The biomedical application of inorganic metal nanoparticles in aging and aging-associated diseases

Aging and aging-associated diseases (AAD), including neurodegenerative disease, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes, are inevitable process. With the gradual improvement of life style, life expectancy is gradually extended. However, the extended lifespan has not reduced the incidence of disease, and most elderly people are in ill-health state in their later years. Hence, understanding aging and AAD are significant for reducing the burden of the elderly. Inorganic metal nanoparticles (IMNPs) predominantly include gold, silver, iron, zinc, titanium, thallium, platinum, cerium, copper NPs, which has been widely used to prevent and treat aging and AAD due to their superior properties (essential metal ions for human body, easily synthesis and modification, magnetism). Therefore, a systematic review of common morphological alternations of senescent cells, altered genes and signal pathways in aging and AAD, and biomedical applications of IMNPs in aging and AAD is crucial for the further research and development of IMNPs in aging and AAD. This review focus on the existing research on cellular senescence, aging and AAD, as well as the applications of IMNPs in aging and AAD in the past decade. This review aims to provide cutting-edge knowledge involved with aging and AAD, the application of IMNPs in aging and AAD to promote the biomedical application of IMNPs in aging and AAD.

Characterization of metabolite profiles in milk derived exosomes from indicus, crossbred and taurine cows by proton nuclear magnetic resonance analysis

This study presents metabolome profiling of milk-derived exosomes (MDE) from cows of different genetic origins that is Sahiwal (Bos indicus), Holstein Friesian (Bos taurus) and Karan Fries (crossbred: cross of Bos indicus and Bos taurus) using 1H NMR spectroscopy. Diverse arrays of 41 metabolites were identified in all MDE groups. Comparative profiling across the three MDE groups revealed 16 metabolites to be differentially abundant (p < 0.01; log 2(FC) > 1; VIP >1) and all of these were enriched in SW-MDE. On pairwise comparison, 19 metabolites showed differential abundance (p < 0.01) between SW-HF and 10 each in SW-KF and KF-HF MDE. All the metabolites except citrate and lactose exhibited abundance in SW-MDE followed by KF and HF-MDE. Most of the metabolites (alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine, O-acetyl carnitine and 3-hydroxybutyrate) enriched in SW-MDE have positive health attributes and are involved in key metabolic pathways associated with energy production, growth, intestinal proliferation, and immune regulation. The differential quantification highlighted the source specific metabolome of MDE and also the advantageous nutritional and therapeutic potential of indicus cow milk derived exosomes.

HDAC6 deacetylates ENKD1 to regulate mitotic spindle behavior and corneal epithelial homeostasis

Corneal diseases can cause severe visual impairment and even blindness, which have been linked to the interruption of corneal epithelial homeostasis. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. In this study, by comparing the transcriptomes of keratoconus, bacterial keratitis, viral keratitis, and healthy corneas, we found a steady upregulation of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) in corneal diseases. Consistently, a significant increase in HDAC6 was observed in mouse corneas with bacterial keratitis. Overexpression of HDAC6 in mice results in a significant thickening of the corneal epithelium. Mechanistic studies reveal that HDAC6 overexpression disrupts mitotic spindle orientation and positioning in corneal epithelial cells. Our data further show that HDAC6 deacetylates enkurin domain-containing protein 1 (ENKD1) at lysine 98 and thereby impedes its interaction with γ-tubulin, restraining the centrosomal localization of ENKD1 and its proper function in regulating mitotic spindle behavior. These findings uncover a pivotal role for HDAC6-mediated deacetylation of ENKD1 in the control of corneal epithelial homeostasis, providing potential therapeutic targets for treating corneal diseases.

The biological roles of exosome-encapsulated traditional Chinese medicine monomers in neuronal disorders

A traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) monomer is a bioactive compound extracted from Chinese herbal medicines possessing determined biological activity and pharmacological effects, and has gained much attention for treating neuronal diseases. However, the application of TCM monomers is limited by their low solubility and poor ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (EVs) ranging in size from 30 to 150 nm in diameter and can be used as drug delivery carriers that directly target cells or tissues with unique advantages, including low toxicity, low immunogenicity, high stability in blood, and the ability to cross the BBB. This review discusses the biogenesis, components, stability, surface modification, isolation technology, advantages, and disadvantages of exosomes as drug carriers and compares exosomes and other similar drug delivery systems. Furthermore, exosome-encapsulated TCM monomers exert neuroprotective roles, such as anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, anti-mitophagy, and anti-oxidation, in various neuronal diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and cerebral ischemia and reperfusion (CI/R) injury, as well as anti-drug resistance, anti-tumorigenesis, anti-angiogenesis, and promotion of apoptosis in brain tumors, providing more inspiration to promote the development of an exosome-based delivery tool in targeted therapy for neuronal diseases.

Lycium barbarum polysaccharide alleviates H2O2-induced premature senescence by downregulating miRNA-34a-5p in ARPE-19 cells

The premature senescence of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) plays a significant role in the development of age-related macular degeneration. This study aimed to investigate the potential protective effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) against H2O2-induced premature senescence and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. The ARPE-19 cell line was subjected to H2O2 exposure to create a model of premature senescence. The modulation of microRNA-34a-5p expression was accomplished using antagomir and agomir, as assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The senescence model was successfully established by treating cells with 200 μM H2O2 for 2 hours daily over a span of three consecutive days. This oxidative stress resulted in a notable increase in the proportion of senescence-associated beta-galactosidase-positive cells, reaching 33.5%, without significant alterations in cell viability or apoptosis. In the ARPE-19 cells undergoing premature senescence, there was a marked increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and malondialdehyde levels, coupled with a significant decrease in the activity of total superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase. Additionally, microRNA-34a-5p was found to be overexpressed in these cells. Treatment with LBP alleviated H2O2-induced premature senescence, diminished the overexpression of microRNA-34a-5p, and suppressed ROS production. Moreover, the incubation with ago-34a reversed the protective effect of LBP in ARPE-19 cells. In conclusion, the overexpression of microRNA-34a-5p contributes to the H2O2-induced premature senescence of ARPE-19 cells. LBP appears to mitigate this premature senescence, at least in part, by downregulating microRNA-34a-5p expression and reducing oxidative stress.

Association Between Inflammatory Cytokines and Refractive Errors: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study

Purpose

This investigation aimed to elucidate the causal role of inflammatory cytokines in the risk of developing refractive errors.

Methods

Genetic variants previously associated with inflammatory cytokines served as instrumental variables in genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of European ancestry. Bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were conducted using summary data from GWAS meta-analyses. Rigorous sensitivity analyses were performed to validate the reliability of the MR results.

Results

We found that, for every unit increase in interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RA) and interleukin 2 (IL2), there was a corresponding decrease in the prevalence of myopic refractive errors by 0.235 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.050-0.419 for fixed effects; 95% CI, 0.125-0.345 for random effects) and 0.132 (95% CI, 0.032-0.231 for fixed effects; 95% CI, 0.044-0.220 for random effects), respectively. No substantial causal associations were observed for IL1α, IL1β, IL12p70, or monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) with refractive errors. Conversely, reverse MR analyses failed to indicate a causal influence of refractive errors on IL1RA and IL2.

Conclusions

The present study offers evidence for a causal link between inflammatory cytokines and refractive errors, which could have significant implications for the early detection, surveillance, and management of refractive errors.

Translational Relevance

Our study underscores the importance of IL1RA and IL2 in the prevention and management of refractive errors, suggesting the feasibility of strategies for early identification, continuous surveillance, and the deployment of focused therapeutic approaches.

Clinical Progress in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy: A Focus on Rheumatic Diseases

BACKGROUND

Rheumatic diseases are chronic immune-mediated disorders affecting multiple organ systems and significantly impairing patients' quality of life. Current treatments primarily provide symptomatic relief without offering a cure. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a promising therapeutic option due to their ability to differentiate into various cell types and their immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and regenerative properties. This review aims to summarize the clinical progress of MSC therapy in rheumatic diseases, highlight key findings from preclinical and clinical studies, and discuss challenges and future directions.

