701
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Zang QL, Li WF, Qi LW. Regulation of LaSCL6 expression by genomic structure, alternative splicing, and microRNA in Larix kaempferi. TREE GENETICS & GENOMES 2019. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s11295-019-1362-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
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702
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Frankiw L, Baltimore D, Li G. Alternative mRNA splicing in cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 19:675-687. [PMID: 31363190 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0195-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapies are yielding effective treatments for several previously untreatable cancers. Still, the identification of suitable antigens specific to the tumour that can be targets for cancer vaccines and T cell therapies is a challenge. Alternative processing of mRNA, a phenomenon that has been shown to alter the proteomic diversity of many cancers, may offer the potential of a broadened target space. Here, we discuss the promise of analysing mRNA processing events in cancer cells, with an emphasis on mRNA splicing, for the identification of potential new targets for cancer immunotherapy. Further, we highlight the challenges that must be overcome for this new avenue to have clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Frankiw
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - David Baltimore
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Guideng Li
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. .,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China.
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703
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A Novel Splice Variant of the Masculinizing Gene Masc with piRNA-Cleavage-Site Defect Functions in Female External Genital Development in the Silkworm, Bombyx mori. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9080318. [PMID: 31366115 PMCID: PMC6723575 DOI: 10.3390/biom9080318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the silkworm, the sex-determination primary signal Fem controls sex differentiation by specific binding of Fem-derived piRNA to the cleavage site in Masc mRNA, thus inhibiting Masc protein production in the female. In this study, we identified a novel splicing isoform of Masc, named Masc-S, which lacks the intact sequence of the cleavage site, encoding a C-terminal truncated protein. Results of RT-PCR showed that Masc-S was expressed in both sexes. Over-expression of Masc-S and Masc in female-specific cell lines showed that Masc-S could be translated against the Fem-piRNA cut. By RNA-protein pull-down, LC/MS/MS, and EMSA, we identified a protein BmEXU that specifically binds to an exclusive RNA sequence in Masc compared to Masc-S. Knockdown of Masc-S resulted in abnormal morphology in female external genital and increased expression of the Hox gene Abd-B, which similarly occurred by Bmexu RNAi. These results suggest that the splice variant Masc-S against Fem-piRNA plays an important role in female external genital development, of which function is opposite to that of full-length Masc. Our study provides new insights into the regulatory mechanism of sex determination in the silkworm.
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704
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Cheng J, Çelik MH, Nguyen TYD, Avsec Ž, Gagneur J. CAGI 5 splicing challenge: Improved exon skipping and intron retention predictions with MMSplice. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:1243-1251. [PMID: 31070280 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic genetic variants often primarily affect splicing. However, it remains difficult to quantitatively predict whether and how genetic variants affect splicing. In 2018, the fifth edition of the Critical Assessment of Genome Interpretation proposed two splicing prediction challenges based on experimental perturbation assays: Vex-seq, assessing exon skipping, and MaPSy, assessing splicing efficiency. We developed a modular modeling framework, MMSplice, the performance of which was among the best on both challenges. Here we provide insights into the modeling assumptions of MMSplice and its individual modules. We furthermore illustrate how MMSplice can be applied in practice for individual genome interpretation, using the MMSplice VEP plugin and the Kipoi variant interpretation plugin, which are directly applicable to VCF files.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cheng
- Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.,Graduate School of Quantitative Biosciences (QBM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Žiga Avsec
- Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.,Graduate School of Quantitative Biosciences (QBM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Julien Gagneur
- Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.,Graduate School of Quantitative Biosciences (QBM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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705
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Hale MA, Richardson JI, Day RC, McConnell OL, Arboleda J, Wang ET, Berglund JA. An engineered RNA binding protein with improved splicing regulation. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:3152-3168. [PMID: 29309648 PMCID: PMC5888374 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx1304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The muscleblind-like (MBNL) family of proteins are key developmental regulators of alternative splicing. Sequestration of MBNL proteins by expanded CUG/CCUG repeat RNA transcripts is a major pathogenic mechanism in the neuromuscular disorder myotonic dystrophy (DM). MBNL1 contains four zinc finger (ZF) motifs that form two tandem RNA binding domains (ZF1-2 and ZF3-4) which each bind YGCY RNA motifs. In an effort to determine the differences in function between these domains, we designed and characterized synthetic MBNL proteins with duplicate ZF1-2 or ZF3-4 domains, referred to as MBNL-AA and MBNL-BB, respectively. Analysis of splicing regulation revealed that MBNL-AA had up to 5-fold increased splicing activity while MBNL-BB had 4-fold decreased activity compared to a MBNL protein with the canonical arrangement of zinc finger domains. RNA binding analysis revealed that the variations in splicing activity are due to differences in RNA binding specificities between the two ZF domains rather than binding affinity. Our findings indicate that ZF1-2 drives splicing regulation via recognition of YGCY RNA motifs while ZF3-4 acts as a general RNA binding domain. Our studies suggest that synthetic MBNL proteins with improved or altered splicing activity have the potential to be used as both tools for investigating splicing regulation and protein therapeutics for DM and other microsatellite diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Hale
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,Center for NeuroGenetics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jared I Richardson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,Center for NeuroGenetics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ryan C Day
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,Center for NeuroGenetics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ona L McConnell
- Center for NeuroGenetics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Juan Arboleda
- Center for NeuroGenetics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Eric T Wang
- Center for NeuroGenetics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - J Andrew Berglund
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,Center for NeuroGenetics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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706
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Hale MA, Johnson NE, Berglund JA. Repeat-associated RNA structure and aberrant splicing. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2019; 1862:194405. [PMID: 31323433 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over 30 hereditary disorders attributed to the expansion of microsatellite repeats have been identified. Despite variant nucleotide content, number of consecutive repeats, and different locations in the genome, many of these diseases have pathogenic RNA gain-of-function mechanisms. The repeat-containing RNAs can form structures in vitro predicted to contribute to the disease through assembly of intracellular RNA aggregates termed foci. The expanded repeat RNAs within these foci sequester RNA binding proteins (RBPs) with important roles in the regulation of RNA metabolism, most notably alternative splicing (AS). These deleterious interactions lead to downstream alterations in transcriptome-wide AS directly linked with disease symptoms. This review summarizes existing knowledge about the association between the repeat RNA structures and RBPs as well as the resulting aberrant AS patterns, specifically in the context of myotonic dystrophy. The connection between toxic, structured RNAs and dysregulation of AS in other repeat expansion diseases is also discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: RNA structure and splicing regulation edited by Francisco Baralle, Ravindra Singh and Stefan Stamm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Hale
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Nicholas E Johnson
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - J Andrew Berglund
- The RNA Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA.
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707
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Wu CW, Wimberly K, Pietras A, Dodd W, Atlas MB, Choe KP. RNA processing errors triggered by cadmium and integrator complex disruption are signals for environmental stress. BMC Biol 2019; 17:56. [PMID: 31311534 PMCID: PMC6631800 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-019-0675-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptive responses to stress are essential for cell and organismal survival. In metazoans, little is known about the impact of environmental stress on RNA homeostasis. RESULTS By studying the regulation of a cadmium-induced gene named numr-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans, we discovered that disruption of RNA processing acts as a signal for environmental stress. We find that NUMR-1 contains motifs common to RNA splicing factors and influences RNA splicing in vivo. A genome-wide screen reveals that numr-1 is strongly and specifically induced by silencing of genes that function in basal RNA metabolism including subunits of the metazoan integrator complex. Human integrator processes snRNAs for functioning with splicing factors, and we find that silencing of C. elegans integrator subunits disrupts snRNA processing, causes aberrant pre-mRNA splicing, and induces the heat shock response. Cadmium, which also strongly induces numr-1, has similar effects on RNA and the heat shock response. Lastly, we find that heat shock factor-1 is required for full numr-1 induction by cadmium. CONCLUSION Our results are consistent with a model in which disruption of integrator processing of RNA acts as a molecular damage signal initiating an adaptive stress response mediated by heat shock factor-1. When numr-1 is induced via this pathway in C. elegans, its function in RNA metabolism may allow it to mitigate further damage and thereby promote tolerance to cadmium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Wu
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada.
- Department of Biology and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada.
| | - Keon Wimberly
- Department of Biology and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Adele Pietras
- Department of Biology and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - William Dodd
- Department of Biology and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - M Blake Atlas
- Department of Biology and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Keith P Choe
- Department of Biology and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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708
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Singh NN, Singh RN. How RNA structure dictates the usage of a critical exon of spinal muscular atrophy gene. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2019; 1862:194403. [PMID: 31323435 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Role of RNA structure in pre-mRNA splicing has been implicated for several critical exons associated with genetic disorders. However, much of the structural studies linked to pre-mRNA splicing regulation are limited to terminal stem-loop structures (hairpins) sequestering splice sites. In few instances, role of long-distance interactions is implicated as the major determinant of splicing regulation. With the recent surge of reports of circular RNA (circRNAs) generated by backsplicing, role of Alu-associated RNA structures formed by long-range interactions are taking central stage. Humans contain two nearly identical copies of Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) genes, SMN1 and SMN2. Deletion or mutation of SMN1 coupled with the inability of SMN2 to compensate for the loss of SMN1 due to exon 7 skipping causes spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), one of the leading genetic diseases of children. In this review, we describe how structural elements formed by both local and long-distance interactions are being exploited to modulate SMN2 exon 7 splicing as a potential therapy for SMA. We also discuss how Alu-associated secondary structure modulates generation of a vast repertoire of SMN circRNAs. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: RNA structure and splicing regulation edited by Francisco Baralle, Ravindra Singh and Stefan Stamm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia N Singh
- Department of Biomedical Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States of America
| | - Ravindra N Singh
- Department of Biomedical Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States of America.
