Biogeography of intestinal mucus-associated microbiome: Depletion of genus Pseudomonas is associated with depressive-like behaviors in female cynomolgus macaques

INTRODUCTION

Depression is a debilitating and poorly understood mental disorder. There is an urgency to explore new potential biological mechanisms of depression and the gut microbiota is a promising research area.

OBJECTIVES

Our study was aim to understand regional heterogeneity and potential molecular mechanisms underlying depression induced by dysbiosis of mucus-associated microbiota.

METHODS

Here, we only selected female macaques because they are more likely to form a natural social hierarchy in a harem-like environment. Because high-ranking macaques rarely displayed depressive-like behaviors, we selected seven monkeys from high-ranking individuals as control group (HC) and the same number of low-ranking ones as depressive-like group (DL), which displayed significant depressive-like behaviors. Then, we collected mucus from the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum and colon of DL and HC monkeys for shotgun metagenomic sequencing, to profile the biogeography of mucus-associated microbiota along duodenum to colon.

RESULTS

Compared with HC, DL macaques displayed noticeable depressive-like behaviors such as longer duration of huddle and sit alone behaviors (negative emotion behaviors), and fewer duration of locomotion, amicable and ingestion activities (positive emotion behaviors). Moreover, the alpha diversity index (Chao) could predict aforementioned depressive-like behaviors along duodenum to colon. Further, we identified that genus Pseudomonas was consistently decreased in DL group throughout the entire intestinal tract except for the jejunum. Specifically, there were 10, 18 and 28 decreased Pseudomonas spp. identified in ileum, cecum and colon, respectively. Moreover, a bacterial module mainly composed of Pseudomonas spp. was positively associated with three positive emotion behaviors. Functionally, Pseudomonaswas mainly involved in microbiota derived lipid metabolisms such as PPAR signaling pathway, cholesterol metabolism, and fat digestion and absorption.

CONCLUSION

Different regions of intestinal mucus-associated microbiota revealed that depletion of genus Pseudomonas is associated with depressive-like behaviors in female macaques, which might induce depressive phenotypes through regulating lipid metabolism.

Gut microbiota-astrocyte axis: new insights into age-related cognitive decline

With the rapidly aging human population, age-related cognitive decline and dementia are becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide. Aging is considered the main risk factor for cognitive decline and acts through alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota, microbial metabolites, and the functions of astrocytes. The microbiota-gut-brain axis has been the focus of multiple studies and is closely associated with cognitive function. This article provides a comprehensive review of the specific changes that occur in the composition of the gut microbiota and microbial metabolites in older individuals and discusses how the aging of astrocytes and reactive astrocytosis are closely related to age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases. This article also summarizes the gut microbiota components that affect astrocyte function, mainly through the vagus nerve, immune responses, circadian rhythms, and microbial metabolites. Finally, this article summarizes the mechanism by which the gut microbiota-astrocyte axis plays a role in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Our findings have revealed the critical role of the microbiota-astrocyte axis in age-related cognitive decline, aiding in a deeper understanding of potential gut microbiome-based adjuvant therapy strategies for this condition.

Emerging role and clinical applications of circular RNAs in human diseases

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a large family of non-coding RNAs characterized by a single-stranded, covalently closed structure, predominantly synthesized through a back-splicing mechanism. While thousands of circRNAs have been identified, only a few have been functionally characterized. Although circRNAs are less abundant than other RNA types, they exhibit exceptional stability due to their covalently closed structure and demonstrate high cell and tissue specificity. CircRNAs play a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis by influencing gene transcription, translation, and post-translation processes, modulating the immune system, and interacting with mRNA, miRNA, and proteins. Abnormal circRNA expression has been associated with a wide range of human diseases and various infections. Due to their remarkable stability in body fluids and tissues, emerging research suggests that circRNAs could serve as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers for these diseases. This review focuses on the emerging role of circRNAs in various human diseases, exploring their biogenesis, molecular functions, and potential clinical applications as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers with current evidence, challenges, and future perspectives. The key theme highlights the significance of circRNAs in regulating gene expression, their involvement in diseases like cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes, and their potential use in translational medicine for developing novel therapeutic strategies. We also discuss recent clinical trials involving circRNAs. Thus, this review is important for both basic researchers and clinical scientists, as it provides updated insights into the role of circRNAs in human diseases, aiding further exploration and advancements in the field.

Impact of different doses of intravenous alteplase on neuroinjury biomarker levels in patients with acute ischemic stroke and stress hyperglycemia

Intravenous alteplase thrombolysis is a primary treatment for acute ischemic stroke (AIS), but the optimal dose remains uncertain in patients with stress hyperglycemia. This study aims to compare the changes in neuroinjury biomarker levels, as well as the efficacy and safety, between low-dose (0.6 mg/kg) and standard-dose (0.9 mg/kg) intravenous alteplase treatment in patients with AIS and stress hyperglycemia. This study included 150 patients with AIS and stress hyperglycemia, who were divided into a low-dose group (n = 78) and a standard-dose group (n = 72). Differences between the 2 groups were analyzed in terms of neuroinjury biomarkers (neuro-specific enolase, S100β, glial fibrillary acidic protein, myelin basic protein), neurological recovery (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score), clinical outcomes (modified Rankin Scale score), and the incidence of adverse events. Multivariate regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationship between the dose and a favorable prognosis (modified Rankin Scale ≤ 2). We found that, within 24 hours post-treatment, the levels of neuroinjury biomarkers (neuro-specific enolase, S100β, glial fibrillary acidic protein, myelin basic protein) were significantly lower in the low-dose group compared with the standard-dose group (P < .05), and the improvement in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores was more pronounced (P < .01). Three months after thrombolysis, the favorable prognosis rate in the low-dose group was 63.5%, higher than the 47.2% in the standard-dose group, with a near-significant difference (P = .09). Multivariate regression analysis indicated that low-dose treatment was an independent protective factor for a favorable prognosis (odds ratio = 2.34, 95% confidence interval = 1.29-4.23, P = .006). There were no significant differences in the incidence of adverse events between the 2 groups, though the proportion of mild bleeding was slightly lower in the low-dose group compared with the standard-dose group. Low-dose intravenous alteplase thrombolysis demonstrates more significant neuroprotective effects in patients with AIS and stress hyperglycemia, promoting neurological recovery and improving long-term prognosis without increasing the risk of adverse events. Low-dose thrombolysis may be a safer and more effective treatment option, but its efficacy and safety require further validation through large-scale, randomized controlled trials.

The role of microbiome in gut-brain-axis dysbiosis causing depression: From mechanisms to treatment

Gut microbiota not only affects the function of the gastrointestinal tract but also the function of other organs, including the brain. The microbiota-gut-brain axis reflects the constant bidirectional communication between the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract. Gut microbiota metabolites can cross brain barriers, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSF) and influence neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression. In recent years, the communication between the microbiome and brain in depression has been extensively studied in humans and animal models. In this chapter, we summarise the current literature on the role of gut microbiota in depression, focusing in particular on brain barriers and bidirectional gut-brain communication.

From postsynaptic neurons to astrocytes: the link between glutamate metabolism, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease

Glutamate is not only the main excitatory neurotransmitter of the human central nervous system, but also a potent neurotoxin. Therefore, maintaining low-dose, non-toxic extracellular glutamate concentrations between synapses to ensure the reliability of synaptic transmission is essential for maintaining normal physiological functions of neurons. More and more studies have confirmed that the specific pathogenesis of central nervous system diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease) caused by neuronal damage or death due to abnormal inter-synaptic glutamate concentration may be related to the abnormal function of excitatory amino acid transporter proteins and glutamine synthetase on astrocytes, and that the abnormal expression and function of the above two proteins may be related to the transcription, translation, and even modification of both by the process of transcription, translation, and even modification of astrocytes. oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses occurring in astrocytes during their transcription, translation and even modification. Therefore, in this review, we mainly discuss the relationship between glutamate metabolism (from postsynaptic neurons to astrocytes), Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease in recent years.

