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Vaughan K, Peters B, O'Connor KC, Martin R, Sette A. A molecular view of multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalitis: what can we learn from the epitope data? J Neuroimmunol 2014; 267:73-85. [PMID: 24365494 PMCID: PMC4784960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
An analysis to inventory all immune epitope data related to multiple sclerosis (MS) was performed using the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB). The analysis revealed that MS related data represent >20% of all autoimmune data, and that studies of EAE predominate; only 22% of the references describe human data. To date, >5800 unique peptides, analogs, mimotopes, and/or non-protein epitopes have been reported from 861 references, including data describing myelin-containing, as well as non-myelin antigens. This work provides a reference point for the scientific community of the universe of available data for MS-related adaptive immunity in the context of EAE and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerrie Vaughan
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Bjoern Peters
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kevin C O'Connor
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Human and Translational Immunology Program, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Roland Martin
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, USA
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52
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de Jong A, Cheng TY, Huang S, Gras S, Birkinshaw RW, Kasmar A, van Rhijn I, Peña-Cruz V, Ruan DT, Altman JD, Rossjohn J, Moody DB. CD1a-autoreactive T cells recognize natural skin oils that function as headless antigens. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:177-85. [PMID: 24362891 PMCID: PMC3932764 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
T cells autoreactive to the antigen-presenting molecule CD1a are common in human blood and skin, but the search for natural autoantigens has been confounded by background T cell responses to CD1 proteins and self lipids. After capturing CD1a-lipid complexes, we gently eluted ligands while preserving non-ligand-bound CD1a for testing lipids from tissues. CD1a released hundreds of ligands of two types. Inhibitory ligands were ubiquitous membrane lipids with polar head groups, whereas stimulatory compounds were apolar oils. We identified squalene and wax esters, which naturally accumulate in epidermis and sebum, as autoantigens presented by CD1a. The activation of T cells by skin oils suggested that headless mini-antigens nest within CD1a and displace non-antigenic resident lipids with large head groups. Oily autoantigens naturally coat the surface of the skin; thus, this points to a previously unknown mechanism of barrier immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stephanie Gras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Richard W. Birkinshaw
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Anne Kasmar
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy
| | - Ildiko van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Daniel T. Ruan
- Department of Gastrointestinal and General Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | | | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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53
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Abstract
Over the past 15 years, investigators have shown that T lymphocytes can recognize not only peptides in the context of MHC class I and class II molecules but also foreign and self-lipids in association with the nonclassical MHC class I-like molecules, CD1 proteins. In this review, we describe the most recent events in the field, with particular emphasis on (a) structural and functional aspects of lipid presentation by CD1 molecules, (b) the development of CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and transcription factors required for their differentiation, (c) the ability of iNKT cells to modulate innate and adaptive immune responses through their cross talk with lymphoid and myeloid cells, and (d) MR1-restricted and group I (CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c)-restricted T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariolina Salio
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom;
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54
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Kadri N, Blomqvist M, Cardell SL. Type II natural killer T cells: a new target for immunomodulation? Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 4:615-27. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.4.5.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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55
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Autoimmune T-cell reactivity to myelin proteolipids and glycolipids in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Int 2013; 2013:151427. [PMID: 24312732 PMCID: PMC3839122 DOI: 10.1155/2013/151427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) myelin, the likely major target of autoimmune attack in multiple sclerosis (MS), contains a number of unique components that are potential targets of the attack. Two classes of molecules that are greatly enriched in CNS myelin compared to other parts of the body are certain types of proteolipids and glycolipids. Due to the hydrophobic nature of both of these classes of molecules, they present challenges for use in immunological assays and have therefore been somewhat neglected in studies of T-cell reactivity in MS compared to more soluble molecules such as the myelin basic proteins and the extracellular domain of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. This review firstly looks at the makeup of CNS myelin, with an emphasis on proteolipids and glycolipids. Next, a retrospective of what is known of T-cell reactivity directed against proteolipids and glycolipids in patients with MS is presented, and the implications of the findings are discussed. Finally, this review considers the question of what would be required to prove a definite role for autoreactivity against proteolipids and glycolipids in the pathogenesis of MS.