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709
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Tikhonov M, Utkina M, Maksimenko O, Georgiev P. Conserved sequences in the Drosophila mod(mdg4) intron promote poly(A)-independent transcription termination and trans-splicing. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:10608-10618. [PMID: 30102331 PMCID: PMC6237743 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is a regulatory mechanism of gene expression that greatly expands the coding capacities of genomes by allowing the generation of multiple mRNAs from a single gene. In Drosophila, the mod(mdg4) locus is an extreme example of AS that produces more than 30 different mRNAs via trans-splicing that joins together the common exons and the 3′ variable exons generated from alternative promoters. To map the regions required for trans-splicing, we have developed an assay for measuring trans-splicing events and identified a 73-bp region in the last common intron that is critical for trans-splicing of three pre-mRNAs synthesized from different DNA strands. We have also found that conserved sequences in the distal part of the last common intron induce polyadenylation-independent transcription termination and are enriched by paused RNA polymerase II (RNAP II). These results suggest that all mod(mdg4) mRNAs are formed by joining in trans the 5′ splice site in the last common exon with the 3′ splice site in one of the alternative exons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Tikhonov
- Department of the Control of Genetic Processes, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov St., Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Marina Utkina
- Department of the Control of Genetic Processes, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov St., Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Oksana Maksimenko
- Group of Molecular Organization of Genome, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov St., Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Pavel Georgiev
- Department of the Control of Genetic Processes, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov St., Moscow 119334, Russia
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710
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Cheung KWK, van Groen BD, Spaans E, van Borselen MD, de Bruijn AC, Simons‐Oosterhuis Y, Tibboel D, Samsom JN, Verdijk RM, Smeets B, Zhang L, Huang S, Giacomini KM, de Wildt SN. A Comprehensive Analysis of Ontogeny of Renal Drug Transporters: mRNA Analyses, Quantitative Proteomics, and Localization. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2019; 106:1083-1092. [PMID: 31127606 PMCID: PMC6777991 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human renal membrane transporters play key roles in the disposition of renally cleared drugs and endogenous substrates, but their ontogeny is largely unknown. Using 184 human postmortem frozen renal cortical tissues (preterm newborns to adults) and a subset of 62 tissue samples, we measured the mRNA levels of 11 renal transporters and the transcription factor pregnane X receptor (PXR) with quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction, and protein abundance of nine transporters using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry selective reaction monitoring, respectively. Expression levels of p‐glycoprotein, urate transporter 1, organic anion transporter 1, organic anion transporter 3, and organic cation transporter 2 increased with age. Protein levels of multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter 2‐K and breast cancer resistance protein showed no difference from newborns to adults, despite age‐related changes in mRNA expression. Multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter 1, glucose transporter 2, multidrug resistance‐associated protein 2, multidrug resistance‐associated protein 4 (MRP4), and PXR expression levels were stable. Using immunohistochemistry, we found that MRP4 localization in pediatric samples was similar to that in adult samples. Collectively, our study revealed that renal drug transporters exhibited different rates and patterns of maturation, suggesting that renal handling of substrates may change with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit Wun Kathy Cheung
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic SciencesUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Office of Clinical PharmacologyOffice of Translational SciencesCenter for Drug Evaluation & ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE Fellow)Oak RidgeTennesseeUSA
| | - Bianca D. van Groen
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric SurgeryErasmus MC‐Sophia Children's HospitalRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Edwin Spaans
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric SurgeryErasmus MC‐Sophia Children's HospitalRotterdamThe Netherlands
- CDTS Consulting BV & SDD Consulting BVEtten‐LeurThe Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Dick Tibboel
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric SurgeryErasmus MC‐Sophia Children's HospitalRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Janneke N. Samsom
- Department of PediatricsErasmus MC‐Sophia Children's HospitalRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Bart Smeets
- Department of PathologyRadboudumcNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Lei Zhang
- Office of Research and StandardsOffice of Generic DrugsCenter for Drug Evaluation & ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Shiew‐Mei Huang
- Office of Clinical PharmacologyOffice of Translational SciencesCenter for Drug Evaluation & ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Kathleen M. Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic SciencesUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Saskia N. de Wildt
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric SurgeryErasmus MC‐Sophia Children's HospitalRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
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711
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More than a messenger: Alternative splicing as a therapeutic target. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2019; 1862:194395. [PMID: 31271898 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing of pre-mRNA is an essential post- and co-transcriptional mechanism of gene expression regulation that produces multiple mature mRNA transcripts from a single gene. Genetic mutations that affect splicing underlie numerous devastating diseases. The complexity of splicing regulation allows for multiple therapeutic approaches to correct disease-associated mis-splicing events. In this review, we first highlight recent findings from therapeutic strategies that have used splice switching antisense oligonucleotides and small molecules that bind directly to RNA. Second, we summarize different genetic and chemical approaches to target components of the spliceosome to correct splicing defects in pathological conditions. Finally, we present an overview of compounds that target kinases and accessory pathways that intersect with the splicing machinery. Advancements in the understanding of disease-specific defects caused by mis-regulation of alternative splicing will certainly increase the development of therapeutic options for the clinic. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: RNA structure and splicing regulation edited by Francisco Baralle, Ravindra Singh and Stefan Stamm.
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712
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Kotagama K, Schorr AL, Steber HS, Mangone M. ALG-1 Influences Accurate mRNA Splicing Patterns in the Caenorhabditis elegans Intestine and Body Muscle Tissues by Modulating Splicing Factor Activities. Genetics 2019; 212:931-951. [PMID: 31073019 PMCID: PMC6614907 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known to modulate gene expression, but their activity at the tissue-specific level remains largely uncharacterized. To study their contribution to tissue-specific gene expression, we developed novel tools to profile putative miRNA targets in the Caenorhabditis elegans intestine and body muscle. We validated many previously described interactions and identified ∼3500 novel targets. Many of the candidate miRNA targets curated are known to modulate the functions of their respective tissues. Within our data sets we observed a disparity in the use of miRNA-based gene regulation between the intestine and body muscle. The intestine contained significantly more putative miRNA targets than the body muscle highlighting its transcriptional complexity. We detected an unexpected enrichment of RNA-binding proteins targeted by miRNA in both tissues, with a notable abundance of RNA splicing factors. We developed in vivo genetic tools to validate and further study three RNA splicing factors identified as putative miRNA targets in our study (asd-2, hrp-2, and smu-2), and show that these factors indeed contain functional miRNA regulatory elements in their 3'UTRs that are able to repress their expression in the intestine. In addition, the alternative splicing pattern of their respective downstream targets (unc-60, unc-52, lin-10, and ret-1) is dysregulated when the miRNA pathway is disrupted. A reannotation of the transcriptome data in C. elegans strains that are deficient in the miRNA pathway from past studies supports and expands on our results. This study highlights an unexpected role for miRNAs in modulating tissue-specific gene isoforms, where post-transcriptional regulation of RNA splicing factors associates with tissue-specific alternative splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasuen Kotagama
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Anna L Schorr
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Hannah S Steber
- Barrett, The Honors College, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281
| | - Marco Mangone
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
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713
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Cibi DM, Mia MM, Guna Shekeran S, Yun LS, Sandireddy R, Gupta P, Hota M, Sun L, Ghosh S, Singh MK. Neural crest-specific deletion of Rbfox2 in mice leads to craniofacial abnormalities including cleft palate. eLife 2019; 8:45418. [PMID: 31241461 PMCID: PMC6663295 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) creates proteomic diversity from a limited size genome by generating numerous transcripts from a single protein-coding gene. Tissue-specific regulators of AS are essential components of the gene regulatory network, required for normal cellular function, tissue patterning, and embryonic development. However, their cell-autonomous function in neural crest development has not been explored. Here, we demonstrate that splicing factor Rbfox2 is expressed in the neural crest cells (NCCs), and deletion of Rbfox2 in NCCs leads to cleft palate and defects in craniofacial bone development. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that Rbfox2 regulates splicing and expression of numerous genes essential for neural crest/craniofacial development. We demonstrate that Rbfox2-TGF-β-Tak1 signaling axis is deregulated by Rbfox2 deletion. Furthermore, restoration of TGF-β signaling by Tak1 overexpression can rescue the proliferation defect seen in Rbfox2 mutants. We also identified a positive feedback loop in which TGF-β signaling promotes expression of Rbfox2 in NCCs. Abnormalities affecting the head and face – such as a cleft lip or palate – are among the most common of all birth defects. These tissues normally develop from cells in the embryo known as the neural crest cells, and specifically a subset of these cells called the cranial neural crest cells. Most cases of cleft lip or palate are linked back to genes that affect the biology of this group of cells. The list of genes implicated in the impaired development of cranial neural crest cells code for proteins with a wide range of different activities. Some encode transcription factors – proteins that switch genes on or off. Others code for chromatin remodeling factors, which control how the DNA is packed inside cells. However, the role of another group of proteins – the splicing factors – remains unclear and warrants further investigation. When a gene is switched on its genetic code is first copied into a short-lived molecule called a transcript. These transcripts are then edited to form templates to build proteins. Splicing is one way that a transcript can be edited, which involves different pieces of the transcript being cut out and the remaining pieces being pasted together to form alternative versions of the final template. Splicing factors control this process. Cibi et al. now show that neural crest cells from mice make a splicing factor called Rbfox2 and that deleting this gene for this protein from only these cells leads to mice with a cleft palate and defects in the bones of their head and face. Further analysis helped to identify the transcripts that are spliced by Rbfox2, and the effects that these splicing events have on gene activity in mouse tissues that develop from cranial neural crest cells. Cibi et al. went on to find a signaling pathway that was impaired in the mutant cells that lacked Rbfox2. Forcing the mutant cells to over-produce one of the proteins involved in this signaling pathway (a protein named Tak1) was enough to compensate for the some of the defects caused by a lack of Rbfox2, suggesting it acts downstream of the splicing regulator. Lastly, Cibi et al. showed that another protein in this signaling pathway, called TGF-β, acted to increase how much Rbfox2 was made by neural crest cells. Together these findings may be relevant in human disease studies, given that altered TGF-β signaling is a common feature in many birth defects seen in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasan Mary Cibi
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Masum M Mia
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shamini Guna Shekeran
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lim Sze Yun
- National Heart Research Institute, National Heart Center, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Reddemma Sandireddy
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Priyanka Gupta
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Monalisa Hota
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lei Sun
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sujoy Ghosh
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Manvendra K Singh
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,National Heart Research Institute, National Heart Center, Singapore, Singapore
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714
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Chen K, Lu Y, Zhao H, Yang Y. Predicting the change of exon splicing caused by genetic variant using support vector regression. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:1235-1242. [PMID: 31070294 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing can be disrupted by genetic variants that are related to diseases like cancers. Discovering the influence of genetic variations on the alternative splicing will improve the understanding of the pathogenesis of variants. Here, we developed a new approach, PredPSI-SVR to predict the impact of variants on exon skipping events by using the support vector regression. From the sequence of a particular exon and its flanking regions, 42 comprehensive features related to splicing events were extracted. By using a greedy feature selection algorithm, we found eight features contributing most to the prediction. The trained model achieved a Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) of 0.570 in the 10-fold cross-validation based on the training data set provided by the "vex-seq" challenge of the 5th Critical Assessment of Genome Interpretation. In the blind test also held by the challenge, our prediction ranked the 2nd with a PCC of 0.566 that demonstrates the robustness of our method. A further test indicated that the PredPSI-SVR is helpful in prioritizing deleterious synonymous mutations. The method is available on https://github.com/chenkenbio/PredPSI-SVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Chen
- School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yutong Lu
- School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiying Zhao
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuedong Yang
