801
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Shen J, Niu W, Zhou M, Zhang H, Ma J, Wang L, Zhang H. MicroRNA-410 suppresses migration and invasion by targeting MDM2 in gastric cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104510. [PMID: 25136862 PMCID: PMC4138091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the most frequent malignancies in tumors in the East Asian countries. Identifying precise prognostic markers and effective therapeutic targets is important in the treatment of gastric cancer. microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in tumorigenesis. However, the mechanisms by which miRNAs regulate gastric cancer metastasis remain poorly understood. In this study, we found that the levels of miR-410 in gastric cancer and cell lines were much lower than that in the normal control, respectively, and the lower level of miR-410 was significantly associated with lymph-node metastasis. Transfection of miR-410 mimics could significantly inhibit the cell proliferation, migration and invasion in the HGC-27 gastric cancer cell lines. In contrast, knockdown of miR-410 had the opposite effect on the cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Moreover, we also found that MDM2 was negatively regulated by miR-410 at the post-transcriptional level, via a specific target site with the 3′UTR by luciferase reporter assay. The expression of MDM2 was inversely correlated with miR-410 expression in gastric cancer tissues, and overexpression of MDM2 in miR-410-transfected gastric cancer cells effectively rescued the inhibition of cell proliferation and invasion caused by miR-410. Thus, our findings suggested that miR-410 acted as a new tumor suppressor by targeting the MDM2 gene and inhibiting gastric cancer cells proliferation, migration and invasion. The findings of this study contributed to the current understanding of these functions of miR-410 in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Weina Niu
- Oncology Department, Anhui Cancer Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, China
- * E-mail:
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802
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Bao ZS, Chen HM, Yang MY, Zhang CB, Yu K, Ye WL, Hu BQ, Yan W, Zhang W, Akers J, Ramakrishnan V, Li J, Carter B, Liu YW, Hu HM, Wang Z, Li MY, Yao K, Qiu XG, Kang CS, You YP, Fan XL, Song WS, Li RQ, Su XD, Chen CC, Jiang T. RNA-seq of 272 gliomas revealed a novel, recurrent PTPRZ1-MET fusion transcript in secondary glioblastomas. Genome Res 2014; 24:1765-73. [PMID: 25135958 PMCID: PMC4216918 DOI: 10.1101/gr.165126.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Studies of gene rearrangements and the consequent oncogenic fusion proteins have laid the foundation for targeted cancer therapy. To identify oncogenic fusions associated with glioma progression, we catalogued fusion transcripts by RNA-seq of 272 gliomas. Fusion transcripts were more frequently found in high-grade gliomas, in the classical subtype of gliomas, and in gliomas treated with radiation/temozolomide. Sixty-seven in-frame fusion transcripts were identified, including three recurrent fusion transcripts: FGFR3-TACC3, RNF213-SLC26A11, and PTPRZ1-MET (ZM). Interestingly, the ZM fusion was found only in grade III astrocytomas (1/13; 7.7%) or secondary GBMs (sGBMs, 3/20; 15.0%). In an independent cohort of sGBMs, the ZM fusion was found in three of 20 (15%) specimens. Genomic analysis revealed that the fusion arose from translocation events involving introns 3 or 8 of PTPRZ and intron 1 of MET. ZM fusion transcripts were found in GBMs irrespective of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutation status. sGBMs harboring ZM fusion showed higher expression of genes required for PIK3CA signaling and lowered expression of genes that suppressed RB1 or TP53 function. Expression of the ZM fusion was mutually exclusive with EGFR overexpression in sGBMs. Exogenous expression of the ZM fusion in the U87MG glioblastoma line enhanced cell migration and invasion. Clinically, patients afflicted with ZM fusion harboring glioblastomas survived poorly relative to those afflicted with non-ZM-harboring sGBMs (P < 0.001). Our study profiles the shifting RNA landscape of gliomas during progression and reveled ZM as a novel, recurrent fusion transcript in sGBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Shi Bao
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing 100050, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hui-Min Chen
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
| | - Ming-Yu Yang
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chuan-Bao Zhang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing 100050, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing 100050, China
| | - Kai Yu
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wan-Lu Ye
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bo-Qiang Hu
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing 100050, China
| | - Johnny Akers
- Center for Theoretical and Applied Neuro-Oncology (CTAN), Division of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Valya Ramakrishnan
- Center for Theoretical and Applied Neuro-Oncology (CTAN), Division of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Jie Li
- Center for Theoretical and Applied Neuro-Oncology (CTAN), Division of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Bob Carter
- Center for Theoretical and Applied Neuro-Oncology (CTAN), Division of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Yan-Wei Liu
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing 100050, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hui-Min Hu
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing 100050, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ming-Yang Li
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing 100050, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing 100050, China
| | - Kun Yao
- Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing 100050, China; Department of Pathology, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiao-Guang Qiu
- Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing 100050, China; Department of Radiotherapy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chun-Sheng Kang
- Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing 100050, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yong-Ping You
- Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing 100050, China; Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xiao-Long Fan
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Brain Development, Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resources and Molecular Development, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wei Sonya Song
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing 100050, China; Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Rui-Qiang Li
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Su
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
| | - Clark C Chen
- Center for Theoretical and Applied Neuro-Oncology (CTAN), Division of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA;
| | - Tao Jiang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing 100050, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing 100050, China; Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing 100050, China
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803
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Mardekian SK, Solomides CC, Gong JZ, Peiper SC, Wang ZX, Bajaj R. Comparison of Chromogenic In Situ Hybridization and Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization for the Evaluation of MDM2 Amplification in Adipocytic Tumors. J Clin Lab Anal 2014; 29:462-8. [PMID: 25132285 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atypical lipomatous tumor/well-differentiated liposarcoma (ALT-WDLPS) and dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDLPS) are characterized cytogenetically by a 12q13-15 amplification involving the mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) oncogene. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is used frequently to detect this amplification and aid with the diagnosis of these entities, which is difficult by morphology alone. Recently, bright-field in situ hybridization techniques such as chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) have been introduced for the determination of MDM2 amplification status. METHODS The present study compared the results of FISH and CISH for detecting MDM2 amplification in 41 cases of adipocytic tumors. Amplification was defined in both techniques as a MDM2/CEN12 ratio of 2 or greater. RESULTS Eleven cases showed amplification with both FISH and CISH, and 26 cases showed no amplification with both methods. Two cases had discordant results between CISH and FISH, and two cases were not interpretable by CISH. CONCLUSION CISH is advantageous for allowing pathologists to evaluate the histologic and molecular alterations occurring simultaneously in a specimen. Moreover, CISH is found to be more cost- and time-efficient when used with automation, and the signals do not quench over time. CISH technique is a reliable alternative to FISH in the evaluation of adipocytic tumors for MDM2 amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey K Mardekian
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Charalambos C Solomides
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jerald Z Gong
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen C Peiper
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zi-Xuan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Renu Bajaj
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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804
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Tsai NP. Ubiquitin proteasome system-mediated degradation of synaptic proteins: An update from the postsynaptic side. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:2838-2842. [PMID: 25135362 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome system is one of the principle mechanisms for the regulation of protein homeostasis in mammalian cells. In dynamic cellular structures such as neuronal synapses, ubiquitin proteasome system and protein translation provide an efficient way for cells to respond promptly to local stimulation and regulate neuroplasticity. The majority of research related to long-term plasticity has been focused on the postsynapses and has shown that ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of specific proteins are involved in various activity-dependent plasticity events. This review summarizes recent achievements in understanding ubiquitination of postsynaptic proteins and its impact on synapse plasticity and discusses the direction for advancing future research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nien-Pei Tsai
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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805
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Odkhuu E, Mendjargal A, Koide N, Naiki Y, Komatsu T, Yokochi T. Lipopolysaccharide downregulates the expression of p53 through activation of MDM2 and enhances activation of nuclear factor-kappa B. Immunobiology 2014; 220:136-41. [PMID: 25172547 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the expression of p53 protein in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells was examined. LPS downregulated the expression of p53 protein 4-24 h after the stimulation. LPS-induced p53 inhibition was restored with pharmacological inhibitors of c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). It was also restored by inhibitors of MDM2 activation and proteasome. LPS-induced p53 inhibition corresponded to activation of MDM2. LPS-induced MDM2 activation was prevented by inhibitors of JNK and PI3K. The expression of p65 NF-κB at a late stage after LPS stimulation was downregulated in the presence of a MDM2 inhibitor. Nutlin-3 as a MDM2 inhibitor reduced LPS-induced production of nitric oxide but not tumor necrosis factor-α. Administration of LPS into mice downregulated the in vivo expression of p53 in the livers. Taken together, LPS was suggested to downregulate the expression of p53 via activation of MDM2 and enhance the activation of NF-κB at a late stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdenezaya Odkhuu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan; Departments of Anatomy, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 210648, Mongolia.