METHODOLOGY

A comprehensive review of preclinical and clinical studies on MSC therapy in rheumatic diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, Sjögren's syndrome, Crohn's disease, fibromyalgia, systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, and polymyositis, was conducted. Emerging strategies to enhance MSC efficacy and overcome current limitations were also analyzed.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Evidence from preclinical and clinical studies suggests that MSC therapy can reduce inflammation, modulate immune responses, and promote tissue repair in various rheumatic diseases. Clinical trials have demonstrated potential benefits, including symptom relief and disease progression delay. However, challenges such as variability in treatment response, optimal cell source and dosing, long-term safety concerns, and regulatory hurdles remain significant barriers to clinical translation. Standardized protocols and further research are required to optimize MSC application.

CONCLUSION

MSC therapy holds promise for managing rheumatic diseases, offering potential disease-modifying effects beyond conventional treatments. However, large-scale, well-controlled clinical trials are essential to establish efficacy, safety, and long-term therapeutic potential. Addressing current limitations through optimized treatment protocols and regulatory frameworks will be key to its successful integration into clinical practice.

Peptide-based hydrogel co-assembled with antibody-drug for enhanced retinal cell uptake and attenuated experimental autoimmune uveitis

Effective treatment of chronic posterior ocular diseases such as uveitis, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration requires improvements in targeted drug delivery strategies. This study introduces a novel injectable drug delivery system co-assembled with a peptide-based hydrogel and secukinumab (SEK), an IL-17A neutralising monoclonal antibody, targeting retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) cells. Compared to a SEK solution, the SEK loaded hydrogel significantly enhanced the protein uptake (3.7 times higher) by RPE cells in an inflammatory state after 24 hours of treatment and increased the drug concentration in retinal tissues during 20 days of treatment. A single intravitreal injection of the SEK loaded hydrogel effectively suppressed inflammation in a uveitis model. It also reduced the immunoreactivity of microglia and T helper 17 cells, preserved the integrity of the blood-retina barrier, mitigated retinal cell apoptosis, and facilitated the recovery of the retinal function. This delivery system comprising an antibody-drug co-assembled with a peptide-based hydrogel shows promising potential for targeting the retina and treating complex chronic posterior ocular diseases.

Advances in technical methods and applications of subretinal injections in experimental animals

The subretinal injection technique is an important intraocular drug delivery modality that allows access to the subretinal space to directly act on target cells or the administration of medications, markedly improving the therapeutic efficacy of ocular diseases. Subretinal injection in experimental animals is a commonly used manipulation method for investigating vitreoretinal diseases, particularly when gene therapy and cell therapy studies are involved. In this study, we conducted a systematic review on the injection methods, operation sites, post-injection indicators, as well as the progress and significance of subretinal injection in experimental animals, discussed and compared the advantages and disadvantages of the subretinal injection technique, summarized its specific application of subretinal injection in experimental animals, and explored the development and application of this new technology of subretinal injection, hoping to offer insights that may facilitate the further development of this technology.

A retrospective study of posterior vitreous detachment in patients with non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy referred to Rasoul Akram hospital in 2022-2023

INTRODUCTION

Previous studies have provided evidence that non-arterial ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), vitreous traction, and posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) may be related; However, a detailed description of the predictive features of PVD in these patients has been provided in a few studies so far. By conducting this study, we decided to take a positive step in clarifying the pathophysiology of the relationship between the two disorders and increasing the patient's quality of life through early detection.

METHODS

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, after obtaining the necessary permits from the Ethics Committee of Iran University of Medical Sciences, the information in the clinical records of patients with ischemic optic neuropathy referred to Rasoul Akram Hospital from March 2022 to December 2023 was analyzed. Exclusion criteria included having diabetes, intraocular bleeding, intraocular inflammation, and a history of eye trauma or surgery. Moreover, patient information including age, gender, presence of papillary edema, optic atrophy, intracranial pressure (ICP) rise, and presence of PVD was extracted from the file. At the end, the data collected from the patients was entered into the statistical software SPSS version 26 and employed Chi-square tests for analysis.

RESULTS

PVD was seen in 18 patients (18.9%) out of 95 patients evaluated. A statistically significant relationship was seen only between the age group of patients with the presence of PVD (P = 0.028); In this way, with increasing age, the percentage of PVD from 0.0% in the age group below 18 years, to 7.1% in the age group 18-38 years, to 26.2% in the age group 38-58 years and to 7. 35% was significantly increased in the age group of 58 years respectively. Meanwhile, no statistically significant relationship was found between other variables including gender, the presence of papillary edema, optic atrophy, and ICP rise with the presence of PVD (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

In patients with optic nerve ischemic neuropathy, the incidence of PVD increases significantly with age. Therefore, to find a causal relationship between PVD and optic nerve ischemic neuropathy, an age-related factor should be sought. Hence, future research should be designed and implemented to compare the mechanism of PVD and non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) at the same time in different age groups.

HMGB1 Regulates Adipocyte Lipolysis via Caveolin-1 Signaling: Implications for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases

High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear protein that can be secreted or released into the extracellular environment during cellular stress, functioning as a damage-associated molecular pattern molecule. This study investigates the role of HMGB1 in adipocyte development and metabolism, explicitly examining its interaction with β3-adrenergic receptor-mediated lipolysis and caveolin-1 (CAV1) regulation, which may influence cardiovascular risk factors. Using 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and mouse embryonic fibroblasts, we demonstrated that HMGB1 expression increases progressively during adipogenesis, reaching peak levels in mature adipocytes. While exogenous HMGB1 treatment did not affect preadipocyte proliferation or differentiation, it inhibited lipolysis in mature adipocytes. Mechanistically, HMGB1 suppressed β3-adrenergic receptor agonist CL-316,243-induced hormone-sensitive lipase activation by reducing protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation and attenuating extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling without affecting upstream cyclic AMP levels. We discovered a novel regulatory mechanism wherein CAV1 physically interacts with HMGB1 in mature adipocytes, with c-Src-dependent CAV1 phosphorylation functioning as a negative regulator of HMGB1 secretion. This finding was confirmed in CAV1-deficient models, which displayed increased HMGB1 secretion and diminished lipolytic activity both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, administering HMGB1-neutralizing antibodies to wild-type mice enhanced fasting-induced lipolysis, establishing circulating HMGB1 as a crucial antilipolytic factor. These findings reveal HMGB1's previously uncharacterized role in adipose tissue metabolism as a negative regulator of lipolysis through CAV1-dependent mechanisms. This work provides new insights into adipose tissue metabolism regulation and identifies potential therapeutic targets for obesity-related metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases.

Progress of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in targeted delivery of antitumor drugs

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are currently being used in clinical trials for the treatment of a wide range of diseases and have a wide range of applications in the fields of tissue engineering and regeneration. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles containing a variety of components such as proteins, nucleic acids and lipids, which are widely present in biological fluids and have the functions of participating in intercellular information transfer, immune response and tissue repair, and can also be used as carriers to target and deliver tumors to improve therapeutic effects. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived Exosomes (MSC-Exos), which have the advantages of low immunogenicity and high tumor homing ability, have attracted much attention in targeted drug delivery. Here, we review the current knowledge on the involvement of MSC-Exos in tumor progression and their potential as drug delivery systems in targeted therapies. It also discusses the advantages and prospects of MSC-Exos as a drug carrier and the challenges that still need to be overcome.

Current state of heart failure treatment: are mesenchymal stem cells and their exosomes a future therapy?

Heart failure (HF) represents the terminal stage of cardiovascular disease and remains a leading cause of mortality. Epidemiological studies indicate a high prevalence and mortality rate of HF globally. Current treatment options primarily include pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches. With the development of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation technology, increasing research has shown that stem cell therapy and exosomes derived from these cells hold promise for repairing damaged myocardium and improving cardiac function, becoming a hot topic in clinical treatment for HF. However, this approach also presents certain limitations. This review summarizes the mechanisms of HF, current treatment strategies, and the latest progress in the application of MSCs and their exosomes in HF therapy.