Intranasal Delivery of Hydrophobic AC5216 Loaded Nanoemulsion into Brain To Alleviate Chronic Unpredictable Stress-Induced Depressive-like Behaviors

Major depressive disorder (MDD) represents a widespread mental health condition. Efficiently moving therapeutic substances across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) remains a critical obstacle in addressing depressive disorders. AC5216, identified as a translocator protein (TSPO) ligand and considered a potential treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD), faces limitations due to its subpar druggability and oral bioavailability. In this context, an amphiphilic polymer composed of polyethylene glycol, poly-l-lysine, and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PEG-PLL-PLGA) has been utilized to encapsulate the hydrophobic compound AC5216. This results in the formation of cell-penetrating peptide-modified nanoemulsions (termed CPP-PPP-AC5216), designed to deliver AC5216 directly into the central nervous system via intranasal administration for MDD therapy. Research on animal models has shown that CPP-PPP-AC5216 effectively transports AC5216 to the brain, significantly mitigating chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)-induced depressive behaviors with a dosage as low as 0.03 mg/kg when administered intranasally. Furthermore, it was observed that CPP-PPP-AC5216 substantially reduces microglial activation, prevents BBB leakage, and ameliorates astrocyte dysfunction caused by CUS. The findings suggest a promising potential for using this nanoemulsion approach to deliver hydrophobic compounds through the nasal route for the treatment of MDD.

Laminin-dystroglycan mediated ferroptosis in hemorrhagic shock and reperfusion induced-cognitive impairment through AMPK/Nrf2

Hemorrhagic shock and reperfusion (HSR) is the main cause of death following trauma. Cognitive impairment may persist after successful resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock, but the mechanisms remain elusive. This study demonstrated the presence of ferroptosis in an in vitro model of oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) in HT22 neurons, and also in a murine model of HSR using 3-month-old C57BL/6 mice. The ferroptosis induced by OGD/R was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, the localization of FTH1 and TFR1 in HT22 cells. However, neuronal ferroptosis was prevented by suppressing AMPK through siRNA transfection or AMPK inhibitor pretreatment (compound C) in vitro. There was a consistent increase in Nrf2 with ROS accumulation, iron deposition, and lipid peroxidation in the hippocampal neurons and tissues. Nrf2 knockdown or overexpression significantly modulated OGD/R induced-ferroptosis. Activating ferroptosis by erastin (a ferroptosis inducer) or inhibiting it by ferrostatin-1 (a ferroptosis inhibitor) respectively enhanced or mitigated cognitive deficits as well as the ferroptosis-related changes induced by HSR. In addition to the improved cognition, single-nucleus transcriptome analysis of ipsilateral hippocampi from Nrf2-/- mice demonstrated the broad decrease of ferroptosis in neuronal cell clusters. LAMA2 and DAG1 were dominantly elevated and co-localized in the hippocampal CA3 region of Nrf2-/- mice by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The activation of astrocytes was significantly attenuated after Nrf2 knockout, associated with the increases of laminin-dystroglycan during astrocyte-neuron crosstalk. Thus, data from this study proposes a novel explanation, namely laminin-dystroglycan interactions during astrocytes-neurons crosstalk stimulating AMPK and Nrf2 induced neuronal ferroptosis, for the development of cognitive impairment after HSR.

Weizmannia coagulans BC99 Improve Cognitive Impairment Induced by Chronic Sleep Deprivation via Inhibiting the Brain and Intestine's NLRP3 Inflammasome

Weizmannia coagulans BC99, a Gram-positive, spore-forming, lactic acid-producing bacterium is renowned for its resilience and health-promoting properties, W. coagulans BC99 survives harsh environments, including high temperatures and gastric acidity, enabling effective delivery to the intestines. The consequences of chronic sleep deprivation (SD) include memory deficits and gastrointestinal dysfunction. In this study, a chronic sleep deprivation cognitive impairment model was established by using a sleep deprivation instrument and W. coagulans BC99 was given by gavage for 4 weeks to explore the mechanism by which BC99 improves cognitive impairment in sleep-deprived mice. BC99 improved cognitive abnormalities in novel object recognition tests induced by chronic sleep deprivation and showed behavior related to spatial memory in the Morris water maze test. W. coagulans BC99 reduced the heart mass index of sleep-deprived mice, increased the sleep-related neurotransmitters 5-HT and DA, decreased corticosterone and norepinephrine, and increased alpha diversity and community similarity. It reduced the abundance of harmful bacteria such as Olsenella, increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, and promoted the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). W. coagulans BC99 also inhibits LPS translocation and the elevation of peripheral inflammatory factors by maintaining the integrity of the intestinal barrier and inhibiting the expression of the NLRP3 signaling pathway in the jejunum, thereby inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome in the brain of mice and reducing inflammatory factors in the brain, providing a favorable environment for the recovery of cognitive function. The present study confirmed that W. coagulans BC99 ameliorated cognitive impairment in chronic sleep-deprived mice by improving gut microbiota, especially by promoting SCFAs production and inhibiting the NLRP3 signaling pathway in the jejunum and brain. These findings may help guide the treatment of insomnia or other sleep disorders through dietary strategies.

1-Octen-3-ol exacerbates depression-induced neurotoxicity via the TLR4/NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways

1-Octen-3-ol is a volatile compound widely found in various fungi and plants, and studies have suggested its potential role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the mechanism by which 1-octen-3-ol induces neural injury in rats remains unclear. In this study, we used aerosolized 1-octen-3-ol to treat depressive model rats to investigate its effects on neural injury behaviors and neurophysiology in SD rats. The results showed that 1-octen-3-ol significantly increased the lung index to 0.47, reduced the sucrose preference rate to 42.9 %, decreased spontaneous exploration in the open field test, and increased immobility time in the forced swim test. Furthermore, 1-octen-3-ol disrupted blood-brain barrier permeability by reducing the expression of tight junction proteins Occludin and Claudin-1. It also promoted corticosterone secretion, reduced the release of monoamines (serotonin and norepinephrine) and amino acid neurotransmitters (5-hydroxytryptophan), and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β), leading to neuroendocrine damage. Additionally, it reduced the expression of synaptic proteins (PSD-95, Synapsin, and NMDA1) and neurotrophic factors (NT3 and NT4), resulting in impaired neuroplasticity. Simultaneously, 1-octen-3-ol activated the TLR4/NF-κB inflammatory pathway and suppressed the expression of the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway, exacerbating neural injury in rats. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for the exacerbation of depression-induced neural injury by 1-octen-3-ol.

Sequence variants in HECTD1 result in a variable neurodevelopmental disorder

Dysregulation of genes encoding the homologous to E6AP C-terminus (HECT) E3 ubiquitin ligases has been linked to cancer and structural birth defects. One member of this family, the HECT-domain-containing protein 1 (HECTD1), mediates developmental pathways, including cell signaling, gene expression, and embryogenesis. Through GeneMatcher, we identified 14 unrelated individuals with 15 different variants in HECTD1 (10 missense, 3 frameshift, 1 nonsense, and 1 splicing variant) with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), including autism, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and epilepsy. Of these 15 HECTD1 variants, 10 occurred de novo, 3 had unknown inheritance, and 2 were compound heterozygous. While all individuals in this cohort displayed NDDs, no genotype-phenotype correlation was apparent. Conditional knockout of Hectd1 in the neural lineage in mice resulted in microcephaly, severe hippocampal malformations, and complete agenesis of the corpus callosum, supporting a role for Hectd1 in embryonic brain development. Functional studies of select variants in C. elegans revealed dominant effects, including either change-of-function or loss-of-function/haploinsufficient mechanisms, which may explain phenotypic heterogeneity. Significant enrichment of de novo variants in HECTD1 was also shown in an independent cohort of 53,305 published trios with NDDs or congenital heart disease. Thus, our clinical and functional data support a critical requirement of HECTD1 for human brain development.

Aging, vascular dysfunction, and the blood-brain barrier: unveiling the pathophysiology of stroke in older adults

The progressive decline of vascular integrity and blood-brain barrier (BBB) function is associated with aging, a major risk factor for stroke. This review describes the cellular and molecular changes in the brain microvasculature of the neurovascular unit (NVU) that contribute to the development of BBB dysfunction in aging, such as endothelial cell senescence, oxidative stress, and degradation of tight junction proteins. Stroke severity and recovery are exacerbated by BBB breakdown, leading to neuroinflammation, neurotoxicity, and cerebral oedema while identifying molecular mechanisms such as the NLRP3 inflammasome, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and non-coding RNAs (e.g., miRNAs and circRNAs) that drive BBB disruption in aging and stroke. Real-time assessment of BBB permeability in stroke pathophysiology is made possible using advanced imaging techniques, such as dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI and positron emission tomography. Furthermore, biomarkers, including claudin-5, PDGFRβ, or albumin concentration, serve as markers of BBB integrity and vascular health. Restoration of BBB function and stroke recovery with emerging therapeutic strategies, including sirtuin modulators (SIRT1 and SIRT3 activators to enhance endothelial function and mitochondrial health), stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (iPSC-sEVs for BBB repair and neuroprotection), NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors (MCC950 to attenuate endothelial pyroptosis and inflammation), hydrogen-rich water therapy (to counteract oxidative stress-induced BBB damage), and neuropeptides such as cortistatin (to regulate neuroinflammation and BBB stability), is promising. This review explores the pathophysiological mechanisms of BBB dysfunction in aging and stroke, their relation to potential therapeutic targets, and novel approaches to improve vascular health and neuroprotection.