| | - Adilsaikhan Mendjargal
- Oncology, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 210648, Mongolia
| | - Naoki Koide
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Naiki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Takayuki Komatsu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokochi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
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806
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Tollini LA, Jin A, Park J, Zhang Y. Regulation of p53 by Mdm2 E3 ligase function is dispensable in embryogenesis and development, but essential in response to DNA damage. Cancer Cell 2014; 26:235-47. [PMID: 25117711 PMCID: PMC4369778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mdm2 E3 ubiquitin ligase-mediated p53 degradation is generally accepted as the major mechanism for p53 regulation; nevertheless, the in vivo significance of this function has not been unequivocally established. Here, we have generated an Mdm2(Y487A) knockin mouse; Mdm2(Y487A) mutation inactivates Mdm2 E3 ligase function without affecting its ability to bind its homolog MdmX. Unexpectedly, Mdm2(Y487A/Y487A) mice were viable and developed normally into adulthood. While disruption of Mdm2 E3 ligase function resulted in p53 accumulation, p53 transcriptional activity remained low; however, exposure to sublethal stress resulted in hyperactive p53 and p53-dependent mortality in Mdm2(Y487A/Y487A) mice. These findings reveal a potentially dispensable nature for Mdm2 E3 ligase function in p53 regulation, providing insight that may affect how this pathway is targeted therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Tollini
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7512, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7512, USA; Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7512, USA
| | - Aiwen Jin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7512, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7512, USA
| | - Jikyoung Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7512, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7512, USA
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7512, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7512, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7512, USA; Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7512, USA; Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221002, China.
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807
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Pal S, Bhattacharjee A, Ali A, Mandal NC, Mandal SC, Pal M. Chronic inflammation and cancer: potential chemoprevention through nuclear factor kappa B and p53 mutual antagonism. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2014; 11:23. [PMID: 25152696 PMCID: PMC4142057 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-11-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF- κB) as a mechanism of host defense against infection and stress is the central mediator of inflammatory responses. A normal (acute) inflammatory response is activated on urgent basis and is auto-regulated. Chronic inflammation that results due to failure in the regulatory mechanism, however, is largely considered as a critical determinant in the initiation and progression of various forms of cancer. Mechanistically, NF- κB favors this process by inducing various genes responsible for cell survival, proliferation, migration, invasion while at the same time antagonizing growth regulators including tumor suppressor p53. It has been shown by various independent investigations that a down regulation of NF- κB activity directly, or indirectly through the activation of the p53 pathway reduces tumor growth substantially. Therefore, there is a huge effort driven by many laboratories to understand the NF- κB signaling pathways to intervene the function of this crucial player in inflammation and tumorigenesis in order to find an effective inhibitor directly, or through the p53 tumor suppressor. We discuss here on the role of NF- κB in chronic inflammation and cancer, highlighting mutual antagonism between NF- κB and p53 pathways in the process. We also discuss prospective pharmacological modulators of these two pathways, including those that were already tested to affect this mutual antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srabani Pal
- Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy laboratory, Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Ashish Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur-713209, India
| | - Asif Ali
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054, India
| | | | - Subhash C Mandal
- Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy laboratory, Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Mahadeb Pal
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054, India
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808
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Jacob AG, Singh RK, Comiskey DF, Rouhier MF, Mohammad F, Bebee TW, Chandler DS. Stress-induced alternative splice forms of MDM2 and MDMX modulate the p53-pathway in distinct ways. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104444. [PMID: 25105592 PMCID: PMC4126728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MDM2 and MDMX are the chief negative regulators of the tumor-suppressor protein p53 and are essential for maintaining homeostasis within the cell. In response to genotoxic stress and also in several cancer types, MDM2 and MDMX are alternatively spliced. The splice variants MDM2-ALT1 and MDMX-ALT2 lack the p53-binding domain and are incapable of negatively regulating p53. However, they retain the RING domain that facilitates dimerization of the full-length MDM proteins. Concordantly, MDM2-ALT1 has been shown to lead to the stabilization of p53 through its interaction with and inactivation of full-length MDM2. The impact of MDM2-ALT1 expression on the p53 pathway and the nature of its interaction with MDMX remain unclear. Also, the role of the architecturally similar MDMX-ALT2 and its influence of the MDM2-MDMX-p53 axis are yet to be elucidated. We show here that MDM2-ALT1 is capable of binding full-length MDMX as well as full-length MDM2. Additionally, we demonstrate that MDMX-ALT2 is able to dimerize with both full-length MDMX and MDM2 and that the expression of MDM2-ALT1 and MDMX-ALT2 leads to the upregulation of p53 protein, and also of its downstream target p21. Moreover, MDM2-ALT1 expression causes cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase in a p53 and p21 dependent manner, which is consistent with the increased levels of p21. Finally we present evidence that MDM2-ALT1 and MDMX-ALT2 expression can activate subtly distinct subsets of p53-transcriptional targets implying that these splice variants can modulate the p53 tumor suppressor pathway in unique ways. In summary, our study shows that the stress-inducible alternative splice forms MDM2-ALT1 and MDMX-ALT2 are important modifiers of the p53 pathway and present a potential mechanism to tailor the p53-mediated cellular stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya G. Jacob
- From the Center for Childhood Cancer at the Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- The Department of Pediatrics, and Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology (MCDB) program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for RNA Biology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ravi K. Singh
- From the Center for Childhood Cancer at the Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- The Department of Pediatrics, and Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology (MCDB) program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Daniel F. Comiskey
- From the Center for Childhood Cancer at the Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- The Department of Pediatrics, and Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology (MCDB) program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for RNA Biology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Matthew F. Rouhier
- From the Center for Childhood Cancer at the Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Fuad Mohammad
- From the Center for Childhood Cancer at the Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for RNA Biology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Thomas W. Bebee
- From the Center for Childhood Cancer at the Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- The Department of Pediatrics, and Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology (MCDB) program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Dawn S. Chandler
- From the Center for Childhood Cancer at the Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- The Department of Pediatrics, and Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology (MCDB) program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for RNA Biology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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809
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Cooks T, Harris CC, Oren M. Caught in the cross fire: p53 in inflammation. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:1680-90. [PMID: 24942866 PMCID: PMC4123652 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 transcription factor is a major tumor suppressor, whose diverse activities serve to ensure genome stability and inhibit neoplastic processes. In recent years, it is becoming increasingly clear that p53 also plays a broader role in maintaining cellular homeostasis, as well as contributing to tissue homeostasis in a non-cell-autonomous fashion. Chronic inflammation is a potential cancer-promoting condition, and as such is also within the radar of p53, which mounts a multifaceted attempt to prevent the escalation of chronic tissue imbalance into neoplasia. Recent understanding of the p53 pathway and other family members reveals a broad interaction with inflammatory elements such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, cytokines, infectious agents and major immune-regulatory pathways like nuclear factor-kappaB. This complex cross talk is highly dependent on p53 status, as different p53 isoforms and p53 mutants can mediate different responses and even promote chronic inflammation and associated cancer, acting in the tumor cells as well as in the stromal and immune compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Cooks
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-4258, USA and Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute for Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Curtis C Harris
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-4258, USA and Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute for Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Moshe Oren
- Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute for Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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810
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Abstract
Mutations activating the PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase)/Akt signalling pathway and inactivating the TP53 tumour-suppressor gene are common mechanisms that cancer cells require to proliferate and escape pre-programmed cell death. In a well-described mechanism, Akt mediates negative control of p53 levels through enhancing MDM2 (murine double minute 2)-mediated targeting of p53 for degradation. Accumulating evidence is beginning to suggest that, in certain circumstances, PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10)/PI3K/Akt also promotes p53 translation and protein stability, suggesting that additional mechanisms may be involved in the Akt-mediated regulation of p53 in tumours. In the present article, we discuss these aspects in the light of clinical PI3K/Akt inhibitors, where information regarding the effect on p53 activity will be a crucial factor that will undoubtedly influence therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin G Abraham
- *Cancer Research UK/MRC Oxford Institute, Gray Laboratories, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Eric O'Neill
- *Cancer Research UK/MRC Oxford Institute, Gray Laboratories, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
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811
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Shen W, Hu P, Cao JQ, Liu XX, Shao JH. MDM2 oncogene, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase T309G polymorphism and risk of oesophageal or gastric cancer: meta-analysis of 15 studies. J Int Med Res 2014; 42:1065-76. [PMID: 25070969 DOI: 10.1177/0300060514527910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between potentially functional MDM2 oncogene, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (MDM2) T309G polymorphism and susceptibility to oesophageal or gastric cancer. METHODS Two investigators independently searched the PubMed and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure databases for studies published before September 2013. RESULTS Pooled results showed that the variant homozygous 309 GG genotype (versus TT) was significantly associated with increased risk of both oesophageal (odds ratio [OR] 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.65, 0.90) and gastric cancer (OR 0.52; 95% CI 0.38, 0.72). Subgroup analysis revealed a 309 GG-associated increased risk for both cancer types in Asian populations, particularly among Chinese and Japanese ethnicity. When stratified for Helicobacter pylori infection and histological type of gastric cancer, the 309 GG-related risk was higher in H. pylori-positive patients (T versus G: OR 0.37; 95% CI 0.22, 0.63) and the association was stronger with intestinal (TT + TG versus GG: OR 0.68; 95% CI 0.54, 0.87) rather than diffuse gastric-cancer type. CONCLUSIONS The MDM2 T309G polymorphism may be significantly associated with increased susceptibility to oesophageal or gastric cancer, particularly among Eastern Asian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shen
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ping Hu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jia-qing Cao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiu-xia Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiang-hua Shao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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812
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Histone deacetylase 2 controls p53 and is a critical factor in tumorigenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1846:524-38. [PMID: 25072962 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) regulates biological processes by deacetylation of histones and non-histone proteins. HDAC2 is overexpressed in numerous cancer types, suggesting general cancer-relevant functions of HDAC2. In human tumors the TP53 gene encoding p53 is frequently mutated and wild-type p53 is often disarmed. Molecular pathways inactivating wild-type p53 often remain to be defined and understood. Remarkably, current data link HDAC2 to the regulation of the tumor suppressor p53 by deacetylation and to the maintenance of genomic stability. Here, we summarize recent findings on HDAC2 overexpression in solid and hematopoietic cancers with a focus on mechanisms connecting HDAC2 and p53 in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we present an evidence-based model that integrates molecular pathways and feedback loops by which p53 and further transcription factors govern the expression and the ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation of HDAC2 and of p53 itself. Understanding the interactions between p53 and HDAC2 might aid in the development of new therapeutic approaches against cancer.
