99851
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Tetzner J, Becker M, Maaz K. Development in multiple areas of life in adolescence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0165025416664432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examined interrelations between three indicators of main challenges during adolescence: academic achievement, self-perceived peer acceptance, and self-esteem. An additional aim was to investigate whether the findings hold for girls and boys and across school types (academically oriented track vs. non-academically oriented track). We used a large German longitudinal study ( N = 7,977; mean age at t1= 13.5 years) with three measurement points over a period of four years (start of seventh grade, end of seventh grade, end of tenth grade). Cross-lagged panel and multi-group models revealed seven main findings: (1) We found general positive associations between academic achievement, perceived peer acceptance, and self-esteem. (2) Higher academic achievement predicted higher self-esteem, but not vice versa. (3) Self-esteem and peer acceptance showed mutual associations, but only in older adolescents between the end of seventh and end of tenth grades. (4) Peer acceptance slightly predicted lower levels of academic achievement in students on the non-academically oriented track. (5) The results held for both girls and boys, but (6) changed over the course of adolescence and (7) differed between school types. Taken together, our findings offer comprehensive insight into the relations between salient developmental tasks in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Tetzner
- German Institute for International Educational Research, Frankfurt a.M./ Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Becker
- German Institute for International Educational Research, Frankfurt a.M./ Berlin, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Science and Mathematics Education, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kai Maaz
- German Institute for International Educational Research, Frankfurt a.M./ Berlin, Germany
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99852
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Liu Y, Liu RD, Ding Y, Wang J, Zhen R, Xu L. How Online Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction Influences Self-Disclosure Online among Chinese Adolescents: Moderated Mediation Effect of Exhibitionism and Narcissism. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1279. [PMID: 27616999 PMCID: PMC5000554 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Under the basic framework of self-determination theory, the present study examined a moderated mediation model in which exhibitionism mediated the relationship between online basic psychological need satisfaction and self-disclosure on the mobile Internet, and this mediation effect was moderated by narcissism. A total of 296 Chinese middle school students participated in this research. The results revealed that exhibitionism fully mediated the association between online competence need satisfaction and self-disclosure on the mobile net, and partly mediated the association between online relatedness need satisfaction and self-disclosure on the mobile net. The mediating path from online basic psychological need satisfaction (competence and relatedness) to exhibitionism was moderated by narcissism. Compared to the low level of narcissism, online competence need satisfaction had a stronger predictive power on exhibitionism under the high level of narcissism condition. In contrast, online relatedness need satisfaction had a weaker predictive power on exhibitionism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing China
| | - Ru-De Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing China
| | - Yi Ding
- Graduate School of Education, Fordham University, New York, NY USA
| | - Jia Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing China
| | - Rui Zhen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing China
| | - Le Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing China
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99853
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Abstract
Many accounts of decision making and reinforcement learning posit the existence of two distinct systems that control choice: a fast, automatic system and a slow, deliberative system. Recent research formalizes this distinction by mapping these systems to “model-free” and “model-based” strategies in reinforcement learning. Model-free strategies are computationally cheap, but sometimes inaccurate, because action values can be accessed by inspecting a look-up table constructed through trial-and-error. In contrast, model-based strategies compute action values through planning in a causal model of the environment, which is more accurate but also more cognitively demanding. It is assumed that this trade-off between accuracy and computational demand plays an important role in the arbitration between the two strategies, but we show that the hallmark task for dissociating model-free and model-based strategies, as well as several related variants, do not embody such a trade-off. We describe five factors that reduce the effectiveness of the model-based strategy on these tasks by reducing its accuracy in estimating reward outcomes and decreasing the importance of its choices. Based on these observations, we describe a version of the task that formally and empirically obtains an accuracy-demand trade-off between model-free and model-based strategies. Moreover, we show that human participants spontaneously increase their reliance on model-based control on this task, compared to the original paradigm. Our novel task and our computational analyses may prove important in subsequent empirical investigations of how humans balance accuracy and demand. When you make a choice about what groceries to get for dinner, you can rely on two different strategies. You can make your choice by relying on habit, simply buying the items you need to make a meal that is second nature to you. However, you can also plan your actions in a more deliberative way, realizing that the friend who will join you is a vegetarian, and therefore you should not make the burgers that have become a staple in your cooking. These two strategies differ in how computationally demanding and accurate they are. While the habitual strategy is less computationally demanding (costs less effort and time), the deliberative strategy is more accurate. Scientists have been able to study the distinction between these strategies using a task that allows them to measure how much people rely on habit and planning strategies. Interestingly, we have discovered that in this task, the deliberative strategy does not increase performance accuracy, and hence does not induce a trade-off between accuracy and demand. We describe why this happens, and improve the task so that it embodies an accuracy-demand trade-off, providing evidence for theories of cost-based arbitration between cognitive strategies.
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99854
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Gambetta-Tessini K, Mariño R, Morgan M, Anderson V. Coping strategies and the Salutogenic Model in future oral health professionals. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2016; 16:224. [PMID: 27562194 PMCID: PMC5000445 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-016-0740-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention to the role of context in shaping individuals' coping strategies is necessary. This study used the Salutogenic Model (SM) as a framework to identify the coping strategies of oral health profession students from three countries. METHODS Students from Australia, New Zealand and Chile were invited to participate in this cross-sectional study, and were given a questionnaire including socio-demographics, the Perceived Stress Scale, The SOC-13 and the Brief COPE. Descriptive analysis, correlation analysis and profile analysis were computed using SPSS v 20.0. RESULTS Eight-hundred and ninety-seven valid questionnaires were returned, achieving a 44 % response rate. The coping dimension that the participants most commonly reported using was "Active Coping" with a mean value of 5.9 ± 1.5. Chilean respondents reported higher stress levels (19.8 vs. 17.7) and a lower Sense of Coherence (55.6 vs. 58.0) compared to Australian/New Zealand participants (p < 0.001). The SOC was positively correlated with active coping (p < 0.01) and positive reframing (p < 0.01). Profile analysis showed that when the differences in responses by sex were accounted for, there was no significant effect by country on the coping strategies used (p < 0.32). CONCLUSION This initial investigation provides insights into the students' coping strategies and the validity of the SM. Students reporting high SOC scores where those who demonstrated the use of active coping and positive reframing as strategies to deal with stressful situations, which indicates the accuracy of the theoretical framework of the SM in health education environments. The results also suggest that a distinctive coping strategy pattern may apply to all participants, regardless of their country and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Gambetta-Tessini
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, 5th floor, 720 Swanston St, Parkville, 3010, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Rodrigo Mariño
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, 5th floor, 720 Swanston St, Parkville, 3010, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mike Morgan
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, 5th floor, 720 Swanston St, Parkville, 3010, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vivienne Anderson
- Higher Education Development Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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99855
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Best A, Stokols D, Green LW, Leischow S, Holmes B, Buchholz K. An Integrative Framework for Community Partnering to Translate Theory into Effective Health Promotion Strategy. Am J Health Promot 2016; 18:168-76. [PMID: 14621414 DOI: 10.4278/0890-1171-18.2.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. Although there is general agreement about the complex interplay among individual-, family-, organizational-, and community-level factors as they influence health outcomes, there is still a gap between health promotion research and practice. The authors suggest that a disjuncture exists between the multiple theories and models of health promotion and the practitioner's need for a more unified set of guidelines for comprehensive planning of programs. Therefore, we put forward in this paper an idea toward closing the gap between research and practice, a case for developing an overarching framework—with several health promotion models that could integrate existing theories—and applying it to comprehensive health promotion strategy. An Integrative Framework. We outline a theoretical foundation for future health promotion research and practice that integrates four models: the social ecology; the Life Course Health Development; the Predisposing, Reinforcing, and Enabling Constructs in Educational/Environmental Diagnosis and Evaluation–Policy, Regulatory and Organizational Constructs in Educational and Environmental Development; and the community partnering models. The first three models are well developed and complementary. There is little consensus on the latter model, community partnering. However, we suggest that such a model is a vital part of an overall framework, and we present an approach to reconciling theoretical tensions among researchers and practitioners involved in community health promotion. Integrating the Models: The Need for Systems Theory and Thinking. Systems theory has been relatively ignored both by the health promotion field and, more generally, by the health services. We make a case for greater use of systems theory in the development of an overall framework, both to improve integration and to incorporate key concepts from the diverse systems literatures of other disciplines. Vision for Healthy Communities. (1) Researchers and practitioners understand the complex interplay among individual-, family-, organizational-, and community-level factors as they influence population health; (2) health promotion researchers and practitioners collaborate effectively with others in the community to create integrated strategies that work as a system to address a wide array of health-related factors; (3) The Healthy People Objectives for the Nation includes balanced indicators to reflect health promotion realities and research-measures effects on all levels; (4) the gap between community health promotion “best practices” guidelines and the way things work in the everyday world of health promotion practice has been substantially closed. Conclusions and Recommendations. We suggest critical next steps toward closing the gap between health promotion research and practice: investing in networks that promote, support, and sustain ongoing dialogue and sharing of experience; finding common ground in an approach to community partnering; and gaining consensus on the proposed integrating framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Best