Immunological Safety Evaluation of Exosomes Derived From Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Mice

Mounting evidence indicates that exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hucMSCs-exosomes) combine the advantages of hucMSC pluripotency with their nanoscale dimensions, enhancing their clinical potential through prolonged circulation half-life. Despite these promising characteristics, research on their immunological toxicity remains insufficient. This study focuses on the impact of hucMSC-exosomes on the general toxicity and immunopathological indicators. When mice received tail vein injections of 6 × 1010 hucMSC-exosomes particles, we observed no significant changes in body weight, feed intake, blood composition, organ indices, or histopathological findings throughout the 14 days observation period. Similarly, blood levels of immunoglobulins, cytokines, and lymphocyte subpopulations remained stable. The hucMSC-exosomes produced no detectable negative effects on immune organs including the thymus, spleen, and bone marrow. These findings indicate that intravenous administration of 6 × 1010 particles of hucMSC-exosomes appears relatively safe at the murine level. This assessment of safety and immunological impact following intravenous hucMSC-exosomes infusion offers experimental support for potential clinical applications and future analyses in this field.

Rekindling Vision: Innovative Strategies for Treating Retinal Degeneration

Retinal degeneration, characterized by the progressive loss of photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium cells, and/or ganglion cells, is a leading cause of vision impairment. These diseases are generally classified as inherited (e.g., retinitis pigmentosa, Stargardt disease) or acquired (e.g., age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma) ocular disorders that can lead to blindness. Available treatment options focus on managing symptoms or slowing disease progression and do not address the underlying causes of these diseases. However, recent advancements in regenerative medicine offer alternative solutions for repairing or protecting degenerated retinal tissue. Stem and progenitor cell therapies have shown great potential to differentiate into various retinal cell types and can be combined with gene editing, extracellular vesicles and exosomes, and bioactive molecules to modulate degenerative cellular pathways. Additionally, gene therapy and neuroprotective molecules play a crucial role in enhancing the efficacy of regenerative approaches. These innovative strategies hold the potential to halt the progression of retinal degenerative disorders, repair or replace damaged cells, and improve visual function, ultimately leading to a better quality of life for those affected.

Stage-dependent proteomic alterations in aqueous humor of diabetic retinopathy patients based on data-independent acquisition and parallel reaction monitoring

BACKGROUND

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), represents the predominant cause of preventable vision loss in working-age populations globally. While the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying DR progression remain incompletely understood, our study employs comprehensive proteomic profiling of aqueous humor (AH) to identify stage-specific biomarkers and therapeutic targets in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients across DR progression.

METHODS

Utilizing data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry, we quantified AH proteomes in a discovery cohort comprising 24 subjects: 18 T2DM patients stratified by DR severity [6 non-DR, 6 non-proliferative DR (NPDR), 6 proliferative DR (PDR)] and 6 cataract controls without diabetes (non-DM). Validation cohort analysis (including 10 AH samples in each group) was performed using parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) strategy for verification of target proteins. Comprehensive bioinformatics analyses included gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, and ConnectivityMap (Cmap)-based drug prediction.

RESULTS

Proteomic profiling identified 739 quantifiable AH proteins (62% extracellular) with clear separation among the four clinical stages in the discovery cohort. GSEA uncovered altered expression of proteins mainly related to complement and coagulation cascades, folate metabolism, and the selenium micronutrient network in patients with DR. WGCNA-derived protein modules yielded 83 PRM-validated targets, including 5 hub proteins differentiating NPDR from non-DR and 33 hub proteins showed significant upregulation in PDR versus NPDR comparison. Clinical correlation analysis identified F2, FGG, FGB, RBP4, AMBP, VTN, C8A, CPB2, and C2 associated with clinical traits. C6, FAM3C, SPP1, and JCHAIN levels were altered post-anti-VEGF treatment. Pharmacological prediction identified potential therapeutic compounds, including perindopril, triciribine, and XAV-939 for NPDR, and topiramate, triciribine, and vecuronium for PDR.

CONCLUSION

This study established a comprehensive AH proteomic signature of DR progression, offering insights into the pathogenesis of DR and highlighting potential biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets.

Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Niemann-Pick Disease

Niemann-Pick disease (NPD) is a rare autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease characterized by hepatosplenomegaly, neuropathy, and a significantly shortened lifespan. Lipid metabolism disorder is the main pathological feature of NPD. Currently, the exact pathogenesis of NPD remains unclear, and drug therapy is largely palliative, focusing on symptom management, but it has side effects. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess several advantageous properties, including their differentiation potential, wide availability, low immunogenicity, and the ability to secrete regulatory factors, which have led to their extensive application in basic research targeting neurodegenerative diseases. Studies have demonstrated that transplantation of MSCs from different sources into animal models of NPD can delay the loss of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, reduce lipid deposition, improve motor coordination, slow the rate of weight loss, and extend lifespan. This review explores the therapeutic potential of MSCs in the treatment of NPD, highlighting their emerging role in addressing this challenging condition.

B-cell depletion therapy reduces retinal inflammation in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis

OBJECTIVE

Non-infectious uveitis (NIU) is recognized as a group of autoimmune sight-threatening disorders with complex pathogenesis. This study aims to analyze the pathogenic role of B cells in NIU and evaluate the effectiveness of B cell depletion therapy in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) mice.

METHODS

We performed high throughput transcriptome sequence on peripheral blood samples from healthy individuals (n = 6) and NIU patients (n = 12), and reanalyzed single-cell RNA transcriptome data of aqueous humor in NIU patients (n = 5). Female C57BL/6 J mice were induced the EAU model through immunization with the IRBP651-670 peptide. B cell depletion was performed via intravitreal injection of anti-CD20 antibody on day 7 and mice were executed on day 14 following antigen administration. Clinical symptoms were assessed by fundus photography and fundus fluorescein angiography. Pathological sections were analyzed using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Serum immunoglobulins and inflammatory factors were detected by ELISA.

RESULTS

Transcriptome sequencing and single-cell RNA analysis revealed strong B cell immune responses in both peripheral blood and aqueous humor of NIU patients. Intravitreal injection of anti-CD20 antibody partially reduces B cell numbers, suppresses T cell proliferation in CLNs, and decreases serum IgG and inflammatory cytokines level, which collectively alleviate clinical symptoms and mitigate retinal inflammation. Significant differences in BCR sequences were observed between the NIU groups and healthy controls.

CONCLUSION

B-cell depletion therapy may offer a novel strategy for the treatment of NIU and identifying specific BCR sequences provides a potential target for both therapeutic intervention and disease monitoring.

Use of a transgenic mouse model for in vivo monitoring of corneal pathologies following Sulfur Mustard Exposure

PURPOSE

The dynamic course of sulfur mustard (SM)-induced ocular insult involves an acute phase, which may progress to a chronic phase or a quiescent period, followed by late pathology. Visualizing pathological corneal changes in vivo could enhance understanding of this process and aid treatment development.

METHODS

SM burn was induced in the right eyes of three transgenic mouse strains-expressing RFP under the VE-Cadherin promoter (blood vessels and hematopoietic cells), GFP under the keratin 15 promoter (limbal stem cells), and YFP under the Thy-1 promoter (mid-stromal nerve fibers, MSNFs)-by vapor exposure. Cell infiltration, neovascularization (NV), innervation loss, and stem cell (SC) depletion were monitored in vivo by stereomicroscopy for up to 8 weeks. Corneal whole-mounts were used to assess 360° structures, infiltrating cells, and subbasal nerve plexus (SNP) loss. Histology included H&E, Masson-Trichrome, and periodic acid-Schiff staining.

RESULTS

A 35-s exposure caused minor ocular insult with moderate SNP changes, corneal cell infiltration, and reversible SC loss, mostly resolving by 4 weeks. A 120-s exposure caused severe insult with NV, extensive MSNF and SNP loss, marked CD45+ and Iba1+ infiltration, and irreversible SC depletion. NV, stromal inflammation, edema, epithelial changes, and goblet cells were seen in histology and correlated with fluorescence imaging.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrates the utility of transgenic mice as powerful models for studying SM-induced ocular injury and for developing novel therapeutic strategies.

Racial disparities in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy treated with pars plana vitrectomy in an underserved population

BACKGROUND

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is a serious microvascular complication of diabetes that can lead to irreversible vision loss. Prior research studies have documented how racial minorities with PDR experience less routine screening, less frequent treatment, and more complications. Although pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) is a widely used treatment modality for PDR, minimal research is currently available addressing how race impacts surgical presentation and outcomes.