Gut Microbiota-Mediated hsa_circ_0126925 Targets BCAA Metabolic Enzyme BCAT2 to Exacerbate Colorectal Cancer Progression

Recent evidence indicates that a high-fat diet can promote tumor development, especially colorectal cancer, by influencing the microbiota. Regulatory circular RNA (circRNA) plays an important role in modulating host-microbe interactions; however, the specific mechanisms by which circRNAs influence cancer progression by regulating these interactions remain unclear. Here, we report that consumption of a high-fat diet modulates the microbiota by specifically upregulating the expression of the noncoding RNA hsa_circ_0126925 (herein, referred to as circ_0126925) in colorectal cancer. Acting as a scaffold, circ_0126925 hinders the recruitment of the E3 ubiquitin ligase tripartite motif-containing protein 21 (TRIM21) to branched-chain amino acid transaminase 2 (BCAT2), leading to reduced degradation of BCAT2. This reduction in targeted degradation of BCAT2 can protect tumors from limited branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) interference by improving the metabolism of BCAAs in colorectal cancer. Taken together, these data demonstrate that circ_0126925 plays a critical role in promoting the progression of colorectal cancer by maintaining BCAA metabolism and provide insight into the functions and crosstalk of circ_0126925 in host-microbe interactions in colorectal cancer. Implications: This study preliminarily confirms that circRNAs do indeed respond to microbiota/microbial metabolites, providing further evidence for the potential development of circRNAs as diagnostic tools and/or therapeutic agents to alleviate microbiome-related pathology in humans.

Stimuli-responsive nanoscale drug delivery system for epilepsy theranostics

Epilepsy is a common neurological disease characterized by distinct pathological changes in the epileptogenic zone. Antiseizure drugs (ASDs) are widely used as the primary treatment for epilepsy. To improve the efficiency of ASDs medication, stimuli-responsive nanoscale drug delivery systems (nanoDDSs), triggered by either endogenous or exogenous factors, have been developed and been considered as a noninvasive and spatial-temporal approach to epilepsy theranostics. In this review, we introduce the pathological variations observed in epileptic lesions such as dysregulated neurotransmitter systems, disrupted ion homeostasis, and dynamic inflammatory cytokine networks. Furthermore, we summarize the recent advances in functional nano-assemblies that could be activated by endogenous stimuli of pathological alterations or exogenous stimuli such as electricity, light, and other interventions. Finally, we discuss the remaining challenges and prospect the insight into perspective of future development in this field. In summary, this review aims to highlight the potential of stimuli-responsive nanoDDSs as precise, controllable and efficient strategies for addressing unresolved issues in epilepsy theranostics. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This review summarizes recent progress in pathological changes such as dysregulated neurotransmitter system, disrupted ion homeostasis and dynamic inflammatory cytokine network, and emphasizes endogenous/exogenous stimuli-responsive nanoscale platforms including neurotransmitter-, ion-, and other stimuli-responsive nanoDDSs, providing the prospects of smart nanoDDSs applications and discussing the challenges to offer generalized guideline for further development of epilepsy theranostics.

Targeting intracellular autophagic process for the treatment of post-stroke ischemia/reperfusion injury

Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is an important pathophysiological condition of ischemic stroke that involves a variety of physiological and pathological cell death pathways, including autophagy, apoptosis, necroptosis, and phagoptosis, among which autophagy is the most studied. We have reviewed studies published in the past 5 years regarding the association between autophagy and cerebral I/R injury. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review article summarizing potential candidates targeting autophagic pathways in the treatment of I/R injury post ischemic stroke. The findings of this review may help to better understand the pathogenesis and mechanisms of I/R events and bridge the gap between basic and translational research that may lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches for I/R injury.

Antimony-induced hippocampal neuronal impairment through ferroptosis activation from NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy

Recently, our group identified antimony (Sb) as a novel nerve pollutant, can lead to neuronal injure. However, Sb-associated neurotoxicological mechanisms yet remain unclear. Herein, we found Sb induced hippocampal neuronal ferroptosis in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, ferroptosis inhibition using ferrostatin-1 effectively attenuated Sb-induced neuronal damage in PC12 cells and mice hippocampal regions. Furthermore, iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO) also effectively attenuated ferroptosis and cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. In vitro, Sb treatment reduced expression of the heavy (H)- and light (L)-chain subunits of ferritin (FTH1 and FTL). Moreover, Sb accelerated FTH1 and FTL protein degradation, while ferritin overexpression by plasmid or hippocampal AAV injections dramatically weaken Sb-induced ferroptosis. Sb exposure accelerated autophagic flux, and autophagy inhibition with beclin1 knockdown effectively reduced Sb-mediated ferroptosis. 3-methyladenine treatment in Sb-exposed mice prevented the decrease of FTH1 and FTL protein, resulting in recovery of Sb-induced hippocampal ferroptosis as well as neuronal loss, suggesting that Sb triggered hippocampal neuronal ferritinophagy. Finally, we found Sb upregulated NCOA4 protein expression, while NCOA4 knockdown significantly attenuated Sb-triggered ferroptosis. Collectively, our results proved that Sb triggers hippocampal neuronal ferroptosis through NCOA4-dependent ferritinophagy.

Circular RNA circHSPA8 Aggravates Metastasis by Acting as a Competitive Inhibitor of miR-195-5p to Upregulate WNT3A Expression in Breast Cancer

Circular RNA (circRNA) plays a vital role in the tumorigenicity and progression of cancer by regulating various biological behaviours. It acts as a microRNA sponge, disrupting transcription and the abnormal expression of oncogenes. Hsa_circ_0024715, a circRNA generated from cyclization at specific sites of the HSPA8 gene, has been found to be highly expressed in breast cancer (BC) tissue based on non-coding RNA high-throughput sequencing. However, its functions remain poorly understood. In this study, we performed qPCR to evaluate the expression of circHSPA8 in BC tissues. Survival analysis in a prospective cohort revealed that high expression of circHSPA8 is associated with poor prognosis and lymphoid node metastasis. Overexpression of circHSPA8 in MCF-7 cells significantly enhanced their proliferative and invasive abilities, whereas knockdown of circHSPA8 in MDA-MB-231 cells significantly reduced their proliferative and invasive abilities. We found that circHSPA8 can promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in BC cells, primarily by upregulating the expression of WNT3A. This process depends on the sponging and inhibition of miR-195-5p, which suppresses the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of BC cells. In vivo experiments further confirmed that circHSPA8 can promote the intravasation and extravasation of BC cells as well as the formation of metastatic lesions in the lungs. In summary, these data demonstrate that circHSPA8 promotes EMT by acting as a competitive inhibitor of miR-195-5p to upregulate the expression of WNT3A in BC, suggesting that dysregulation of circRNA in BC might be a pathological factor and potential therapeutic target.

LncRNA TUG1 Repressed Angiogenesis by Promoting the Ubiquitination of HuR and Inhibiting Its Nuclear Translocation in Cerebral Ischemic Reperfusion Injury

Although both Taurine Upregulated Gene 1(TUG1) and Human Antigen R (HuR) play significant regulatory roles in Cerebral Ischemic Reperfusion Injury (CIRI), their potential pro-angiogenesis mechanisms in CIRI remain unclear.

METHODS

Herein, the biological roles of TUG1 and HuR in angiogenesis are first confirmed. Following that, HuR-binding VEGFA mRNAs are identified via the Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH), RNA Immunoprecipitation (RIP), and Cross-Linking Immunoprecipitation (CLIP) assays. Actinomycin D and polysomal assays are also employed to confirm VEGFA mRNA stability. The co-localization of TUG1 with HuR is confirmed using FISH, while the RIP and RNA pull-down assays are employed to elucidate their interplay. The direct binding between TUG1 and HuR is confirmed through the CLIP assay. Co-Immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and rescue experiments are performed to further elucidate TUG1-HuR interactions.

RESULTS

While TUG1 repressed angiogenesis and aggravated CIRI, HuR exerted contrary effects. Specifically, HuR bound directly to VEGFA mRNA, a phenomenon that enhanced VEGFA mRNA stability. Conversely, TUG1 binds to HuR directly, inhibiting its nuclear translocation and promoting its ubiquitination, ultimately reducing VEGFA mRNA stability.

CONCLUSIONS

It is found that TUG1 can inhibit angiogenesis in CIRI through the HuR/VEGFA mRNA axis.