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation, Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Centre, Department of Health Care and Epidemiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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99856
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Ramkumar P, Dekleva B, Cooler S, Miller L, Kording K. Premotor and Motor Cortices Encode Reward. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160851. [PMID: 27564707 PMCID: PMC5001708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rewards associated with actions are critical for motivation and learning about the consequences of one's actions on the world. The motor cortices are involved in planning and executing movements, but it is unclear whether they encode reward over and above limb kinematics and dynamics. Here, we report a categorical reward signal in dorsal premotor (PMd) and primary motor (M1) neurons that corresponds to an increase in firing rates when a trial was not rewarded regardless of whether or not a reward was expected. We show that this signal is unrelated to error magnitude, reward prediction error, or other task confounds such as reward consumption, return reach plan, or kinematic differences across rewarded and unrewarded trials. The availability of reward information in motor cortex is crucial for theories of reward-based learning and motivational influences on actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Ramkumar
- Sensorimotor Performance Program, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Illinois, 60611, United States of America
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Brian Dekleva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Sam Cooler
- Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Lee Miller
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Konrad Kording
- Sensorimotor Performance Program, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Illinois, 60611, United States of America
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
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99857
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Advancing the understanding of autism disease mechanisms through genetics. Nat Med 2016; 22:345-61. [PMID: 27050589 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Progress in understanding the genetic etiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has fueled remarkable advances in our understanding of its potential neurobiological mechanisms. Yet, at the same time, these findings highlight extraordinary causal diversity and complexity at many levels ranging from molecules to circuits and emphasize the gaps in our current knowledge. Here we review current understanding of the genetic architecture of ASD and integrate genetic evidence, neuropathology and studies in model systems with how they inform mechanistic models of ASD pathophysiology. Despite the challenges, these advances provide a solid foundation for the development of rational, targeted molecular therapies.
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99858
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Medeiros W, Torro-Alves N, Malloy-Diniz LF, Minervino CM. Executive Functions in Children Who Experience Bullying Situations. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1197. [PMID: 27616998 PMCID: PMC5000580 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bullying is characterized by intentional, repetitive, and persistent aggressive behavior that causes damage to the victim. Many studies investigate the social and emotional aspects related to bullying, but few assess the cognitive aspects it involves. Studies with aggressive individuals indicate impairment in executive functioning and decision-making. The objective of this study was to assess hot and cold executive functions in children who experience bullying. A total of 60 children between 10 and 11 years of age were included in the study. They were divided into four groups: aggressors (bullies), victims, bully-victims, and control. Tests for decision-making, inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility were used. The bully group made more unfavorable choices on the Iowa Gambling Task, which may indicate difficulties in the decision-making process. The victim group took longer to complete the Trail Making Test (Part B) than aggressors, suggesting lower cognitive flexibility in victims. The hypothesis that aggressors would have lower performance in other executive functions such as inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility has not been confirmed. This study indicates that bullies have an impairment of hot executive functions whereas victims have a comparatively lower performance in cold executive functions. In addition to social and cultural variables, neurocognitive and emotional factors seem to influence the behavior of children in bullying situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wandersonia Medeiros
- Laboratory of Cognitive Sciences and Perception-Laboratory of Mental Health, Education and Psychometric, Universidade Federal da Paraíba Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Nelson Torro-Alves
- Postgraduate Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Behaviour, Laboratory of Cognitive Sciences and Perception, Universidade Federal da Paraíba Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Leandro F Malloy-Diniz
- ILUMINA Neurosciences, LINC-INCT, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Carla M Minervino
- Postgraduate Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Behaviour, Laboratory of Mental Health, Education and Psychometric, Universidade Federal da Paraíba Paraíba, Brazil
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99859
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Gremel CM, Lovinger DM. Associative and sensorimotor cortico-basal ganglia circuit roles in effects of abused drugs. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 16:71-85. [PMID: 27457495 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian forebrain is characterized by the presence of several parallel cortico-basal ganglia circuits that shape the learning and control of actions. Among these are the associative, limbic and sensorimotor circuits. The function of all of these circuits has now been implicated in responses to drugs of abuse, as well as drug seeking and drug taking. While the limbic circuit has been most widely examined, key roles for the other two circuits in control of goal-directed and habitual instrumental actions related to drugs of abuse have been shown. In this review we describe the three circuits and effects of acute and chronic drug exposure on circuit physiology. Our main emphasis is on drug actions in dorsal striatal components of the associative and sensorimotor circuits. We then review key findings that have implicated these circuits in drug seeking and taking behaviors, as well as drug use disorders. Finally, we consider different models describing how the three cortico-basal ganglia circuits become involved in drug-related behaviors. This topic has implications for drug use disorders and addiction, as treatments that target the balance between the different circuits may be useful for reducing excessive substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Gremel
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - D M Lovinger
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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99860
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LaDage LD. Factors That Modulate Neurogenesis: A Top-Down Approach. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2016; 87:184-190. [PMID: 27560485 DOI: 10.1159/000446906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although hippocampal neurogenesis in the adult brain has been conserved across the vertebrate lineage, laboratory studies have primarily examined this phenomenon in rodent models. This approach has been successful in elucidating important factors and mechanisms that can modulate rates of hippocampal neurogenesis, including hormones, environmental complexity, learning and memory, motor stimulation, and stress. However, recent studies have found that neurobiological research on neurogenesis in rodents may not easily translate to, or explain, neurogenesis patterns in nonrodent systems, particularly in species examined in the field. This review examines some of the evolutionary and ecological variables that may also modulate neurogenesis patterns. This 'top-down' and more naturalistic approach, which incorporates ecology and natural history, particularly of nonmodel species, may allow for a more comprehensive understanding of the functional significance of neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara D LaDage
- Division of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Penn State University Altoona, Altoona, Pa., USA
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99861
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Cooperation Is Not Enough—Exploring Social-Ecological Micro-Foundations for Sustainable Common-Pool Resource Use [corrected]. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157796. [PMID: 27556175 PMCID: PMC4996507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cooperation amongst resource users holds the key to overcoming the social dilemma that characterizes community-based common-pool resource management. But is cooperation alone enough to achieve sustainable resource use? The short answer is no. Developing management strategies in a complex social-ecological environment also requires ecological knowledge and approaches to deal with perceived environmental uncertainty. Recent behavioral experimental research indicates variation in the degree to which a group of users can identify a sustainable exploitation level. In this paper, we identify social-ecological micro-foundations that facilitate cooperative sustainable common-pool resource use. We do so by using an agent-based model (ABM) that is informed by behavioral common-pool resource experiments. In these experiments, groups that cooperate do not necessarily manage the resource sustainably, but also over- or underexploit. By reproducing the patterns of the behavioral experiments in a qualitative way, the ABM represents a social-ecological explanation for the experimental observations. We find that the ecological knowledge of each group member cannot sufficiently explain the relationship between cooperation and sustainable resource use. Instead, the development of a sustainable exploitation level depends on the distribution of ecological knowledge among the group members, their influence on each other’s knowledge, and the environmental uncertainty the individuals perceive. The study provides insights about critical social-ecological micro-foundations underpinning collective action and sustainable resource management. These insights may inform policy-making, but also point to future research needs regarding the mechanisms of social learning, the development of shared management strategies and the interplay of social and ecological uncertainty.