METHODS

This study is a retrospective case series involving a sample of patients who underwent PPV for PDR at a county hospital between January 1, 2014, and December 30, 2019. Patients were included if they had a follow-up period of at least six months. The data collection included demographic data, medical history, surgical indications, operative outcomes, and complications. Snellen best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was converted to logMAR for data analysis. Statistical analysis included chi-square testing, analysis of variance, generalized linear modeling, and multivariate analysis.

RESULTS

The study cohort consisted of 715 patients (915 eyes) receiving PPV for the treatment of PDR. In the patient cohort, 576 patients were Hispanic (80.6%), 103 patients were Black (14.4%), and 36 patients were Non-Hispanic White (5.0%). The majority of the patient cohort (75%) received charity insurance. Black patients had significantly higher pre-operative HbA1c levels than Hispanic patients (8.779 vs. 8.271, p = 0.011). Black patients were more likely to undergo surgery for a TRD than Hispanic patients (OR: 0.901, p < 0.001) and White patients (OR: 0.870, p < 0.001) and were more likely to have macula-involving TRDs compared to Hispanic patients (OR: 1.194, p < 0.001) and White patients (OR: 1.289, p = 0.005). Based on the multivariate analysis performed, race did not impact surgical outcomes, including post-operative visual acuity, anatomic success rate, and the need for a repeat surgery.

CONCLUSIONS

The main findings of this study indicate that Black patients are receiving surgery when they have more advanced diabetic retinopathy. However, there were no significant differences in surgical outcomes.

Proteomic Profiles of Neutrophils from Behcet's Uveitis Patients and their Sex Differences

Behcet's uveitis (BU) is one of the most vision-threatening uveitis entities with male-biased incidence and severity. Neutrophil dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of this disease. However, their proteomic changes are not completely understood. We performed proteomic analysis on peripheral neutrophils from patients with active BU and identified 82 up-regulated and 516 down-regulated differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) compared to healthy controls (HCs). We further performed functional analysis on these DEPs and found that the pathway involved in neutrophil extracellular trap formation was activated, whereas nucleotide metabolism and apoptosis were suppressed. Compared with female patients, male patients presented enhanced pathways associated neutrophil-mediated inflammatory responses and suppressed apoptosis. Additionally, integrative analysis of proteomic profiles and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data revealed that these sex differences might be related to the enhanced inflammatory response in primed inflammatory and inflammatory neutrophils as well as deficiencies in apoptosis and nucleotide metabolism in ROS-responsive neutrophils. Collectively, our data revealed the proteomic profiles of neutrophils from patients with BU, and their functional changes may play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of this disease and its sex differences.

Proteomic signatures of retinal pigment epithelium-derived exosomes in myopic and non-myopic tree shrew eyes

Purpose

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) transmits growth signals from the neural retina to the choroid in the emmetropization pathway, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we compared the proteomic profiles of RPE-derived exosomes between myopic and non-myopic eyes of tree shrews, dichromatic mammals closely related to primates.

Methods

Four myopic (159-210 days of visual experience, DVE) and seven non-myopic eyes (156-210 DVE) of tree shrews were included. Non-cycloplegic refractive error was measured with Nidek autorefractor, and axial ocular component dimensions were recorded with LenStar. Tissue was collected, yielding RPE-lined eyecups, which were subsequently incubated in L-15 culture media for 2 h. The RPE-derived exosomes were then enriched and purified from the incubation media by double ultracentrifugation and characterized by imaging and molecular methods. Exosomal proteins were identified and quantified with mass spectrometry, examined using GO and KEGG analyses, and compared between myopic and non-myopic samples.

Results

Out of 506 RPE exosomal proteins identified, 48 and 41 were unique to the myopic and non-myopic samples, respectively. There were 286 differentially expressed proteins in the myopic samples, including 79 upregulated and 70 downregulated. The top three upregulated proteins were Histone H4 (Fold Change, FC = 3.04, p = 0.09), PTB 1 (FC = 2.59, p = 0.08) and Histone H3.1 (FC = 2.59, p = 0.13), while the top three downregulated proteins were RPS5 (FC = -2.41, p=0.004), ACOT7 (FC=-2.15, p = 0.04) and CRYBB2 (FC = -2.14, p = 0.05). Other differentially expressed proteins included LUM, VCL, SEPTIN11, GPX3, SPTBN1, SEPTIN7, RPL10A, KCTD12, FGG, and FMOD. Proteomic analysis revealed a low abundance of ATP6V1B2 and crystallin beta B2, and a significant depletion of the crystallin protein family (crystallin A2, A3, and B3 subunits) in the myopic samples. The enrichment analyses showed extracellular matrix, cytoskeletal dynamic, and cell-matrix adhesion as the primary components associated with the RPE exosomal proteins in myopic eyes.

Conclusion

Using standard molecular and imaging techniques, this study provides the first demonstration of the ex-vivo RPE exosome biogenesis from tree shrew eyes. The results showed distinct differential expressions of the RPE exosomal proteins between the myopic and non-myopic eyes, with several proteins unique to each group. Future targeted proteomic studies of identified candidate exosomal protein signatures could elucidate the molecular mechanism of RPE exosome-mediated growth signal transmission in the emmetropization pathway.

Identifying TNFSF4low-MSCs superiorly treating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis through Tregs differentiation modulation

BACKGROUND

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive lung disorder, presenting clinically with symptoms such as shortness of breath and hypoxemia. Despite its severe prognosis and limited treatment options, the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis remains poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stromal cells in treating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, focusing on their ability to modulate regulatory T cells through the low tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 4 (TNFSF4) pathway. The goal is to identify mesenchymal stromal cells subtypes with optimal immunomodulatory effects to enhance regulatory T cells functions and ameliorate fibrosis.

METHODS

We identified the immune characteristics of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis by mining and analyzing multiple public datasets and detecting regulatory T cells in the blood and lung tissues of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients. An extensive examination followed, including assessing the impact of mesenchymal stromal cells on regulatory T cells proportions in peripheral blood and lung tissue, and exploring the specific role of TNFSF4 expression in regulatory T cells modulation. Whole-genome sequencing and cluster analysis were used to identify mesenchymal stromal cells subtypes with low TNFSF4 expression.

RESULTS

Mesenchymal stromal cells characterized by TNFSF4 expression (TNFSF4low-MSCs) demonstrated enhanced ability to regulate regulatory T cells subpopulations and exhibited pronounced anti-fibrotic effects in the bleomycin-induced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis mouse model. These mesenchymal stromal cells increased regulatory T cells proportions, reduced lung fibrosis, and improved survival rates. TNFSF4-tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 4 (TNFRSF4) signaling was identified as a critical pathway influencing regulatory T cells generation and function.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings underscore the pivotal role of TNFSF4 in mesenchymal stromal cells mediated regulatory T cells modulation and highlight the therapeutic potential of selecting mesenchymal stromal cells subtypes based on their TNFSF4 expression for treating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. This approach may offer a novel avenue for the development of targeted therapies aimed at modulating immune responses and ameliorating fibrosis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Our study involved collecting 10 mL of peripheral blood from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients, and the Medical Ethics Committee of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital approved our study protocol with the approval number 2023-675-01.

Identification of unique biomarkers for proliferative diabetic retinopathy with tractional retinal detachment by proteomics profiling of vitreous humor

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the major complications of diabetes, resulting in severe vision loss. Traction retinal detachment (TRD) is the main factor affecting the effect of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) surgery. Liquid Chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was adopted to analyze the proteomes of the vitreous in the TRD, vitreous hemorrhage (VH) and macular hole (MH) groups. By employing bioinformatics tools for GO and KEGG pathway annotation, as well as conducting protein-protein interaction(PPI) network analysis, we investigated the functional enrichment of proteins in the TRD vitreous and their associated pathways. Additionally, peptide center analysis was performed on the proteomic data to identify key differentially expressed proteins based on screening results. Bioinformatics analysis showed that DEPs is mainly enriched in the complement, the coagulation cascade systems and regulation of actin cytoskeleton. The protein interaction network analysis showed that the central proteins were mainly related to sphingolipid metabolism. APOA4, CHI3L1, LTBP2 were significantly up-regulated in TRD, which were related to the complement system, coagulation cascade and platelet activation, sphingolipid metabolism and other pathways. APOA4 and CHI3L1 protein in patients with TRD group raised significantly in the vitreous humor, shows the potential biomarkers for TRD.

