur in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome, myeloproliferative neoplasms, and acute myeloid leukemia, and are associated with adverse outcome. Despite the genetic and clinical data implicating ASXL1 mutations in myeloid malignancies, the mechanisms of transformation by ASXL1 mutations are not understood. Here, we identify that ASXL1 mutations result in loss of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2)-mediated histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27) tri-methylation. Through integration of microarray data with genome-wide histone modification ChIP-Seq data, we identify targets of ASXL1 repression, including the posterior HOXA cluster that is known to contribute to myeloid transformation. We demonstrate that ASXL1 associates with the PRC2, and that loss of ASXL1 in vivo collaborates with NRASG12D to promote myeloid leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Abdel-Wahab
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY
| | - Mazhar Adli
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lindsay M. LaFave
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY
- Gerstner Sloan Kettering School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Jie Gao
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Todd Hricik
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY
| | - Alan H. Shih
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY
| | - Suveg Pandey
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY
| | - Jay Patel
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY
| | - Young Rock Chung
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY
| | - Richard Koche
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Fabiana Perna
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Xinyang Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL
| | | | - Christopher Y. Park
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY
| | - Martin Carroll
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ari Melnick
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Stephen D. Nimer
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | | | - Iannis Aifantis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Bradley E. Bernstein
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ross L Levine
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
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711
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Rivera Z, Ferrone S, Wang X, Jube S, Yang H, Pass HI, Kanodia S, Gaudino G, Carbone M. CSPG4 as a target of antibody-based immunotherapy for malignant mesothelioma. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:5352-63. [PMID: 22893632 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is an aggressive cancer, resistant to current therapies. Membrane chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4), which has been successfully targeted in melanoma and breast cancer, was found highly expressed in MM, but not in normal mesothelium. Therefore, we explored CSPG4 as a suitable target for monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based immunotherapy for MM. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We assayed adhesion, motility, invasiveness, wound-healing, apoptosis, and anchorage-independent growth of MM cells on cell cultures. CSPG4 expression and signaling was studied by immunoblotting. The growth of MM severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice xenografts induced by PPM-Mill cells, engineered to express the luciferase reporter gene, was monitored by imaging, upon treatment with CSPG4 mAb TP41.2. Animal toxicity and survival were assayed in both tumor inhibition and therapeutic experiments. RESULTS CSPG4 was expressed on 6 out of 8 MM cell lines and in 25 out of 41 MM biopsies, with minimal expression in surrounding healthy cells. MM cell adhesion was mediated by CSPG4-dependent engagement of ECM. Cell adhesion was inhibited by mAb TP41.2 resulting in decreased phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and AKT, reduced expression of cyclin D1 and apoptosis. Moreover, mAb TP41.2 significantly reduced MM cell motility, migration, and invasiveness, and inhibited MM growth in soft agar. In vivo, treatment with mAb TP41.2 prevented or inhibited the growth of MM xenografts in SCID mice, with a significant increase in animal survival. CONCLUSION These results establish the safety of CSPG4 mAb-based immunotherapy and suggest that CSPG4 mAb-based immunotherapy may represent a novel approach for the treatment of MM.