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99862
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Stokols D, Grzywacz JG, McMahan S, Phillips K. Increasing the Health Promotive Capacity of Human Environments. Am J Health Promot 2016; 18:4-13. [PMID: 13677958 DOI: 10.4278/0890-1171-18.1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article offers an integration of two different perspectives on health promotion research and practice: one emphasizing the concept of community capacity for health improvement and the other focusing on the notion of health supportive environments. These two approaches generally have emphasized different kinds of community assets for health promotion. Specifically, community capacity research has focused on the cultivation of human resources (e.g., collaborative coalitions, participatory decision-making, health education strategies) for health promotion, whereas environmentally oriented research has underscored the influence of material resources (e.g., the built environment, natural resources, technological infrastructure) on important health behaviors and outcomes. Combining these two streams of health promotion research yields a broader understanding of the health promotive capacity of human environments and suggests several “best process” guidelines for enhancing health promotion practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Stokols
- Department of Planning, Policy, and Design, School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-7075, USA
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99863
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Krasny-Pacini A, Chevignard M, Lancien S, Escolano S, Laurent-Vannier A, De Agostini M, Meyer P. Executive function after severe childhood traumatic brain injury - Age-at-injury vulnerability periods: The TGE prospective longitudinal study. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2016; 60:74-82. [PMID: 27566925 DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Executive function (EF) impairment is a major predictor of overall outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI severity is a factor of poor outcome, but most studies include a majority of children with mild and moderate TBI. The aims of this study were to estimate EF impairment after severe childhood TBI and to explore factors predicting EF outcome. The secondary aim was to compare recovery trajectories by age-at-injury groups. METHODS This was a prospective longitudinal study of children with severe TBI who were tested for EFs by performance-based tests and questionnaires at 3, 12 and 24 months. RESULTS Children with TBI (n=65) showed significant impairment in working memory, inhibition, attention and global EF, with little or no recovery at 24 months. For flexibility and performance-based EF score, children were impaired at 3 months only and showed normal scores by 12 months. No impairment was found in planning. At 3 and 24 months, Glasgow Coma Scale score and parental education predicted global EF. Coma length was not a significant predictor of outcome. Age at injury predicted progress in EF, but the relationship was not linear; children 10-12 years old at injury showed better outcome than older and younger children. CONCLUSIONS EFs are impaired after severe TBI in childhood. The relationship between age at injury and outcome is not linear. Relying on only performance-based EF tests can underestimate EF impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Krasny-Pacini
- Outreach Department for Patients With Acquired Brain Injury, University Rehabilitation Institute Clemenceau Strasbourg, France; Pediatric Orthopedics Department, Hautepierre Hospital, Strasbourg University Hospitals, Strasbourg, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, LIB, 7013 Paris, France; Groupe de Recherche Clinique Handicap Cognitif et Réadaptation - UPMC Paris 6, France.
| | - Mathilde Chevignard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, LIB, 7013 Paris, France; Rehabilitation Department for Children with Acquired Brain Injury, Hôpitaux de Saint Maurice, Saint Maurice, France; Groupe de Recherche Clinique Handicap Cognitif et Réadaptation - UPMC Paris 6, France
| | - Sabine Lancien
- Département de la recherche clinique et du développement (DRCC) Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Escolano
- INSERM UMR 1181: Biostatistiques, Biomathématique, Pharmaco-Epidémiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Equipe Biostatistique et Pharmacoépidémiologie, Villejuif, France
| | - Anne Laurent-Vannier
- Rehabilitation Department for Children with Acquired Brain Injury, Hôpitaux de Saint Maurice, Saint Maurice, France; Outreach team for Children and Adolescents with Acquired Brain Injury, Saint Maurice Hospitals, Saint Maurice, France
| | - Maria De Agostini
- INSERM UMR1153 Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Center (CRESS), Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (ORCHAD) Team, Villejuif 94807, France
| | - Philippe Meyer
- Université Descartes Paris5, Hôpital Universitaire Necker, Anesthesiology Department, Pediatric Neuro Critical Care Unit, 75015 Paris, France
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99864
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Oriol X, Amutio A, Mendoza M, Da Costa S, Miranda R. Emotional Creativity as Predictor of Intrinsic Motivation and Academic Engagement in University Students: The Mediating Role of Positive Emotions. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1243. [PMID: 27610091 PMCID: PMC4996992 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Emotional creativity (EC) implies experiencing a complex emotional life, which is becoming increasingly necessary in societies that demand innovation and constant changes. This research studies the relation of EC as a dispositional trait with intrinsic motivation (IM) and academic engagement (AE). Methods: A sample of 428 university Chilean students, 36.5% men and 63.5% women, with ages from 18 to 45 years-old (M = 20.37; DT = 2.71). Additionally, the mediating function of class-related positive emotions in this relation is explored. Results: The obtained data indicate that developing high levels of dispositional EC enhances the activation of positive emotions, such as gratitude, love and hope, in the classroom. Furthermore, EC predicts IM and AE of university students by the experience of positive emotions. Conclusion: These results compel us to be aware of the importance that university students can understand the complexity of the emotional processes they undergo. A greater control of these emotions would allow students to maintain higher levels of interest in their studies at the different educational stages and to avoid the risk of school failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Oriol
- Department of Management and Public Policies, Universidad de Santiago de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Alberto Amutio
- Department of Social Psychology and Methodology of the Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Michelle Mendoza
- Faculty of Education, Universidad Autónoma de Chile Temuco, Chile
| | - Silvia Da Costa
- Department of Social Psychology and Methodology of the Behavioral Sciences, University of the Basque Country/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Rafael Miranda
- Departamento de Psicología, Escuela de Gobierno y Políticas Públicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú Lima, Perú
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99865