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813
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Targeted therapy of malignant melanoma recently experienced remarkable advances with gene mutation-based therapies with signaling pathway inhibitors (kinase inhibitors). The treatments prolong patients' survival, but in general resistance is acquired and progression of disease occurs. Therefore, additional therapeutic targets are desperately needed. RECENT FINDINGS The p53 tumor suppressor gene is rarely mutated in melanoma, but its functional attenuation is needed for tumor development. Recently, it was found that the essential p53 inhibitor Mdmx is very frequently overexpressed in melanoma. Mdmx displays both p53-dependent and p53-independent oncogenic effects needed for melanoma growth SUMMARY Current melanoma therapy based upon kinase inhibitors shows robust initial clinical effect, but the duration of effect is limited. Inactivation of Mdmx in melanoma inhibits tumor growth also of kinase-inhibitor-resistant tumors. An observed synergistic effect of kinase-inhibition and Mdmx targeting can lead to better and more durable treatment of melanoma patients.
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814
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Moghimi N, Donkor AD, Mohapatra M, Thomas JP, Su Z, Tang X(S, Leung KT. In Situ Hybridization of Superparamagnetic Iron-Biomolecule Nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:10478-85. [DOI: 10.1021/ja505242c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Moghimi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L3G1
| | - Apraku David Donkor
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L3G1
| | - Mamata Mohapatra
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L3G1
- Department
of Hydro and Electro Metallurgy, Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Bhubaneswar 751 013, Odisha, India
| | | | - Zhengding Su
- Danny
Thomas Research Center, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38103, United States
| | | | - Kam Tong Leung
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L3G1
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815
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Vara BA, Mayasundari A, Tellis JC, Danneman MW, Arredondo V, Davis TA, Min J, Finch K, Guy RK, Johnston JN. Organocatalytic, diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of nonsymmetric cis-stilbene diamines: a platform for the preparation of single-enantiomer cis-imidazolines for protein-protein inhibition. J Org Chem 2014; 79:6913-38. [PMID: 25017623 PMCID: PMC4120989 DOI: 10.1021/jo501003r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
finding by scientists at Hoffmann-La Roche that cis-imidazolines could disrupt the protein–protein interaction
between p53 and MDM2, thereby inducing apoptosis in cancer cells,
raised considerable interest in this scaffold over the past decade.
Initial routes to these small molecules (i.e., Nutlin-3) provided
only the racemic form, with enantiomers being enriched by chromatographic
separation using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and a
chiral stationary phase. Reported here is the first application of
an enantioselective aza-Henry approach to nonsymmetric cis-stilbene diamines and cis-imidazolines. Two novel
mono(amidine) organocatalysts (MAM) were discovered to provide high
levels of enantioselection (>95% ee) across a broad range of substrate
combinations. Furthermore, the versatility of the aza-Henry strategy
for preparing nonsymmetric cis-imidazolines is illustrated
by a comparison of the roles of aryl nitromethane and aryl aldimine
in the key step, which revealed unique substrate electronic effects
providing direction for aza-Henry substrate–catalyst matching.
This method was used to prepare highly substituted cis-4,5-diaryl imidazolines that project unique aromatic rings, and
these were evaluated for MDM2-p53 inhibition in a fluorescence polarization
assay. The diversification of access to cis-stilbene
diamine-derived imidazolines provided by this platform should streamline
their further development as chemical tools for disrupting protein–protein
interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A Vara
- Department of Chemistry & Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University , 7330 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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816
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RITA can induce cell death in p53-defective cells independently of p53 function via activation of JNK/SAPK and p38. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1318. [PMID: 25010984 PMCID: PMC4123078 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Significant advances have been made in the development of small molecules blocking the p53/MDM2 interaction. The Mdm2 inhibitor Nutlin-3 is restricted to tumors carrying wtp53. In contrast, RITA, a compound that binds p53, has recently been shown also to restore transcriptional functions of mtp53. As more than 50% of solid tumors carry p53 mutations, RITA promises to be a more effective therapeutic strategy than Nutlin-3. We investigated effects of RITA on apoptosis, cell cycle and induction of 45 p53 target genes in a panel of 14 cell lines from different tumor entities with different p53 status as well as primary lymphocytes and fibroblasts. Nine cell strains expressed wtp53, four harbored mtp53, and three were characterized by the loss of p53 protein. A significant induction of cell death upon RITA was observed in 7 of 16 cell lines. The nonmalignant cells in our panel were substantially less sensitive. We found that in contrast to Nultin-3, RITA is capable to induce cell death not only in tumor cells harboring wtp53 and mtp53 but also in p53-null cells. Importantly, whereas p53 has a central role for RITA-mediated effects in wtp53 cells, neither p53 nor p63 or p73 were essential for the RITA response in mtp53 or p53-null cells in our panel demonstrating that besides the known p53-dependent action of RITA in wtp53 cells, RITA can induce cell death also independently of p53 in cells harboring defective p53. We identified an important role of both p38 and JNK/SAPK for sensitivity to RITA in these cells leading to a typical caspase- and BAX/BAK-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that RITA can induce apoptosis through p38 and JNK/SAPK not only in tumor cells harboring wtp53 and mtp53 but also in p53-null cells, making RITA an interesting tumor-selective drug.
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817
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Uversky VN, Davé V, Iakoucheva LM, Malaney P, Metallo SJ, Pathak RR, Joerger AC. Pathological unfoldomics of uncontrolled chaos: intrinsically disordered proteins and human diseases. Chem Rev 2014; 114:6844-79. [PMID: 24830552 PMCID: PMC4100540 DOI: 10.1021/cr400713r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vrushank Davé
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology , Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Lilia M. Iakoucheva
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Prerna Malaney
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology , Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Steven J. Metallo
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, United States
| | - Ravi Ramesh Pathak
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology , Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Andreas C. Joerger
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
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818
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Huang Q, Hua HW, Jiang F, Liu DH, Ding G. Netrin-1 promoted pancreatic cancer cell proliferation by upregulation of Mdm2. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:9927-34. [PMID: 25001177 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Netrin-1 displays proto-oncogenic activity in several cancers, which is thought to result from the ability of netrin-1 secretions to stimulate survival when bound to associated receptors. The objective of this study was to determine the role of netrin-1 in pancreatic cancer cell proliferation in vitro. Our results revealed that netrin-1 overexpression promoted while its silence inhibited two pancreatic cancer cell lines. At the molecular level, we found that netrin-1 promoted cell proliferation by upregulation of murine double minute 2 (Mdm2). As a result, p53 protein contents were reduced in cells overexpressing netrin-1. Therefore, our data suggests the presence of a previously unknown network in the proliferation and progression of pancreatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Huang
- Department of Oncology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200093, China
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819
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Magnetic poly(glycidyl methacrylate) microspheres for protein capture. N Biotechnol 2014; 31:482-91. [PMID: 24998890 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The efficient isolation and concentration of protein antigens from complex biological samples is a critical step in several analytical methods, such as mass spectrometry, flow cytometry and immunochemistry. These techniques take advantage of magnetic microspheres as immunosorbents. The focus of this study was on the development of new superparamagnetic polymer microspheres for the specific isolation of the tumor suppressor protein p53. Monodisperse macroporous poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) microspheres measuring approximately 5 μm and containing carboxyl groups were prepared by multistep swelling polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), 2-[(methoxycarbonyl)methoxy]ethyl methacrylate (MCMEMA) and ethylene dimethylacrylate (EDMA) as a crosslinker in the presence of cyclohexyl acetate as a porogen. To render the microspheres magnetic, iron oxide was precipitated within their pores; the Fe content in the particles received ∼18 wt%. Nonspecific interactions between the magnetic particles and biological media were minimized by coating the microspheres with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) terminated by carboxyl groups. The carboxyl groups of the magnetic PGMA microspheres were conjugated with primary amino groups of mouse monoclonal DO-1 antibody using conventional carbodiimide chemistry. The efficiency of protein p53 capture and the degree of nonspecific adsorption on neat and PEG-coated magnetic microspheres were determined by western blot analysis.