- School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Machine Intelligence and Advanced Computing (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
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715
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Yi X, Yang Y, Wu P, Xu X, Li W. Alternative splicing events during adipogenesis from hMSCs. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:304-316. [PMID: 31206189 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adipogenesis, the developmental process of progenitor-cell differentiating into adipocytes, leads to fat metabolic disorders. Alternative splicing (AS), a ubiquitous regulatory mechanism of gene expression, allows the generation of more than one unique messenger RNA (mRNA) species from a single gene. Till now, alternative splicing events during adipogenesis from human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are not yet fully elucidated. We performed RNA-Seq coupled with bioinformatics analysis to identify the differentially expressed AS genes and events during adipogenesis from hMSCs. A global survey separately identified 1262, 1181, 1167, and 1227 ASE involved in the most common types of AS including cassette exon, alt3, and alt5, especially with cassette exon the most prevalent, at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days during adipogenesis. Interestingly, 122 differentially expressed ASE referred to 118 genes, and the three genes including ACTN1 (alt3 and cassette), LRP1 (alt3 and alt5), and LTBP4 (cassette, cassette_multi, and unknown), appeared in multiple AS types of ASE during adipogenesis. Except for all the identified ASE of LRP1 occurred in the extracellular topological domain, alt3 (84) in transmembrane domain significantly differentially expressed was the potential key event during adipogenesis. Overall, we have, for the first time, conducted the global transcriptional profiling during adipogenesis of hMSCs to identify differentially expressed ASE and ASE-related genes. This finding would provide extensive ASE as the regulator of adipogenesis and the potential targets for future molecular research into adipogenesis-related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Yi
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Yunzhong Yang
- Beijing Yuanchuangzhilian Techonlogy Development Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Wu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Xu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Weidong Li
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
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716
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Zhao Q, Zhong W, He W, Li Y, Li Y, Li T, Vasseur L, You M. Genome-wide profiling of the alternative splicing provides insights into development in Plutella xylostella. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:463. [PMID: 31174467 PMCID: PMC6556048 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5838-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.), is a major pest of cruciferous crops worldwide. While the species has become a model for genomics, post-transcriptional mechanisms associated with development and sex determination have not been comprehensively studied and the lack of complete structure of mRNA transcripts limits further research. Results Here, we combined the methods of single-molecule long-read sequencing technology (IsoSeq) and RNA-seq to re-annotate the published DBM genome and present the genome-wide identification of alternative splicing (AS) associated with development and sex determination of DBM. In total, we identified ~ 13,900 genes (~ 77%) annotated in the DBM genome (version-2), resulting in the correction of 1586 wrongly annotated genes and identification of 78,000 previously unannotated transcripts. We also identified 1804 genes showing alternative splicing (AS) in each of the developmental stages and sexes, suggesting that AS events are ubiquitous in DBM. Comparative analyses showed that these AS events were rarely shared among developmental stages, indicating that they may play key specific roles in regulation of insect development. Further, we found 156 genes showing different AS events and expression patterns between males and females, linking them to potential functions in sex determination. Conclusion Overall, the P. xylostella transcriptome provides the significant information about regulatory alternative splicing events, which are shown to be involved in development and sex determination. Our work presents a solid foundation to better understand the mechanism of post-transcriptional regulation, and offers wider insights into insect development and sex determination. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5838-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Institute of Applied ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Weimin Zhong
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Weiyi He
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Institute of Applied ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yiying Li
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Institute of Applied ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yaqing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Institute of Applied ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Tianpu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Institute of Applied ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Liette Vasseur
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Institute of Applied ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Minsheng You
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China. .,Institute of Applied ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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717
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Donadoni M, Cicalese S, Sarkar DK, Chang SL, Sariyer IK. Alcohol exposure alters pre-mRNA splicing of antiapoptotic Mcl-1L isoform and induces apoptosis in neural progenitors and immature neurons. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:447. [PMID: 31171771 PMCID: PMC6554352 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1673-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing and expression of splice variants of genes in the brain may lead to the modulation of protein functions, which may ultimately influence behaviors associated with alcohol dependence and neurotoxicity. We recently showed that ethanol exposure can lead to pre-mRNA missplicing of Mcl-1, a pro-survival member of the Bcl-2 family, by downregulating the expression levels of serine/arginine rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1). Little is known about the physiological expression of these isoforms in neuronal cells and their role in toxicity induced by alcohol exposure during the developmental period. In order to investigate the impact of alcohol exposure on alternative splicing of Mcl-1 pre-mRNA and its role in neurotoxicity, we developed a unique primary human neuronal culture model where neurospheres (hNSPs), neural progenitors (hNPCs), immature neurons, and mature neurons were cultured from the matching donor fetal brain tissues. Our data suggest that neural progenitors and immature neurons are highly sensitive to the toxic effects of ethanol, while mature neuron cultures showed resistance to ethanol exposure. Further analysis of Mcl-1 pre-mRNA alternative splicing by semi-quantitative and quantitative analysis revealed that ethanol exposure causes a significant decrease in Mcl-1L/Mcl-1S ratio in a dose and time dependent manner in neural progenitors. Interestingly, ectopic expression of Mcl-1L isoform in neural progenitors was able to recover the viability loss and apoptosis induced by alcohol exposure. Altogether, these observations suggest that alternative splicing of Mcl-1 may play a crucial role in neurotoxicity associated with alcohol exposure in the developing fetal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Donadoni
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Stephanie Cicalese
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Dipak K Sarkar
- The Endocrine Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 67 Poultry Lane, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Sulie L Chang
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology and Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Ilker Kudret Sariyer
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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718
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Adusumalli S, Ngian Z, Lin W, Benoukraf T, Ong C. Increased intron retention is a post-transcriptional signature associated with progressive aging and Alzheimer's disease. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e12928. [PMID: 30868713 PMCID: PMC6516162 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intron retention (IR) by alternative splicing is a conserved regulatory mechanism that can affect gene expression and protein function during adult development and age-onset diseases. However, it remains unclear whether IR undergoes spatial or temporal changes during different stages of aging or neurodegeneration like Alzheimer's disease (AD). By profiling the transcriptome of Drosophila head cells at different ages, we observed a significant increase in IR events for many genes during aging. Differential IR affects distinct biological functions at different ages and occurs at several AD-associated genes in older adults. The increased nucleosome occupancy at the differentially retained introns in young animals suggests that it may regulate the level of IR during aging. Notably, an increase in the number of IR events was also observed in healthy older mouse and human brain tissues, as well as in the cerebellum and frontal cortex from independent AD cohorts. Genes with differential IR shared many common features, including shorter intron length, no perturbation in their mRNA level, and enrichment for biological functions that are associated with mRNA processing and proteostasis. The differentially retained introns identified in AD frontal cortex have higher GC content, with many of their mRNA transcripts showing an altered level of protein expression compared to control samples. Taken together, our results suggest that an increased IR is an conserved signature that is associated with aging. By affecting pathways involved in mRNA and protein homeostasis, changes of IR pattern during aging may regulate the transition from healthy to pathological state in late-onset sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnaseetha Adusumalli
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory National University of Singapore Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Zhen‐Kai Ngian
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Wei‐Qi Lin
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Touati Benoukraf
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore National University of Singapore Singapore
- Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John’s Newfoundland and Labrador Canada
| | - Chin‐Tong Ong
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory National University of Singapore Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore
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719
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Chen J, Fang X, Zhong P, Song Z, Hu X. N6-methyladenosine modifications: interactions with novel RNA-binding proteins and roles in signal transduction. RNA Biol 2019; 16:991-1000. [PMID: 31107151 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2019.1620060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA epigenetics has received a great deal of attention in recent years, and the reversible N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification on messenger RNAs (mRNAs) has emerged as a widespread phenomenon. The vital roles of m6A in diverse biological processes are dependent on many RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) with 'reader' or 'nonreader' functions. Moreover, m6A effector proteins affect cellular processes, such as stem cell differentiation, tumor development and the immune response by controlling signal transduction. This review provides an overview of the interactions of m6A with various RBPs, including the 'reader' proteins (excluding the YT521-B homology (YTH) domain proteins and the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs)), and the functional 'nonreader' proteins, and this review focuses on their specific RNA-binding domains and their associations with other m6A effectors. Furthermore, we summarize key m6A-marked targets in distinct signaling pathways, leading to a better understanding of the cellular m6A machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Chen
- a Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province , Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Xiao Fang
- b Department of Anesthesiology and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province , Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Pengcheng Zhong
- a Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province , Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Zhangfa Song
- c Department of Colorectal Surgery and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province , Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Xiaotong Hu
- a Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province , Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
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720
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Shi Y, Su Z, Yang H, Wang W, Jin G, He G, Siddique AN, Zhang L, Zhu A, Xue R, Zhang C. Alternative splicing coupled to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay contributes to the high-altitude adaptation of maca (Lepidium meyenii). Gene 2019; 694:7-18. [PMID: 30716438 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.12.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alpine plants remain the least studied plant communities in terrestrial ecosystems. However, how they adapt to high-altitude environments is far from clear. Here, we used RNA-seq to investigate a typical alpine plant maca (Lepidium meyenii) to understand its high-altitude adaptation at transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. At transcriptional level, we found that maca root significantly up-regulated plant immunity genes in day-time comparing to night-time, and up-regulated abiotic (cold/osmotic) stress response genes in Nov and Dec comparing to Oct. In addition, 17 positively selected genes were identified, which could be involved in mitochondrion. At post-transcriptional level, we found that maca had species-specific characterized alternative splicing (AS) profile which could be influenced by stress environments. For example, the alternative 3' splice site events (A3SS, 39.62%) were predominate AS events in maca, rather than intron retention (IR, 23.17%). Interestingly, besides serine/arginine-rich (SR) proteins and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a lot of components in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) were identified under differential alternative splicing (DAS), supporting AS coupled to NMD as essential mechanisms for maca's stress responses and high-altitude adaptation. Taken together, we first attempted to unveil maca's high-altitude adaptation mechanisms based on transcriptome and post-transcriptome evidence. Our data provided valuable insights to understand the high-altitude adaptation of alpine plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Shi
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Zechun Su
- Alpine Economic Plant Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lijiang, Yunnan 674100, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenzhi Wang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; School of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Guihua Jin
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guiqing He
- Alpine Economic Plant Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lijiang, Yunnan 674100, China
| | - Abu Nasar Siddique
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; Department of Biotechnology, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda 24420, Pakistan
| | - Liangsheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Andan Zhu
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Runguang Xue
- Alpine Economic Plant Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lijiang, Yunnan 674100, China.