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Zimmer P, Stritt C, Bloch W, Schmidt FP, Hübner ST, Binnebößel S, Schenk A, Oberste M. The effects of different aerobic exercise intensities on serum serotonin concentrations and their association with Stroop task performance: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:2025-34. [PMID: 27562067 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3456-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute exercise improves selective aspects of cognition such as executive functioning. Animal studies suggest that some effects are based on exercise-induced alterations in serotonin (5-HT) secretion. This study evaluates the impact of different aerobic exercise intensities on 5-HT serum levels as well as on executive functioning considering 5-HT as a potential mediator. METHODS 121 young adults (23.8 ± 3.6 years) were examined in a randomized controlled trial including three exercise intervention (35 min) groups (low intensity, 45 % of the maximal heart rate (HRmax); moderate intensity, 65 % HRmax; high intensity, 85 % HRmax) and one control group. 5-HT levels and response inhibition (measured by a computerized Stroop test) were assessed pre- and post-intervention. RESULTS There was a significant (p = 0.022) difference between groups regarding serum Δ5-HT levels. Post hoc tests indicated significant (p = 0.013) higher 5-HT serum levels for the high-intensity group compared to the control group while other groups did not differ significantly from each other. Serum Δ5-HT levels and exercise intensity were shown to be linearly associated through polynomial contrast analysis (p = 0.003). Furthermore, ANOVA revealed a significant difference for Stroop parameter reading (p = 0.030) and a tendency for reverse Stroop effect (p = 0.061). Correlation analysis showed that augmented 5-HT levels were associated with improved results in response inhibition. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that intensive acute exercise increases serum 5-HT levels compared to a control group. These findings might be relevant for many other related research fields in exercise science, since 5-HT receptors are expressed on many different cell types including endothelia and immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Zimmer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Christian Stritt
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Frank-Peter Schmidt
- Hemostasiology and Pharmacology in the Hämostaseologicum Steglitz GmbH, Siemensstraße 27, 12247, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Thorsten Hübner
- Department of Preventive and Rehabilitative Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephan Binnebößel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Schenk
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Max Oberste
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
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99866
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Park G, van Bavel JJ, Hill LK, Williams DP, Thayer JF. Social Groups Prioritize Selective Attention to Faces: How Social Identity Shapes Distractor Interference. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161426. [PMID: 27556646 PMCID: PMC4996497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human faces automatically attract visual attention and this process appears to be guided by social group memberships. In two experiments, we examined how social groups guide selective attention toward in-group and out-group faces. Black and White participants detected a target letter among letter strings superimposed on faces (Experiment 1). White participants were less accurate on trials with racial out-group (Black) compared to in-group (White) distractor faces. Likewise, Black participants were less accurate on trials with racial out-group (White) compared to in-group (Black) distractor faces. However, this pattern of out-group bias was only evident under high perceptual load—when the task was visually difficult. To examine the malleability of this pattern of racial bias, a separate sample of participants were assigned to mixed-race minimal groups (Experiment 2). Participants assigned to groups were less accurate on trials with their minimal in-group members compared to minimal out-group distractor faces, regardless of race. Again, this pattern of out-group bias was only evident under high perceptual load. Taken together, these results suggest that social identity guides selective attention toward motivationally relevant social groups—shifting from out-group bias in the domain of race to in-group bias in the domain of minimal groups—when perceptual resources are scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gewnhi Park
- Department of Psychology, Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jay J. van Bavel
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - LaBarron K. Hill
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United State of America
| | - DeWayne P. Williams
- Department of Psychology, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Julian F. Thayer
- Department of Psychology, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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99867
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Whealin JM, Seibert-Hatalsky LA, Howell JW, Tsai J. E-mental health preferences of Veterans with and without probable posttraumatic stress disorder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 52:725-38. [PMID: 26562090 DOI: 10.1682/jrrd.2014.04.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mental health care practices supported by electronic communication, referred to as e-mental health, offer ways to increase access to mental health resources. In recent years, e-mental health interventions using clinical video teleconferencing, Internet-based interventions, social networking sites, and telephones have emerged as viable, cost-effective methods to augment traditional service delivery. Whereas some research evaluates attitudes about e-mental health, few studies have assessed interest in using these approaches in a contemporary sample of U.S. Veterans. This study sought to understand willingness to use e-mental health in a diverse group of Veterans residing in Hawaii. Mailed surveys were completed by 600 Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom Veterans and National Guard members. Results suggest that overall willingness to use e-mental health ranged from 32.2% to 56.7% depending on modality type. Importantly, Veterans who screened positive for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were significantly less likely to report willingness to use each e-mental health modality than their peers without PTSD, despite their greater desire for mental health services. These results suggest that despite solutions to logistical barriers afforded via e-mental health services, certain barriers to mental health care may persist, especially among Veterans who screen positive for PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Whealin
- Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Pacific Islands Health Care System, Honolulu, HI
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99868
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Cannabinoid 2 receptor is a novel anti-inflammatory target in experimental proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Neuropharmacology 2016; 113:627-638. [PMID: 27569993 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) can develop after ocular trauma or inflammation and is a common complication of surgery to correct retinal detachment. Currently, there are no pharmacological treatments for PVR. Cannabinoids acting at cannabinoid 2 receptor (CB2R) can decrease inflammation and fibrosis. The objective of this study was to examine the anti-inflammatory actions of CB2R as a candidate novel therapeutic target in experimental PVR. PVR was induced by intravitreal injection of dispase in wild-type (WT) and CB2R genetic knockout (CB2R-/-) mice. Ocular pathology was studied at 24 h or one week after dispase injection. CB2R modulation was examined in WT mice, using the CB2R agonist, HU308, and the CB2R antagonist, AM630. Histopathological scoring and quantification of microglia was used to evaluate tissue pathology. Quantitative PCR and multiplex assays were used to assess changes in proinflammatory cytokines. Intravital microscopy (IVM) was used to visualize and quantify leukocyte-endothelial adhesion to the iridial microcirculation. Activation of CB2R with HU308 in WT mice with PVR decreased mean histopathological scores, the number of microglia, and leukocyte adhesion compared to vehicle-treated animals. Conversely, an increase in histopathological scores and activated microglia was observed in PVR animals after treatment with AM630. CB2R-/- mice with PVR exhibited exacerbated ocular histopathology, increased microglia numbers, and elevated protein levels of cytokines as compared to WT mice. In conclusion, our results indicate that intervention at early stage PVR with CB2R agonists reduces ocular inflammation and disease severity. CB2R may represent a therapeutic target to prevent PVR progression and vision loss. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Lipid Sensing G Protein-Coupled Receptors in the CNS'.