Spatial transcriptomics reveals regionally altered gene expression that drives retinal degeneration

Photoreceptor cell death is a hallmark of age-related macular degeneration. Environmental, lifestyle and genetic risk factors are known contributors to disease progression, whilst at the molecular level, oxidative stress and inflammation are central pathogenetic drivers. However, the spatial and cellular origins of these molecular mechanisms remain unclear. We used spatial transcriptomics to investigate the spatio-temporal gene expression changes in the adult mouse retina in response to photo-oxidative stress. We identify regionally distinct transcriptomes, with higher expression of immunity related genes in the superior retina. Exposure to stress induced expression of genes involved in inflammatory processes, innate immune responses, and cytokine production in a highly localised manner. A distinct region ~800 µm superior from the optic nerve head seems a key driver of these molecular changes. Further, we show highly localised early molecular changes in the superior mouse retina during retinal stress and identify novel genes drivers. We provide evidence of angiogenic changes in response to photo-oxidative stress and suggest additional angiogenic signalling pathways within the retina including VEGF, pleiotrophin and midkine. These new insights into retinal angiogenesis pave the way to identify novel drivers of retinal neovascularisation with an opportunity for therapeutic development.

Novel Therapeutic Approaches for Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy and Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Retina, a light-sensitive layer of tissue of the eye, requires high levels of oxygen for its physiology. Retinal ischemia occurs due to inadequate supply of blood to the retina and choroid. Retinal ischemia is implicated in the development or progression of many ocular diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). To date, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment has been widely used to manage neovascular diseases associated with retinal ischemia. Nonetheless, a substantial number of patients with DR or AMD still suffer from incomplete response and adverse effects related to its therapy with limitations. Therefore, research scientists have been developing and finding novel treatments to protect against or prevent vision loss in those diseases. In this review article, we summarize the recent novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of ischemic retinopathy (e.g., cell therapy, advanced molecular targeting, or drug delivery). This summary enables further research to obtain more solid evidence of novel effective drug development in retinal ischemic diseases.

Proteomic Analysis of Retinas in a Rat Model of High-Fat Diet-Induced Type 2 Diabetes: Implications of Interventional Targets for Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

Purpose

This study aimed to establish a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and employed tandem mass tag (TMT) proteomics to search for novel interventional targets for nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR).

Patients and Methods

Six-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a T2DM group fed a HFD and a normal group (NOR group) fed normal chow. After 6 w, the T2DM group was confirmed to have impaired glucose tolerance and was intraperitoneally injected with a single small dose of streptozotocin (STZ, 30 mg/kg), and blood glucose levels were monitored. The HFD was maintained for another 6 w, and an Evans blue assay and a dark-adapted electroretinogram (ERG) were conducted. Rat retinas were collected for morphology analysis, TMT proteomics analysis, and Western blotting. The expression patterns of selected differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were validated in rat retinas via Western blotting and in aqueous humor from NPDR patients via slot blotting.

Results

After the 12-w HFD and STZ injection, the rats presented typical symptoms of T2DM. The retinas of T2DM rats presented pathological features of NPDR, including compromised scotopic ERGs, thinning of retinal layers, increased apoptosis and vascular leakage in the retina. Proteomic analysis identified DEPs and revealed profound dyslipidemia in T2DM rat retinas. The significant upregulation of the FABP3, TINAGL1, and COL4A3 proteins was validated in the retinas of the rats by Western blotting and in the aqueous humor of the NPDR patients by slot blotting.

Conclusion

In a rat model of HFD-induced T2DM that is consistent with the natural history and pathological features of NPDR, proteomics and bioinformatics analyses identified FABP3, TINAGL1, and COL4A3 as the 3 key upregulated proteins in retinas for the first time. These findings are supported by technical and clinical validations and provide novel targets for NPDR intervention.

Natural small molecules regulating the mitophagy pathway counteract the pathogenesis of diabetes and chronic complications

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder marked by sustained hyperglycemia. These disturbances contribute to extensive damage across various tissues and organs, giving rise to severe complications such as vision loss, kidney failure, amputations, and higher morbidity and mortality rates. Furthermore, DM imposes a substantial economic and emotional burden on patients, families, and healthcare systems. Mitophagy, a selective process that targets the clearance of damaged or dysfunctional mitochondria, is pivotal for sustaining cellular homeostasis through mitochondrial turnover and recycling. Emerging evidence indicates that dysfunctional mitophagy acts as a key pathogenic driver in the pathogenesis of DM and its associated complications. Natural small molecules are particularly attractive in this regard, offering advantages such as low toxicity, favorable pharmacokinetic profiles, excellent biocompatibility, and a broad range of biochemical activities. This review systematically evaluates the mechanistic roles of natural small molecules-including ginsenosides, resveratrol, and berberine-in enhancing mitophagy and restoring mitochondrial homeostasis via activation of core signaling pathways (e.g., PINK1/Parkin, BNIP3/NIX, and FUNDC1). These pathways collectively ameliorate pathological hallmarks of DM, such as oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and insulin resistance. Furthermore, the integration of nanotechnology with these compounds optimizes their bioavailability and tissue-specific targeting, thereby establishing a transformative therapeutic platform for DM management. Current evidence demonstrates that mitophagy modulation by natural small molecules not only offers novel therapeutic strategies for DM and its chronic complications but also advances the mechanistic foundation for future drug development targeting metabolic disorders.

Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome ameliorate doxorubicin-induced senescence

BACKGROUND

Cellular senescence refers to a condition where cells permanently cease division while maintaining metabolic activity. Doxorubicin (Dox) is known as an agent of induction of cellular senescence. This study aimed to explore the potential role of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (hucMSC-Exo) in mitigating Dox induced senescent.

METHOD

NIH3T3 cells were treated by various concentrations of Dox with or without hucMSC-Exo, cell morphology, viability, migration, senescence-associated SA-β-Gal staining were monitored. Cellular senescence was induced in C57BL/6J mice via administration of 5 mg/kg Doxorubicin, followed by treatment with hucMSC-Exo or metformin. Assessments included body weight, liver and kidney weight, colon length, SA-β-Gal staining of kidney and skin, molecular biomarkers of aging such as p16INK4A, p53, and p21Waf1/Clip1 to evaluate senescence status.

RESULT

We found that after the treatment of exosomes or metformin improved several aging-related phenotypes in both mouse and cellular models, including increases in body weight, liver and kidney weights, and the reduction of SA-β-Gal positive cells in kidney and skin tissues as well as cell models. At the molecular level, hucMSC-Exo resulted in the downregulation of inflammatory factors and senescence markers in liver and kidney tissues as well as cell models.

CONCLUSION

Our study demonstrates hucMSC-Exo may ameliorate Dox induced senescence either in NIH3T3 cells or in mice.

Dual regulation of Atf3 and Lonp1 as therapeutic targets in cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury

BACKGROUND

Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) leads to cognitive dysfunction, neuronal death, and inflammation. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying CIRI is crucial for developing effective therapeutic strategies.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to investigate the roles of activating transcription factor 3 (Atf3) and lon protease homolog 1 (Lonp1) in CIRI, particularly focusing on how Atf3 regulates Lonp1 expression and its effects on mitochondrial function.

METHODS

Single-cell transcriptomics and proteomic analyses were employed to explore Atf3's influence on Lonp1 and its subsequent impact on neuronal survival and apoptosis.

RESULTS

The findings indicate that Atf3 plays a crucial role in modulating Lonp1 expression, which in turn affects mitochondrial function, neuronal survival, and apoptotic pathways.

CONCLUSION

This study provides new insights into the regulatory mechanisms of Atf3 and Lonp1 in CIRI, identifying potential therapeutic targets for managing ischemic brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases.