Diagnostic significance of serum hsa_circ_0000745 and hsa_circ_0001459 in ischemic stroke and its role in the prognosis of interventional therapy

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to identify hsa_circ_0000745 and hsa_circ_0001459 expression, value as biomarkers in ischemic stroke (IS), and functions in BV2 cells.

METHODS

RNA sequencing datasets in the GEO database were retrieved. The expression of circulating hsa_circ_0000745 and hsa_circ_0001459 was validated by RT-qPCR. The predictive values of hsa_circ_0000745 and hsa_circ_0001459 in the diagnosis and outcome of acute IS were evaluated using receiver operator characteristic curve analysis. BV2 cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide, followed by hsa_circ_0000745 or hsa_circ_0001459 downregulation and subsequent migration and apoptosis assay. The downstream miR-1287-5p was detected using the luciferase reporter gene assay.

RESULTS

Hsa_circ_0000745 or hsa_circ_0001459 were upregulated in acute IS. Hsa_circ_0000745 or/and hsa_circ_0001459 differentiated between healthy control subjects and patients with IS, resulting in areas under curve (AUC) of 0.85 and 0.83, respectively. Hsa_circ_0000745 or hsa_circ_0001459 was positively correlated with serum pro-inflammatory cytokines and the NIHSS (P<0.001). Longitudinal and ROC analyses of hsa_circ_0001459 and hsa_circ_0000745 expression levels revealed the 90-day-outcome-predicting potential after stroke. Hsa_circ_0001459 and hsa_circ_0000745 promoted the apoptosis and inhibited the migration of LPS-induced BV2 cells. Hsa_circ_0001459 and hsa_circ_0000745 commonly sponged miR-1287-5p.

CONCLUSIONS

Hsa_circ_0001459 and hsa_circ_0000745 showed upregulations in IS and might have clinical utility as a diagnostic and outcome-predicting marker.

Unraveling the structural evolution of silver plasmonic hotspots for the detection of oxidative ONOO- radicals via SERS probe decay

Peroxynitrite (ONOO-) plays a pivotal role in environmental pollution and ecosystem health, necessitating its detection for assessing ecological impacts and risks. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) offers high sensitivity but is often limited by narrow Raman cross sections of analytes. Specialized molecules can aid SERS detection, but are complex to design and may cause nonspecific reactions in biological systems. Therefore, developing new SERS strategies is crucial for simpler, more accurate ONOO- detection. Herein, the shape instability of Ag nanomaterials in the hotspots, due to oxidation and dissolution of Ag atoms at the edges and corners, is investigated, and the detection of ONOO- is performed by SERS probes. ONOO- reacts first with the (111) facet, especially at the edges and corners. Consequently, the SERS signal of the adsorbed probe, Rhodamine 6G in hotspots can be used to monitor edge and corner dissolution that positively related to the ONOO- concentration. As a result, ONOO- concentration from 0.1 to 25 μM was detected, achieving a coefficient of determination of R2 = 0.9896. The method exhibits good reproducibility (RSD < 3.25%) and stability (> 7 days), and quantitative detection of ONOO- was achieved in bovine serum samples. Ag nanocubes exhibited an eightfold stronger response and higher precision compared to Ag nanoparticles in ONOO- detection. This simple detection technique offers a promising method for the accurate, quantitative detection of ONOO- in wide range of biological systems.

PARP9 exacerbates apoptosis and neuroinflammation via the PI3K pathway in the thalamus and hippocampus and cognitive decline after cortical infarction

BACKGROUND

Cerebral infarction induces substantial neuronal apoptosis and neuroinflammation in the ipsilateral nonischemic thalamus and hippocampus, with a critical correlation to post-stroke cognitive impairment. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 9 (PARP9) has been implicated in apoptosis and inflammation across various diseases, while its role in remote brain damage after cerebral infarction remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the role of PARP9 in mediating neuronal apoptosis and neuroinflammation in remote brain regions after distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAO) and explore its contribution to secondary brain damage and cognitive decline.

METHODS

Seventy-four hypertensive rats were randomly assigned to either the sham-operated group or the dMCAO group. The dMCAO group was further subdivided into PARP9 knockdown and overexpression subgroups, with their respective control groups, modulated by adeno-associated viruses (AAV) carrying siScramble, siPARP9, Scramble, or PARP9. Within the PARP9 knockdown subgroup, rats were further treated with either a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor,2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-chromone (LY294002), or vehicle. Spatial learning and memory deficits were evaluated using the Morris water maze test. Secondary neuronal apoptosis and neuroinflammation were quantified 7 days post-dMCAO using Nissl staining, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, TUNEL, and Western blot analysis.

RESULTS

PARP9 expression was significantly upregulated in the ipsilateral thalamus and hippocampus after dMCAO, correlating with neuronal apoptosis and neuroinflammation. PARP9 was localized in both neurons and microglia. PARP9 knockdown reduced neuronal apoptosis, neuroinflammation, and microglial activation in the ipsilateral thalamus and hippocampus, and meanwhile improved the cognitive function. In contrast, PARP9 overexpression exacerbated these outcomes. Mechanistically, PARP9 knockdown activated the PI3K pathway, and inhibition of this pathway with LY294002 partially reversed the effects, reinstating neuronal apoptosis, neuroinflammation, and cognitive deficits.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings demonstrate that PARP9 aggravates neural damage and cognitive decline after cerebral infarction by promoting neuronal apoptosis and neuroinflammation, partly via the PI3K pathway.

The roles and therapeutic potential of exosomal non-coding RNAs in microglia-mediated intercellular communication

Exosomes, which are small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), serve as versatile regulators of intercellular communication in the progression of various diseases, including neurological disorders. Among the diverse array of cargo they carry, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play key regulatory roles in various pathophysiological processes. Exosomal ncRNAs derived from distinct cells modulate their reciprocal crosstalk locally or remotely, thereby mediating neurological diseases. Nevertheless, the emerging role of exosomal ncRNAsin microglia-mediated phenotypes remains largely unexplored. This review aims to summarise the biological functions of exosomal ncRNAs and the molecular mechanisms that underlie their impact on microglia-mediated intercellular communication, modulating neuroinflammation and synaptic functions within the landscape of neurological disorders. Furthermore, this review comprehensively described the potential applications of exosomal ncRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as innovative therapeutic targets for the treatment of neurological diseases.

Identification of a circRNA-mediated immune-related ceRNA network and circRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers in acute ischemic stroke

BACKGROUND

Research has demonstrated that circular RNAs (circRNAs) play important roles in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). However, the functions of circRNA-mediated competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) in AIS-related immunological inflammation are not well understood. In our study, we aimed to construct a circRNA-mediated immune-related ceRNA network and identify diagnostic circRNAs for AIS.

METHODS

R software was used to analyze the microarray data obtained from the GEO database. The bioinformatics database was then used to develop the circRNA-mediated ceRNA network. A topological property study of the ceRNA network was performed to identify new circRNAs. Subsequently, we validated the potential circRNAs in both mice middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model and clinical samples obtained from our center with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).

RESULTS

An AIS immune-related ceRNA (AISIRC) network was constructed, comprising immune-related genes (IRGs), circRNAs, and miRNAs. A subnetwork was then extracted from the AISIRC network and we identified seven circRNAs associated with immune response. The qRT-PCR assays were conducted to validate the circRNAs candidate using blood samples from MCAO mice. The results demonstrated that circulating circOXCT1 and circSLC8A1 were significantly up-regulated in AIS patients. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses and logistic regression demonstrated the perfect predictive and discriminative features of these two circRNAs biomarkers in AIS. Longitudinal analysis of circRNA expression after AIS indicated the promising potential of circSLC8A1 for monitoring AIS progression and dynamics.

CONCLUSION

We successfully constructed circRNA-mediated immune-related ceRNA network and identified two circulating circRNAs (circOXCT1 and circSLC8A1), which showed high diagnostic sensitivity for AIS.