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712
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Dey A, Seshasayee D, Noubade R, French DM, Liu J, Chaurushiya MS, Kirkpatrick DS, Pham VC, Lill JR, Bakalarski CE, Wu J, Phu L, Katavolos P, LaFave LM, Abdel-Wahab O, Modrusan Z, Seshagiri S, Dong K, Lin Z, Balazs M, Suriben R, Newton K, Hymowitz S, Garcia-Manero G, Martin F, Levine RL, Dixit VM. Loss of the tumor suppressor BAP1 causes myeloid transformation. Science 2012; 337:1541-6. [PMID: 22878500 DOI: 10.1126/science.1221711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
De-ubiquitinating enzyme BAP1 is mutated in a hereditary cancer syndrome with increased risk of mesothelioma and uveal melanoma. Somatic BAP1 mutations occur in various malignancies. We show that mouse Bap1 gene deletion is lethal during embryogenesis, but systemic or hematopoietic-restricted deletion in adults recapitulates features of human myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Knockin mice expressing BAP1 with a 3xFlag tag revealed that BAP1 interacts with host cell factor-1 (HCF-1), O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT), and the polycomb group proteins ASXL1 and ASXL2 in vivo. OGT and HCF-1 levels were decreased by Bap1 deletion, indicating a critical role for BAP1 in stabilizing these epigenetic regulators. Human ASXL1 is mutated frequently in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) so an ASXL/BAP1 complex may suppress CMML. A BAP1 catalytic mutation found in a MDS patient implies that BAP1 loss of function has similar consequences in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwesha Dey
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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713
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Ladanyi M, Zauderer MG, Krug LM, Ito T, McMillan R, Bott M, Giancotti F. New strategies in pleural mesothelioma: BAP1 and NF2 as novel targets for therapeutic development and risk assessment. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:4485-90. [PMID: 22825583 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a highly lethal cancer with limited therapeutic options. Recent work has focused on the frequent somatic inactivation of two tumor suppressor genes in MPM-NF2 (Neurofibromatosis type 2) and the recently identified BAP1 (BRCA associated protein 1). In addition, germline mutations in BAP1 have been identified that define a new familial cancer syndrome, which includes MPM, ocular melanoma, and other cancers. These recent advances may allow screening of high-risk individuals and the development of new therapies that target key pathways in MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ladanyi
- Departments of Pathology and Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program, Surgery, and Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, NY 10065, USA
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714
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BAP1 loss defines a new class of renal cell carcinoma. Nat Genet 2012; 44:751-9. [PMID: 22683710 PMCID: PMC3788680 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 701] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The molecular pathogenesis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is poorly
understood. Whole-genome and exome sequencing followed by innovative tumorgraft
analyses (to accurately determine mutant allele ratios) identified several
putative two-hit tumor suppressor genes including BAP1. BAP1, a
nuclear deubiquitinase, is inactivated in 15% of clear-cell RCCs. BAP1
cofractionates with and binds to HCF-1 in tumorgrafts. Mutations disrupting the
HCF-1 binding motif impair BAP1-mediated suppression of cell proliferation, but
not H2AK119ub1 deubiquitination. BAP1 loss sensitizes RCC cells in
vitro to genotoxic stress. Interestingly, BAP1 and
PBRM1 mutations anticorrelate in tumors
(P=3×10−5), and combined loss of
BAP1 and PBRM1 in a few RCCs was associated with rhabdoid features
(q=0.0007). BAP1 and PBRM1 regulate seemingly different
gene expression programs, and BAP1 loss was associated with high tumor grade
(q=0.0005). Our results establish the foundation for an
integrated pathological and molecular genetic classification of RCC, paving the
way for subtype-specific treatments exploiting genetic vulnerabilities.
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715
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Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma is a rare, highly aggressive cancer arising from mesothelial cells that line the pleural cavities. Approximately 80% of mesothelioma cases can be directly attributed to asbestos exposure. Additional suspected causes or co-carcinogens include other mineral fibres, simian virus 40 (SV40) and radiation. A mesothelioma epidemic in Turkey has demonstrated a probable genetic predisposition to mineral fibre carcinogenesis and studies of human tissues and animal models of mesothelioma have demonstrated genetic and epigenetic events that contribute to the multistep process of mineral fibre carcinogenesis. Several growth factors and their receptors have a significant role in the oncogenesis, progression and resistance to therapy of mesothelioma. Epidermal growth factor (EGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) have been shown as targets for therapy based on promising preclinical data. However, clinical trials of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in mesothelioma have been disappointing. Bcl-XL is an important antiapoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family and is overexpressed in several solid tumours, including mesothelioma. Reduction of Bcl-XL expression in mesothelioma induces apoptosis and engenders sensitisation to cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents. Pharmacological inhibitors of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members continue to undergo refinement and have shown promise in mesothelioma.