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56
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Adams EJ. Lipid presentation by human CD1 molecules and the diverse T cell populations that respond to them. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 26:1-6. [PMID: 24556395 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
CD1 molecules bind and present lipid-based antigens to T cells. Humans express both Group 1 (CD1a, CD1b and CD1c) and Group 2 (CD1d) CD1 molecules with nonredundant functions in the human immune response. Studies of Group 1 CD1 molecules and the T cells that respond to them have lagged behind Group 2 due to the lack of a suitable model system. However, recent work has thrust the Group 1 CD1s into the limelight, revealing their importance in tissue surveillance and microbial defense. Here I review recent advances in Group 1 CD1 lipid presentation, the T cell populations that respond to them and the role of CD1 molecules in engagement of human γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin J Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, GCIS W236, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
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57
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Moyano AL, Pituch K, Li G, van Breemen R, Mansson JE, Givogri MI. Levels of plasma sulfatides C18 : 0 and C24 : 1 correlate with disease status in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Neurochem 2013; 127:600-4. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Moyano
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; College of Medicine; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Katarzyna Pituch
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; College of Medicine; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Guanan Li
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy; College of Pharmacy; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Richard van Breemen
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy; College of Pharmacy; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Jan E Mansson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg; Mölndal Sweden
| | - Maria I Givogri
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; College of Medicine; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago Illinois USA
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58
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Haghighi S, Lekman A, Nilsson S, Blomqvist M, Andersen O. Increased CSF sulfatide levels and serum glycosphingolipid antibody levels in healthy siblings of multiple sclerosis patients. J Neurol Sci 2013; 326:35-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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59
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Simoni Y, Diana J, Ghazarian L, Beaudoin L, Lehuen A. Therapeutic manipulation of natural killer (NK) T cells in autoimmunity: are we close to reality? Clin Exp Immunol 2013. [PMID: 23199318 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04625.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells reactive to lipids and restricted by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like molecules represent more than 15% of all lymphocytes in human blood. This heterogeneous population of innate cells includes the invariant natural killer T cells (iNK T), type II NK T cells, CD1a,b,c-restricted T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. These populations are implicated in cancer, infection and autoimmunity. In this review, we focus on the role of these cells in autoimmunity. We summarize data obtained in humans and preclinical models of autoimmune diseases such as primary biliary cirrhosis, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and atherosclerosis. We also discuss the promise of NK T cell manipulations: restoration of function, specific activation, depletion and the relevance of these treatments to human autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Simoni
- INSERM, U986, Hospital Cochin/St Vincent de Paul, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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60
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Ghosh SK, Chowdhury RR. Synthetic adjuvants for vaccine formulations: phytol derivatives. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 10:437-50. [PMID: 23293963 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.757591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The development of vaccines is considered a key milestone in preventive medicine. There is no comparable cost-effective means for controlling or eradicating infectious diseases. Yet, a persistent societal problem is the concern about vaccine's safety and long-term effects, and this caters to detractors of vaccination. Pathogen-derived antigen(s) as well as adjuvants/immunostimulants are essential for vaccine efficacy. Currently, adjuvant selection is largely empirical, but the mechanism underlying adjuvanticity is beginning to unravel. This should help develop more defined or targeted adjuvants. AREAS COVERED This review provides a brief account and analysis of the host immune parameters modulated by some commonly used as well as new adjuvants, including phytol-based diterpenoids. The major efforts are directed toward evaluating their relative safety and immunomodulatory efficiency, compared to known synthetic and natural adjuvants. Concerns for adverse pathological inflammation and autoimmunity are also addressed. EXPERT OPINION The phytol-based adjuvants hold great promise for improving vaccine efficacy, as they cause little or no persistent inflammation, but are highly effective in stimulating a multifaceted immune response, characterized by proficient recruitment of immune cells, generation of antibody and immunological memory, and activation of both Th1 and Th2 responses. Future focus will be on developing cocktail adjuvants to activate the complement system, mobilize follicular T helper cells as well as NKT and γδ T cells and activate cross-presenting dendritic cells to stimulate CD8(+) effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapan K Ghosh
- Indiana State University, Department of Biology, Terre Haute, IN 47809, USA.