The influence of cell source on the senescence of human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells

While mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) exhibit the ability to self-renew, they are not immortal; they eventually reach a point of irreversible growth cessation and functional deterioration following a limited series of population doublings, referred to as replicative senescence. When evaluated according to the criteria set by the International Society for Cell Therapy (ISCT), MSCs show significant differences in their senescence patterns and other characteristics related to their phenotype and function. These differences are attributed to the source of the MSCs and the conditions in which they are grown. MSCs derived from fetal or adult sources have variations in their genome stability, as well as in the expression and epigenetic profile of the cells, which in turn affects their secretome. Understanding the key factors of MSC senescence based on cell source can help to develop effective strategies for regulating senescence and improving the therapeutic potential.

Assessment of the toxic effect of benzalkonium chloride on human limbal stem cells

Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) is the most commonly used preservative in eye drops. Unfortunately, it is potentially toxic and considered a leading cause of iatrogenic dry eye disease (DED) associated with local damage to the corneal epithelium. Corneal epithelium can be reconstituted thanks to the ability of limbal epithelial stem cells (LESCs) to self-renew, migrate, and differentiate, and can potentially be damaged by BAC. The aim of this study was to characterize the phenotype of human limbal stem cells (LSCs) isolated from the whole corneoscleral rims, and treated with BAC in vitro. The BAC dose was determined based on LSC viability assessment (MTT assay). The 48-h incubation period of LSCs with BAC was chosen to simulate long-term exposure of cells to preservative-containing eye drops. The cells were characterized by specific marker immunofluorescence staining; expression of genes related to proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammation (RT-qPCR); colony-forming ability and wound healing (scratch assay). Cell cycle stages were identified by flow cytometry. A BAC concentration of 0.0002% in the culture medium was chosen as an effective dose to inhibit LSC proliferation and migration and stimulate the expression of genes related to cell cycle, apoptosis, and inflammation. LSCs lose their clonogenic potential under the influence of BAC. It was concluded that benzalkonium chloride can develop toxic activity against limbal stem cells, limiting their regenerative potential.

Lipid metabolism analysis reveals that DGAT1 regulates Th17 survival by controlling lipid peroxidation in uveitis

Lipid metabolism is closely linked with antitumor immunity and autoimmune disorders. However, the precise role of lipid metabolism in uveitis pathogenesis is not clear. In our study, we analyzed the single-cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-Seq) data from cervical draining lymph nodes (CDLNs) of mice with experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), revealing an increased abundance of fatty acids in Th17 cells. Subsequent scRNA-Seq analysis identified the upregulation of DGAT1 expression in EAU and its marked reduction under various immunosuppressive agents. Suppression of DGAT1 prevented the conversion of fatty acids into neutral lipid droplets, resulting in the accumulation of lipid peroxidation and subsequent reduction in the proportion of Th17 cells. Inhibiting lipid peroxidation by Ferrostatin-1 effectively restored Th17 cell numbers that were decreased by DGAT1 inhibitor. Moreover, we validated the upregulation of DGAT1 in CD4+ T cells from patients with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease, a human uveitis. Inhibiting DGAT1 induced lipid peroxidation in human CD4+ T cells and reduced the proportion of Th17 cells. Collectively, our study focused on elucidating the regulatory mechanisms underlying Th17 cell survival and proposed that targeting DGAT1 may hold promise as a therapeutic approach for uveitis.

Mapping the therapeutic landscape of CRISPR-Cas9 for combating age-related diseases

CRISPR-Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein 9) has emerged as a transformative genome-editing tool with significant therapeutic potential for age-related diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cardiovascular disorders, and osteoporosis. This study presents a bibliometric analysis of CRISPR-Cas9 research in age-related diseases, identifying key contributors, major research hotspots, and critical technological advancements. While promising applications have been demonstrated in gene repair, functional regulation, and molecular interventions, significant barriers persist, including off-target effects, low delivery efficiency, and limited editing in non-dividing cells. Ethical concerns over germline editing and gaps in long-term safety data further complicate clinical translation. Future directions emphasize the development of high-precision Cas9 variants, homology-directed repair-independent tools, and efficient delivery systems, alongside the establishment of international regulatory frameworks and multicenter clinical trials. These efforts are essential to fully realize the potential of CRISPR-Cas9 in addressing the global health challenges of aging.

Intranasal administration of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 extracted from stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth-conditioned medium improves neurological outcomes and alpha-synuclein elimination in Parkinson's disease mice

Background/purpose

Parkinson's disease (PD) remains a challenging neurodegenerative disorder, requiring the exploration of innovative therapeutic strategies. This study assessed the neuroprotective effects of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth-conditioned medium (SHED-CM) in a rotenone-induced mouse model of PD.

Materials and methods

The SHED-CM, fractionated and purified via Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC) into "yPD01", was administered intranasally to evaluate its impact on motor deficits, olfactory functions, and protein expressions in affected brain regions.

Results

Upon intranasal delivery, yPD01 produced significant improvements to motor deficits and restoration of protein expressions associated with PD pathology, particularly in the olfactory bulb and substantial nigra. Intriguingly, the intranasal route exhibited efficacy akin to intravenous administration, highlighting its potential as a minimally invasive yet equally effective therapeutic approach. Further investigation indicated key components within yPD01, denoted as peaks P1 and P5, showcasing pivotal therapeutic effects. These components were linked to the interruption of alpha-synuclein aggregation and its clearance within specific brain cells affected by PD.

Conclusion

Intranasally administered yPD01 shows neuroprotective potential for mitigating neurodegenerative symptoms, particularly in PD. The results provide valuable insights into potential mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of SHED-CM and their implications for future therapeutic interventions in PD and related conditions.

Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) promotes survival and contraction of myoepithelial cells in lacrimal gland

PEDF is critical for general health of the ocular surface. In order to study mechanisms of PEDF's action in lacrimal gland (LG) secretion, these visual structures were studied in a PEDF deficient (Pedf-/-) mouse model using biochemical, histochemical, and morphometric analyses. In Pedf-/- animals there were several ocular surface and LG disturbances not seen in controls. Notably, changes in body and LG weight, corneal sensitivity, tear film, ocular surface damage, and size of acini comprising the LG were evident. Survival of myoepithelial cells (MECs) surrounding the acini showed a PEDF survival dependence as there were significant reduction in MEC-specific P63 cells and Bcl2 expression levels, and increased TUNEL positive cells in PEDF deficient mice. Expression levels of the major contractile MEC proteins, α-SMA, calponin, and keratin 14, were also reduced with PEDF gene deletion and MECs contraction apparatus impaired, since oxytocin significantly reduced acinar area in controls but had no effect in PEDF deficient LGs, although the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) was expressed in both PEDF genotypes. These findings suggest that PEDF is essential to MECs survival and contractile function, and tear homeostasis on the ocular surface. Treatment with PEDF is likely to alleviate ocular-related conditions in diseases associated with dry eye as well as promote healthy MEC cell function in other secretory glands of the body.

Limbal stem cell deficiency approaches and limbal niche restoration

Approaches to limbal stem cell deficiency remain challenging, especially in bilateral cases, where healthy limbal stem cells are not accessible. While living-related allogeneic and allogeneic limbal stem cell sources have been utilized, their dependence on immunosuppression and its associated side effects pose significant limitations. Mucosal and mesenchymal stem cells have shown potential for differentiation into limbal stem cells and promoting corneal healing, primarily when cultured on the amniotic membrane or fibrin. However, none can fully replicate the original limbus. Innovations in surgical techniques, such as simple oral mucosal transplantation and subconjunctival or intrastromal mesenchymal stem cell injections, are emerging approaches. For successful limbal regeneration, both appropriate cells and suitable scaffolds are essential. Recent studies on decellularized and acellularized limbus models have demonstrated the potential to provide a three-dimensional native structure for cell seeding, retention, and differentiation. Creating a thin, evenly decellularized scaffold is a critical step in ensuring proper corneo-limbal slope formation, facilitating cell migration to the ocular surface. Harvesting the limbus, decellularization, and cell seeding are the three main steps in limbal reconstruction. Recent studies focus on microkeratome-assisted limbal harvesting to create a thin, even, and 360-degree limbal graft. This technique helps form an attached corneo-limbal interface, facilitating limbal stem cell migration. In the second step, acellularization is performed to preserve the extracellular matrix as much as possible, maintaining hemostasis and supporting paracrine interactions. The final steps involve recellularization and transplantation onto the eye. We summarize various limbal decellularization methods, their outcomes, and their potential in limbal reconstruction. More clinical studies are needed to validate this phase of limbal deficiency treatment.