CircMETTL9 targets CCAR2 to induce neuronal oxidative stress and apoptosis via mitochondria-mediated pathways following traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a principal factor in neurological disorders, often resulting in significant morbidity due to secondary neuroinflammatory and oxidative stress responses. While circular RNAs are recognized for their high expression levels in the nervous system and play crucial roles in various neurological processes, their specific contributions to the pathophysiology of TBI remain underexplored. In this study, the possible molecular mechanisms through which circMETTL9 modulated oxidative stress and neurological outcomes following TBI were investigated. In vitro model of oxidative stress utilizing SH-SY5Y cells revealed that circMETTL9 knockdown significantly attenuated H₂O₂-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, reduced apoptosis, and preserved mitochondrial function. Additionally, CCAR2 has been identified as a circMETTL9-binding protein by mass spectrometry and RNA immunoprecipitation, with circMETTL9 positively regulating CCAR2 expression. Meanwhile, on the basis of silencing CCAR2, it was verified that the regulation of oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells by circMETTL9 was mediated by CCAR2. In vivo experiments using a TBI rat model further confirmed that CCAR2 knockdown alleviated central nervous system (CNS) injury, reduced oxidative stress and apoptosis, and protected mitochondrial integrity following TBI. These findings suggest a novel mechanism by which circMETTL9 targets CCAR2 via mitochondria-mediated Bax/Bcl-2/caspase-3 signaling to regulate apoptosis. CircMETTL9 may provide a viable therapeutic target for mitigating neurological dysfunction following TBI, offering new insights into potential interventions aimed at reducing secondary brain injury.

Embryonic exposure to 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol mediates autism spectrum disorder-like behavior by dysfunctional microbe-gut-brain axis in mice

6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (6:2 FTOH) is considered an emerging contaminant as a substitute for perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heterogeneous childhood neurodevelopmental disorder, the prevalence of which has been significantly increasing globally, possibly due to rising exposure to environmental pollutants. Additionally, the microbe-gut-brain axis plays a crucial role in the development of ASD. The purpose of study was to investigate the impact of embryonic 6:2 FTOH exposure on neurological development in mice and explore the potential involvement of the microbe-gut-brain. Pregnant mice were orally administered 6:2 FTOH from gestation day 8.5 until delivery, and follow-up testing was performed on day 22 post-delivery. The findings revealed that embryonic exposure to 6:2 FTOH led to ASD-like symptoms, cortical neuron apoptosis, glial cell activation, and abnormal synapse formation in mice. Furthermore, impairment of colonic barrier function, inflammatory response, and dysbiosis in gut microbiota were observed. Interestingly, supplementation with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG during embryonic development mitigated these adverse outcomes. This study enhances our understanding of how environmental pollutants can impact neurological development in children and provides valuable insights for clinical prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies for non-genetic ASD.

The interaction between central and peripheral immune systems in methamphetamine use disorder: current status and future directions

Methamphetamine (METH) use disorder (MUD) is characterized by compulsive drug-seeking behavior and substantial neurotoxicity, posing a considerable burden on individuals and society. Traditionally perceived as a localized central nervous system disorder, recent preclinical and clinical studies have elucidated that MUD is a multifaceted disorder influenced by various biological systems, particularly the immune system. Emerging evidence suggests that both central and peripheral immune responses play a crucial role in the initiation and persistence of MUD. Conceptualizing it as a systemic immune process prompts significant inquiries regarding the mechanisms of communication between peripheral and central compartments. Also, whether this intercommunication could serve as diagnostic biomarkers or therapeutic targets. This review begins by offering an overview of mechanistic studies pertaining to the neuroimmune and peripheral immune systems. Finally, future directions are suggested through the integration of innovative technologies and multidimensional data to promote the translation of basic mechanistic research into clinical diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.

Unraveling the Complex Interplay Between Neuroinflammation and Depression: A Comprehensive Review

The relationship between neuroinflammation and depression is a complex area of research that has garnered significant attention in recent years. Neuroinflammation, characterized by the activation of glial cells and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, has been implicated in the pathophysiology of depression. The relationship between neuroinflammation and depression is bidirectional; not only can inflammation contribute to the onset of depressive symptoms, but depression itself can also exacerbate inflammatory responses, creating a vicious cycle that complicates treatment and recovery. The present comprehensive review aimed to explore the current findings on the interplay between neuroinflammation and depression, as well as the mechanisms, risk factors, and therapeutic implications. The mechanisms by which neuroinflammation induces depressive-like behaviors are diverse. Neuroinflammation can increase pro-inflammatory cytokines, activate the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and impair serotonin synthesis, all of which contribute to depressive symptoms. Furthermore, the activation of microglia has been linked to the release of inflammatory mediators that can disrupt neuronal function and contribute to mood disorders. Stress-induced neuroinflammatory responses can lead to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines that not only affect brain function but also influence behavior and mood. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing targeted therapies that can mitigate the effects of neuroinflammation on mood disorders.

Cell-Free Nucleic Acids for Early Diagnosis of Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Rapid identification of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is challenging in both pre-hospital and hospital settings. We aimed to identify the most promising cell-free nucleic acids (cfNAs) as diagnostic biomarkers for IS within 72 h from symptom onset. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library for published articles that evaluated blood cfNAs in the early diagnosis of AIS until 10 May 2023. The diagnostic performances of individual cfNAs were pooled by random-effects meta-analysis based on the fold change of biomarkers' level between AIS and non-AIS patients. Of 2955 records, 66 articles reporting 143 different cfNAs met the inclusion criteria. The median sample size was 110, and 21.4% of the studies performed validation. Among selected high-quality studies, miR-106b-5p, miR-124, miR-155, lncRNA H19, and cfDNA showed good diagnostic performance. Data from four studies on cfDNA involving 355 AIS patients and 97 controls were pooled in the meta-analysis, which showed a significant fold change between AIS and controls (pooled ratio 1.48, 95% confidence interval 1.23-1.79, p < 0.001). This review highlights that cfDNA, miR-106b-5p, miR-124, miR-155, and lncRNA H19 are the most promising biomarkers for AIS diagnosis, and further research is needed for verification.

Sodium butyrate ameliorates mitochondrial oxidative stress and alterations in membrane-bound enzyme activities in pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling rat model

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder manifested through repeatedly recurrent unprovoked seizures. It is a debilitating neurological illness arising from exacerbated hypersynchronous neuronal firing in the brain. Among various factors, oxidative stress has been implicated in the initiation of epileptogenesis and the progression of epileptic seizures. This study investigates the neuroprotective effect of sodium butyrate in a pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindling rat model. Male and female Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups for each sex. The PTZ groups were administered 40 mg/kg b.w.t intraperitoneally on alternate days for 30 days and a final single dose on the 40th day, while the sodium butyrate groups were administered along with the rat's drinking water (4 g/L). The seizure score, oxidative stress parameter, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Na+-K+-ATPase, Ca2+ + Mg2+-ATPase, and Ca2+-ATPase activities were evaluated. The results showed that seizure score was significantly increased in the PTZ group, but the score was attenuated with sodium butyrate treatment. Also, mitochondrial lipid peroxidation and oxidized glutathione were elevated, while the reduction in redox potential, GSH levels, and SOD activity were detected. In addition, a decrease in AChE, Na+-K+-ATPase, Ca2+ + Mg2+-ATPase, and Ca2+-ATPase activities and altered hippocampal and cortical architecture were observed. The administration of sodium butyrate enhanced the antioxidant status and membrane-bound enzymes and restored the histological architecture, as shown in the study, which signifies improved neurological functions. Hence, due to its antioxidant capacity, sodium butyrate may be a possible agent for inhibiting the progression and management of epilepsy in Wistar rats.

Mannuronate Oligosaccharides Ameliorate Experimental Colitis and Secondary Neurological Dysfunction by Manipulating the Gut-Brain Axis

Microbiota dysfunction induces intestinal disorders and neurological diseases. Mannuronate oligosaccharides (MAOS), a kind of alginate oligosaccharide (AOS), specifically exert efficacy in shaping gut microbiota and relieving cognitive impairment. However, the key regulatory factors involved, such as the specific strains and metabolites as well as their regulatory mechanisms, remain unclear at present. This research investigates how MAOS specifically impact the gut-brain axis in vivo and in vitro. The results showed that pretreatment with MAOS significantly ameliorated dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis and secondary nerve injury. This preventive mechanism operates through the regulation of serum DOPC abundance and the gut-brain axis, achieved by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. These findings underscore the crucial role of dietary MAOS in the prevention of colitis and neurological disorders, providing a rationale for the application of MAOS in disease prevention and functional food ingredients.

CircHIPK2 recruits SRSF1 to increase TXNIP mRNA stability and promotes autophagy-dependent ferroptosis and apoptosis in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury

BACKGROUND

Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI) secondary to acute myocardial infarction (AMI) can lead to cardiomyocyte death and impaired cardiac function. Studies have confirmed that circular RNAs (circRNAs) play an important role in MIRI. In this study, the role and mechanism of circHIPK2 in MIRI were evaluated.