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99869
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Morgenstern J, Kuerbis A, Houser J, Muench FJ, Shao S, Treloar H. Within-person associations between daily motivation and self-efficacy and drinking among problem drinkers in treatment. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2016; 30:630-8. [PMID: 27560995 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gaining a better understanding of the change process holds promise to improve alcohol treatment. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) coupled with intensive longitudinal data (ILD) approaches have been proposed as promising methods that can advance change process research but have been used infrequently in alcohol use disorder (AUD) treatment research. The current study used these approaches to examine the within-person associations of motivation and self-efficacy and drinking among treatment-seeking problem drinkers. Participants (N = 96) received daily EMA surveys before, during, and after treatment for 7 weeks spread over a 9-month period. Multilevel modeling was used to test the within-person relationships between the change processes and drinking, controlling for between-person associations and prior drinking. Results indicated that daily fluctuations in motivation and self-efficacy significantly predicted drinking over the next 24 hours; however, several theory-driven hypotheses regarding factors that might moderate that relationship were not supported. Overall, results support the advantages of EMA and ILD as methods that can advance AUD treatment research. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hayley Treloar
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
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99870
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Dickson KS, Ciesla JA, Zelic K. The Role of Executive Functioning in Adolescent Rumination and Depression. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-016-9802-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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99871
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Lee HH, Emerson JA, Williams DM. The Exercise-Affect-Adherence Pathway: An Evolutionary Perspective. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1285. [PMID: 27610096 PMCID: PMC4996983 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The low rates of regular exercise and overall physical activity (PA) in the general population represent a significant public health challenge. Previous research suggests that, for many people, exercise leads to a negative affective response and, in turn, reduced likelihood of future exercise. The purpose of this paper is to examine this exercise-affect-adherence relationship from an evolutionary perspective. Specifically, we argue that low rates of physical exercise in the general population are a function of the evolved human tendency to avoid unnecessary physical exertion. This innate tendency evolved because it allowed our evolutionary ancestors to conserve energy for physical activities that had immediate adaptive utility such as pursuing prey, escaping predators, and engaging in social and reproductive behaviors. The commonly observed negative affective response to exercise is an evolved proximate psychological mechanism through which humans avoid unnecessary energy expenditure. The fact that the human tendencies toward negative affective response to and avoidance of unnecessary physical activities are innate does not mean that they are unchangeable. Indeed, it is only because of human-engineered changes in our environmental conditions (i.e., it is no longer necessary for us to work for our food) that our predisposition to avoid unnecessary physical exertion has become a liability. Thus, it is well within our capabilities to reengineer our environments to once again make PA necessary or, at least, to serve an immediate functional purpose. We propose a two-pronged approach to PA promotion based on this evolutionary functional perspective: first, to promote exercise and other physical activities that are perceived to have an immediate purpose, and second, to instill greater perceived purpose for a wider range of physical activities. We posit that these strategies are more likely to result in more positive (or less negative) affective responses to exercise, better adherence to exercise programs, and higher rates of overall PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold H Lee
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jessica A Emerson
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health Providence, RI, USA
| | - David M Williams
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health Providence, RI, USA
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99872
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Li Y, Kulvicius T, Tetzlaff C. Induction and Consolidation of Calcium-Based Homo- and Heterosynaptic Potentiation and Depression. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161679. [PMID: 27560350 PMCID: PMC4999190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptive mechanisms of homo- and heterosynaptic plasticity play an important role in learning and memory. In order to maintain plasticity-induced changes for longer time scales (up to several days), they have to be consolidated by transferring them from a short-lasting early-phase to a long-lasting late-phase state. The underlying processes of this synaptic consolidation are already well-known for homosynaptic plasticity, however, it is not clear whether the same processes also enable the induction and consolidation of heterosynaptic plasticity. In this study, by extending a generic calcium-based plasticity model with the processes of synaptic consolidation, we show in simulations that indeed heterosynaptic plasticity can be induced and, furthermore, consolidated by the same underlying processes as for homosynaptic plasticity. Furthermore, we show that by local diffusion processes the heterosynaptic effect can be restricted to a few synapses neighboring the homosynaptically changed ones. Taken together, this generic model reproduces many experimental results of synaptic tagging and consolidation, provides several predictions for heterosynaptic induction and consolidation, and yields insights into the complex interactions between homo- and heterosynaptic plasticity over a broad variety of time (minutes to days) and spatial scales (several micrometers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyun Li
- III. Institute of Physics – Biophysics, Georg-August-University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Georg-August-University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- School of System Science, Beijing Normal University, 100875 Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Tomas Kulvicius
- III. Institute of Physics – Biophysics, Georg-August-University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Maersk Mc-Kinney Moller Institute, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Christian Tetzlaff
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Georg-August-University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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99873
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Emont SL, Cummings KM. Organizational Factors Affecting Participation in a Smoking Cessation Program and Abstinence among 68 Auto Dealerships. Am J Health Promot 2016; 5:107-14. [DOI: 10.4278/0890-1171-5.2.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effects of organizational factors on participation rates in a smoking cessation clinic and on one-year quit rates were examined among 68 private sector businesses. Free smoking cessation programs were offered to all smoking employees. Smokers (n = 844) were contacted to determine changes in smoking behavior; managers (n = 68) were also contacted to assess changes in smoking policy implementation over the past year. The participation rate in the clinic was 6.6 percent. Overall, 14.3 percent of smokers reported abstaining from cigarettes for at least one month prior to the one-year follow-up survey. Organization factors predicting clinic participation included having health promotion programs, increased motivation to stop smoking, and greater length of employment. Factors predicting cessation at one year included greater clinic participation rates, larger worksite size, a greater awareness of smoking restrictions, and agreement that passive smoking was dangerous to ones health. The only factor to significantly increase both participation and cessation rates was the presence of smoking policies. Employee, manager, and organizational characteristics can exert independent effects on behavior. Therefore, interventions should be targeted at each of these levels to maximize smoking-related behavior change.
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99874
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Maki A, Rothman AJ. Understanding proenvironmental intentions and behaviors: The importance of considering both the behavior setting and the type of behavior. The Journal of Social Psychology 2016; 157:517-531. [DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2016.1215968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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99875
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Knyazev GG, Savostyanov AN, Bocharov AV, Kuznetsova VB. Depressive symptoms and autobiographical memory: A pilot electroencephalography (EEG) study. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2016; 39:242-256. [DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2016.1219318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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99876
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Fava GA, Bech P. The Concept of Euthymia. PSYCHOTHERAPY AND PSYCHOSOMATICS 2016; 85:1-5. [PMID: 26610048 DOI: 10.1159/000441244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni A Fava
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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99877
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Chang H, Li L, Peng T, Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M, Bergen SE, Landén M, Hultman CM, Forstner AJ, Strohmaier J, Hecker J, Schulze TG, Müller-Myhsok B, Reif A, Mitchell PB, Martin NG, Cichon S, Nöthen MM, Jamain S, Leboyer M, Bellivier F, Etain B, Kahn JP, Henry C, Rietschel M, Xiao X, Li M. Identification of a Bipolar Disorder Vulnerable Gene CHDH at 3p21.1. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5166-5176. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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99878
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Daltroy LH, Godin G. Spouse Intention to Encourage Cardiac Patient Participation in Exercise. Am J Health Promot 2016; 4:12-7. [DOI: 10.4278/0890-1171-4.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify factors that influenced the intention of spouses to encourage cardiac patients to attend exercise classes. A sample of 134 spouses completed questionnaires investigating variables specified in the theory of reasoned action (Fishbein and Ajzen). Multiple regression was used with intention to encourage exercise participation as the outcome. Independent variables included: attitude toward helping, subjective social norm regarding helping, perceived efficacy of providing help, approval of patient exercising, and perceived outcomes (costs and benefits) of patient participation. Subjective social norm and approval were the only significant predictors of intention to encourage participation (R2 = 0.41, p < 0.0001). This suggests that interventions to improve spouse support for cardiac patient exercise be directed at the spouse social role rather than attitudes toward helping.