Application of stem cell-derived exosomes in anterior segment eye diseases: A comprehensive update review

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has emerged as a promising approach for addressing various eye-related conditions. Yet, its clinical application faces challenges due to issues such as limited biocompatibility and difficulties in effectively delivering treatment to specific ocular tissues. Recent studies have shifted attention towards MSC-derived exosomes, which share similar regenerative, reparative, and immunomodulatory capabilities with their origin cells. This review delves into the latest research on the use of MSC-derived exosomes for treating anterior segment diseases of the eye. It explores the exosomes' composition, biological functions, and the methods used for their isolation, as well as their roles in disease progression, diagnosis, and therapy. The review critically assesses the therapeutic advantages and mechanisms of action of MSC-derived exosomes in treating conditions like dry eye disease, Sjogren's syndrome, keratoconus, corneal lesions, and corneal allograft rejection. Additionally, it discusses the obstacles and future prospects of employing MSC-derived exosomes as innovative therapies for anterior segment eye diseases. This comprehensive overview underscores the significant potential of MSC-derived exosomes in transforming the treatment paradigm for anterior segment eye disorders, while also highlighting the necessity for further research to enhance their clinical application.

Exosomes: from basic research to clinical diagnostic and therapeutic applications in cancer

Cancer continues to pose a global threat despite potent anticancer drugs, often accompanied by undesired side effects. To enhance patient outcomes, sophisticated multifunctional approaches are imperative. Small extracellular vesicles (EVs), a diverse family of naturally occurring vesicles derived from cells, offer advantages over synthetic carriers. Among the EVs, the exosomes are facilitating intercellular communication with minimal toxicity, high biocompatibility, and low immunogenicity. Their tissue-specific targeting ability, mediated by surface molecules, enables precise transport of biomolecules to cancer cells. Here, we explore the potential of exosomes as innovative therapeutic agents, including cancer vaccines, and their clinical relevance as biomarkers for clinical diagnosis. We highlight the cargo possibilities, including nucleic acids and drugs, which make them a good delivery system for targeted cancer treatment and contrast agents for disease monitoring. Other general aspects, sources, and the methodology associated with therapeutic cancer applications are also reviewed. Additionally, the challenges associated with translating exosome-based therapies into clinical practice are discussed, together with the future prospects for this innovative approach.

Development and optimization of an ex vivo model of corneal epithelium damage with 1-heptanol: Investigating the influence of donor clinical parameters and MSC-sEV treatment on healing capacity

PURPOSE

To develop and characterize a reproducible human corneal epithelial wound-healing model using 1-heptanol, and to investigate the healing potential of Bone Marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cell small Extracellular Vesicles (MSC-sEV) and the influence of donor characteristics on epithelial healing.

METHODS

Eighty-eight (n = 88) human corneoscleral tissues unsuitable for transplantation were employed. Corneal epithelial damage was induced with 1-heptanol and monitored every 24 h up to 96 h using fluorescein and trypan blue staining. Histological assessment was performed on untreated and damaged tissues. Damaged areas were measured with FIJI software, and healing rates were calculated. MSC-sEV were isolated with size exclusion chromatography and characterized for their size, morphology and biomarkers. Their impact on healing was assessed in both in vitro scratch assays on cultured human corneal epithelial cells and on ex vivo 1-heptanol-damaged corneas.

RESULTS

Histological analysis revealed detached corneal epithelium in the central area, while other layers remained unaffected. Healing rate peaked at 48 h post-damage. Trypan blue and Fluorescein staining correlated and the former highlighted a higher initial healing rate than the latter. Diabetic and heart-beating brain-deceased donors showed impaired healing rates. MSC-sEV (79.8 nm, spherical bilayer, positive for TSG101, CD9, CD63, and CD81) significantly improved epithelial wound healing in both in vitro and ex vivo models.

CONCLUSION

1-heptanol effectively induces reproducible corneal epithelial damage, and the ex vivo organ-cultured human cornea heals the epithelium within 96 h. Diabetes and donation from heart-beating brain-deceased donors reduce healing capacity. MSC-sEV boost epithelial repair in damaged corneas.

Multifunctional Pluronic F-127 Gels Loaded With PEDF, Tacrolimus, and Tobramycin for Advanced Corneal Disease Treatment

Corneal transplantation is a common surgical procedure for restoring vision in patients with severe corneal diseases. However, post-operative complications, including inflammation, immune rejection, and fibrosis, pose significant challenges to the long-term success of corneal transplants. This study aims to develop and evaluate new composite ophthalmic gels combining Tobramycin, Tacrolimus, and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) for enhancing post-transplant recovery. Four formulations-Tobramycin/PF127, Tobramycin/PEDF/PF127, Tobramycin/Tacrolimus/PF127, and Tobramycin/PEDF/Tacrolimus/PF127 were prepared and evaluated for their effects on human corneal epithelial cells (HCE-T) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Cytotoxicity assays revealed that PEDF-containing gels significantly promoted HCE-T cell proliferation and migration, while Tacrolimus exhibited strong immunosuppressive properties, reducing immune activation and promoting a stable healing environment. Additionally, PEDF demonstrated potent anti-angiogenic effects, suppressing tube formation in HUVECs. A 60-day rabbit corneal transplantation model further confirmed the therapeutic potential of the composite gels. Gels containing PEDF and Tacrolimus significantly improved corneal transparency, reduced inflammation and fibrosis, and minimized immune rejection. These findings suggest that Tobramycin/PEDF/Tacrolimus/PF127 gel holds promise as an advanced post-operative treatment, offering a comprehensive approach to addressing the challenges of corneal transplant recovery by enhancing cell proliferation, reducing immune responses, and preventing fibrosis and angiogenesis.

Clinical and Transcriptional Profiles Reveal the Treatment Effect of Adalimumab in Patients with Initial-Onset and Recurrent Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease

PURPOSE

We aimed to evaluate adalimumab efficacy in patients with initial-onset or recurrent Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) syndrome.

METHODS

A retrospective clinical study was performed to examine the therapeutic effect of adalimumab in 22 VKH patients,16 with initial-onset and six with recurrent VKH. Another 22 patients with initial-onset VKH who did not receive adalimumab were included as controls. The main observational parameters included the central macular thickness (CMT), subfoveal choroidal thickness (SCT), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), anterior chamber cell grade (ACC), glucocorticoid dose (GCD), and the development of sunset glow fundus. MRNA sequencing was used to profile the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α pathway in peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from nine patients with initial-onset VKH disease, six patients with recurrent VKH, and eight healthy controls.

RESULTS

In the initial-onset group, adalimumab therapy significantly improved the BCVA, CMT, SCT, and ACC. Furthermore, adalimumab significantly decreased GCD in patients with initial-onset. In patients with recurrent VKH, the SCT significantly improved after adalimumab treatment, but no significant changes in BCVA, CMT, and ACC were observed. All six patients experienced relapse during follow-up. The TNF-α pathway exhibited a significant increase in initial-onset VKH when compared with that in both healthy controls and recurrent patients. Conversely, it was suppressed in recurrent VKH when compared with that in the initial-onset or healthy control groups.

CONCLUSIONS

In patients with initial-onset VKH, adalimumab effectively reduces glucocorticoid dependence. However, adalimumab may not be effective for preventing relapse or providing long-term inflammation relief in patients with recurrent VKH.

NLRP3 inflammasome in neuroinflammation and central nervous system diseases

Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various central nervous system (CNS) diseases. The NLRP3 inflammasome is an important intracellular multiprotein complex composed of the innate immune receptor NLRP3, the adaptor protein ASC, and the protease caspase-1. The activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome can induce pyroptosis and the release of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, thus playing a central role in immune and inflammatory responses. Recent studies have revealed that the NLRP3 inflammasome is activated in the brain to induce neuroinflammation, leading to further neuronal damage and functional impairment, and contributes to the pathological process of various neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and stroke. In this review, we summarize the important role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation and the pathological course of CNS diseases and discuss potential approaches to target the NLRP3 inflammasome for the treatment of CNS diseases.