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820
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Vasilevich NI, Afanasyev II, Kovalskiy DA, Genis DV, Kochubey VS. A re-examination of the MDM2/p53 interaction leads to revised design criteria for novel inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 84:585-92. [PMID: 24797588 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The general model of epitope-type MDM2 inhibitor was developed based on the structural information on the complexes between MDM2 and various low molecular weight ligands found in the PDB database. Application of this model to our in-house library has led us to a new scaffold capable of interrupting protein-protein interactions. A synthetic library based on this and related scaffolds resulted in new classes of compounds that possess biochemical and cellular activity and good pharmacokinetic properties. We assume that such general approach to PPI inhibitors design may be useful for the development of inhibitors of various PPI types, including Bcl/XL.
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821
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Le Morvan V, Litière S, Laroche-Clary A, Ait-Ouferoukh S, Bellott R, Messina C, Cameron D, Bonnefoi H, Robert J. Identification of SNPs associated with response of breast cancer patients to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the EORTC-10994 randomized phase III trial. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2014; 15:63-8. [PMID: 24958282 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2014.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Using cell line panels we identified associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and chemosensitivity. To validate these findings in clinics, we genotyped a subset of patients included in a neoadjuvant breast cancer trial to explore the relationship between genotypes and clinical outcome according to treatment received and p53 status. We genotyped 384 selected SNPs in the germline DNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded non-invaded lymph nodes of 243 patients. The polymorphisms of five selected genes were first studied, and then all 384 SNPs were considered. Correction for multiple testing was applied. CYP1B1 polymorphism was significantly associated with pathological complete response (pCR) in patients who had received DNA-damaging agents. MDM2, MDM4 and TP53BP1 polymorphisms were significantly associated with pCR in patients harboring a p53-positive tumor. In the complete SNP panel, there was a significant association between overall survival (OS) and a SNP of ADH1C, R272Q (P=0.0023). By multivariate analysis, only ADH1C genotype and p53 status were significantly associated with OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Le Morvan
- INSERM U916, Institut Bergonié, Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France
| | - S Litière
- European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Laroche-Clary
- INSERM U916, Institut Bergonié, Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France
| | - S Ait-Ouferoukh
- INSERM U916, Institut Bergonié, Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France
| | - R Bellott
- INSERM U916, Institut Bergonié, Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France
| | - C Messina
- European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - H Bonnefoi
- INSERM U916, Institut Bergonié, Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France
| | - J Robert
- INSERM U916, Institut Bergonié, Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France
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822
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p53 abnormalities and potential therapeutic targeting in multiple myeloma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:717919. [PMID: 25028664 PMCID: PMC4083709 DOI: 10.1155/2014/717919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
p53 abnormalities are regarded as an independent prognostic marker in multiple myeloma. Patients harbouring this genetic anomaly are commonly resistant to standard therapy. Thus, various p53 reactivating agents have been developed in order to restore its tumour suppressive abilities. Small molecular compounds, especially, have gained popularity in its efficacy against myeloma cells. For instance, promising preclinical results have steered both nutlin-3 and PRIMA-1 into phase I/II clinical trials. This review summarizes different modes of p53 inactivation in myeloma and highlights the current p53-based therapies that are being utilized in the clinic. Finally, we discuss the potential and promise that the novel small molecules possess for clinical application in improving the treatment outcome of myeloma.
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823
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Toro AR, Maymó JL, Ibarbalz FM, Pérez AP, Maskin B, Faletti AG, Margalet VS, Varone CL. Leptin is an anti-apoptotic effector in placental cells involving p53 downregulation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99187. [PMID: 24922063 PMCID: PMC4055782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin, a peripheral signal synthetized by the adipocyte to regulate energy metabolism, can also be produced by placenta, where it may work as an autocrine hormone. We have previously demonstrated that leptin promotes proliferation and survival of trophoblastic cells. In the present work, we aimed to study the molecular mechanisms that mediate the survival effect of leptin in placenta. We used the human placenta choriocarcinoma BeWo and first trimester Swan-71 cell lines, as well as human placental explants. We tested the late phase of apoptosis, triggered by serum deprivation, by studying the activation of Caspase-3 and DNA fragmentation. Recombinant human leptin added to BeWo cell line and human placental explants, showed a decrease on Caspase-3 activation. These effects were dose dependent. Maximal effect was achieved at 250 ng leptin/ml. Moreover, inhibition of endogenous leptin expression with 2 µM of an antisense oligonucleotide, reversed Caspase-3 diminution. We also found that the cleavage of Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase-1 (PARP-1) was diminished in the presence of leptin. We analyzed the presence of low DNA fragments, products from apoptotic DNA cleavage. Placental explants cultivated in the absence of serum in the culture media increased the apoptotic cleavage of DNA and this effect was prevented by the addition of 100 ng leptin/ml. Taken together these results reinforce the survival effect exerted by leptin on placental cells. To improve the understanding of leptin mechanism in regulating the process of apoptosis we determined the expression of different intermediaries in the apoptosis cascade. We found that under serum deprivation conditions, leptin increased the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 protein expression, while downregulated the pro-apoptotic BAX and BID proteins expression in Swan-71 cells and placental explants. In both models leptin augmented BCL-2/BAX ratio. Moreover we have demonstrated that p53, one of the key cell cycle-signaling proteins, is downregulated in the presence of leptin under serum deprivation. On the other hand, we determined that leptin reduced the phosphorylation of Ser-46 p53 that plays a pivotal role for apoptotic signaling by p53. Our data suggest that the observed anti-apoptotic effect of leptin in placenta is in part mediated by the p53 pathway. In conclusion, we provide evidence that demonstrates that leptin is a trophic factor for trophoblastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelén Rayen Toro
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Lorena Maymó
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Matías Ibarbalz
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonio Pérez Pérez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
| | - Bernardo Maskin
- Hospital Nacional Profesor Alejandro Posadas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Graciela Faletti
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Víctor Sánchez Margalet
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
| | - Cecilia Laura Varone
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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824
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Vanharanta S, Marney CB, Shu W, Valiente M, Zou Y, Mele A, Darnell RB, Massagué J. Loss of the multifunctional RNA-binding protein RBM47 as a source of selectable metastatic traits in breast cancer. eLife 2014; 3. [PMID: 24898756 PMCID: PMC4073284 DOI: 10.7554/elife.02734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms through which cancer cells lock in altered transcriptional programs in support of metastasis remain largely unknown. Through integrative analysis of clinical breast cancer gene expression datasets, cell line models of breast cancer progression, and mutation data from cancer genome resequencing studies, we identified RNA binding motif protein 47 (RBM47) as a suppressor of breast cancer progression and metastasis. RBM47 inhibited breast cancer re-initiation and growth in experimental models. Transcriptome-wide HITS-CLIP analysis revealed widespread RBM47 binding to mRNAs, most prominently in introns and 3′UTRs. RBM47 altered splicing and abundance of a subset of its target mRNAs. Some of the mRNAs stabilized by RBM47, as exemplified by dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 1, inhibit tumor progression downstream of RBM47. Our work identifies RBM47 as an RNA-binding protein that can suppress breast cancer progression and demonstrates how the inactivation of a broadly targeted RNA chaperone enables selection of a pro-metastatic state. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02734.001 Tumors form when mistakes in the genes of a single cell allow it to multiply uncontrollably. Sometimes further mutations in genes allow the cancerous cells to escape from the tumor, enter the bloodstream and start a second cancer elsewhere in the body. However, many of the genetic changes behind this process, which is called metastasis, are poorly understood—especially those changes in genes that occur rarely, but can still help the cancer to spread. Vanharanta, Marney et al. have looked at data on which genes are switched ‘on’ or ‘off’ in metastatic breast cancer cells. A gene called RBM47 was often switched off in these cells, and patients with a low level of RBM47 tended to have a poor clinical outcome. To test the function of the gene, Vanharanta, Marney et al. switched on RBM47 in cancer cells that had spread from the breast to either the lungs or the brain, and then injected these cells into mice. Few of these cells were able to invade lung and brain tissues in the mice. However, switching off the RBM47 gene in breast cancer cells had the opposite effect; these cells invaded the lungs of mice more efficiently. RBM47 encodes a protein that sticks to molecules of messenger RNA: molecules that transport the instructions encoded in DNA to the machinery that builds proteins. Vanharanta, Marney et al. found that the wild-type RBM47 protein increased the levels of 102 different messenger RNA molecules, but decreased the levels of another 92. Further experiments showed that RBM47 also slows the rate at which messenger RNA molecules are broken down inside cells: this results in the accumulation of proteins that slow down the growth of tumors. Without RBM47, tumor growth is unleashed. Further work is needed to test if increasing RBM47 activity could be used as a new treatment for some types of cancer. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02734.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakari Vanharanta
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Christina B Marney
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Weiping Shu
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Manuel Valiente
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Yilong Zou
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Aldo Mele
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Robert B Darnell
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Joan Massagué