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716
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Langlais S, Velazquez-Martin JP, Dubé P, Simpson ER, Leblanc G, Sideris L. Ocular melanoma in a patient successfully treated for diffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma: a case report. World J Surg Oncol 2012; 10:90. [PMID: 22613358 PMCID: PMC3411503 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-10-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma and ocular melanoma are both rare tumors. To the best of our knowledge there is only one previous report of three cases in a family with known susceptibility to malignancies associating diffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma and ocular melanoma, with no sporadic cases previously reported. Case presentation We describe the case of a 59-year-old man with a history of diffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma, who presented with ocular melanoma 41 months after cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy. We also briefly review the literature. Conclusions Diffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma is an uncommon but aggressive disease. As diffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma characteristically remains confined to the abdominal cavity, any new extra-abdominal symptom should eventually raise suspicion of another primary tumor. Few cases of diffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma associated with other primary tumors have been reported. As ocular melanoma is also infrequent, we suspect a genetic predisposition to these tumors. There is emerging evidence supporting the role of BAP1 mutations in the pathogenesis of these two neoplasias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Langlais
- Department of Surgery, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Université de Montréal, 5415 Boulevard de l'Assomption, Montréal, H1T 2 M4, QC, Canada
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717
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Jube S, Rivera ZS, Bianchi ME, Powers A, Wang E, Pagano I, Pass HI, Gaudino G, Carbone M, Yang H. Cancer cell secretion of the DAMP protein HMGB1 supports progression in malignant mesothelioma. Cancer Res 2012; 72:3290-301. [PMID: 22552293 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-3481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human malignant mesothelioma is an aggressive and highly lethal cancer that is believed to be caused by chronic exposure to asbestos and erionite. Prognosis for this cancer is generally poor because of late-stage diagnosis and resistance to current conventional therapies. The damage-associated molecular pattern protein HMGB1 has been implicated previously in transformation of mesothelial cells. Here we show that HMGB1 establishes an autocrine circuit in malignant mesothelioma cells that influences their proliferation and survival. Malignant mesothelioma cells strongly expressed HMGB1 and secreted it at high levels in vitro. Accordingly, HMGB1 levels in malignant mesothelioma patient sera were higher than that found in healthy individuals. The motility, survival, and anchorage-independent growth of HMGB1-secreting malignant mesothelioma cells was inhibited in vitro by treatment with monoclonal antibodies directed against HMGB1 or against the receptor for advanced glycation end products, a putative HMGB1 receptor. HMGB1 inhibition in vivo reduced the growth of malignant mesothelioma xenografts in severe-combined immunodeficient mice and extended host survival. Taken together, our findings indicate that malignant mesothelioma cells rely on HMGB1, and they offer a preclinical proof-of-principle that antibody-mediated ablation of HMBG1 is sufficient to elicit therapeutic activity, suggesting a novel therapeutic approach for malignant mesothelioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Jube
- University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
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718
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Favoni RE, Daga A, Malatesta P, Florio T. Preclinical studies identify novel targeted pharmacological strategies for treatment of human malignant pleural mesothelioma. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:532-53. [PMID: 22289125 PMCID: PMC3417486 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01873.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of human malignant pleural mesothelioma (hMPM) is still increasing worldwide. hMPM prognosis is poor even if the median survival time has been slightly improved after the introduction of the up-to-date chemotherapy. Nevertheless, large phase II/III trials support the combination of platinum derivatives and pemetrexed or raltitrexed, as preferred first-line schedule. Better understanding of the molecular machinery of hMPM will lead to the design and synthesis of novel compounds targeted against pathways identified as crucial for hMPM cell proliferation and spreading. Among them, several receptors tyrosine kinase show altered activity in subsets of hMPM. This observation suggests that these kinases might represent novel therapeutic targets in this chemotherapy-resistant disease. Over these foundations, several promising studies are ongoing at preclinical level and novel molecules are currently under evaluation as well. Yet, established tumour cell lines, used for decades to investigate the efficacy of anticancer agents, although still the main source of drug efficacy studies, after long-term cultures tend to biologically diverge from the original tumour, limiting the predictive potential of in vivo efficacy. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a subpopulation of malignant cells capable of self-renewal and multilineage differentiation, are believed to play an essential role in cancer initiation, growth, metastasization and relapse, being responsible of chemo- and radiotherapy refractoriness. According to the current carcinogenesis theory, CSCs represent the tumour-initiating cell (TIC) fraction, the only clonogenic subpopulation able to originate a tumour mass. Consequently, the recently described isolation of TICs from hMPM, the proposed main pharmacological target for novel antitumoural drugs, may contribute to better dissect the biology and multidrug resistance pathways controlling hMPM growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto E Favoni
- IRCCS A.O.U. San Martino-IST, Laboratory of Gene Transfer, Genoa, Italy.