Exosomes for Treating Hair Loss: A Review of Clinical Studies

BACKGROUND

The regenerative properties of exosomes make them especially appealing to treat skin and hair diseases. Preclinical studies suggest that exosomes may fuel hair growth by stimulating dermal papilla cells, activating hair follicle stem cells, and promoting angiogenesis. However, very limited data are available on the safety and efficacy of exosome use in human subjects.

OBJECTIVE

To review the published literature on exosome use in human subjects with a focus on safety and the challenges facing clinical implementation in the treatment of androgenetic and nonscarring alopecias.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A review was conducted of PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases and included 48 studies. Twenty-five studies were clinical trials, 14 case reports, 4 case series, 1 retrospective review, and 4 conference abstracts.

RESULTS

Nine clinical studies were found relevant to alopecia. One hundred twenty-five patients received an exosome treatment for hair loss. Side effects were rare. However, in the broader field of dermatology, at least 10 serious adverse events have been reported.

CONCLUSION

Although exosomes have many promising therapeutic applications, there is demand for larger well-designed clinical trials with extended follow-up periods to prove efficacy and a need for consistent manufacturing standards and regulatory oversight to ensure product safety.

Characterization and Role of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor in the Lacrimal Gland: Novel Insights into Diabetic Dry Eye Pathogenesis

This study aimed to investigate the expression of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) in the lacrimal gland and explore the effects of topical application of GLP-1R agonist on lacrimal gland function in a murine model of type 1 diabetes. Tear secretion was evaluated using phenol red threads, RNA sequencing was used to explore gene expression profiles associated with hyperglycemia-induced lacrimal gland injuries, and histologic analysis was conducted to evaluate the degree of damage. The expression of GLP-1R in the lacrimal gland was first identified, and a down-regulation trend associated with diabetes was observed. RNA-sequencing data from lacrimal gland tissues revealed that differentially expressed genes were enriched in inflammatory response pathways. Histologic analysis demonstrated persistent hyperglycemia-induced infiltration of inflammatory cells and progressive fibrosis in the lacrimal gland, resulting in atrophy and diminished tear secretion. Topical application of liraglutide effectively attenuated inflammation and alleviated fibrosis, thus promoting tear production in diabetic mice. Additionally, local intervention with liraglutide promoted autophagy degradation function in the lacrimal gland. This study represents the first validation of GLP-1R expression in the lacrimal gland and its down-regulation induced by diabetes. Additionally, these findings demonstrate that topical administration of liraglutide eye drops, a GLP-1R agonist, can effectively mitigate hyperglycemia-induced damage in the lacrimal gland while enhancing tear secretion.

Identification of Subtypes of Herpetic Anterior Uveitis and Characterization of Their Clinical Features and Visual Outcome in a Chinese Population

Purpose

To identify the subtypes among patients clinically diagnosed as herpetic anterior uveitis (HAU) and characterize their clinical features and visual prognosis.

Methods

Three hundred and seventeen patients were clinically diagnosed as HAU in our department. Aqueous humor (AqH) and serum were collected from 43 of 317 HAU patients during eye surgery. Pathogens were identified using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction and the Goldmann-Witmer coefficient. The AqH levels of 10 inflammatory cytokines were measured. The demographics, clinical features, treatment, and visual prognosis of the subtypes of HAU identified by AqH analysis were analysed.

Results

DNA for herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) were identified in 13,18 and 12 eyes, respectively. The AqH levels of interleukin-13, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α were significantly higher in VZV-AU as compared with HSV-AU and CMV-AU (all P < 0.05). In general, all these three subtypes of HAU had clinical features in common, including mutton-fat keratic precipitates usually toned with pigmentation, iris atrophy, elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), and posterior synechia with pupil pulling appearance unlike that caused by other uveitis. A much higher IOP and poor visual acuity at first visit were more commonly observed in VZV-AU and CMV-AU as compared with HSV-AU (both P < 0.05). A poor visual prognosis was noted in VZV-AU as compared with HSV-AU and CMV-AU (P = 0.010).

Conclusions

Our study identified three subtypes of HAU and characterized their clinical features. VZV-AU is frequently associated with much higher IOP and a poor visual prognosis.

Translational Relevance

We addressed the similarity and difference regarding clinical features and visual prognosis among three subtypes of HAU and also found droplet digital polymerase chain reaction is a sensitive technique for identifying its subtypes throughout the disease course.

Role of exosomes in dental and craniofacial regeneration - A review

BACKGROUND

The treatment of congenital deformities, traumatic injuries, infectious diseases, and tumors in the craniomaxillofacial (CMF) region is complex due to the intricate nature of the tissues involved. Conventional treatments such as bone grafts and cell transplantation face limitations, including the need for multiple surgeries, complications, and safety concerns.

OBJECTIVE

This paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the role of exosomes (EXOs) in CMF and dental tissue regeneration and to explore their potential applications in regenerative dental medicine.

METHODS

An extensive review of advancements in tissue engineering, materials sciences, and nanotechnology was conducted to evaluate the development of delivery systems for EXOs-based therapies. The analysis included how EXOs, as nanovesicles released by cells, can be modified to target specific cells or loaded with functional molecules for drug or gene delivery.

RESULTS

EXOs have emerged as a promising alternative to cell transplant therapy, offering a safer method for cell communication and epigenetic control. EXOs transport important proteins and genetic materials, facilitating intercellular communication and delivering therapeutics effectively. The potential of EXOs in personalized medicine, particularly in diagnosing, customizing treatment, and predicting patient responses, is highlighted.

CONCLUSION

EXO-mediated therapy holds significant potential for advancing tissue regeneration, offering targeted, personalized treatment options with reduced side effects. However, challenges in purification, production, and standardized protocols need to be addressed before its clinical application can be fully realized.

Ocular Rosacea: An Updated Review

PURPOSE

Ocular rosacea is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the ocular surface, often associated with cutaneous rosacea. This review aims to explore its pathogenesis, treatment approaches, and future directions for management.

METHODS

A review of current literature on the pathophysiology, clinical features, and treatment strategies of ocular rosacea in adults and children (pediatric blepharokeratoconjunctivitis) was conducted. Emerging research on immune dysregulation, microbiome alterations, and potential therapeutic targets was analyzed.

RESULTS

Ocular rosacea involves dysregulation of the immune and neurovascular systems, with toll-like receptor activation and complement system involvement leading to chronic ocular surface inflammation. Alterations in the ocular microbiome have been implicated in disease progression. Treatment strategies emphasize a stepwise approach, incorporating ocular and skin hygiene, lifestyle modifications, and pharmacological interventions. Recent advancements in understanding the disease mechanisms have led to the exploration of targeted therapies, including biologics and small-molecule inhibitors.

CONCLUSIONS

Ocular rosacea remains challenging to diagnose and treat, particularly in children (pediatric blepharokeratoconjunctivitis), often leading to delayed intervention and poor outcomes. A multidisciplinary approach, including new therapeutic options, holds promise for improving patient care. Further research into the genetic and molecular basis of ocular rosacea may enable more personalized treatments.

Stem cell exosomes: new hope and future potential for relieving liver fibrosis

Liver fibrosis is a chronic liver injury resulting from factors like viral hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, fatty liver disease, and cholestatic liver disease. Liver transplantation is currently the gold standard for treating severe liver diseases. However, it is limited by a shortage of donor organs and the necessity for lifelong immunosuppressive therapy. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into various liver cells and enhance liver function when transplanted into patients due to their differentiation and proliferation capabilities. Therefore, it can be used as an alternative therapy for treating liver diseases, especially for liver cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver transplant complications. However, due to the potential tumorigenic effects of MSCs, researchers are exploring a new approach to treating liver fibrosis using extracellular vesicles (exosomes) secreted by stem cells. Many studies show that exosomes released by stem cells can promote liver injury repair through various pathways, contributing to the treatment of liver fibrosis. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms by which stem cell exosomes affect liver fibrosis through different pathways and their potential therapeutic targets. Additionally, we discuss the advantages of exosome therapy over stem cell therapy and the possible future directions of exosome research, including the prospects for clinical applications and the challenges to be overcome.