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
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825
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Feng H, Zang L, Zhao ZX, Kan QC. Cucurbitacin-E inhibits multiple cancer cells proliferation through attenuation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2014; 29:210-4. [PMID: 24885795 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2014.1614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that the use of cucurbitacins could inhibit cancer cell progression. In the current study, the authors analyzed the effect of cucurbitacin-E (CuE) in cancer cells using A549, Hep3B, and SW480 cells. The authors found that CuE inhibited cell proliferation and modulated the expression of cell cycle regulators in these cells. Moreover, the authors found that CuE inhibited Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation through upregulation of tumor suppressor Menin. Indeed, ablation of Menin using small interfering RNA (siRNA) oligos attenuated the antiproliferative roles of CuE. Taken together, the results of this study provide a novel mechanism that may contribute to the antineoplastic effects of CuE in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Feng
- 1 Combined Chinese and Western Medicine Division, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University , Xinxiang, China
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826
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Jansson MD, Damas ND, Lees M, Jacobsen A, Lund AH. miR-339-5p regulates the p53 tumor-suppressor pathway by targeting MDM2. Oncogene 2014; 34:1908-18. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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827
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Chen Y, McGee J, Chen X, Doman TN, Gong X, Zhang Y, Hamm N, Ma X, Higgs RE, Bhagwat SV, Buchanan S, Peng SB, Staschke KA, Yadav V, Yue Y, Kouros-Mehr H. Identification of druggable cancer driver genes amplified across TCGA datasets. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98293. [PMID: 24874471 PMCID: PMC4038530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) projects have advanced our understanding of the driver mutations, genetic backgrounds, and key pathways activated across cancer types. Analysis of TCGA datasets have mostly focused on somatic mutations and translocations, with less emphasis placed on gene amplifications. Here we describe a bioinformatics screening strategy to identify putative cancer driver genes amplified across TCGA datasets. We carried out GISTIC2 analysis of TCGA datasets spanning 16 cancer subtypes and identified 486 genes that were amplified in two or more datasets. The list was narrowed to 75 cancer-associated genes with potential "druggable" properties. The majority of the genes were localized to 14 amplicons spread across the genome. To identify potential cancer driver genes, we analyzed gene copy number and mRNA expression data from individual patient samples and identified 42 putative cancer driver genes linked to diverse oncogenic processes. Oncogenic activity was further validated by siRNA/shRNA knockdown and by referencing the Project Achilles datasets. The amplified genes represented a number of gene families, including epigenetic regulators, cell cycle-associated genes, DNA damage response/repair genes, metabolic regulators, and genes linked to the Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog, JAK/STAT, NF-KB and MAPK signaling pathways. Among the 42 putative driver genes were known driver genes, such as EGFR, ERBB2 and PIK3CA. Wild-type KRAS was amplified in several cancer types, and KRAS-amplified cancer cell lines were most sensitive to KRAS shRNA, suggesting that KRAS amplification was an independent oncogenic event. A number of MAP kinase adapters were co-amplified with their receptor tyrosine kinases, such as the FGFR adapter FRS2 and the EGFR family adapters GRB2 and GRB7. The ubiquitin-like ligase DCUN1D1 and the histone methyltransferase NSD3 were also identified as novel putative cancer driver genes. We discuss the patient tailoring implications for existing cancer drug targets and we further discuss potential novel opportunities for drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Oncology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jeremy McGee
- Department of Oncology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Xianming Chen
- Department of Oncology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Thompson N. Doman
- Department of Oncology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Xueqian Gong
- Department of Oncology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Youyan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Nicole Hamm
- Department of Oncology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Xiwen Ma
- Department of Oncology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Richard E. Higgs
- Department of Oncology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Shripad V. Bhagwat
- Department of Oncology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Sean Buchanan
- Department of Oncology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Sheng-Bin Peng
- Department of Oncology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Kirk A. Staschke
- Department of Oncology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Vipin Yadav
- Department of Oncology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Yong Yue
- Department of Oncology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Hosein Kouros-Mehr
- Department of Oncology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
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828
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Deschênes-Simard X, Lessard F, Gaumont-Leclerc MF, Bardeesy N, Ferbeyre G. Cellular senescence and protein degradation: breaking down cancer. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:1840-58. [PMID: 24866342 DOI: 10.4161/cc.29335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) are the major protein degradation systems in eukaryotic cells. Whereas the former mediate a bulk nonspecific degradation, the UPP allows a rapid degradation of specific proteins. Both systems have been shown to play a role in tumorigenesis, and the interest in developing therapeutic agents inhibiting protein degradation is steadily growing. However, emerging data point to a critical role for autophagy in cellular senescence, an established tumor suppressor mechanism. Recently, a selective protein degradation process mediated by the UPP was also shown to contribute to the senescence phenotype. This process is tightly regulated by E3 ubiquitin ligases, deubiquitinases, and several post-translational modifications of target proteins. Illustrating the complexity of UPP, more than 600 human genes have been shown to encode E3 ubiquitin ligases, a number which exceeds that of the protein kinases. Nevertheless, our knowledge of proteasome-dependent protein degradation as a regulated process in cellular contexts such as cancer and senescence remains very limited. Here we discuss the implications of protein degradation in senescence and attempt to relate this function to the protein degradation pattern observed in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Deschênes-Simard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Frédéric Lessard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Nabeel Bardeesy
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA
| | - Gerardo Ferbeyre
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada
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829
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Abstract
The RING domain ubiquitin E3 ligase MDM2 is a key regulator of p53 degradation and a mediator of signals that stabilize p53. The current understanding of the mechanisms by which MDM2 posttranslational modifications and protein binding cause p53 stabilization remains incomplete. Here we present evidence that the MDM2 central acidic region is critical for activating RING domain E3 ligase activity. A 30-amino-acid minimal region of the acidic domain binds to the RING domain through intramolecular interactions and stimulates the catalytic function of the RING domain in promoting ubiquitin release from charged E2. The minimal activation sequence is also the binding site for the ARF tumor suppressor, which inhibits ubiquitination of p53. The acidic domain-RING domain intramolecular interaction is modulated by ATM-mediated phosphorylation near the RING domain or by binding of ARF. These results suggest that MDM2 phosphorylation and association with protein regulators share a mechanism in inhibiting the E3 ligase function and stabilizing p53 and suggest that targeting the MDM2 autoactivation mechanism may be useful for therapeutic modulation of p53 levels.
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830
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Li X, Xie W, Xie C, Huang C, Zhu J, Liang Z, Deng F, Zhu M, Zhu W, Wu R, Wu J, Geng S, Zhong C. Curcumin modulates miR-19/PTEN/AKT/p53 axis to suppress bisphenol A-induced MCF-7 breast cancer cell proliferation. Phytother Res 2014; 28:1553-60. [PMID: 24831732 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Bisphenol A (BPA), as a known endocrine disrupter, is closely related to the development of breast cancer. Curcumin has been clinically used in chemopreventation and treatment of cancer; however, it remains unknown whether microRNAs are involved in curcumin-mediated protection from BPA-associated promotive effects on breast cancer. In the present study, we showed that BPA exhibited estrogenic activity by increasing the proliferation of estrogen-receptor-positive MCF-7 human breast cancer cells and triggering transition of the cells from G1 to S phase. Curcumin inhibited the proliferative effects of BPA on MCF-7 cells. Meanwhile, BPA-induced upregulation of oncogenic miR-19a and miR-19b, and the dysregulated expression of miR-19-related downstream proteins, including PTEN, p-AKT, p-MDM2, p53, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen, were reversed by curcumin. Furthermore, the important role of miR-19 in BPA-mediated MCF-7 cell proliferation was also illustrated. These results suggest for the first time that curcumin modulates miR-19/PTEN/AKT/p53 axis to exhibit its protective effects against BPA-associated breast cancer promotion. Findings from this study could provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms by which BPA exerts its breast-cancer-promoting effect as well as its target intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
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831
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Autoantibody response to murine double minute 2 protein in immunodiagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:906532. [PMID: 24955377 PMCID: PMC4053260 DOI: 10.1155/2014/906532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common malignancy worldwide. Although new therapeutic strategies have been continuously developed and applied to clinical treatment for HCC, the prognosis is still very poor. Thus, early detection of HCC may enhance effective and curative management. In this study, autoantibody responses to MDM2 protein in HCC patient's serum were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and part sera were evaluated by Western blotting and indirect immunofluorescence assay. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) over tissue array slides was also performed to analyze protein expression of MDM2 in HCC and control tissues. The prevalence of autoantibodies against MDM2 was significantly higher than that in liver cirrhosis (LC), chronic hepatitis (CH), and normal human sera (NHS). The average titer of autoantibodies against MDM2 in HCC serum was higher compared to that in LC, CH, and NHS. A high titer of autoantibodies against MDM2 in ELISA could be observed in the serum in 6 to 9 months before the clinical diagnosis of HCC in the serum of several HCC patients with serial bleeding samples. Our preliminary data indicate that MDM2 and anti-MDM2 system may be a potential biomarker for early stage HCC screening and immunodiagnosis.