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719
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Duns G, Hofstra RMW, Sietzema JG, Hollema H, van Duivenbode I, Kuik A, Giezen C, Jan O, Bergsma JJ, Bijnen H, van der Vlies P, van den Berg E, Kok K. Targeted exome sequencing in clear cell renal cell carcinoma tumors suggests aberrant chromatin regulation as a crucial step in ccRCC development. Hum Mutat 2012; 33:1059-62. [PMID: 22461374 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinomas are characterized by 3p loss, and by inactivation of Von Hippel Lindau (VHL), a tumorsuppressor gene located at 3p25. Recently, SETD2, located at 3p21, was identified as a new candidate ccRCC tumor-suppressor gene. The combined mutational frequency in ccRCC tumors of VHL and SETD2 suggests that there are still undiscovered tumor-suppressor genes on 3p. We screened all genes on 3p for mutations in 10 primary ccRCC tumors using exome-sequencing. We identified inactivating mutations in VHL, PBRM1, and BAP1. Sequencing of PBRM1 in ccRCC-derived cell lines confirmed its frequent inactivation in ccRCC. PBRM1 encodes for BAF180, the chromatin targeting subunit of the SWI/SNF complex. BAP1 encodes for BRCA1 associated protein-1, involved in histone deubiquitination. Taken together, the accumulating data suggest an important role for aberrant chromatin regulation in ccRCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerben Duns
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
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720
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Njauw CNJ, Kim I, Piris A, Gabree M, Taylor M, Lane AM, DeAngelis MM, Gragoudas E, Duncan LM, Tsao H. Germline BAP1 inactivation is preferentially associated with metastatic ocular melanoma and cutaneous-ocular melanoma families. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35295. [PMID: 22545102 PMCID: PMC3335872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background BAP1 has been shown to be a target of both somatic alteration in high-risk ocular melanomas (OM) and germline inactivation in a few individuals from cancer-prone families. These findings suggest that constitutional BAP1 changes may predispose individuals to metastatic OM and that familial permeation of deleterious alleles could delineate a new cancer syndrome. Design To characterize BAP1's contribution to melanoma risk, we sequenced BAP1 in a set of 100 patients with OM, including 50 metastatic OM cases and 50 matched non-metastatic OM controls, and 200 individuals with cutaneous melanoma (CM) including 7 CM patients from CM-OM families and 193 CM patients from CM-non-OM kindreds. Results Germline BAP1 mutations were detected in 4/50 patients with metastatic OM and 0/50 cases of non-metastatic OM (8% vs. 0%, p = 0.059). Since 2/4 of the BAP1 carriers reported a family history of CM, we analyzed 200 additional hereditary CM patients and found mutations in 2/7 CM probands from CM-OM families and 1/193 probands from CM-non-OM kindreds (29% vs. 0.52%, p = .003). Germline mutations co-segregated with both CM and OM phenotypes and were associated with the presence of unique nevoid melanomas and highly atypical nevoid melanoma-like melanocytic proliferations (NEMMPs). Interestingly, 7/14 germline variants identified to date reside in C-terminus suggesting that the BRCA1 binding domain is important in cancer predisposition. Conclusion Germline BAP1 mutations are associated with a more aggressive OM phenotype and a recurrent phenotypic complex of cutaneous/ocular melanoma, atypical melanocytic proliferations and other internal neoplasms (ie. COMMON syndrome), which could be a useful clinical marker for constitutive BAP1 inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Ni Jenny Njauw
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ivana Kim
- Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Adriano Piris
- Division of Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michele Gabree
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Taylor
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anne Marie Lane
- Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Margaret M. DeAngelis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, John A Moran Eye Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Evangelos Gragoudas
- Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lyn M. Duncan
- Division of Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hensin Tsao
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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721
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Epigenetic regulation of retinal development and disease. J Ocul Biol Dis Infor 2012; 4:121-36. [PMID: 23538488 DOI: 10.1007/s12177-012-9083-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and chromosomal organization, is emerging as a new layer of transcriptional regulation in retinal development and maintenance. Guided by intrinsic transcription factors and extrinsic signaling molecules, epigenetic regulation can activate and/or repress the expression of specific sets of genes, therefore playing an important role in retinal cell fate specification and terminal differentiation during development as well as maintaining cell function and survival in adults. Here, we review the major findings that have linked these mechanisms to the development and maintenance of retinal structure and function, with a focus on ganglion cells and photoreceptors. The mechanisms of epigenetic regulation are highly complex and vary among different cell types. Understanding the basic principles of these mechanisms and their regulatory pathways may provide new insight into the pathogenesis of retinal diseases associated with transcription dysregulation, and new therapeutic strategies for treatment.