| | - Chengjun Zhang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
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721
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Function and Evolution of Upstream ORFs in Eukaryotes. Trends Biochem Sci 2019; 44:782-794. [PMID: 31003826 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is growing interest in the role of translational regulation in cellular homeostasis during organismal development. Translation initiation is the rate-limiting step in mRNA translation and is central to translational regulation. Upstream open reading frames (uORFs) are regulatory elements that are prevalent in eukaryotic mRNAs. uORFs modulate the translation initiation rate of downstream coding sequences (CDSs) by sequestering ribosomes. Over the past several years, genome-wide studies have revealed the widespread regulatory functions of uORFs in different species in different biological contexts. Here, we review the current understanding of uORF-mediated translational regulation from the perspective of functional and evolutionary genomics and address remaining gaps that deserve further study.
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722
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Wang H, Liu Y, Li Y, Wang W, Li L, Meng M, Xie Y, Zhang Y, Yunfeng Z, Han S, Zeng J, Hou Z, Jiang L. Analysis of NKX2-5 in 439 Chinese Patients with Sporadic Atrial Septal Defect. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:2756-2763. [PMID: 30982828 PMCID: PMC6481236 DOI: 10.12659/msm.916052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The NKX2 gene family is made up of core transcription factors that are involved in the morphogenesis of the vertebrate heart. NKx2-5 plays a pivotal role in mouse cardiogenesis, and mutations in NKx2-5 result in an abnormal structure and function of the heart, including atrial septal defect and cardiac electrophysiological abnormalities. Material/Methods To investigate the genetic variation of NKX2-5 in Chinese patients with sporadic atrial septal defect, we sequenced the full length of the NKX2-5 gene in the participants of the study. Four hundred thirty-nine patients and 567 healthy unrelated individuals were recruited. Genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood leukocytes of the participants. DNA samples from the participants were amplified by multiplex PCR and sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq platform. Variations were detected by comparison with a standard reference genome and annotation with a variant effect predictor. Results Thirty variations were detected in Chinese patients with sporadic atrial septal defect, and 6 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) had a frequency greater than 1%. Among the 30 variations, the SNPs rs2277923 and rs3729753 were extremely prominent, with a high frequency and odds ratio in patients. Conclusions Single nucleotide variations are the prominent genetic variations of NKX2-5 in Chinese patients with sporadic atrial septal defect. The SNPs rs2277923 and rs3729753 are prominent single nucleotide variations (SNVs) in Chinese patients with sporadic atrial septal defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongshu Wang
- Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Yaxiong Li
- Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Wenju Wang
- Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Lin Li
- Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Mingyao Meng
- Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Yanhua Xie
- Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Yayong Zhang
- Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Zi Yunfeng
- Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Shen Han
- Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Jianying Zeng
- Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - ZongLiu Hou
- Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Lihong Jiang
- The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
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723
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Vitting-Seerup K, Sandelin A. IsoformSwitchAnalyzeR: analysis of changes in genome-wide patterns of alternative splicing and its functional consequences. Bioinformatics 2019; 35:4469-4471. [DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Summary
Alternative splicing is an important mechanism involved in health and disease. Recent work highlights the importance of investigating genome-wide changes in splicing patterns and the subsequent functional consequences. Current computational methods only support such analysis on a gene-by-gene basis. Therefore, we extended IsoformSwitchAnalyzeR R library to enable analysis of genome-wide changes in specific types of alternative splicing and predicted functional consequences of the resulting isoform switches. As a case study, we analyzed RNA-seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and found systematic changes in alternative splicing and the consequences of the associated isoform switches.
Availability and implementation
Windows, Linux and Mac OS: http://bioconductor.org/packages/IsoformSwitchAnalyzeR.
Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer Vitting-Seerup
- The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology and Biotech Research & Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Albin Sandelin
- The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology and Biotech Research & Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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724
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Pacini C, Koziol MJ. Bioinformatics challenges and perspectives when studying the effect of epigenetic modifications on alternative splicing. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0073. [PMID: 29685977 PMCID: PMC5915717 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely known that epigenetic modifications are important in regulating transcription, but several have also been reported in alternative splicing. The regulation of pre-mRNA splicing is important to explain proteomic diversity and the misregulation of splicing has been implicated in many diseases. Here, we give a brief overview of the role of epigenetics in alternative splicing and disease. We then discuss the bioinformatics methods that can be used to model interactions between epigenetic marks and regulators of splicing. These models can be used to identify alternative splicing and epigenetic changes across different phenotypes. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Frontiers in epigenetic chemical biology’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Pacini
- Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Magdalena J Koziol
- Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK .,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
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725
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Li J, Huang K, Hu G, Babarinde IA, Li Y, Dong X, Chen YS, Shang L, Guo W, Wang J, Chen Z, Hutchins AP, Yang YG, Yao H. An alternative CTCF isoform antagonizes canonical CTCF occupancy and changes chromatin architecture to promote apoptosis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1535. [PMID: 30948729 PMCID: PMC6449404 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08949-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CTCF plays key roles in gene regulation, chromatin insulation, imprinting, X chromosome inactivation and organizing the higher-order chromatin architecture of mammalian genomes. Previous studies have mainly focused on the roles of the canonical CTCF isoform. Here, we explore the functions of an alternatively spliced human CTCF isoform in which exons 3 and 4 are skipped, producing a shorter isoform (CTCF-s). Functionally, we find that CTCF-s competes with the genome binding of canonical CTCF and binds a similar DNA sequence. CTCF-s binding disrupts CTCF/cohesin binding, alters CTCF-mediated chromatin looping and promotes the activation of IFI6 that leads to apoptosis. This effect is caused by an abnormal long-range interaction at the IFI6 enhancer and promoter. Taken together, this study reveals a non-canonical function for CTCF-s that antagonizes the genomic binding of canonical CTCF and cohesin, and that modulates chromatin looping and causes apoptosis by stimulating IFI6 expression. CTCF plays key roles in gene regulation, chromatin insulation and organizing the higher-order chromatin architecture of mammalian genomes. Here the authors investigate the function an alternatively spliced shorter CTCF isoform, finding that this isoform antagonizes canonical CTCF occupancy and changes chromatin architecture to promote apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Hefei Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, 510530, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Kaimeng Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Hefei Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, 510530, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Gongcheng Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Hefei Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, 510530, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Isaac A Babarinde
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yaoyi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Hefei Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, 510530, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaotao Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Hefei Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, 510530, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Shang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Hefei Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, 510530, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Hefei Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, 510530, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junwei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Hefei Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, 510530, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoming Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Hefei Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, 510530, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530, Guangzhou, China
| | - Andrew P Hutchins
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yun-Gui Yang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjie Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Hefei Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, 510530, Guangzhou, China. .,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530, Guangzhou, China. .,Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
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726
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Yang L, Guo R, Ju Z, Wang X, Jiang Q, Liu Y, Zhao H, He K, Li J, Huang J. Production of an aberrant splice variant of CCL5 is not caused by genetic mutation in the mammary glands of mastitis‑infected Holstein cows. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:4159-4166. [PMID: 30942444 PMCID: PMC6472127 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic mutations, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), result in aberrant alternatively splicing of gene and involves in susceptibility of inflammatory diseases, including bovine mastitis. C‑C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) is an immune‑associated gene, but its alternative splicing (AS) mechanism of gene expression has not yet been understood. The present study identified the splice variant of CCL5 and the compared differential expression of various transcripts between healthy and mastitic mammary gland tissue from cows. A novel transcript lacking exon 2 with a deletion of 112 bp (referred to as CCL5‑AS) was identified in the mammary gland. The expression of CCL5‑AS was lower compared with CCL5‑reference in the healthy and mastitic mammary tissues. A total of two novel SNPs (g.1647 C>T and g.1804 G>A) were identified in exon 2 of CCL5. Using the splicing mini‑gene reporter assay in bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC‑T) and 293T cells, it was confirmed that the production of CCL5‑AS was not caused by the two SNPs. The present findings suggested that alternative splicing is one of the mechanisms of CCL5 expression regulation and is involved in mastitis infection, but that genetic mutation was not responsible for the generation of the abnormal transcript of CCL5 in cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei 056021, P.R. China
| | - Ruiqing Guo
- College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei 056021, P.R. China
| | - Zhihua Ju
- Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P.R. China
| | - Xiuge Wang
- Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Jiang
- Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P.R. China
| | - Yong Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei 056021, P.R. China
| | - Han Zhao
- Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P.R. China
| | - Kaili He
- College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei 056021, P.R. China
| | - Jianbin Li
- Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P.R. China
| | - Jinming Huang
- Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P.R. China
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727