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832
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Leroy B, Girard L, Hollestelle A, Minna JD, Gazdar AF, Soussi T. Analysis of TP53 mutation status in human cancer cell lines: a reassessment. Hum Mutat 2014; 35:756-65. [PMID: 24700732 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-derived cell lines play an important role in the investigation of tumor biology and genetics. Across a wide array of studies, they have been tools of choice for the discovery of important genes involved in cancer and for the analysis of the cellular pathways that are impaired by diverse oncogenic events. They are also invaluable for screening novel anticancer drugs. The TP53 protein is a major component of multiple pathways that regulate cellular response to various types of stress. Therefore, TP53 status affects the phenotype of tumor cell lines profoundly and must be carefully ascertained for any experimental project. In the present review, we use the 2014 release of the UMD TP53 database to show that TP53 status is still controversial for numerous cell lines, including some widely used lines from the NCI-60 panel. Our analysis clearly confirms that, despite numerous warnings, the misidentification of cell lines is still present as a silent and neglected issue, and that extreme care must be taken when determining the status of p53, because errors may lead to disastrous experimental interpretations. A novel compendium gathering the TP53 status of 2,500 cell lines has been made available (http://p53.fr). A stand-alone application can be used to browse the database and extract pertinent information on cell lines and associated TP53 mutations. It will be updated regularly to minimize any scientific issues associated with the use of misidentified cell lines (http://p53.fr).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Leroy
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, 75005, France
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833
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Tetra-substituted imidazoles as a new class of inhibitors of the p53–MDM2 interaction. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2110-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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834
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Laine A, Westermarck J. Molecular pathways: harnessing E2F1 regulation for prosenescence therapy in p53-defective cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:3644-50. [PMID: 24788101 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Induction of terminal proliferation arrest, senescence, is important for in vivo tumor-suppressive function of p53. Moreover, p53-mutant cells are highly resistant to senescence induction by either oncogenic signaling during cellular transformation or in response to different therapies. Senescence resistance in p53-mutant cells has been attributed mostly to inhibition of the checkpoint function of p53 in response to senescence-inducing stress signals. Here, we review very recent evidence that offers an alternative explanation for senescence resistance in p53-defective cancer cells: p21-mediated E2F1 expression. We discuss the potential relevance of these findings for senescence-inducing therapies and highlight cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) and mechanisms downstream of retinoblastoma protein (RB) as prospective prosenescence therapeutic targets. In particular, we discuss recent findings indicating an important role for the E2F1-CIP2A feedback loop in causing senescence resistance in p53-compromised cancer cells. We further propose that targeting of the E2F1-CIP2A feedback loop could provide a prosenescence therapeutic approach that is effective in both p53-deficient and RB-deficient cancer cells, which together constitute the great majority of all cancer cells. Diagnostic evaluation of the described senescence resistance mechanisms in human tumors might also be informative for patient stratification for already existing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Laine
- Authors' Affiliations: Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University; and
| | - Jukka Westermarck
- Authors' Affiliations: Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University; and Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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835
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Downmodulation of tumor suppressor p53 by T cell receptor signaling is critical for antigen-specific CD4(+) T cell responses. Immunity 2014; 40:681-91. [PMID: 24792911 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Antigen specificity is critical in immune response and requires integration of antigen-specific signals with antigen-nonspecific signals such as those provided by cytokines. The mechanism integrating these pathways is incompletely understood. We report here that antigen-specific proliferative responses of CD4(+) T cells required downmodulation of tumor suppressor p53. In the absence of T cell receptor (TCR) signal, IL-2 induced sustained increase in p53 protein, which prevented proliferative responses despite strong signaling through the IL-2 receptor. In contrast, TCR signaling resulted in early termination of p53 protein expression by decreasing p53 mRNA as well as strong transcriptional induction of the p53-regulating protein Mdm2. Downmodulation of p53 in response to antigen stimulation was in fact critical for antigen-specific T cell proliferation, and preventing p53 degradation by inhibiting Mdm2 resulted in sustained p53 protein and prevented antigen-specific T cell proliferation. It is thus termination of p53 by TCR signaling that allows proliferative responses, enforcing antigen specificity.
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836
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Mairinger FD, Walter RFH, Ting S, Vollbrecht C, Kollmeier J, Griff S, Hager T, Mairinger T, Christoph DC, Theegarten D, Schmid KW, Wohlschlaeger J. Mdm2 protein expression is strongly associated with survival in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Future Oncol 2014; 10:995-1005. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Aims: TP53 mutations are extremely rare in malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). In TP53 wild-type tumors, the functional p53 protein can be inactivated by MDM2. Materials & methods: A total of 61 patient samples were tested for their Mdm2 and p53 protein expression levels via immunohistochemistry. Results: This study demonstrates nuclear Mdm2 expression in three out of four mesothelioma cell lines and 21.3% of the MPM specimens investigated. After silencing of the MDM2 gene by siRNA in MPM cell lines, Mdm2 immunoexpression is lost and cells show changes indicative of severe damage. Mdm2 protein expression in MPM is detected in epithelioid and biphasic subtypes only and is significantly associated with poor survival compared with Mdm2-negative tumors. This may be explained by increased Mdm2 levels possibly leading to an increased ubiquitilation and proteasomal degradation of functional p53 protein. Conclusion: Expression of Mdm2 is a strong prognostic factor associated with shortened overall survival in MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian D Mairinger
- Institute of Pathology & Neuropathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Robert FH Walter
- Institute of Pathology & Neuropathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Saskia Ting
- Institute of Pathology & Neuropathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Jens Kollmeier
- Department of Pneumology, Helios Klinikum Emil von Behring, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergei Griff
- Department of Pathology, Helios Klinikum Emil von Behring, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Hager
- Institute of Pathology & Neuropathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Mairinger
- Department of Pathology, Helios Klinikum Emil von Behring, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel C Christoph
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Dirk Theegarten
- Institute of Pathology & Neuropathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kurt Werner Schmid
- Institute of Pathology & Neuropathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jeremias Wohlschlaeger
- Institute of Pathology & Neuropathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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837
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Zou Q, Jin J, Hu H, Li HS, Romano S, Xiao Y, Nakaya M, Zhou X, Cheng X, Yang P, Lozano G, Zhu C, Watowich SS, Ullrich SE, Sun SC. USP15 stabilizes MDM2 to mediate cancer-cell survival and inhibit antitumor T cell responses. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:562-70. [PMID: 24777531 PMCID: PMC4032322 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Deubiquitinases (DUBs) are a new class of drug targets, although the physiological function of only few DUBs has been characterized. Here we identified the DUB USP15 as a crucial negative regulator of T cell activation. USP15 stabilized the E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2, which in turn negatively regulated T cell activation by targeting the degradation of the transcription factor NFATc2. USP15 deficiency promoted T cell activation in vitro and enhanced T cell responses to bacterial infection and tumor challenge in vivo. USP15 also stabilized MDM2 in cancer cells and regulated p53 function and cancer-cell survival. Our results suggest that inhibition of USP15 may both induce tumor cell apoptosis and boost antitumor T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zou
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jin Jin
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hongbo Hu
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Haiyan S Li
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Simona Romano
- 1] Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA. [2] Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Yichuan Xiao
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mako Nakaya
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaofei Zhou
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xuhong Cheng
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Peirong Yang
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Guillermina Lozano
- 1] Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA. [2] The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Chengming Zhu
- 1] Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA. [2] The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stephanie S Watowich
- 1] Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA. [2] The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stephen E Ullrich
- 1] Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA. [2] The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shao-Cong Sun
- 1] Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA. [2] The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
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838
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Discovery of 1-arylpyrrolidone derivatives as potent p53-MDM2 inhibitors based on molecule fusing strategy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2648-50. [PMID: 24813735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Introducing an aryl moiety to our previous pyrrolidone scaffold by molecule fusing strategy afforded two sets of isopropylether-pyrrolidone and α-phenylethylamine-pyrrolidone derivatives. Two novel compounds 8b and 8g of the latter serial showed potent p53-MDM2 inhibitory activities with Ki values of 90nM which were three-time higher than that of the parent compound. We also confirmed compound 8b can activate p53 proteins in lung cancer A549 cells. The results offered us valuable information for further lead optimization.