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722
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Linton A, Vardy J, Clarke S, van Zandwijk N. The ticking time-bomb of asbestos: its insidious role in the development of malignant mesothelioma. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2012; 84:200-12. [PMID: 22459593 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between asbestos exposure and malignant mesothelioma (MM) has been well established. Despite bans on asbestos use in an increasing number of nations, the prolonged latency from exposure to diagnosis, and the ongoing presence and use of these dangerous fibres, have led to the increasing prevalence of this deadly disease worldwide. Whilst occupational contact has been implicated in the bulk of diagnosed cases over the past 50 years, a significant proportion of disease has been linked to para-occupational, domestic and environmental exposure. In this review, we will provide an update on the impact of historical and ongoing asbestos contact in both occupational and non-occupational settings. Furthermore, we will address the unresolved controversies surrounding the use of chrysotile asbestos, the effect of gender and genetics on development of this disease, childhood mesothelioma and co-aetiological factors including SV40 exposure.
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723
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Cao J, Yan Q. Histone ubiquitination and deubiquitination in transcription, DNA damage response, and cancer. Front Oncol 2012; 2:26. [PMID: 22649782 PMCID: PMC3355875 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone post-transcriptional modifications play essential roles in regulation of all DNA related processes. Among them, histone ubiquitination has been discovered for more than three decades. However, its functions are still less well understood than other histone modifications such as methylation and acetylation. In this review, we will summarize our current understanding of histone ubiquitination and deubiquitination. In particular, we will focus on how they are regulated by histone ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes. We will then discuss the roles of histone ubiquitination in transcription and DNA damage response and the crosstalk between histone ubiquitination and other histone modifications. Finally, we will review the important roles of histone ubiquitination in stem cell biology and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cao
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT, USA
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT, USA
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724
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Dereure O. [Melanocytic tumours and genetics: new findings]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2012; 139:243-4. [PMID: 22401696 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2011.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O Dereure
- Service de dermatologie, hôpital Saint-Eloi, 80, avenue Augustin-Fliche, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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725
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Grosso F, Scagliotti GV. Systemic treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma. Future Oncol 2012; 8:293-305. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma is a rare malignancy with a dismal prognosis. The clinical management of most of the patients with this disease is quite challenging, and, overall, the therapeutic strategy has not yet benefited from the recent advances in molecular biology. Randomized evidence supports the use of cisplatin in combination with pemetrexed or raltitrexed as first-line treatments. In elderly patients with comorbidities cisplatin may be replaced by carboplatin because of a lesser burden of toxicities. The role of second-line chemotherapy is unproven, although pemetrexed can be regarded as the standard option in pemetrexed-naive patients and therapeutic rechallenge with pemetrexed may be considered in selected patients with prolonged disease control after first-line therapy. Targeted therapies failed to demonstrate any substantial activity; however, immunotherapies may complement other treatment strategies. In summary, there is an unmet clinical need and innovative approaches to select new potentially active drugs are highly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Grosso
- Division of Medical Oncology, SS. Antonio e Biagio General Hospital, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Giorgio Vittorio Scagliotti
- University of Torino, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, S. Luigi Hospital, Regione Gonzole, 10, Orbassano (Torino), Italy
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726