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Zhang D, Duan Y, Cun J, Yang Q. Identification of Prognostic Alternative Splicing Signature in Breast Carcinoma. Front Genet 2019; 10:278. [PMID: 30984247 PMCID: PMC6448481 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing evidence indicated a close relationship between aberrant splicing variants and carcinoma, whereas comprehensive analysis of prognostic alternative splicing (AS) profiling in breast cancer (BRCA) is lacking and largely unknown. Methods RNA-seq data and corresponding clinical information of BRCA patients were obtained and integrated from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Then SpliceSeq software was used to assess seven AS types and calculate the Percent Spliced In (PSI) value. Univariate followed by stepwise multivariate Cox regression analyses identified survival associated AS events and constructed the AS signature, which were further sent for enrichment analysis, respectively. Besides, the splicing correlation network was constructed. Additionally, nomogram incorporating AS signature and clinicopathological characteristics was developed and its efficacy was evaluated with respect to discrimination, calibration and clinical utility. Results A total of 45,421 AS events were detected, among which 3071 events were found associated with overall survival (OS) after strict filtering. Parent genes of these prognostic events were involved in BRCA-related processes including NF-kappaB and HIF-1 signaling pathway. Besides, the final prognostic signature built with 20 AS events performed well with an area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve up to 0.957 for 5 years. And gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) also confirmed the candidate 20 AS events contributed to progression of BRCA. Moreover, the nomogram that incorporated 20-AS-event-based classifier, age, pathological stage and Her-2 status showed good calibration and moderate discrimination, with C-index of 0.883 (95% CI, 0.844–0.921). Decision curve analysis (DCA) confirmed more benefit was added to survival prediction with our nomogram, especially in 5 or 8 years with threshold probability up to 80%. Finally, splicing correlation network revealed an obvious regulatory pattern of prognostic splicing factors (SF) in BRCA. Conclusion This study provided a systematic portrait of survival-associated AS events involved in BRCA and further presented a AS-clinicopathological nomogram, which could be conveniently used to assist the individualized prediction of long-term survival probability for BRCA patients. And a series of bioinformatic analysis provided a promising perspective for further uncovering the underlying mechanisms of AS events and validating therapeutic targets for BRCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yi Duan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jinjing Cun
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qifeng Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Pathology Tissue Bank, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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728
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Stévant I, Nef S. Genetic Control of Gonadal Sex Determination and Development. Trends Genet 2019; 35:346-358. [PMID: 30902461 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Sex determination is the process by which the bipotential gonads develop as either testes or ovaries. With two distinct potential outcomes, the gonadal primordium offers a unique model for the study of cell fate specification and how distinct cell populations diverge from multipotent progenitors. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of the genetic programs and epigenetic mechanisms that regulate gonadal sex determination and the regulation of cell fate commitment in the bipotential gonads. We rely primarily on mouse data to illuminate the complex and dynamic genetic programs controlling cell fate decision and sex-specific cell differentiation during gonadal formation and gonadal sex determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Stévant
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; iGE3, Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; SIB, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serge Nef
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; iGE3, Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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729
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Wang F, Cheng Y, Zhang C, Chang G, Geng X. A novel antisense oligonucleotide anchored on the intronic splicing enhancer of hTERT pre-mRNA inhibits telomerase activity and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. J Neurooncol 2019; 143:57-68. [PMID: 30887243 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-019-03150-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alternative splicing of hTERT pre-mRNA is an important step in the regulation of telomerase activity, but the regulation mechanisms and functions remain unclear. METHODS RT-PCR analysis was used to detect hTERT splicing in glioma cell lines and brain tissues. TRAP assay was used to detect the telomerase activity. Then, we designed and synthesized 2'-O-methyl-RNA phosphorothioate AONs and transfected them into glioma cells to detect the changes in telomerase activity. MTT assay, plate colony formation assay, western blotting and Annexin V/PI assay were used to detect cell proliferation and apoptosis. At last, bioinformatics analyses were used to predict the expression and function of splicing protein SRSF2 in gliomas. RESULTS hTERT splicing occurs both in glioma cell lines and glioma patients' tissues. The telomerase activity was related to the expression level of the full-length hTERT, rather than the total hTERT transcript level. AON-Ex726 was complementary to the sequence of the intronic splicing enhancer (ISE) in intron six, and significantly altered the splicing pattern of hTERT pre-mRNA, reducing the expression level of the full-length hTERT mRNA and increasing the expression level of the -β hTERT mRNA. After transfection with AON-Ex726, the level of apoptosis was increased, while telomerase activity and cell proliferation were significantly decreased. By bioinformatic predictions, we found the AON-Ex726 anchoring sequence in ISE overlaps the binding site of SRSF2 protein, which is up-regulated during the development of gliomas. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provided new targets and important clues for the gene therapy of gliomas by regulating the alternative splicing pattern of hTERT pre-mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Yajing Cheng
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Guangming Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Xin Geng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University, 22nd Qixiangtai Road, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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730
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Planells B, Gómez-Redondo I, Pericuesta E, Lonergan P, Gutiérrez-Adán A. Differential isoform expression and alternative splicing in sex determination in mice. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:202. [PMID: 30871468 PMCID: PMC6419433 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5572-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alternative splicing (AS) may play an important role in gonadal sex determination (GSD) in mammals. The present study was designed to identify differentially expressed isoforms and AS modifications accompanying GSD in mice. Results Using deep RNA-sequencing, we performed a transcriptional analysis of XX and XY gonads during sex determination on embryonic days 11 (E11) and 12 (E12). Analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEG) identified hundreds of genes related to GSD and early sex differentiation that may represent good candidates for sex reversal. Expression at time point E11 in males was significantly enriched in RNA splicing and mRNA processing Gene Ontology terms. Differentially expressed isoform analysis identified hundreds of specific isoforms related to GSD, many of which showed no differences in the DEG analysis. Hundreds of AS events were identified as modified at E11 and E12. Female E11 gonads featured sex-biased upregulation of intron retention (in genes related to regulation of transcription, protein phosphorylation, protein transport and mRNA splicing) and exon skipping (in genes related to chromatin repression) suggesting AS as a post-transcription mechanism that controls sex determination of the bipotential fetal gonad. Conclusion Our data suggests an important role of splicing regulatory mechanisms for sex determination in mice. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5572-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamín Planells
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain.,School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Isabel Gómez-Redondo
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Pericuesta
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patrick Lonergan
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alfonso Gutiérrez-Adán
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain.
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731
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Angiolini F, Belloni E, Giordano M, Campioni M, Forneris F, Paronetto MP, Lupia M, Brandas C, Pradella D, Di Matteo A, Giampietro C, Jodice G, Luise C, Bertalot G, Freddi S, Malinverno M, Irimia M, Moulton JD, Summerton J, Chiapparino A, Ghilardi C, Giavazzi R, Nyqvist D, Gabellini D, Dejana E, Cavallaro U, Ghigna C. A novel L1CAM isoform with angiogenic activity generated by NOVA2-mediated alternative splicing. eLife 2019; 8:44305. [PMID: 30829570 PMCID: PMC6398979 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological players involved in angiogenesis are only partially defined. Here, we report that endothelial cells (ECs) express a novel isoform of the cell-surface adhesion molecule L1CAM, termed L1-ΔTM. The splicing factor NOVA2, which binds directly to L1CAM pre-mRNA, is necessary and sufficient for the skipping of L1CAM transmembrane domain in ECs, leading to the release of soluble L1-ΔTM. The latter exerts high angiogenic function through both autocrine and paracrine activities. Mechanistically, L1-ΔTM-induced angiogenesis requires fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 signaling, implying a crosstalk between the two molecules. NOVA2 and L1-ΔTM are overexpressed in the vasculature of ovarian cancer, where L1-ΔTM levels correlate with tumor vascularization, supporting the involvement of NOVA2-mediated L1-ΔTM production in tumor angiogenesis. Finally, high NOVA2 expression is associated with poor outcome in ovarian cancer patients. Our results point to L1-ΔTM as a novel, EC-derived angiogenic factor which may represent a target for innovative antiangiogenic therapies. Growing tumors stimulate the formation of new blood vessels to supply the oxygen and nutrients the cancerous cells need to stay alive. Stopping tumors from forming the blood vessels could therefore help us to treat cancer. To do so, we need to understand how different proteins control when and how blood vessels develop. Cells make proteins by first ‘transcribing’ genes to form RNA molecules. In many cases, the RNA then goes through a process called alternative splicing. Proteins known as splicing factors cut out different segments of the RNA molecule and stick together the remaining segments to form templates for protein production. This enables a single gene to produce many different variants of a protein. Angiolini, Belloni, Giordano et al. have now studied mouse and human versions of the cells that line the blood vessels grown by tumors. This revealed that a splicing factor called NOVA2 targets a protein called L1CAM, which is normally responsible for gluing adjacent cells together. Angiolini et al. found that NOVA2 splices L1CAM into a form not seen before. Instead of remaining anchored to cell surfaces, the newly identified form of L1CAM is released into the blood circulation, where it stimulates new blood vessels to grow. Samples taken from the blood vessels of human ovarian tumors showed high levels of both NOVA2 and the modified form of L1CAM, while blood vessels in healthy tissue contain no, or very low levels of both proteins. Therefore, if the new form of L1CAM can be detected in the blood, it could be used to help cancer diagnosis, and to indicate which patients would benefit from treatments that restrict the growth of blood vessels in tumors. Further work is now needed to explore these possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Angiolini
- Unit of Gynecological Oncology Research, Program of Gynecological Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Belloni
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Giordano
- Unit of Gynecological Oncology Research, Program of Gynecological Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Campioni
- The Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Structural Biology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Federico Forneris
- The Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Structural Biology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Paronetto
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Lupia