METHODS

Human cardiac myocytes (HCM) were cultured under Hypoxia/Reoxygenation (H/R) condition to establish a MIRI model in vitro. Expression of circHIPK2, SRSF1 and TXNIP was assessed using RT-qPCR. Protein levels of autophagy markers (LC3II/LC3I, Beclin1, p62) and ferroptosis markers (GPX4, FTH1, ACSL4) were detected by Western blot. Cell viability and apoptosis were assessed by CCK-8 and flow cytometry. Levels of oxidative stress markers (MDA, SOD) and inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α) were tested by ELISA assay. Iron concentration was measured with an iron detection kit. Location of circHIPK2 in cells was detected by RNA-nucleosome separation assay. RIP and ChIP assays verified the relationship between circHIPK2, SRSF1 and TXNIP. TXNIP mRNA stability was dertermined by actinomycin D. Infarct area was examined by TTC staining in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) mouse model. HE staining evaluated myocardial injury.

RESULTS

CircHIPK2 was increased in H/R-induced HCM cells. CircHIPK2 downregulation suppressed oxidative stress, inflammatory factors and autophagy-dependent ferroptosis in HCM cells induced by H/R. Additionally circHIPK2 recruited SRSF1 to target TXNIP and stabilized TXNIP mRNA expression. We further demonstrated that TXNIP upregulation overturned the therapeutic effects of circHIPK2 silencing on H/R model cells. In vivo, downregulation of circHIPK2 improved myocardial dysfunction caused by I/R.

CONCLUSION

Our results demonstrate that circHIPK2 contributes to MIRI through inducing oxidative stress and autophagy-dependent ferroptosis via SRSF1/TXNIP axis, offering new insights into MIRI treatment.

Circular RNAs in cancer

Circular RNA (circRNA), a subtype of noncoding RNA, has emerged as a significant focus in RNA research due to its distinctive covalently closed loop structure. CircRNAs play pivotal roles in diverse physiological and pathological processes, functioning through mechanisms such as miRNAs or proteins sponging, regulation of splicing and gene expression, and serving as translation templates, particularly in the context of various cancers. The hallmarks of cancer comprise functional capabilities acquired during carcinogenesis and tumor progression, providing a conceptual framework that elucidates the nature of the malignant transformation. Although numerous studies have elucidated the role of circRNAs in the hallmarks of cancers, their functions in the development of chemoradiotherapy resistance remain unexplored and the clinical applications of circRNA-based translational therapeutics are still in their infancy. This review provides a comprehensive overview of circRNAs, covering their biogenesis, unique characteristics, functions, and turnover mechanisms. We also summarize the involvement of circRNAs in cancer hallmarks and their clinical relevance as biomarkers and therapeutic targets, especially in thyroid cancer (TC). Considering the potential of circRNAs as biomarkers and the fascination of circRNA-based therapeutics, the "Ying-Yang" dynamic regulations of circRNAs in TC warrant vastly dedicated investigations.

Transcriptomics study of hippocampus in mice exposed to heat stress

Heat stress (HS) triggers various pathophysiological responses in the brain, including neuroinflammation and cognitive impairments. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of HS by comparing the hippocampal transcriptomes of mice exposed to HS with those under control conditions. Our analysis revealed that HS exposure did not affect the number of SNP or InDel mutations in the mouse hippocampus, nor did it influence SNP functions, distribution, or types. However, HS did lead to differential gene expression in the hippocampus, with 210 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 72 upregulated and 138 downregulated genes. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis indicated that these DEGs are involved in hippocampal responses to various stimuli (chemical, oxygen-containing compounds, peptide hormones), metabolic processes (arachidonic acid, olefinic compound metabolism, lipid metabolism), and other functions. The regulation of these functions may be closely linked to specific DEGs, such as Card14, Ntrk1, Lcn2, Irs4, Cyp2c70, Hamp, Ambp, Gh, Mup19, and others, which exhibit the highest degree of differential variation. Furthermore, we observed that pre-treatment with taurine primarily modulated cognitive functions in the hippocampus following HS. Therefore, our study offers valuable insights for future research on heat stress-induced cognitive impairments and provides a theoretical foundation for developing taurine-based preventive strategies for high-risk populations.

Long-chain chlorinated paraffins (LCCPs) exposure causes senescence and inflammatory damage in cardiomyocytes

Humans can be exposed to LCCPs through air and diet, leading to their accumulation in the body. Given the significance of understanding potential health risks, a thorough investigation into the detrimental health impacts of LCCPs is paramount. In this study, we conducted a series of experiments to investigate the effects of LCCPs on cardiomyocytes, employing techniques such as flow cytometry, western-blot, indirect immunofluorescence, and confocal microscopy. We initially observed that LCCPs caused senescence damage to cardiomyocytes. Under the stimulation of LCCPs, the number of SA-β-Gal positive cardiomyocytes increased, along with an elevation in the protein expression levels of cellular senescence markers (p21, p16). The cell cycle was arrested in the S phase. Subsequently, we observed that LCCPs also induced an increase in ROS and inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α), as well as a decrease in MMP in cardiomyocytes. Mechanistic studies revealed that LCCPs activated the innate immune response pathway-cGAS-STING pathway, and the cellular senescence damage caused by LCCPs was alleviated upon the addition of a cGAS-STING inhibitor. In conclusion, our findings suggest that LCCPs can induce aging damage in cardiomyocytes by activating the cGAS-STING signaling pathway. This study indicates that LCCPs possesses potential cardiotoxicity and offers necessary experimental data for their rational and regulated utilization.

CircKat6b Mediates the Antidepressant Effect of Esketamine by Regulating Astrocyte Function

The abundant expression of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in the central nervous system and their contribution to the pathogenesis of depression suggest that circRNAs are promising therapeutic targets for depression. This study explored the role and mechanism of circKat6b in esketamine's antidepressant effect. We found that intravenous administration of esketamine (5 mg/kg) treatment decreased the circKat6b expression in the astrocytes of hippocampus induced by a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mouse model, while the overexpression of circKat6b in the hippocampus significantly attenuated the antidepressant effects of esketamine in depressed mice. RNA-sequencing, RT-PCR, and western blot experiments showed that the stat1 and p-stat1 expression were significantly upregulated in mouse astrocytes overexpressing circKat6b. In the CUMS mouse model, overexpression of circKat6b in the hippocampus significantly reversed the downregulation of p-stat1 protein expression caused by esketamine. Our findings demonstrated that a novel mechanism of the antidepressant like effect of esketamine may be achieved by reducing the expression of circKat6b in the astrocyte of the hippocampus of depressed mice.

Three-Dimensional SERS-Active Hydrogel Microbeads Enable Highly Sensitive Homogeneous Phase Detection of Alkaline Phosphatase in Biosystems

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is a biomarker for many diseases, and monitoring its activity level is important for disease diagnosis and treatment. In this study, we used the microdroplet technology combined with an in situ laser-induced polymerization method to prepare the Ag nanoparticle (AgNP) doped hydrogel microbeads (HMBs) with adjustable pore sizes that allow small molecules to enter while blocking large molecules. The AgNPs embedded in the hydrogel microspheres can provide SERS activity, improving the SERS signal of small molecules that diffuse to the AgNPs. A specific hydrolysis reaction of ALP on 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolylphosphate (BCIP) was introduced and itsproduct 5,5'-dibromo-4,4'-dichloro-1H,1H-[2,2']bisindolyl-3,3'-dione (BCI) was employed to assess ALP activity due to its highly resonance Raman activity. The sensing platform was applied to model ALP activity in serum and evaluate ALP inhibitors. The SERS assay showed higher sensitivity than UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, with the lowest detectable ALP concentration of 1.0 × 10-20 M. In addition, the ALP activity in HepG2 cells was evaluated using this sensing platform, showing lower ALP-expressing activity than that of controls in response to hypoxia and iron metastasis. This SERS-activated HMB shows great potential in detecting ALP and is expected to help analyze complex clinical samples.

Protective effects of PIK3CG knockdown against OGD/R-induced neuronal damage via inhibition of autophagy through the AMPK/mTOR pathway

BACKGROUND

Ischemic stroke represents an urgent need for more efficacious therapies owing to modest effectiveness of current treatment.

METHODS

Download data from stroke patients and collect blood samples from clinical patients to analyze phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase catalytic subunit γ (PIK3CG) expression. To establish a brain damage model, oxygen glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) was applied to SH-SY5Y cells. Impact of PIK3CG on AMPK/mTOR autophagy pathway was verified treating cells with AMPK activator metformin. Proliferation and apoptosis were identified by CCK8 and flow cytometry.