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Yoshikawa Y, Sato A, Tsujimura T, Emi M, Morinaga T, Fukuoka K, Yamada S, Murakami A, Kondo N, Matsumoto S, Okumura Y, Tanaka F, Hasegawa S, Nakano T, Hashimoto-Tamaoki T. Frequent inactivation of the BAP1 gene in epithelioid-type malignant mesothelioma. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:868-74. [PMID: 22321046 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2012.02223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we analyzed genomic alterations of BRCA1-associated protein 1 (BAP1) in 23 malignant mesotheliomas (MMs), 16 epithelioid and seven non-epithelioid, consisting of 18 clinical specimens and five established cell lines. In examining these samples for homozygous deletions and sequence-level mutations, we found biallelic BAP1 gene alterations in 14 of 23 MMs (61%). Seven of these 14 MMs had homozygous deletions of the partial or entire BAP1 gene, another five had sequence-level mutations, including small deletions, a nonsense mutation, and missense mutations with additional monoallelic deletions, and the remaining two had homozygous mutations without allelic loss. All but one of the 14 BAP1 gene mutations were found in the epithelioid-type MMs; BAP1 mutations were found in 13 of 16 epithelioid-type MMs, but in only one of seven non-epithelioid-type MMs (13/16 vs 1/7; P = 0.005). There was no BAP1 mRNA expression in MMs with biallelic deletion and repressed expression was confirmed in MM specimens with deletion/mutation as compared with Met5a, SV40-transformed normal mesothelial cells. Western blot showed that seven of eight epithelioid MMs analyzed were BAP1 negative. Immunostaining with anti-BAP1 antibody in normal lung tissues revealed clear nuclear staining of normal mesothelial cells. No nuclear staining was observed among BAP1 mutation-positive MM tumors, whereas nuclear staining was observed among BAP1 mutation-negative MM tumors. These results suggest that the lack of the tumor suppressor BAP1 may be more specifically involved in the pathogenesis of epithelioid MM rather than non-epithelioid MM, and would be useful for diagnosis of epithelioid-type MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshie Yoshikawa
- Department of Genetics, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan.
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727
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Harbour JW. The genetics of uveal melanoma: an emerging framework for targeted therapy. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012; 25:171-81. [PMID: 22268848 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2012.00979.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma is the second most common form of melanoma and the most common primary intraocular malignancy. Until recently, very little was known about the genetics of this aggressive cancer. Mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressors that are common in other cancers are conspicuously absent in uveal melanoma. In recent years, however, uveal melanoma has begun to yield its secrets, and a fascinating picture is emerging of how it develops and progresses. Mutations in the G(q) alpha subunits, encoded by GNAQ and GNA11, appear to be early or perhaps initiating events that require further mutations for malignant transformation. On the other hand, mutations in the BRCA1-associated protein-1 (BAP1) appear to occur later and demarcate a molecular brink beyond which metastasis becomes highly likely. BAP1 mutations can also occur in the germline, leading to a distinctive cancer predisposition syndrome. These mutations appear to be key events that provide the potential for targeted therapy. This article will review the genetic findings in uveal melanoma over the past two decades and suggest important areas for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- J William Harbour
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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728
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Mizuno T, Murakami H, Fujii M, Ishiguro F, Tanaka I, Kondo Y, Akatsuka S, Toyokuni S, Yokoi K, Osada H, Sekido Y. YAP induces malignant mesothelioma cell proliferation by upregulating transcription of cell cycle-promoting genes. Oncogene 2012; 31:5117-22. [PMID: 22286761 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MM) shows frequent inactivation of the neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) -tumor-suppressor gene. Recent studies have documented that the Hippo signaling pathway, a downstream cascade of Merlin (a product of NF2), has a key role in organ size control and carcinogenesis by regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis. We previously reported that MMs show overexpression of Yes-associated protein (YAP) transcriptional coactivator, the main downstream effector of the Hippo signaling pathway, which