- Unit of Gynecological Oncology Research, Program of Gynecological Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Brandas
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pavia, Italy
| | - Davide Pradella
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pavia, Italy.,Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Di Matteo
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Giovanna Jodice
- Molecular Medicine Program, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Luise
- Molecular Medicine Program, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bertalot
- Molecular Medicine Program, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Freddi
- Molecular Medicine Program, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Manuel Irimia
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Antonella Chiapparino
- The Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Structural Biology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Carmen Ghilardi
- Laboratory of Biology and Treatment of Metastasis, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Giavazzi
- Laboratory of Biology and Treatment of Metastasis, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniel Nyqvist
- Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Davide Gabellini
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Dejana
- FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy.,Rudbeck Laboratory and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ugo Cavallaro
- Unit of Gynecological Oncology Research, Program of Gynecological Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Ghigna
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pavia, Italy
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732
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Froussios K, Mourão K, Simpson G, Barton G, Schurch N. Relative Abundance of Transcripts ( RATs): Identifying differential isoform abundance from RNA-seq. F1000Res 2019; 8:213. [PMID: 30906538 PMCID: PMC6426083 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.17916.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological importance of changes in RNA expression is reflected by the wide variety of tools available to characterise these changes from RNA-seq data. Several tools exist for detecting differential transcript isoform usage (DTU) from aligned or assembled RNA-seq data, but few exist for DTU detection from alignment-free RNA-seq quantifications. We present the RATs, an R package that identifies DTU transcriptome-wide directly from transcript abundance estimates. RATs is unique in applying bootstrapping to estimate the reliability of detected DTU events and shows good performance at all replication levels (median false positive fraction < 0.05). We compare RATs to two existing DTU tools, DRIM-Seq & SUPPA2, using two publicly available simulated RNA-seq datasets and a published human RNA-seq dataset, in which 248 genes have been previously identified as displaying significant DTU. RATs with default threshold values on the simulated Human data has a sensitivity of 0.55, a Matthews correlation coefficient of 0.71 and a false discovery rate (FDR) of 0.04, outperforming both other tools. Applying the same thresholds for SUPPA2 results in a higher sensitivity (0.61) but poorer FDR performance (0.33). RATs and DRIM-seq use different methods for measuring DTU effect-sizes complicating the comparison of results between these tools, however, for a likelihood-ratio threshold of 30, DRIM-Seq has similar FDR performance to RATs (0.06), but worse sensitivity (0.47). These differences persist for the simulated drosophila dataset. On the published human RNA-seq dataset the greatest agreement between the tools tested is 53%, observed between RATs and SUPPA2. The bootstrapping quality filter in RATs is responsible for removing the majority of DTU events called by SUPPA2 that are not reported by RATs. All methods, including the previously published qRT-PCR of three of the 248 detected DTU events, were found to be sensitive to annotation differences between Ensembl v60 and v87.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimon Froussios
- Division of Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Kira Mourão
- Division of Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Gordon Simpson
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK.,Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK.,The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 4DA, UK
| | - Geoff Barton
- Division of Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Nicholas Schurch
- Division of Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
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733
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Abstract
Single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) provides a comprehensive measurement of stochasticity in transcription, but the limitations of the technology have prevented its application to dissect variability in RNA processing events such as splicing. In this chapter, we review the challenges in splicing isoform quantification in scRNA-seq data and discuss BRIE (Bayesian regression for isoform estimation), a recently proposed Bayesian hierarchical model which resolves these problems by learning an informative prior distribution from sequence features. We illustrate the usage of BRIE with a case study on 130 mouse cells during gastrulation.
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734
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Robinson TJ, Freedman JA, Al Abo M, Deveaux AE, LaCroix B, Patierno BM, George DJ, Patierno SR. Alternative RNA Splicing as a Potential Major Source of Untapped Molecular Targets in Precision Oncology and Cancer Disparities. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:2963-2968. [PMID: 30755441 PMCID: PMC6653604 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-2445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Studies of alternative RNA splicing (ARS) have the potential to provide an abundance of novel targets for development of new biomarkers and therapeutics in oncology, which will be necessary to improve outcomes for patients with cancer and mitigate cancer disparities. ARS, a key step in gene expression enabling individual genes to encode multiple proteins, is emerging as a major driver of abnormal phenotypic heterogeneity. Recent studies have begun to identify RNA splicing-related genetic and genomic variation in tumors, oncogenes dysregulated by ARS, RNA splice variants driving race-related cancer aggressiveness and drug response, spliceosome-dependent transformation, and RNA splicing-related immunogenic epitopes in cancer. In addition, recent studies have begun to identify and test, preclinically and clinically, approaches to modulate and exploit ARS for therapeutic application, including splice-switching oligonucleotides, small molecules targeting RNA splicing or RNA splice variants, and combination regimens with immunotherapies. Although ARS data hold such promise for precision oncology, inclusion of studies of ARS in translational and clinical cancer research remains limited. Technologic developments in sequencing and bioinformatics are being routinely incorporated into clinical oncology that permit investigation of clinically relevant ARS events, yet ARS remains largely overlooked either because of a lack of awareness within the clinical oncology community or perceived barriers to the technical complexity of analyzing ARS. This perspective aims to increase such awareness, propose immediate opportunities to improve identification and analysis of ARS, and call for bioinformaticians and cancer researchers to work together to address the urgent need to incorporate ARS into cancer biology and precision oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer A Freedman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Muthana Al Abo
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - April E Deveaux
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Bonnie LaCroix
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Brendon M Patierno
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Daniel J George
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Steven R Patierno
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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735
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Mettl3 Regulates Osteogenic Differentiation and Alternative Splicing of Vegfa in Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030551. [PMID: 30696066 PMCID: PMC6387109 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) can be a useful cell resource for developing biological treatment strategies for bone repair and regeneration, and their therapeutic applications hinge on an understanding of their physiological characteristics. N6-methyl-adenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent internal chemical modification of mRNAs and has recently been reported to play important roles in cell lineage differentiation and development. However, little is known about the role of m6A modification in the cell differentiation of BMSCs. To address this issue, we investigated the expression of N6-adenosine methyltransferases (Mettl3 and Mettl14) and demethylases (Fto and Alkbh5) and found that Mettl3 was upregulated in BMSCs undergoing osteogenic induction. Furthermore, we knocked down Mettl3 and demonstrated that Mettl3 knockdown decreased the expression of bone formation-related genes, such as Runx2 and Osterix. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the formation of mineralized nodules also decreased after Mettl3 knockdown. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that a vast number of genes affected by Mettl3 knockdown were associated with osteogenic differentiation and bone mineralization. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT (PI3K-Akt) signaling pathway appeared to be one of the most enriched pathways, and Western blotting results showed that Akt phosphorylation was significantly reduced after Mettl3 knockdown. Mettl3 has been reported to play an important role in regulating alternative splicing of mRNA in previous research. In this study, we found that Mettl3 knockdown not only reduced the expression of Vegfa but also decreased the level of its splice variants, vegfa-164 and vegfa-188, in Mettl3-deficient BMSCs. These findings might contribute to novel progress in understanding the role of epitranscriptomic regulation in the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and provide a promising perspective for new therapeutic strategies for bone regeneration.
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736
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Olender J, Lee NH. Role of Alternative Splicing in Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness and Drug Resistance in African Americans. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1164:119-139. [PMID: 31576545 PMCID: PMC6777849 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-22254-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing, the process of removing introns and joining exons of pre-mRNA, is critical for growth, development, tissue homeostasis, and species diversity. Dysregulation of alternative splicing can initiate and drive disease. Aberrant alternative splicing has been shown to promote the "hallmarks of cancer" in both hematological and solid cancers. Of interest, recent work has focused on the role of alternative splicing in prostate cancer and prostate cancer health disparities. We will provide a review of prostate cancer health disparities involving the African American population, alternative RNA splicing, and alternative splicing in prostate cancer. Lastly, we will summarize our work on differential alternative splicing in prostate cancer disparities and its implications for disparate health outcomes and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Olender
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, GW Cancer Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Norman H Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, GW Cancer Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.
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737
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Networks of mRNA Processing and Alternative Splicing Regulation in Health and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1157:1-27. [PMID: 31342435 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-19966-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
mRNA processing events introduce an intricate layer of complexity into gene expression processes, supporting a tremendous level of diversification of the genome's coding and regulatory potential, particularly in vertebrate species. The recent development of massive parallel sequencing methods and their adaptation to the identification and quantification of different RNA species and the dynamics of mRNA metabolism and processing has generated an unprecedented view over the regulatory networks that are established at this level, which contribute to sustain developmental, tissue specific or disease specific gene expression programs. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the recent evolution of transcriptome profiling methods and the surprising insights that have emerged in recent years regarding distinct mRNA processing events - from the 5' end to the 3' end of the molecule.