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99879
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Teixeira S, Zuberi A. Mapping the Racial Inequality in Place: Using Youth Perceptions to Identify Unequal Exposure to Neighborhood Environmental Hazards. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:E844. [PMID: 27571086 PMCID: PMC5036677 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13090844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Black youth are more likely than white youth to grow up in poor, segregated neighborhoods. This racial inequality in the neighborhood environments of black youth increases their contact with hazardous neighborhood environmental features including violence and toxic exposures that contribute to racial inequality in youth health and well-being. While the concept of neighborhood effects has been studied at length by social scientists, this work has not been as frequently situated within an environmental justice (EJ) paradigm. The present study used youth perceptions gained from in-depth interviews with youth from one Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania neighborhood to identify neighborhood environmental health hazards. We then mapped these youth-identified features to examine how they are spatially and racially distributed across the city. Our results suggest that the intersection of race and poverty, neighborhood disorder, housing abandonment, and crime were salient issues for youth. The maps show support for the youths' assertions that the environments of black and white individuals across the city of Pittsburgh differ in noteworthy ways. This multi-lens, mixed-method analysis was designed to challenge some of the assumptions we make about addressing environmental inequality using youths' own opinions on the issue to drive our inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Teixeira
- Boston College School of Social Work, 219 McGuinn Hall, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA.
| | - Anita Zuberi
- Department of Sociology, Duquese University, 519 College Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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99880
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Zhang YY, Xu L, Rao LL, Zhou L, Zhou Y, Jiang T, Li S, Liang ZY. Gain-loss asymmetry in neural correlates of temporal discounting: An approach-avoidance motivation perspective. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31902. [PMID: 27557798 PMCID: PMC4997255 DOI: 10.1038/srep31902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Gain-loss asymmetry in temporal discounting (i.e., when individuals discount gains more than losses) has been implicated in numerous problematic and addictive behaviors, resulting in enormous personal and societal costs. On the basis of findings from a previous study, we speculated that approach-avoidance motivation would modulate gain-loss asymmetry. To test this speculation, we examined the effects of motivation on gain-loss asymmetry by analyzing functional connectivity. We found that approach and avoidance motivation were negatively associated with functional connectivity between the medial orbitofrontal cortex (MOFC) and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and functional connectivity between the MOFC and the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) in the gain domain. Only avoidance motivation was found to be positively associated with functional connectivity between the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) as well as between the MPFC and the insula in the loss domain. Our findings suggest that the relationships of approach-avoidance motivation and neural correlates yielded an asymmetrical pattern between the gain and loss domains in temporal discounting. Thus, we provide new insight into understanding gain-loss asymmetry in temporal discounting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Sciences & Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Lijuan Xu
- National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Li-Lin Rao
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Sciences & Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Sciences & Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Sciences & Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 625014, China
| | - Shu Li
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Sciences & Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zhu-Yuan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Sciences & Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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99881
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Abstract
Direct stimulation of the auditory nerve via a Cochlear Implant (CI) enables profoundly hearing-impaired people to perceive sounds. Many CI users find language comprehension satisfactory, but music perception is generally considered difficult. However, music contains different dimensions which might be accessible in different ways. We aimed to highlight three main dimensions of music processing in CI users which rely on different processing mechanisms: (1) musical discrimination abilities, (2) access to meaning in music, and (3) subjective music appreciation. All three dimensions were investigated in two CI user groups (post- and prelingually deafened CI users, all implanted as adults) and a matched normal hearing control group. The meaning of music was studied by using event-related potentials (with the N400 component as marker) during a music-word priming task while music appreciation was gathered by a questionnaire. The results reveal a double dissociation between the three dimensions of music processing. Despite impaired discrimination abilities of both CI user groups compared to the control group, appreciation was reduced only in postlingual CI users. While musical meaning processing was restorable in postlingual CI users, as shown by a N400 effect, data of prelingual CI users lack the N400 effect and indicate previous dysfunctional concept building.
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99882
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Weems CF, Osofsky JD, Osofsky HJ, King LS, Hansel TC, Russell JD. Three-year longitudinal study of perceptions of competence and well-being among youth exposed to disasters. APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10888691.2016.1219229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lucy S. King
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center
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99883
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Koehne S, Behrends A, Fairhurst MT, Dziobek I. Fostering Social Cognition through an Imitation- and Synchronization-Based Dance/Movement Intervention in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Controlled Proof-of-Concept Study. PSYCHOTHERAPY AND PSYCHOSOMATICS 2016; 85:27-35. [PMID: 26609704 DOI: 10.1159/000441111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since social cognition is impaired in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), this study aimed at establishing the efficacy of a newly developed imitation- and synchronization-based dance/movement intervention (SI-DMI) in fostering emotion inference and empathic feelings (emotional reaction to feelings of others) in adults with high-functioning ASD. METHODS Fifty-five adults with ASD (IQ ≥85) who were blinded to the aim of the study were assigned to receive either 10 weeks of a dance/movement intervention focusing on interpersonal movement imitation and synchronization (SI-DMI, n = 27) or a control movement intervention (CMI, n = 24) focusing on individual motor coordination (2 participants from each group declined before baseline testing). The primary outcome measure was the objective Multifaceted Empathy Test targeting emotion inference and empathic feelings. Secondary outcomes were scores on the self-rated Interpersonal Reactivity Index. The well-established automatic imitation task and synchronization finger-tapping task were used to quantify effects on imitation and synchronization functions, complemented by the more naturalistic Assessment of Spontaneous Interaction in Movement. RESULTS Intention-to-treat analyses revealed that from baseline to 3 months, patients treated with SI-DMI showed a significantly larger improvement in emotion inference (d = 0.58), but not empathic feelings, than those treated with CMI (d = -0.04). On the close generalization level, SI-DMI increased synchronization skills and imitation tendencies, as well as whole-body imitation/synchronization and movement reciprocity/dialogue, compared to CMI. CONCLUSIONS SI-DMI can be successful in promoting emotion inference in adults with ASD and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Koehne
- Cluster of Excellence, Languages of Emotion, Freie Universitx00E4;t, Berlin, Germany
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99884
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Waeldin S, Vogt D, Linden M, Hellhammer DH. Frequency of Perceived Poststress Symptoms in Inpatients, Outpatients and Healthy Controls: The Role of Perceived Exhaustion and Stress. PSYCHOTHERAPY AND PSYCHOSOMATICS 2016; 85:36-44. [PMID: 26609888 DOI: 10.1159/000438866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poststress symptoms occur as a consequence of stress, most commonly during leisure periods such as weekends and vacations. However, the prevalence and the pathological mechanisms of poststress symptoms are poorly understood. METHODS Here, we compared the frequency of poststress symptoms in healthy controls (n = 984), outpatients (n = 420), and inpatients (n = 101). In outpatients, demographic factors, psychosocial stress, and perceived exhaustion were tested as predictors of poststress symptoms with multivariate regression analysis. Poststress symptoms and perceived exhaustion were assessed using 2 Neuropattern Questionnaires (the NPQ - Patient Questionnaire and the NPQ - Symptom List), and psychosocial stress was evaluated using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ). RESULTS Poststress symptoms appeared in 2.9% of healthy controls, 20.0% of outpatients, and 34.7% of inpatients. Predictors were educational level, psychosocial stress, and perceived exhaustion. Poststress symptoms differed primarily between exhausted (75.0%) and nonexhausted patients (25.0%). CONCLUSION Poststress symptoms are rather common in clinical populations, and they are primarily associated with the degree of perceived exhaustion. Preliminary evidence suggests that poststress symptoms are possibly related to depletion of norepinephrine stores, which may facilitate a stratified preventive and therapeutic treatment of these subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Waeldin