results from the inactivation of NF2, LATS2 and/or SAV1 genes (the latter two encoding core components of the mammalian Hippo pathway) or amplification of YAP itself. However, the detailed roles of YAP remain unclear, especially the target genes of YAP that enhance MM cell growth and survival. Here, we demonstrated that YAP-knockdown inhibited cell motility, invasion and anchorage-independent growth as well as cell proliferation of MM cells in vitro. We analyzed genes commonly regulated by YAP in three MM cell lines with constitutive YAP-activation, and found that the major subsets of YAP-upregulating genes encode cell cycle regulators. Among them, YAP directly induced the transcription of CCND1 and FOXM1, in cooperation with TEAD transcription factor. We also found that knockdown of CCND1 and FOXM1 suppressed MM cell proliferation, although the inhibitory effects were less evident than those of YAP knockdown. These results indicate that constitutive YAP activation in MM cells promotes cell cycle progression giving more aggressive phenotypes to MM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mizuno
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
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729
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Woodman SE, Lazar AJ, Aldape KD, Davies MA. New strategies in melanoma: molecular testing in advanced disease. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:1195-200. [PMID: 22275506 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive forms of skin cancer. The management of melanoma is evolving rapidly due to an improved understanding of the molecular heterogeneity of this disease and the development of effective, personalized, targeted therapy strategies. Although previous classification systems were based predominantly on clinical and histologic criteria, there is now a strong rationale for adding molecular markers to the diagnostic evaluation of these tumors. Research has shown that the types and prevalence of genetic alterations vary among melanoma subtypes. Thus, rational molecular testing should be based on an understanding of the events that are likely to occur in a given tumor and the clinical implications of test results. This review summarizes the existing data that support the rationale for molecular testing in clinically defined melanoma subtypes. Emerging challenges and controversies regarding the use of various molecular testing platforms, and their implications for clinical testing, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Woodman
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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730
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Practical approaches to diagnose and treat for T0 malignant pleural mesothelioma: a proposal for diagnostic total parietal pleurectomy. Int J Clin Oncol 2012; 17:33-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10147-011-0368-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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731
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Tsujimura T, Torii I, Sato A, Song M, Fukuoka K, Hasegawa S, Nakano T. Pathological and molecular biological approaches to early mesothelioma. Int J Clin Oncol 2012; 17:40-7. [PMID: 22237727 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-011-0369-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma is an asbestos-related malignancy that arises primarily from mesothelial cells on the serosal surfaces of the pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial cavities. Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is most common, and its incidence is dramatically increasing worldwide as a result of widespread use of asbestos. Morphological discrimination between MPM and reactive mesothelial hyperplasia is difficult, and the most reliable pathological criterion for malignancy is mesothelial proliferation invading deeply into subpleural adipose tissues. To establish radical cure of MPM, it is crucial to find early-stage MPM of epithelial type, in which mesothelial proliferation is localized on the serosal surface of parietal pleura or limited within the submesothelial fibrous tissues of parietal pleura. The initial clinical presentation for patients with MPM is frequently dyspnea and/or chest pain due to large pleural effusion, and cytological analysis of pleural effusions is valuable to find patients with early-stage MPM of epithelial type. Recently, cytological features of MPM in pleural effusion, molecular markers for MPM, and genetic alternations of MPM have been reported. In this review, we discuss major issues on pathological and molecular biological approaches for diagnosis of early-stage MPM of epithelial type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Tsujimura
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan.