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738
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Wan L, Yu W, Shen E, Sun W, Liu Y, Kong J, Wu Y, Han F, Zhang L, Yu T, Zhou Y, Xie S, Xu E, Zhang H, Lai M. SRSF6-regulated alternative splicing that promotes tumour progression offers a therapy target for colorectal cancer. Gut 2019; 68:118-129. [PMID: 29114070 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the molecular function of splicing factor SRSF6 in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression and discover candidate chemicals for cancer therapy through targeting SRSF6. DESIGN We performed comprehensive analysis for the expression of SRSF6 in 311 CRC samples, The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Functional analysis of SRSF6 in CRC was performed in vitro and in vivo. SRSF6-regulated alternative splicing (AS) and its binding motif were identified by next-generation RNA-sequencing and RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (RIP-seq), which was validated by gel shift and minigene reporter assay. ZO-1 exon23 AS was investigated to mediate the function of SRSF6 in vitro and in vivo. Based on the analysis of domain-specific role, SRSF6-targeted inhibitor was discovered de novoby virtual screening in 4855 FDA-approved drugs and its antitumour effects were evaluated in vitroand in vivo. RESULTS SRSF6 was frequently upregulated in CRC samples and associated with poor prognosis, which promoted proliferation and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. We identified SRSF6-regulated AS targets and discovered the SRSF6 binding motif. Particularly, SRSF6 regulates ZO-1 aberrant splicing to function as an oncogene by binding directly to its motif in the exon23. Based on the result that SRSF6 RRM2 domain plays key roles in regulating AS and biological function, indacaterol, a β2-adrenergic receptor agonist approved for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treatment, is identified as the inhibitor of SRSF6 to suppress CRC tumourigenicity. CONCLUSIONS SRSF6 functions the important roles in mediating CRC progression through regulating AS, and indacaterol is repositioned as an antitumour drug through targeting SRSF6. ACCESSION NUMBERS The accession numbers for sequencing data are SRP111763 and SRP111797.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ledong Wan
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Enhui Shen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Sun
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianlu Kong
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yihua Wu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fengyan Han
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianze Yu
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuwei Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sunzhe Xie
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Enping Xu
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Honghe Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Maode Lai
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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739
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Regulation of P2X7 receptor expression and function in the brain. Brain Res Bull 2018; 151:153-163. [PMID: 30593878 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Because of its prominent role in driving inflammatory processes, the ATP-gated purinergic P2X7 receptor has attracted much attention over the past decade as a potential therapeutic target for numerous human conditions, particularly diseases of the central nervous system, including neurodegenerative diseases (e.g. Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease), psychiatric disorders (e.g. schizophrenia and depression) and the neurological disease, epilepsy. Evidence stems from studies using experimental models and patient tissue showing changes in P2X7 expression and function under pathological conditions and beneficial effects provided by P2X7 antagonism. Apart from promoting neuroinflammation, P2X7, however, also impacts on other pathological processes in the brain, including cell death, hyperexcitability, changes in neurotransmitter release and neurogenesis. Reports also suggest a role for P2X7 in the maintenance of blood-brain-barrier integrity. It therefore comes as no surprise that the regulation of P2X7 expression and function is complex, providing tight control on P2X7 activation. Much progress has been made in understanding how P2X7 is regulated during physiological and pathological conditions and what the consequences are of pathological P2X7 expression and function. Regulatory mechanisms altering P2X7 expression include transcriptional and post-translational regulation including nucleotide polymorphisms, promoter regulation via DNA methylation, transcription factors (e.g. Sp1 and HIF-1α), the generation of different splice variants and receptor phosphorylation, glycosylation and palmitoylation. Finally, more recently, reports have also shown P2X7-targeting by microRNAs, blocking P2X7 translation into functional proteins. The present review provides a broad overview of what is known to-date about the complex regulation of P2X7 expression with a particular emphasis on the brain and how each of these regulatory mechanisms impacts on receptor function and pathology.
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740
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Uddin MB, Roy KR, Hosain SB, Khiste SK, Hill RA, Jois SD, Zhao Y, Tackett AJ, Liu YY. An N 6-methyladenosine at the transited codon 273 of p53 pre-mRNA promotes the expression of R273H mutant protein and drug resistance of cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 160:134-145. [PMID: 30578766 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mutant p53 proteins that promote cancer cell invasive growth, metastasis and drug resistance emerge as therapeutic targets. Previously, we reported that suppression of ceramide glycosylation restored wild-type p53 protein and tumor suppressing function in cancer cells heterozygously carrying p53 R273H, a hot-spot missense mutation; however, the mechanisms underlying the control of mutant protein expression remain elusive. Herein, we report that an N6-methyladenosine (m6A) at the point-mutated codon 273 (G > A) of p53 pre-mRNA determines the mutant protein expression. Methylation of the transited adenosine was catalyzed by methyltransferase like 3 (METTL3), and this m6A-RNA promoted a preferential pre-mRNA splicing; consequently, the produced p53 R273H mutant protein resulted in acquired multidrug resistance in colon cancer cells. Furthermore, glycosphingolipids (particularly globotriaosylceramide) generated from serial ceramide glycosylation were seen to activate cSrc and β-catenin signaling so as to upregulate METTL3 expression, in turn promoting expression of p53 R273H mutant protein, with consequent drug resistance. Conversely, either silencing METTL3 expression by using small interfering RNA (siRNA) or inhibiting RNA methylation with neplanocin A suppressed m6A formation in p53 pre-mRNA, and substantially increased the level of phosphorylated p53 protein (Ser15) and its function in cells heterozygously carrying the R273H mutation, thereby re-sensitizing these cells to anticancer drugs. Concordantly, suppression of ceramide glycosylation repressed METTL3 expression and m6A formation in p53 pre-mRNA, thus sensitizing cells carrying R273H to anticancer drugs. This study uncovers a novel function of pre-mRNA m6A as a determinant of mutant protein expression in cancer cells heterozygously carrying the TP53 R273H mutation. Suppressing both RNA methylation and ceramide glycosylation might constitute an efficacious and specific approach for targeting TP53 missense mutations coding for a G > A transition, thereby improving cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad B Uddin
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
| | - Kartik R Roy
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
| | - Salman B Hosain
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
| | - Sachin K Khiste
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
| | - Ronald A Hill
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
| | - Seetharama D Jois
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Alan J Tackett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Yong-Yu Liu
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA.
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741
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Black AJ, Schilder RJ, Kimball SR. Palmitate- and C6 ceramide-induced Tnnt3 pre-mRNA alternative splicing occurs in a PP2A dependent manner. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2018; 15:87. [PMID: 30564278 PMCID: PMC6296074 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-018-0326-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In a previous study, we showed that consumption of diets enriched in saturated fatty acids causes changes in alternative splicing of pre-mRNAs encoding a number of proteins in rat skeletal muscle, including the one encoding skeletal muscle Troponin T (Tnnt3). However, whether saturated fatty acids act directly on muscle cells to modulate alternative pre-mRNA splicing was not assessed. Moreover, the signaling pathway through which saturated fatty acids act to promote changes in alternative splicing is unknown. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to characterize the signaling pathway through which saturated fatty acids act to modulate Tnnt3 alternative splicing. Methods The effects of treatment of L6 myotubes with saturated (palmitate), mono- (oleate), or polyunsaturated (linoleate) fatty acids on alternative splicing of pre-mRNA was assessed using Tnnt3 as a marker gene. Results Palmitate treatment caused a two-fold change (p < 0.05) in L6 myotube Tnnt3 alternative splicing whereas treatment with either oleate or linoleate had minimal effects compared to control myotubes. Treatment with a downstream metabolite of palmitate, ceramide, had effects similar to palmitate on Tnnt3 alternative splicing and inhibition of de novo ceramide biosynthesis blocked the palmitate-induced alternative splicing changes. The effects of palmitate and ceramide on Tnnt3 alternative splicing were accompanied by a 40–50% reduction in phosphorylation of Akt on S473. However, inhibition of de novo ceramide biosynthesis did not prevent palmitate-induced Akt dephosphorylation, suggesting that palmitate may act in an Akt-independent manner to modulate Tnnt3 alternative splicing. Instead, pre-treatment with okadaic acid at concentrations that selectively inhibit protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) blocked both palmitate- and ceramide-induced changes in Tnnt3 alternative splicing, suggesting that palmitate and ceramide act through PP2A to modulate Tnnt3 alternative splicing. Conclusions Overall, the data show that fatty acid saturation level and ceramides are important factors modulating alternative pre-mRNA splicing through activation of PP2A. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12986-018-0326-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Black
- 1Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, H166, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033 USA.,Present Address: Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, 6330 Medical Biomolecular Research Building, 111 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Rudolf J Schilder
- 3Department of Entomology and Biology, Penn State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - Scot R Kimball
- 1Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, H166, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033 USA
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742
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Zhao L, Wang C, Lehman ML, He M, An J, Svingen T, Spiller CM, Ng ET, Nelson CC, Koopman P. Transcriptomic analysis of mRNA expression and alternative splicing during mouse sex determination. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 478:84-96. [PMID: 30053582 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian sex determination hinges on sexually dimorphic transcriptional programs in developing fetal gonads. A comprehensive view of these programs is crucial for understanding the normal development of fetal testes and ovaries and the etiology of human disorders of sex development (DSDs), many of which remain unexplained. Using strand-specific RNA-sequencing, we characterized the mouse fetal gonadal transcriptome from 10.5 to 13.5 days post coitum, a key time window in sex determination and gonad development. Our dataset benefits from a greater sensitivity, accuracy and dynamic range compared to microarray studies, allows global dynamics and sex-specificity of gene expression to be assessed, and provides a window to non-transcriptional events such as alternative splicing. Spliceomic analysis uncovered female-specific regulation of Lef1 splicing, which may contribute to the enhanced WNT signaling activity in XX gonads. We provide a user-friendly visualization tool for the complete transcriptomic and spliceomic dataset as a resource for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Chenwei Wang
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Melanie L Lehman
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Mingyu He
- Longsoft, Brisbane, Queensland, 4109, Australia
| | - Jiyuan An
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Terje Svingen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Cassy M Spiller
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Ee Ting Ng
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Colleen C Nelson
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Peter Koopman
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
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743
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Smith M, Flodman PL. Expanded Insights Into Mechanisms of Gene Expression and Disease Related Disruptions. Front Mol Biosci 2018; 5:101. [PMID: 30542652 PMCID: PMC6277798 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2018.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Definitive molecular diagnoses in disorders apparently due to genetic or genomic defects are still lacking in a significant number of investigated cases, despite use of studies designed to discover defects in the protein coding regions of the genome. Increasingly studies are being designed to search for defects in the non-protein coding genome, and for alterations in gene expression. Here we review new insights into genomic elements involved in control of gene expression, including methods to analyze chromatin that is accessible for transcription factor binding, enhancers, chromatin looping, transcription, RNA binding proteins, and alternative splicing. We review new studies on levels of genome organization, including the occurrence of transcriptional domains and their boundary elements. Information is presented on specific malformation syndromes that arise due to structural genomic changes that impact the non-protein coding genome and sometimes impact specific transcriptional domains. We also review convergence of genome-wide association with studies of gene expression, discoveries related to expression quantitative trait loci and splicing quantitative trait loci and the relevance of these to specific complex common diseases. Aspects of epigenetic mechanisms and clinical applications of analyses of methylation signatures are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moyra Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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744