- Department of Clinical and Physiological Psychology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
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99885
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Kahathuduwa CN, Boyd LA, Davis T, O'Boyle M, Binks M. Brain regions involved in ingestive behavior and related psychological constructs in people undergoing calorie restriction. Appetite 2016; 107:348-361. [PMID: 27565377 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.08.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human food intake is regulated by physiological energy homeostatic mechanisms and hedonic mechanisms. These are affected by both very short-term and longer-term calorie restriction (CR). To date, there are parallel discussions in the literature that fail to integrate across these disciplines and topics. First, much of the available neuroimaging research focusses on specific functional paradigms (e.g. reward, energy homeostasis). These paradigms often fail to consider more complex and inclusive models that examine how potential brain regions of interest interact to influence ingestion. Second, the paradigms used focus primarily on short-term CR (fasting) which has limited generalizability to clinical application. Finally, the behavioral literature, while frequently examining longer-term CR and related psychological constructs in the context of weight management (e.g. hedonic restraint, 'liking', 'wanting' and food craving), fails to adequately tie these phenomena to underlying neural mechanisms. The result is a less than complete picture of the brain's role in the complexity of the human experience of ingestion. This disconnect highlights a major limitation in the CR literature, where attempts are persistently made to exert behavioral control over ingestion, without fully understanding the complex bio behavioral systems involved. In this review we attempt to summarize all potential brain regions important for human ingestion, present a broad conceptual overview of the brain's multifaceted role in ingestive behavior, the human (psychological) experiences related to ingestion and to examine how these factors differ according to three forms of CR. These include short-term fasting, extended CR, and restrained eating. We aim to bring together the neuroimaging literature with the behavioral literature within a conceptual framework that may inform future translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanaka N Kahathuduwa
- Behavioral Medicine and Translational Research Lab, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Lori A Boyd
- Behavioral Medicine and Translational Research Lab, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Tyler Davis
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Michael O'Boyle
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University, Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Martin Binks
- Behavioral Medicine and Translational Research Lab, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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99886
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Abstract
All organisms must integrate cognition, emotion, and motivation to guide action toward valuable (goal) states, as described by active inference. Within this framework, cognition, emotion, and motivation interact through the (Bayesian) fusion of exteroceptive, proprioceptive, and interoceptive signals, the precision-weighting of prediction errors, and the "affective tuning" of neuronal representations. Crucially, misregulation of these processes may have profound psychopathological consequences.
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99887
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Perceptual learning effect on decision and confidence thresholds. Conscious Cogn 2016; 45:24-36. [PMID: 27552254 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Practice can enhance of perceptual sensitivity, a well-known phenomenon called perceptual learning. However, the effect of practice on subjective perception has received little attention. We approach this problem from a visual psychophysics and computational modeling perspective. In a sequence of visual search experiments, subjects significantly increased the ability to detect a "trained target". Before and after training, subjects performed two psychophysical protocols that parametrically vary the visibility of the "trained target": an attentional blink and a visual masking task. We found that confidence increased after learning only in the attentional blink task. Despite large differences in some observables and task settings, we identify common mechanisms for decision-making and confidence. Specifically, our behavioral results and computational model suggest that perceptual ability is independent of processing time, indicating that changes in early cortical representations are effective, and learning changes decision criteria to convey choice and confidence.
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99888
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Pilecki B, McKay D. Evidence-Based Therapies, Evidence-Based Practice, and the Intersection of Nomothetic and Idiographic Foundations of Psychotherapy Research and Application: A Reply to Shean. Psychodyn Psychiatry 2016; 44:25-38. [PMID: 26938798 DOI: 10.1521/pdps.2016.44.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This article is a commentary on "Psychotherapy Outcome Research: Issues and Questions" by Glenn Shean (this issue). While we agree with a couple of Shean's points, such as over-reliance on diagnoses and lack of attention to global measures of quality of life and functioning, there are several very substantive points of disagreement. We argue that evidence-based therapies and evidence-based practice occupy a central role in developing effective and non-harmful therapies. Shean conflates evidence-based therapies and evidence-based practice in a way that is not representative of how science is intended to advance everyday treatment delivery. We further contest Shean's notion that reliance on empirically based research is limiting to clinicians and instead argue that it offers a helpful and pragmatic starting point for clinical decision making with each unique patient. Further, evidence-based practice, in contrast to evidence-based therapies, represents the model ideal for service delivery, rather than a slavish adherence to protocols employed in randomized clinical trials. Finally, we argue that both nomothetic and idiographic approaches are valid and important in the ongoing advancement of modern psychotherapy, a position wholly consistent with the evidence-based practice movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Pilecki
- Rhode Island Hospital/Alpert Medical School of Brown University
| | - Dean McKay
- Rhode Island Hospital/Alpert Medical School of Brown University
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99889
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Mansell G, Hill JC, Main C, Vowles KE, van der Windt D. Exploring What Factors Mediate Treatment Effect: Example of the STarT Back Study High-Risk Intervention. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2016; 17:1237-1245. [PMID: 27565304 PMCID: PMC5123895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Interventions developed to improve disability outcomes for low back pain (LBP) often show only small effects. Mediation analysis was used to investigate what led to the effectiveness of the Stratified Targeted Treatment (STarT) Back trial, a large primary care-based trial that treated patients consulting with LBP according to their risk of a poor outcome. The high-risk subgroup, randomized to receive either psychologically-informed physiotherapy (n = 93) or current best care (n = 45), was investigated to explore pain-related distress and pain intensity as potential mediators of the relationship between treatment allocation and change in disability. Structural equation modeling was used to generate latent variables of pain-related distress and pain intensity from measures used to identify patients at high risk (fear-avoidance beliefs, depression, anxiety, and catastrophizing thoughts). Outcome was measured using the Roland–Morris Disability Questionnaire. Change in pain-related distress and pain intensity were found to have a significant mediating effect of .25 (standardized estimate, bootstrapped 95% confidence interval, .09–.39) on the relationship between treatment group allocation and change in disability outcome. This study adds to the evidence base of treatment mediation studies in pain research and the role of distress in influencing disability outcome in those with complex LBP. Perspective Mediation analysis using structural equation modeling found that change in pain-related distress and pain intensity mediated treatment effect in the STarT Back trial. This type of analysis can be used to gain further insight into how interventions work, and lead to the design of more effective interventions in future. Identifying how treatments work is important in making them more effective in the future. Changes in psychological distress and pain intensity are mediators of treatment effect. This study adds to the evidence base for the role of mediators in pain research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Mansell
- Research Institute for Primary Care and Health Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, United Kingdom.