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839
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Selivanova G. Wild type p53 reactivation: from lab bench to clinic. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2628-38. [PMID: 24726725 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor is the most frequently inactivated gene in cancer. Several mouse models have demonstrated that the reconstitution of the p53 function suppresses the growth of established tumors. These facts, taken together, promote the idea of p53 reactivation as a strategy to combat cancer. This review will focus on recent advances in the development of small molecules which restore the function of wild type p53 by blocking its inhibitors Mdm2 and MdmX or their upstream regulators and discuss the impact of different p53 functions for tumor prevention and tumor eradication. Finally, the recent progress in p53 research will be analyzed concerning the role of p53 cofactors and cellular environment in the biological response upon p53 reactivation and how this can be applied in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Selivanova
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Nobelsvag 16, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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840
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Gene expression correlation for cancer diagnosis: a pilot study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:253804. [PMID: 24818135 PMCID: PMC4000964 DOI: 10.1155/2014/253804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Poor prognosis for late-stage, high-grade, and recurrent cancers has been motivating cancer researchers to search for more efficient biomarkers to identify the onset of cancer. Recent advances in constructing and dynamically analyzing biomolecular networks for different types of cancer have provided a promising novel strategy to detect tumorigenesis and metastasis. The observation of different biomolecular networks associated with normal and cancerous states led us to hypothesize that correlations for gene expressions could serve as valid indicators of early cancer development. In this pilot study, we tested our hypothesis by examining whether the mRNA expressions of three randomly selected cancer-related genes PIK3C3, PIM3, and PTEN were correlated during cancer progression and the correlation coefficients could be used for cancer diagnosis. Strong correlations (0.68 ≤ r ≤ 1.0) were observed between PIK3C3 and PIM3 in breast cancer, between PIK3C3 and PTEN in breast and ovary cancers, and between PIM3 and PTEN in breast, kidney, liver, and thyroid cancers during disease progression, implicating that the correlations for cancer network gene expressions could serve as a supplement to current clinical biomarkers, such as cancer antigens, for early cancer diagnosis.
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841
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Lee YS, Cho YS, Lee GK, Lee S, Kim YW, Jho S, Kim HM, Hong SH, Hwang JA, Kim SY, Hong D, Choi IJ, Kim BC, Kim BC, Kim CH, Choi H, Kim Y, Kim KW, Kong G, Kim HL, Bhak J, Lee SH, Lee JS. Genomic profile analysis of diffuse-type gastric cancers. Genome Biol 2014; 15:R55. [PMID: 24690483 PMCID: PMC4056347 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2014-15-4-r55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stomach cancer is the third deadliest among all cancers worldwide. Although incidence of the intestinal-type gastric cancer has decreased, the incidence of diffuse-type is still increasing and its progression is notoriously aggressive. There is insufficient information on genome variations of diffuse-type gastric cancer because its cells are usually mixed with normal cells, and this low cellularity has made it difficult to analyze the genome. RESULTS We analyze whole genomes and corresponding exomes of diffuse-type gastric cancer, using matched tumor and normal samples from 14 diffuse-type and five intestinal-type gastric cancer patients. Somatic variations found in the diffuse-type gastric cancer are compared to those of the intestinal-type and to previously reported variants. We determine the average exonic somatic mutation rate of the two types. We find associated candidate driver genes, and identify seven novel somatic mutations in CDH1, which is a well-known gastric cancer-associated gene. Three-dimensional structure analysis of the mutated E-cadherin protein suggests that these new somatic mutations could cause significant functional perturbations of critical calcium-binding sites in the EC1-2 junction. Chromosomal instability analysis shows that the MDM2 gene is amplified. After thorough structural analysis, a novel fusion gene TSC2-RNF216 is identified, which may simultaneously disrupt tumor-suppressive pathways and activate tumorigenesis. CONCLUSIONS We report the genomic profile of diffuse-type gastric cancers including new somatic variations, a novel fusion gene, and amplification and deletion of certain chromosomal regions that contain oncogenes and tumor suppressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Su Lee
- Cancer Genomics Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Sung Cho
- Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, 443-270 Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon Kook Lee
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Tissue Bank, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoon Lee
- Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, 443-270 Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Woo Kim
- Gastric Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwoong Jho
- Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, 443-270 Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Min Kim
- Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, 443-270 Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Hong
- Cancer Genomics Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ah Hwang
- Cancer Genomics Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sook-young Kim
- Cancer Genomics Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwan Hong
- Cancer Genomics Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Ju Choi
- Gastric Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Chul Kim
- Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, 443-270 Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Theragen BiO Institute, TheragenEtex, 443-270 Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Chul Kim
- Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, 443-270 Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Hong Kim
- Theragen BiO Institute, TheragenEtex, 443-270 Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansol Choi
- Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, 443-270 Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngju Kim
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Tissue Bank, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Wook Kim
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Tissue Bank, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Gu Kong
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Lae Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Bhak
- Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, 443-270 Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Theragen BiO Institute, TheragenEtex, 443-270 Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Program in Nano Science and Technology, Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology Nano Science and Technology, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hoon Lee
- Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Soo Lee
- Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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842
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Yu Q, Li Y, Mu K, Li Z, Meng Q, Wu X, Wang Y, Li L. Amplification of Mdmx and overexpression of MDM2 contribute to mammary carcinogenesis by substituting for p53 mutations. Diagn Pathol 2014; 9:71. [PMID: 24667108 PMCID: PMC3986947 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-9-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The p53 tumor suppressor gene is mutated or deleted in nearly half of human cancers. The murine double minute 2 (Mdm2) and Mdmx represent two important cellular regulators of p53. The aim of this study was to evaluate the abnormalities of p53, Mdmx and Mdm2 genes in archived breast cancers. Methods We assessed the genetic instability at p53, Mdmx and Mdm2 using high resolution multi-color fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) protocol and detected the expression status of the tumor protein p53 (TP53), MDMx and MDM2 by immunohistochemistry in 115 archived samples of infiltrating ductal breast carcinomas with foci of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) components. Results The presence of p53 allelic loss and/or TP53 overexpression was observed in 38% out of all patients, and was significantly more often in larger, high grade, ER negative and high ki67 tumors. Mdmx amplification with low-level increase of gene copy number is at high frequency while Mdm2 amplification is rare in primary breast cancer. Mdmx amplification was seen in more invasive carcinomas than preinvasive lesions. MDMx and MDM2 overexpression were detected in 65% and 38% of all cases respectively. Moreover it was showed that most tumors contained either p53 dysfunction or Mdm2 alteration, but not both. This distribution was significant (P < 0.05). Inverse correlation between Mdmx amplification/overexpression and p53 disfunction was also observed (P < 0.05). Conclusions Our results suggest the involvement of Mdm2 and Mdmx in p53-independent breast carcinogenesis and Mdmx may contribute to the regulation of p53 independently of Mdm2. Virtual slides The virtual slides for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1450529994118798.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Li Li
- Department of Pathology, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44#,Wenhua Xi Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR, China.
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843
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Dai L, Ren P, Liu M, Imai H, Tan EM, Zhang JY. Using immunomic approach to enhance tumor-associated autoantibody detection in diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Immunol 2014; 152:127-39. [PMID: 24667685 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
To explore the possibility of using a mini-array of multiple tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) as an approach to the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 14 TAAs were selected to examine autoantibodies in sera from patients with chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and HCC by immunoassays. Antibody frequency to any individual TAA in HCC varied from 6.6% to 21.1%. With the successive addition of TAAs to the panel of TAAs, there was a stepwise increase of positive antibody reactions. The sensitivity and specificity of 14 TAAs for immunodiagnosis of HCC was 69.7% and 83.0%, respectively. This TAA mini-array also identified 43.8% of HCC patients who had normal alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels in serum. In summary, this study further supports the hypothesis that a customized TAA array used for detecting anti-TAA autoantibodies can constitute a promising and powerful tool for immunodiagnosis of HCC and may be especially useful in patients with normal AFP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Dai
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Pengfei Ren
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Haruhiko Imai
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eng M Tan
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jian-Ying Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA.