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Ratcliffe CDH, Siddiqui N, Coelho PP, Laterreur N, Cookey TN, Sonenberg N, Park M. HGF-induced migration depends on the PI(3,4,5)P 3-binding microexon-spliced variant of the Arf6 exchange factor cytohesin-1. J Cell Biol 2018; 218:285-298. [PMID: 30404949 PMCID: PMC6314551 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201804106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Splice variants of the Arf6 guanine exchange factor cytohesin-1 display differential affinity for PI(4,5)P2 and PI(3,4,5)P3. Ratcliffe et al. show that the specific lipid binding of the diglycine variant of cytohesin-1 is needed for HGF-dependent cell migration and establishment of the leading edge, thereby regulating cancer cell migration following activation of the proto-oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase Met. Differential inclusion or skipping of microexons is an increasingly recognized class of alternative splicing events. However, the functional significance of microexons and their contribution to signaling diversity is poorly understood. The Met receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) modulates invasive growth and migration in development and cancer. Here, we show that microexon switching in the Arf6 guanine nucleotide exchange factor cytohesin-1 controls Met-dependent cell migration. Cytohesin-1 isoforms, differing by the inclusion of an evolutionarily conserved three-nucleotide microexon in the pleckstrin homology domain, display differential affinity for PI(4,5)P2 (triglycine) and PI(3,4,5)P3 (diglycine). We show that selective phosphoinositide recognition by cytohesin-1 isoforms promotes distinct subcellular localizations, whereby the triglycine isoform localizes to the plasma membrane and the diglycine to the leading edge. These data highlight microexon skipping as a mechanism to spatially restrict signaling and provide a mechanistic link between RTK-initiated phosphoinositide microdomains and Arf6 during signal transduction and cancer cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin D H Ratcliffe
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nadeem Siddiqui
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paula P Coelho
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nancy Laterreur
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tumini N Cookey
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nahum Sonenberg
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Morag Park
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada .,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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745
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Mao M, Hu Y, Yang Y, Qian Y, Wei H, Fan W, Yang Y, Li X, Wang Z. Modeling and Predicting the Activities of Trans-Acting Splicing Factors with Machine Learning. Cell Syst 2018; 7:510-520.e4. [PMID: 30414922 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is generally regulated by trans-splicing factors that specifically bind to cis-elements in pre-mRNAs. The human genome encodes ∼1,500 RNA binding proteins (RBPs) that potentially regulate AS, yet their functions remain largely unknown. To explore their potential activities, we fused the putative functional domains of RBPs to a sequence-specific RNA-binding domain and systemically analyzed how these engineered factors affect splicing. We discovered that ∼80% of low-complexity domains in endogenous RBPs displayed distinct context-dependent activities in regulating splicing, indicating that AS is under more extensive regulation than previously expected. We developed a machine learning approach to classify and predict the activities of RBPs based on their sequence compositions and further validated this model using endogenous RBPs and synthetic polypeptides. These results represent a systematic inspection, modeling, prediction, and validation of how RBP sequences affect their activities in controlling splicing, paving the way for de novo engineering of artificial splicing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaowei Mao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Yue Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yun Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yajie Qian
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Huanhuan Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Yi Yang
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Zefeng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
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746
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Xing F, Zhang C, Kong Z. Cloning and expression of lin-28 homolog B gene in the onset of puberty in Duolang sheep. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018; 32:23-30. [PMID: 30381750 PMCID: PMC6325404 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.18.0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective Recent studies have demonstrated that lin-28 homolog B (LIN28B)/miRNA let-7 (let-7) plays a role in the regulation of pubertal onset in mammals. However, the role of LIN28B/let-7 in the onset of ovine puberty remains unknown. We cloned the Duolang sheep Lin28B cDNA sequence, detected the expression change of LIN28B, let-7a and let-7g in hypothalamus, pituitary and ovary tissues at three different pubertal stages. Methods The reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to clone the cDNA sequence of LIN28B gene from Duolang sheep and the bioinformatics methods were applied to analyze the amino acid sequence of LIN28B protein. The mRNA expression levels of the LIN28B gene at different pubertal stages were examined by real time RT-PCR. Results LIN28B cDNA of Duolang sheep was cloned, and two transcripts were obtained. The amino acid sequence of transcript 1 shares 99.60%, 98.78%, and 94.80% identity with those of goat, wild yak and pig, respectively. Strong LIN28B mRNA expression was detected in the hypothalamus, pituitary, ovary, oviduct and uterus, while moderate expression was found in the liver, kidney, spleen and heart, weak expression was observed in the heart. No expression was found in the lungs. Quantitative real-time PCR (QPCR) and western-blot analysis revealed that the LIN28B was highly expressed in the hypothalamus and ovary at prepuberty stages, and this expression significantly decreased from the prepuberty to puberty stages (p<0.05). Markedly increased levels of mRNA expression were detected in the pituitary from prepuberty to puberty (p<0.05) and then significantly decreased from puberty to postpuberty (p<0.05). The expression levels of let-7a and let-7g showed no significant changes among different pubertal stages (p>0.05). Conclusion These results provided a foundation for determining the functions of LIN28B/let-7 and their role in the onset of sheep puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xing
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, XinJiang 843300, China.,Key laboratory of Tarim, Animal Husbandry Science and Technology, XinJiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Chaoyang Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, XinJiang 843300, China.,Key laboratory of Tarim, Animal Husbandry Science and Technology, XinJiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Zhengquan Kong
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, XinJiang 843300, China.,Key laboratory of Tarim, Animal Husbandry Science and Technology, XinJiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
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747
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Pan H, Shi Y, Chen S, Yang Y, Yue Y, Zhan L, Dai L, Dong H, Hong W, Shi F, Jin Y. Competing RNA pairings in complex alternative splicing of a 3' variable region. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 24:1466-1480. [PMID: 30065023 PMCID: PMC6191721 DOI: 10.1261/rna.066225.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Alternative pre-mRNA splicing remarkably expands protein diversity in eukaryotes. Drosophila PGRP-LC can generate three major 3' splice isoforms that exhibit distinct innate immune recognition and defenses against various microbial infections. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying the uniquely biased splicing pattern at the 3' variable region remain unclear. Here we show that competing RNA pairings control the unique splicing of the 3' variable region of Drosophila PGRP-LC pre-mRNA. We reveal three roles by which these RNA pairings jointly regulate the 3' variant selection through activating the proximal 3' splice site and concurrently masking the intron-proximal 5' splice site, in combination with physical competition of RNA pairing. We also reveal that competing RNA pairings regulate alternative splicing of the highly complex 3' variable regions of Drosophila CG42235 and Pip Our findings will facilitate a better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of highly complex alternative splicing as well as highly variable 3' processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Pan
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, ZJ310058, P.R. China
| | - Yang Shi
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, ZJ310058, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, ZJ310058, P.R. China
| | - Yun Yang
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, ZJ310058, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Yue
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, ZJ310058, P.R. China
| | - Leilei Zhan
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, ZJ310058, P.R. China
| | - Lanzhi Dai
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, ZJ310058, P.R. China
| | - Haiyang Dong
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, ZJ310058, P.R. China
| | - Weiling Hong
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, ZJ310058, P.R. China
| | - Feng Shi
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, ZJ310058, P.R. China
| | - Yongfeng Jin
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, ZJ310058, P.R. China
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748
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Genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 Interrogation of Splicing Networks Reveals a Mechanism for Recognition of Autism-Misregulated Neuronal Microexons. Mol Cell 2018; 72:510-524.e12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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749
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Blue RE, Koushik A, Engels NM, Wiedner HJ, Cooper TA, Giudice J. Modulation of alternative splicing of trafficking genes by genome editing reveals functional consequences in muscle biology. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 105:134-143. [PMID: 30316870 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing is a regulatory mechanism by which multiple mRNA isoforms are generated from single genes. Numerous genes that encode membrane trafficking proteins are alternatively spliced. However, there is limited information about the functional consequences that result from these splicing transitions. Here, we developed appropriate tools to study the functional impact of alternative splicing in development within the most in vivo context. Secondly, we provided evidence of the physiological implications of splicing regulation during muscle development. Our previous work in mouse heart development identified three trafficking genes that are regulated by alternative splicing between birth and adulthood: the clathrin heavy chain, the clathrin light chain-a, and the trafficking kinesin binding protein-1. Here, we demonstrated that alternative splicing regulation of these three genes is tissue- and developmental stage-specific. To identify the functional consequences of splicing regulation in vivo, we used genome editing to block the neonatal-to-adult splicing transitions. We characterized the phenotype of one of these mouse lines and demonstrated that when splicing regulation of the clathrin heavy chain gene is prevented mice exhibit an increase in body and muscle weights which is due to an enlargement in myofiber size. The significance of this work has two components. First, we revealed novel roles of the clathrin heavy chain in muscle growth and showed that its regulation by alternative splicing contributes to muscle development. Second, the new mouse lines will provide a useful tool to study how splicing regulation of three trafficking genes affects tissue identity acquisition and maturation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Eric Blue
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Amrita Koushik
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Nichlas M Engels
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Hannah J Wiedner
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA; Curriculum in Genetics & Molecular Biology (GMB), The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Thomas A Cooper
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jimena Giudice
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA; Curriculum in Genetics & Molecular Biology (GMB), The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; McAllister Heart Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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750
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PRMT1 Deficiency in Mouse Juvenile Heart Induces Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Reveals Cryptic Alternative Splicing Products. iScience 2018; 8:200-213. [PMID: 30321814 PMCID: PMC6197527 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) catalyzes the asymmetric dimethylation of arginine residues in proteins and methylation of various RNA-binding proteins and is associated with alternative splicing in vitro. Although PRMT1 has essential in vivo roles in embryonic development, CNS development, and skeletal muscle regeneration, the functional importance of PRMT1 in the heart remains to be elucidated. Here, we report that juvenile cardiomyocyte-specific PRMT1-deficient mice develop severe dilated cardiomyopathy and exhibit aberrant cardiac alternative splicing. Furthermore, we identified previously undefined cardiac alternative splicing isoforms of four genes (Asb2, Fbxo40, Nrap, and Eif4a2) in PRMT1-cKO mice and revealed that eIF4A2 protein isoforms translated from alternatively spliced mRNA were differentially ubiquitinated and degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. These findings highlight the essential roles of PRMT1 in cardiac homeostasis and alternative splicing regulation. PRMT1 deficiency in cardiomyocytes causes dilated cardiomyopathy in juvenile mice PRMT1-deficient heart shows abnormal alternative splicing patterns Previously undefined cardiac splicing events are revealed by transcriptome analysis eIF4A2 isoforms are differentially ubiquitinated and degraded
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