| | - Jonathan C Hill
- Research Institute for Primary Care and Health Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Main
- Research Institute for Primary Care and Health Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin E Vowles
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Daniëlle van der Windt
- Research Institute for Primary Care and Health Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
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99890
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Obasi EM, Tackett JL, Shirtcliff EA, Cavanagh L. The Effects of Alcohol and Cigarette Consumption on Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in Rural African Americans. JOURNAL OF BLACK PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0095798416665742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Rurally situated African Americans suffer from stress and drug-related health disparities. Unfortunately, research on potential mechanisms that underlie this public health problem have received limited focus in the scientific literature. This study investigated the physiological impact of nicotine and alcohol use on dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) functioning, a biomarker previously linked to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal functioning. Method: A rural sample of African American emerging adults ( n = 84) completed a battery of assessments and provided six samples of salivary DHEA at wakeup, 30 minutes postwakeup, 90 minutes postwakeup, 3:00 p.m., 3:30 p.m., and 4:30 p.m. Results: Participants had more DHEA on waking as a function of smoking greater number of cigarettes throughout the day. Although this effect was not replicated with increased levels of alcohol consumption, the interaction between cigarette and alcohol use was associated with increased levels of DHEA on waking. Conclusion: While use of a single substance (i.e., cigarettes) was related to higher DHEA and greater hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activation, the addition of a second substance (i.e., alcohol) shifted the individual toward the hyperactive arousal profile common within chronically stressed or challenged populations. These findings support the need to further investigate the relationship between polysubstance use and physiological functioning that may be linked to known health disparities in the African American community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezemenari M. Obasi
- Hwemudua Addictions and Health Disparities Laboratory (HAHDL), University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Lucia Cavanagh
- Hwemudua Addictions and Health Disparities Laboratory (HAHDL), University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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99891
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Abstract
Common types of dementia occurring in old age are associated with the loss of cholinergic activity from basal forebrain neurons projecting to the cerebral cortex. In Alzheimer's disease this loss correlates with cognitive decline, and in dementia with Lewy bodies with neuropsychiatric features such a hallucinations. New therapies aimed at restoring the levels of acetylcholine, such as the cholinesterase inhibitors tacrine or donepezil, provide some symptomatic benefit and may also be protective. Similar symptomatic and protective effects of oestrogen may operate through stimulation of the affected cholinergic neurons. These neurons have oestrogen receptors and, in animal models, oestrogen elevates cortical cholinergic activity. Cholinergic control of vasodilation is also affected by oestrogen. Declining oestrogen in postmenopausal women is thus likely to contribute to age-related cognitive decline and increased risk of Alzheimer's via cholinergic mechanisms. In addition to accumulating evidence of the protective effect of oestrogen in Alzheimer's, there is already a report that oestrogen replacement therapy enhances the response of female patients to cholinergic medication (eg, tacrine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Perry
- MRC Neurochemical Pathology Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne
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99892
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Monzani L, Braun S, van Dick R. It takes two to tango: The interactive effect of authentic leadership and organizational identification on employee silence intentions. GERMAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PERSONALFORSCHUNG 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/2397002216649896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Organizational silence is a state of affairs in which employees refrain from voicing problematic issues at work. It often results from the dilemma between considering the short-term interests of the leader, who might perceive voicing problems as disloyal, and the long-term interests of the organization, which might suffer severe costs because of silence. In this article we propose a theoretical model that bridges authentic leadership and organizational identification to test their joint effect on organizational silence responses (exit, loyalty and neglect). Based on previous work, we hypothesized that authentic leadership is positively related to employees’ loyalty (a passive yet constructive response). However, in dilemmatic situations this effect should be buffered by a high organizational identification (as a result of conflicting loyalties). Similarly, in such situations, we predicted that the influence of authentic leadership on employees’ destructive responses may be counter-productive if not matched with a high organizational identification. We tested our proposed model with an online vignette study that involved 458 employees from German-speaking countries from diverse work sectors. We used a realistic scenario comprising a dilemmatic situation, in which a decision between voice and silence had to be made. Our results partially support the hypotheses. Implications for management and future research directions are discussed.
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99893
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Rasmussen KR, Alibhai A, Boon SD, Ellard JH. Trust as an Explanation for Relational Differences in Revenge. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2016.1215314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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99894
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Ouimet AJ, Bahl N, Radomsky AS. Thinking high but feeling low: An exploratory cluster analysis investigating how implicit and explicit spider fear co-vary. Cogn Emot 2016; 31:1333-1344. [PMID: 27552192 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2016.1223019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Research has demonstrated large differences in the degree to which direct and indirect measures predict each other and variables including behavioural approach and attentional bias. We investigated whether individual differences in the co-variance of "implicit" and "explicit" spider fear exist, and whether this covariation exerts an effect on spider fear-related outcomes. One hundred and thirty-two undergraduate students completed direct and indirect measures of spider fear/avoidance, self-report questionnaires of psychopathology, an attentional bias task, and a proxy Behavioural Approach Task. TwoStep cluster analysis using implicit and explicit spider fear as criterion variables resulted in three clusters: (1) low explicit/low implicit; (2) average explicit/high implicit; and (3) high explicit/low implicit. Clusters with higher explicit fear demonstrated greater disgust propensity and sensitivity and less willingness to approach a spider. No differences between clusters emerged on anticipatory approach anxiety or attentional bias. We discuss results in terms of dual-systems and cognitive-behavioural models of fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J Ouimet
- a Department of Psychology , Concordia University , Montreal , QC , Canada.,b School of Psychology , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , ON , Canada
| | - Nancy Bahl
- b School of Psychology , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , ON , Canada
| | - Adam S Radomsky
- a Department of Psychology , Concordia University , Montreal , QC , Canada
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99895
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Richland LE, Begolli KN, Simms N, Frausel RR, Lyons EA. Supporting Mathematical Discussions: the Roles of Comparison and Cognitive Load. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10648-016-9382-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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99896
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare vestibular functioning of children with comitant strabismus to normative data on this area of neural processing, and to determine whether or not there is a relationship between vestibular function and developmental delay in children with comitant strabismus. Results of the study revealed that all of the children with comitant strabismus demonstrated prolonged nystagmus when compared to normal children and that 64% of the strabismic children demonstrated developmental delay. Furthermore, the two areas of development in which strabismic children showed the most delay were fine motor adaptive and gross motor. Theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
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99897
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Ludyga S, Gerber M, Brand S, Holsboer-Trachsler E, Pühse U. Acute effects of moderate aerobic exercise on specific aspects of executive function in different age and fitness groups: A meta-analysis. Psychophysiology 2016; 53:1611-1626. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ludyga
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Sport Science Section; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Markus Gerber
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Sport Science Section; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Serge Brand
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Sport Science Section; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
- Psychiatric Clinics of the University of Basel, Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders; Basel Switzerland
| | - Edith Holsboer-Trachsler
- Psychiatric Clinics of the University of Basel, Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders; Basel Switzerland
| | - Uwe Pühse
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Sport Science Section; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
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99898
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Abstract
The target article is a timely exposition on the impact of how emotion and cognition interact, a specifically important issue in surprise research. Psychologists debate whether disconfirmed expectations or sense-making processes determine surprise levels experienced for an event. We posit that, in surprise, cognition and emotion are intertwined, making it an interesting test case for the proposals in this article.
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99899
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Abstract
In their target article, Kalisch and colleagues advocate a paradigm shift in research on stress-related mental disorders away from vulnerability factors and toward determinants of resilience. We endorse this shift but argue that their focus on "appraisal style" as the ultimate path to resilience may be too narrow. We illustrate this point by examining recent literature on the role of corticosteroids in resilience.
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99900
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The cognitive-emotional brain: Opportunities [corrected] and challenges for understanding neuropsychiatric disorders. Behav Brain Sci 2016; 38:e86. [PMID: 26786470 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x14001010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Many of the most common neuropsychiatric disorders are marked by prominent disturbances of cognition and emotion. Characterizing the complex neural circuitry underlying the interplay of cognition and emotion is critically important, not just for clarifying the nature of the mind, but also for discovering the root causes of a broad spectrum of debilitating neuropsychiatric disorders, including anxiety, schizophrenia, and chronic pain.
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