RESULTS

Differential expression analysis and clinical testing show that PIK3CG is highly expressed in patients. Prolonged ODG/R exposure increased PIK3CG levels, supressed cell proliferation, and induced apoptosis. KEGG pathway analysis implicated PIK3CG in autophagy pathway. Knockdown of PIK3CG supressed OGD/R-induced reductions in cell proliferation and OGD/R-induced increases in apoptosis and expressions of Beclin 1 and LC3 II. Following OGD/R, AMPK phosphorylation was upregulated while mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation was downregulated, indicating AMPK/mTOR autophagy activation. Knockdown of PIK3CG opposed metformin-induced rises in Beclin 1, LC3 II and apoptosis along with decreases in proliferation.

CONCLUSION

PIK3CG knockdown protects neuronal cells by inhibiting AMPK/mTOR autophagy pathway and further inhibiting autophagy.

Ferroptosis induced by environmental pollutants and its health implications

Environmental pollution represents a significant public health concern, with the potential health risks associated with environmental pollutants receiving considerable attention over an extended period. In recent years, a substantial body of research has been dedicated to this topic. Since the discovery of ferroptosis, an iron-dependent programmed cell death typically characterized by lipid peroxidation, in 2012, there have been significant advances in the study of its role and mechanism in various diseases. A growing number of recent studies have also demonstrated the involvement of ferroptosis in the damage caused to the organism by environmental pollutants, and the molecular mechanisms involved have been partially elucidated. The targeting of ferroptosis has been demonstrated to be an effective means of ameliorating the health damage caused by PM2.5, organic and inorganic pollutants, and ionizing radiation. This review begins by providing a summary of the most recent and important advances in ferroptosis. It then proceeds to offer a critical analysis of the health effects and molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis induced by various environmental pollutants. Furthermore, as is the case with all rapidly evolving research areas, there are numerous unanswered questions and challenges pertaining to environmental pollutant-induced ferroptosis, which we discuss in this review in an attempt to provide some directions and clues for future research in this field.

The Role and the Regulation of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Narrative Review

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis involves multiple factors, including visceral hypersensitivity and immune activation. NLRP3 inflammasome is part of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR) family, a crucial component of the innate immune system. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that inhibiting NLRP3 reduces visceral sensitivity and IBS symptoms, like abdominal pain, and diarrhea, suggesting that targeting the NLRP3 might represent a novel therapeutic approach for IBS. This review aims to assess the NLRP3 inhibitors (tranilast, β-hydroxybutyrate, Chang-Kang-fang, paeoniflorin, coptisine, BAY 11-7082, and Bifidobacterium longum), highlighting the signaling pathways, and their potential role in IBS symptoms management was assessed. Although premature, knowledge of the action of synthetic small molecules, phytochemicals, organic compounds, and probiotics might make NLRP3 a new therapeutic target in the quiver of physicians' therapeutic choices for IBS symptoms management.

Heat Tolerance-Associated circRNA3685 Regulates Apoptosis and Autophagy in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells via Sponging bta-miR-138

Heat stress negatively affects dairy cow production, and health, leading to significant losses. Identifying mechanisms associated with heat tolerance is crucial for developing breeding strategies. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a type of noncoding RNA, regulate cell functions like autophagy, apoptosis and proliferation. In this study, dairy cows were classified into heat stress tolerant (HST, n = 15) and heat stress sensitive (HSS, n = 15) groups based on respiratory and drooling score during the heat stress. A significant difference in milk production decline was observed, with the HST group showing less decline, indicating better heat tolerance. Blood transcriptomics analysis identified 166 differentially expressed circRNAs with circRNA3685 being highlighted as a key candidate linked to heat tolerance. Overexpression of circRNA3685 in bovine mammary (MAC-T) cells inhibited autophagy and apoptosis. The circRNA3685 was found to interact with bta-miR-138, targeting HIF1A. These findings provide insights into circRNAs' role in heat stress adaptation in dairy cows.

Citrullinated IGF2BP1 promotes rheumatoid synovial aggression via increasing the mRNA stability of SEMA3D

Protein citrullination modification plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) are extensively employed for clinical diagnosis of RA. However, there remains limited understanding regarding specific citrullinated proteins and their implications in the progression of RA. In this study, we screen and verify insulin-like growth factor-2 mRNA binding protein 1 (IGF2BP1) as a novel citrullinated protein with significantly elevated citrullinated level in RA. Autoantibodies against citrullinated IGF2BP1 are further detected in serum and synovial fluid samples from RA patients, which are positively correlated with erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and disease activity score 28 (DAS28). Transcriptomic sequencing and functional verification show that citrullination at the R167 site of IGF2BP1 promotes the proliferation, migration, and invasion of RA fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RA-FLSs) by improving the mRNA stability of Semaphorin 3D (SEMA3D). Experiments in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice, the classical animal model of RA, show that IGF2BP1 R176K point mutation (Igf2bp1R167K/R167K) mice exert reduced inflammatory response, clinical scores, and joint destruction. At a molecular level, citrullination of IGF2BP1 promotes the stability of SEMA3D mRNA by promoting the interaction between IGF2BP1 and its cofactor ELAV-like protein 1 (ELAVL1), thereby promoting the invasiveness of RA-FLSs. In this study, a new citrullinated protein of IGF2BP1 is discovered, and the molecular mechanism of its citrullinated modification promoting the progression of RA disease is elucidated, which provides theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of RA.

Research on detection methods of related substances and degradation products of the antitumor drug selpercatinib

Background

Selpercatinib, a selective RET kinase inhibitor, is approved for treating various cancers with RET gene mutations such as RET-rearranged thyroid cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. The presence of process-related and degradation impurities in its active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) can significantly affect its safety and effectiveness. However, research on detecting these impurities is limited.

Methods

This study developed and systematically validated a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method for identifying selpercatinib and its related impurities. The method utilized a 4.6 mm × 250 mm chromatographic column with 5 μm particles, employing a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, a detection wavelength of 235 nm, an injection volume of 10 μL, and a column temperature of 35°C. Mobile phase A was composed of a 9:1 ratio of water to acetonitrile, with the aqueous component adjusted to pH 2.5 and containing 2 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) and 0.4% triethylamine. Mobile phase B was pure acetonitrile. The gradient elution program was as follows: 0-2 min, 5%B; 2-15 min, 5% to 15%B; 15-30 min, 15% to 35%B; 30-35 min, 35% to 45%B; 35-36 min, 45% to 5%B; 36-45 min, 5%B.

Results

The chromatographic method established in this study was validated according to the ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines. The developed HPLC method demonstrated excellent specificity, sensitivity, stability, linearity, precision, accuracy, and robustness. It efficiently separated the impurities present in selpercatinib, thereby confirming the method's efficacy in ensuring the purity and quality of the drug.

Conclusion

The chromatographic method established in this study can be used for the detection of selpercatinib and its impurities, providing significant reference value for the quality research of selpercatinib bulk drug and its preparations, and ensuring the safety of medication for patients.

MicroRNA-specific targets for neuronal plasticity, neurotransmitters, neurotrophic factors, and gut microbes in the pathogenesis and therapeutics of depression

Depression is of great concern because of the huge burden, and it is impacted by various epigenetic modifications, e.g., histone modification, covalent modifications in DNA, and silencing mechanisms of non-coding protein genes, e.g., microRNAs (miRNAs). MiRNAs are a class of endogenous non-coding RNAs. Alternations in specific miRNAs have been observed both in depressive patients and experimental animals. Also, miRNAs are highly expressed in the central nervous system and can be delivered to different tissues via tissue-specific exosomes. However, the mechanism of miRNAs' involvement in the pathological process of depression is not well understood. Therefore, we summarized and discussed the role of miRNAs in depression. Conclusively, miRNAs are involved in the pathology of depression by causing structural and functional changes in synapses, mediating neuronal regeneration, differentiation, and apoptosis, regulating the gut microbes and the expression of various neurotransmitters and BDNF, and mediating inflammatory and immune responses. Moreover, miRNAs can predict the efficacy of antidepressant medications and explain the mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs and aerobic exercise to prevent and assist in treating depression.

Mechanistic insight of curcumin: a potential pharmacological candidate for epilepsy

Recurrent spontaneous seizures with an extended epileptic discharge are the hallmarks of epilepsy. At present, there are several available anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) in the market. Still no adequate treatment for epilepsy treatment is available. The main disadvantages of AEDs are their associated adverse effects. It is a challenge to develop new therapies that can reduce seizures by modulating the underlying mechanisms with no adverse effects. In the last decade, the neuromodulatory potential of phytoconstituents has sparked their usage in the treatment of central nervous system disorders. Curcumin is an active polyphenolic component that interacts at cellular and molecular levels. Curcumin's neuroprotective properties have been discovered in recent preclinical and clinical studies due to its immunomodulatory effects. Curcumin has the propensity to modulate signaling pathways involved in cell survival and manage oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammatory mechanisms. Further, curcumin can persuade epigenetic alterations, including histone modifications (acetylation/deacetylation), which are the changes responsible for the altered expression of genes facilitating the process of epileptogenesis. The bioavailability of curcumin in the brain is a concern that needs to be tackled. Therefore, nanonization has emerged as a novel drug delivery system to enhance the pharmacokinetics of curcumin. In the present review, we reviewed curcumin's modulatory effects on potential biomarkers involved in epileptogenesis including dendritic cells, T cell subsets, cytokines, chemokines, apoptosis mediators, antioxidant mechanisms, and cognition impairment. Also, we have discussed the nanocarrier systems for encapsulating curcumin, offering a promising approach to enhance bioavailability of curcumin.