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732
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Abstract
Driving cancer cells into a more differentiated state is a rational therapeutic approach. Primary uveal melanoma cells with a propensity to metastasize have less-differentiated features than their less aggressive counterparts. Treatment of uveal melanoma cells with histone deacetylase inhibitors induces a more differentiated phenotype with resultant lower growth capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Woodman
- Departments of Melanoma Medical Oncology and Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
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733
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Carbone M, Yang H. Molecular pathways: targeting mechanisms of asbestos and erionite carcinogenesis in mesothelioma. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 18:598-604. [PMID: 22065079 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma is an aggressive malignancy related to asbestos and erionite exposure. AP-1 transcriptional activity and the NF-κB signaling pathway have been linked to mesothelial cell transformation and tumor progression. HGF and c-Met are highly expressed in mesotheliomas. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase, AKT, and the downstream mTOR are involved in cell growth and survival, and they are often found to be activated in mesothelioma. p16(INK4a) and p14(ARF) are frequently inactivated in human mesothelioma, and ∼50% of mesotheliomas contain the NF2 mutation. Molecular therapies aimed at interfering with these pathways have not improved the dismal prognosis of mesothelioma, except possibly for a small subset of patients who benefit from certain therapies. Recent studies have shown the importance of asbestos-induced inflammation in the initiation and growth of mesothelioma, and HMGB1 and Nalp3 inflammasome have been identified as key initiators of this process. Asbestos induces cell necrosis, causing the release of HMGB1, which in turn may activate Nalp3 inflammasome, a process that is enhanced by asbestos-induced production of reactive oxygen species. HMGB1 and Nalp3 induce proinflammatory responses and lead to interleukin-1β and TNF-α secretion and NF-κB activity, thereby promoting cell survival and tumor growth. Novel strategies that interfere with asbestos- and erionite-mediated inflammation might prevent or delay the onset of mesothelioma in high-risk cohorts, including genetically predisposed individuals, and/or inhibit tumor growth. The very recent discovery that germline BAP1 mutations cause a new cancer syndrome characterized by mesothelioma, uveal melanoma, and melanocytic tumors provides researchers with a novel target for prevention and early detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Carbone
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
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734
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Landreville S, Agapova OA, Matatall KA, Kneass ZT, Onken MD, Lee RS, Bowcock AM, Harbour JW. Histone deacetylase inhibitors induce growth arrest and differentiation in uveal melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 18:408-16. [PMID: 22038994 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Metastasis is responsible for the death of most cancer patients, yet few therapeutic agents are available which specifically target the molecular events that lead to metastasis. We recently showed that inactivating mutations in the tumor suppressor gene BAP1 are closely associated with loss of melanocytic differentiation in uveal melanoma (UM) and metastasis. The purpose of this study was to identify therapeutic agents that reverse the phenotypic effects of BAP1 loss in UM. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In silico screens were done to identify therapeutic compounds predicted to differentiate UM cells using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis and Connectivity Map databases. Valproic acid (VPA), trichostatin A, LBH-589, and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid were evaluated for their effects on UM cells using morphologic evaluation, MTS viability assays, bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, flow cytometry, clonogenic assays, gene expression profiling, histone acetylation and ubiquitination assays, and a murine xenograft tumorigenicity model. RESULTS Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors induced morphologic differentiation, cell-cycle exit, and a shift to a differentiated, melanocytic gene expression profile in cultured UM cells. VPA inhibited the growth of UM tumors in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that HDAC inhibitors may have therapeutic potential for inducing differentiation and prolonged dormancy of micrometastatic disease in UM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solange Landreville
- Departments of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Otolaryngology, and Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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735
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736
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Alley EW, Katz SI, Cengel KA, Simone CB. Immunotherapy and radiation therapy for malignant pleural mesothelioma. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2007; 6:212-219. [PMID: 28529903 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr.2017.04.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a particularly aggressive thoracic malignancy with limited survival following combination chemotherapy. As a result, there has been increased interested in immunotherapy for mesothelioma, both in the first-line and salvage settings. Early investigations of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon alfa-2a/b have been limited by modest response rates and toxicity, whereas cytokine gene therapy is currently being investigated and shows early promise. The most prominent class of immunotherapies to be trialed with mesothelioma in the past half-decade has been immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPI). Early results are encouraging, particularly for agents targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathways. With the increasing recognition of the immune potential of mesothelioma, interest in the immunomodulatory properties of radiation therapy has emerged. The combination of immunotherapy and radiation therapy may allow for complimentary immunologic effects that can enhance antitumor response. This article reviews the existing literature on the efficacy of immunotherapy for MPM, describes the rationale for combining immunotherapy with radiation therapy, and discusses early literature on this treatment combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan W Alley
- Hematology and Oncology Division, Penn Presbyterian Medical Center, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sharyn I Katz
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Keith A Cengel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Charles B Simone
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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