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844
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Kong Q, Xie B, Li J, Huan Y, Huang T, Wei R, Lv J, Liu S, Liu Z. Identification and characterization of an oocyte factor required for porcine nuclear reprogramming. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:6960-6968. [PMID: 24474691 PMCID: PMC3945357 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.543793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear reprogramming of somatic cells can be induced by oocyte factors. Despite numerous attempts, the factors responsible for successful nuclear reprogramming remain elusive. In the present study, we found that porcine oocytes with the first polar body collected at 42 h of in vitro maturation had a stronger ability to support early development of cloned embryos than porcine oocytes with the first polar body collected at 33 h of in vitro maturation. To explore the key reprogramming factors responsible for the difference, we compared proteome signatures of the two groups of oocytes. 18 differentially expressed proteins between these two groups of oocytes were discovered by mass spectrometry (MS). Among these proteins, we especially focused on vimentin (VIM). A certain amount of VIM protein was stored in oocytes and accumulated during oocyte maturation, and maternal VIM was specifically incorporated into transferred somatic nuclei during nuclear reprogramming. When maternal VIM function was inhibited by anti-VIM antibody, the rate of cloned embryos developing to blastocysts was significantly lower than that of IgG antibody-injected embryos and non-injected embryos (12.24 versus 22.57 and 21.10%; p < 0.05), but the development of in vitro fertilization and parthenogenetic activation embryos was not affected. Furthermore, we found that DNA double strand breaks dramatically increased and that the p53 pathway was activated in cloned embryos when VIM function was inhibited. This study demonstrates that maternal VIM, as a genomic protector, is crucial for nuclear reprogramming in porcine cloned embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingran Kong
- Laboratory of Embryo Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Bingteng Xie
- Laboratory of Embryo Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jingyu Li
- Laboratory of Embryo Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yanjun Huan
- Laboratory of Embryo Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Tianqing Huang
- Laboratory of Embryo Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Renyue Wei
- Laboratory of Embryo Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jiawei Lv
- Laboratory of Embryo Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shichao Liu
- Laboratory of Embryo Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Laboratory of Embryo Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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845
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Eischen CM, Lozano G. The Mdm network and its regulation of p53 activities: a rheostat of cancer risk. Hum Mutat 2014; 35:728-37. [PMID: 24488925 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The potent transcriptional activity of p53 (Trp53, TP53) must be kept in check for normal cell growth and survival. Tumors, which drastically deviate from these parameters, have evolved multiple mechanisms to inactivate TP53, the most prevalent of which is the emergence of TP53 missense mutations, some of which have gain-of-function activities. Another important mechanism by which tumors bypass TP53 functions is via increased levels of two TP53 inhibitors, MDM2, and MDM4. Studies in humans and in mice reveal the complexity of TP53 regulation and the exquisite sensitivity of this pathway to small changes in regulation. Here, we summarize the factors that impinge on TP53 activity and thus cell death/arrest or tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Eischen
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, Tennessee
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846
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Kaindl U, Morak M, Portsmouth C, Mecklenbräuker A, Kauer M, Zeginigg M, Attarbaschi A, Haas OA, Panzer-Grümayer R. Blocking ETV6/RUNX1-induced MDM2 overexpression by Nutlin-3 reactivates p53 signaling in childhood leukemia. Leukemia 2014; 28:600-8. [PMID: 24240203 PMCID: PMC3948158 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
ETV6/RUNX1 (E/R) is the most common fusion gene in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. It is responsible for the initiation of leukemia but also indispensable for disease maintenance and propagation, although its function in these latter processes is less clear. We therefore investigated the effects of the perceived p53 pathway alterations in model cell lines and primary leukemias and, in particular, how E/R upregulates MDM2, the predominant negative regulator of p53. We found that E/R transactivates MDM2 in both p53(+/+) and p53(-/-) HCT116 cells by binding to promoter-inherent RUNX1 motifs, which indicates that this activation occurs in a direct and p53-independent manner. Treatment of E/R-positive leukemic cell lines with Nutlin-3, a small molecule that inhibits the MDM2/p53 interaction, arrests their cell cycle and induces apoptosis. These phenomena concur with a p53-induced expression of p21, pro-apoptotic BAX and PUMA, as well as caspase 3 activation and poly ADP-ribose polymerase cleavage. The addition of DNA-damaging and p53-activating chemotherapeutic drugs intensifies apoptosis. Moreover, Nutlin-3 exposure leads to an analogous p53 accumulation and apoptotic surge in E/R-positive primary leukemic cells. Our findings clarify the role of p53 signaling in E/R-positive leukemias and outline the potential basis for its therapeutic exploitation in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Kaindl
- St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Morak
- St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Portsmouth
- St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Mecklenbräuker
- St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Kauer
- St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Zeginigg
- St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Attarbaschi
- St Anna Kinderspital, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - O A Haas
- St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- St Anna Kinderspital, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - R Panzer-Grümayer
- St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
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847
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Liu J, Zhang C, Feng Z. Tumor suppressor p53 and its gain-of-function mutants in cancer. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2014; 46:170-9. [PMID: 24374774 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmt144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor p53 plays a pivotal role in tumor suppression. p53 is the most frequently mutated gene in cancer. As a transcription factor, p53 mainly exerts its role in tumor suppression through transcriptional regulation of its downstream target genes. Thus, p53 and its target genes form a complex p53 signaling pathway to regulate a wide variety of biological processes to prevent tumorigenesis. Recent studies have revealed that in addition to apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and senescence, p53's functions in the regulation of energy metabolism and anti-oxidant defense contribute significantly to its role in tumor suppression. Studies further show that many tumor-associated mutant p53 proteins not only lose tumor suppressive functions of wild-type p53, but also gain new oncogenic activities that are independent of wild-type p53, including promoting tumor cell proliferation, survival, metabolic changes, angiogenesis, and metastasis, which are defined as mutant p53 gain-of-function. The frequent loss of wild-type p53 function and the gain-of-function of mutant p53 in human tumors make p53 an extremely attractive target for cancer therapy. Different strategies and many small-molecule drugs are being developed for the p53-based tumor therapy. Here, we review the mechanisms of p53 in tumor suppression and gain-of-function mutant p53 in tumor development, as well as the recent advances in the development of the p53-based tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
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848
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Zhuo X, Ren J, Li D, Wu Y, Zhou Q. MDM2 SNP309 variation increases cervical cancer risk among Asians. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:5331-7. [PMID: 24532430 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1695-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
MDM2 T309G polymorphism has been suggested to be a risk factor for a number of cancers. The association of MDM2 T309G genetic variation with cervical cancer risk remains inconclusive. In the present study, we aimed to get a more confidential result by conducting a quantitative meta-analysis. Relevant literature up to October 2013 was searched and screened. Essential information was rigorously extracted for data pooling and analyzing, and then, separate analyses on ethnicity and source of controls were also performed. As a result, four articles including five case-control studies were selected. The overall data failed to show a significant association between MDM2 T309G polymorphism and cervical cancer risk (GG vs TT: odds ratio (OR)=1.31; 95 % confidence interval (CI)=0.55-3.13; dominant model: OR=1.22; 95 % CI=0.65-2.31; recessive model: OR=1.45; 95 % CI=0.79-2.65). However, in the subgroup analysis about ethnicity, increased cancer risk could be shown among Asians (GG vs TT: OR=2.15; 95 % CI=1.03-4.51; recessive model: OR=2.01; 95 % CI=1.32-3.06). In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that homozygous GG alleles of MDM2 T309G polymorphism might be a risk factor for cervical cancer among Asians. Further studies are needed get a more definitive conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlu Zhuo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing, China,
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849
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Okada N, Lin CP, Ribeiro MC, Biton A, Lai G, He X, Bu P, Vogel H, Jablons DM, Keller AC, Wilkinson JE, He B, Speed TP, He L. A positive feedback between p53 and miR-34 miRNAs mediates tumor suppression. Genes Dev 2014; 28:438-50. [PMID: 24532687 PMCID: PMC3950342 DOI: 10.1101/gad.233585.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
As bona fide p53 transcriptional targets, miR-34 microRNAs (miRNAs) exhibit frequent alterations in many human tumor types and elicit multiple p53 downstream effects upon overexpression. Unexpectedly, miR-34 deletion alone fails to impair multiple p53-mediated tumor suppressor effects in mice, possibly due to the considerable redundancy in the p53 pathway. Here, we demonstrate that miR-34a represses HDM4, a potent negative regulator of p53, creating a positive feedback loop acting on p53. In a Kras-induced mouse lung cancer model, miR-34a deficiency alone does not exhibit a strong oncogenic effect. However, miR-34a deficiency strongly promotes tumorigenesis when p53 is haploinsufficient, suggesting that the defective p53-miR-34 feedback loop can enhance oncogenesis in a specific context. The importance of the p53/miR-34/HDM4 feedback loop is further confirmed by an inverse correlation between miR-34 and full-length HDM4 in human lung adenocarcinomas. In addition, human lung adenocarcinomas generate an elevated level of a short HDM4 isoform through alternative polyadenylation. This short HDM4 isoform lacks miR-34-binding sites in the 3' untranslated region (UTR), thereby evading miR-34 regulation to disable the p53-miR-34 positive feedback. Taken together, our results elucidated the intricate cross-talk between p53 and miR-34 miRNAs and revealed an important tumor suppressor effect generated by this positive feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Okada
- Molecular and Cell Biology Department, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94705, USA
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850
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Nguyen TA, Menendez D, Resnick MA, Anderson CW. Mutant TP53 posttranslational modifications: challenges and opportunities. Hum Mutat 2014; 35:738-55. [PMID: 24395704 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The wild-type (WT) human p53 (TP53) tumor suppressor can be posttranslationally modified at over 60 of its 393 residues. These modifications contribute to changes in TP53 stability and in its activity as a transcription factor in response to a wide variety of intrinsic and extrinsic stresses in part through regulation of protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. The TP53 gene frequently is mutated in cancers, and in contrast to most other tumor suppressors, the mutations are mostly missense often resulting in the accumulation of mutant (MUT) protein, which may have novel or altered functions. Most MUT TP53s can be posttranslationally modified at the same residues as in WT TP53. Strikingly, however, codons for modified residues are rarely mutated in human tumors, suggesting that TP53 modifications are not essential for tumor suppression activity. Nevertheless, these modifications might alter MUT TP53 activity and contribute to a gain-of-function leading to increased metastasis and tumor progression. Furthermore, many of the signal transduction pathways that result in TP53 modifications are altered or disrupted in cancers. Understanding the signaling pathways that result in TP53 modification and the functions of these modifications in both WT TP53 and its many MUT forms may contribute to more effective cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy-Ai Nguyen
- Chromosome Stability Section, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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