A novel anti-epileptogenesis strategy of temporal lobe epilepsy based on nitric oxide donor

The molecular mechanism underlying the role of hippocampal hilar interneuron degeneration in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) remains unclear. Especially, very few studies have focused on the role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS, encoded by Nos1) containing hilar interneurons in TLE. In the present study, Nos1 conditional knockout mice were constructed, and we found that selective deletion of Nos1 in hilar interneurons rather than dentate granular cells (DGCs) triggered epileptogenesis. The level of nNOS was downregulated in patients and mice with TLE. Nos1 deletion led to excessive epilepsy-like excitatory input circuit formation and hyperexcitation of DGCs. Replenishment of hilar nNOS protein blocked epileptogenic development and memory impairment in pilocarpine-induced TLE mice. Moreover, chronic treatment with DETA/NONOate, a slowly released exogenous nitric oxide (NO) donor, prevented aberrant neural circuits of DGCs and the consequent epileptogenesis without acute antiseizure effects. Therefore, we concluded that NO donor therapy may be a novel anti-epileptogenesis strategy, different from existing antiseizure medications (ASMs), for curing TLE.

Quercetin inhibits hydrogen peroxide-induced cleavage of heat shock protein 90 to prevent glutathione peroxidase 4 degradation via chaperone-mediated autophagy

BACKGROUND

Oxidative stress is caused by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the depletion of free radical scavengers, which is closely related to ferroptosis in diseases. Quercetin, as a natural flavonoid compound, has been reported to have multiple pharmacological effects on the basis of its anti-oxidative and anti-ferroptotic activities. This study was designed to explore the specific mechanism of quercetin against ferroptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).

METHODS

The HT22 cells (mouse hippocampal neuronal cells) treated with 40 μg·ml-1 H2O2 were used to investigate the role of ferroptosis in oxidative stress damage and the regulation of quercetin (7.5, 15, 30 μmol·l-1), as evidenced by assessments of cell viability, morphological damage, Fe2+ accumulation, and the expressions of ferroptotic-related proteins. The changes in the expression levels of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), heat shock cognate protein 70 (HSC70), lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2a (LAMP-2a), and heat shock protein (HSP90) were assessed by qPCR, western blotting (WB) and immunofluorescence (IF) assays. Additionally, the interactions of GPX4, HSC70, LAMP-2a, and HSP90 were examined by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay to elucidate the impact of quercetin on the degradation pathway of GPX4 and the CMA pathway. To further explore the regulatory mechanism of quercetin, the si-LAMP-2a and HSP90 mutant cells were conducted.

RESULTS

Pretreatment with 30 μmol·l-1 quercetin for 6 h significantly enhanced the survival rate (p < 0.05), maintained cell morphology, and inhibited Fe2+ levels in HT22 cells exposed to H2O2 (40 μg·ml-1). HT22 cells under oxidative stress showed lower expressions of GPX4 and ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1), and a higher level of Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4) (p < 0.05). And quercetin significantly reversed the expressions of these ferroptotic proteins (p < 0.05). Moreover, the autophagic lysosomal pathway inhibitor CQ effectively increased the expression of GPX4 in oxidative stress cell model. Further study showed that H2O2 increased the activity of macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), while quercetin notably suppressed the levels of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 Ⅱ (LC3 Ⅱ), LAMP-2a, and the activity of lysosomes (p < 0.01). Additionally, quercetin disrupted the interactions of GPX4, HSC70, and LAMP-2a, reduced cellular levels of CMA by decreasing the cleaved HSP90 (c-HSP90), and these effects were reversed in the R347 mutant HT22 cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Quercetin has a significantly protective effect on oxidative stress cell model through the inhibition on ferroptosis, which is related to the degradation of GPX4 via CMA. And quercetin decreases the level of c-HSP90 induced by H2O2 to reduce the activity of CMA by binding to R347 of HSP90.

Evidence for the contribution of vasopressin V1B receptors in the pathophysiology of depression

Depression is a chronic and recurrent psychiatric condition characterised by depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure, poor sleep, low appetite, and poor concentration. Research has shown that both heritable and environmental risk factors are involved in the pathogenesis of depression. In addition, several studies have indicated that dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is implicated in the development of depression in adulthood. However, the mechanism underlying the activation of HPA axis-induced depression remains unclear. Arginine vasopressin (AVP), also known as vasopressin (VP), is a hormone synthesised in the hypothalamus that plays important roles in numerous biological functions in mammals, including the regulation of stress and anxiety, and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many disorders. VP regulates pituitary corticotroph function by binding to the plasma membrane G-protein receptors of the V1B receptor (V1BR), which are coupled to calcium-phospholipid signalling. V1BR, a receptor subtype of VP, plays a pivotal role in HPA axis abnormalities observed in depression. In animals, V1BR antagonists reduce plasma stress hormone levels and have been shown to have antidepressant activity. However, the precise mechanism of V1BR in modulating HPA axis activity remains unclear. We therefore reviewed and integrated the clinical and preclinical literature pertinent to the role of V1BR in depression, while emphasising the effect of V1BR antagonists on attenuating the hyperactivity of the HPA axis. In addition, therapy for depression through the regulation of the HPA axis is briefly discussed. Although effective antidepressants are available, a large proportion of patients do not respond to initial treatment. Therefore, this review describes the exact mechanisms of V1BR in depression and contributes to the development of new therapeutic strategies for this disease.

Selective protein degradation through chaperone‑mediated autophagy: Implications for cellular homeostasis and disease (Review)

Cells rely on autophagy for the degradation and recycling of damaged proteins and organelles. Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is a selective process targeting proteins for degradation through the coordinated function of molecular chaperones and the lysosome‑associated membrane protein‑2A receptor (LAMP2A), pivotal in various cellular processes from signal transduction to the modulation of cellular responses under stress. In the present review, the intricate regulatory mechanisms of CMA were elucidated through multiple signaling pathways such as retinoic acid receptor (RAR)α, AMP‑activated protein kinase (AMPK), p38‑TEEB‑NLRP3, calcium signaling‑NFAT and PI3K/AKT, thereby expanding the current understanding of CMA regulation. A comprehensive exploration of CMA's versatile roles in cellular physiology were further provided, including its involvement in maintaining protein homeostasis, regulating ferroptosis, modulating metabolic diversity and influencing cell cycle and proliferation. Additionally, the impact of CMA on disease progression and therapeutic outcomes were highlighted, encompassing neurodegenerative disorders, cancer and various organ‑specific diseases. Therapeutic strategies targeting CMA, such as drug development and gene therapy were also proposed, providing valuable directions for future clinical research. By integrating recent research findings, the present review aimed to enhance the current understanding of cellular homeostasis processes and emphasize the potential of targeting CMA in therapeutic strategies for diseases marked by CMA dysfunction.

Bibliometric Analysis of Non-coding RNAs and Ischemic Stroke: Trends, Frontiers, and Challenges

More and more articles have shown that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play a significant role in the pathogenesis and prognosis of ischemic stroke. However, the bibliometric analysis in ncRNAs and ischemic stroke is still lacking. This study retrieved the Web of Science Core Collection for relevant articles from January 1, 2010 to April 6, 2023. Bibliometrix R, VOSviewer, and CiteSpace were used to perform the bibliometric analysis. A total of 1058 articles were eligible for this review. The number of publications showed a fluctuating upward trend. The total citations were 28,698 times, and the average number of citations per article was 27.12 times. Our findings indicated ncRNAs has been increasingly investigated for its critical role in apoptosis, autophagy, angiogenesis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and blood-brain barrier after ischemic stroke by regulating target mRNAs, extracellular secretion, target proteins, and others. The microRNAs, circular RNAs, and long ncRNAs may be hotspots, and ferroptosis, METTL3, and exosome might be frontier in this field. Besides, ncRNAs have a promising future as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, molecular drug targets, and other targeted therapies for ischemic stroke. However, it still faces many challenges to be successfully applied in the clinical practice.