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61
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Van Rhijn I, Ly D, Moody DB. CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c in immunity against mycobacteria. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 783:181-97. [PMID: 23468110 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6111-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The CD1 system is composed of five types of human CD1 proteins, CD1a, CD1b, CD1c, CD1d, and CD1e, and their mammalian orthologs. Each type of CD1 protein has a distinct antigen binding groove and shows differing patterns of expression within cells and in different tissues. Here we review the molecular mechanisms by which CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c capture distinct classes of self- and mycobacterial antigens. We discuss how CD1-restricted T cells participate in the immune response, emphasizing new evidence for mycobacterial recognition in vivo in human and non-human models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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62
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Su X, Mohamed Moinuddeen SK, Mori L, Nallani M. Hybrid polymersomes: facile manipulation of vesicular surfaces for enhancing cellular interaction. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:5751-5755. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb21111h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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63
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Buschard K, Månsson JE, Roep BO, Nikolic T. Self-glycolipids modulate dendritic cells changing the cytokine profiles of committed autoreactive T cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52639. [PMID: 23285123 PMCID: PMC3527583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of glycolipids of non-mammalian origin on autoimmune inflammation has become widely recognized. Here we report that the naturally occurring mammalian glycolipids, sulfatide and β-GalCer, affect the differentiation and the quality of antigen presentation by monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs). In response to sulfatide and β-GalCer, monocytes develop into immature DCs with higher expression of HLA-DR and CD86 but lower expression of CD80, CD40 and CD1a and lower production of IL-12 compared to non-modulated DCs. Self-glycolipid-modulated DCs responded to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by changing phenotype but preserved low IL-12 production. Sulfatide, in particular, reduced the capacity of DCs to stimulate autoreactive Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD65) - specific T cell response and promoted IL-10 production by the GAD65-specific clone. Since sulfatide and β-GalCer induced toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated signaling, we hypothesize that self-glycolipids deliver a (tolerogenic) polarizing signal to differentiating DCs, facilitating the maintenance of self-tolerance under proinflammatory conditions.
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64
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Rhost S, Sedimbi S, Kadri N, Cardell SL. Immunomodulatory type II natural killer T lymphocytes in health and disease. Scand J Immunol 2012; 76:246-55. [PMID: 22724893 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2012.02750.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) lymphocytes are αβ T cells activated by lipid-based ligands presented on the non-polymorphic CD1d-molecule. Type I NKT cells that carry an invariant Vα14 (in the mouse) or Vα24 (in humans) T cell receptor α-chain rearrangement have received significant attention for their involvement in a diversity of immune reactions. Their sister population, CD1d-restricted type II NKT cells, has been more difficult to study because of the lack of molecular markers that specify these cells. In the last few years, however, significant progress has been made, demonstrating that type II NKT cells have unique functions in immune responses to tumours and infections, in autoimmunity, obesity and graft-versus-host disease. Type II NKT cells appear more frequent than type I NKT cells in humans and accumulate in certain diseases such as ulcerative colitis, hepatitis and multiple myeloma. Recently, novel type II NKT cell ligands have been identified, and it is becoming clear that the type II NKT cell population may be oligoclonal. Here, we review the recent progress in the study of type II NKT cells, supporting the view that type II NKT cells may be attractive targets for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rhost
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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65
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Ho PP, Kanter JL, Johnson AM, Srinagesh HK, Chang EJ, Purdy TM, van Haren K, Wikoff WR, Kind T, Khademi M, Matloff LY, Narayana S, Hur EM, Lindstrom TM, He Z, Fiehn O, Olsson T, Han X, Han MH, Steinman L, Robinson WH. Identification of naturally occurring fatty acids of the myelin sheath that resolve neuroinflammation. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4:137ra73. [PMID: 22674551 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Lipids constitute 70% of the myelin sheath, and autoantibodies against lipids may contribute to the demyelination that characterizes multiple sclerosis (MS). We used lipid antigen microarrays and lipid mass spectrometry to identify bona fide lipid targets of the autoimmune response in MS brain, and an animal model of MS to explore the role of the identified lipids in autoimmune demyelination. We found that autoantibodies in MS target a phosphate group in phosphatidylserine and oxidized phosphatidylcholine derivatives. Administration of these lipids ameliorated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by suppressing activation and inducing apoptosis of autoreactive T cells, effects mediated by the lipids' saturated fatty acid side chains. Thus, phospholipids represent a natural anti-inflammatory class of compounds that have potential as therapeutics for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy P Ho
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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66
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Bai L, Picard D, Anderson B, Chaudhary V, Luoma A, Jabri B, Adams EJ, Savage PB, Bendelac A. The majority of CD1d-sulfatide-specific T cells in human blood use a semiinvariant Vδ1 TCR. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:2505-10. [PMID: 22829134 PMCID: PMC3743557 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
αβ T-cell lines specific for sulfatide, an abundant myelin glycosphingolipid presented by various CD1 molecules, have been previously derived from PBMCs of patients with demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) but also from healthy subjects. Using an unbiased tetramer-based MACS enrichment method to enrich for rare antigen-specific cells, we confirmed the presence of CD1d-sulfatide-specific T cells in all healthy individuals examined. Surprisingly, the great majority of fresh sulfatide-specific T cells belonged to the γδ lineage. Furthermore, these cells used the Vδ1 TCR variable segment, which is uncommon in the blood but predominates in tissues such as the gut and specifically accumulates in MS lesions. Recombinant Vδ1 TCRs from different individuals were shown to bind recombinant CD1d-sulfatide complexes in a sulfatide-specific manner. These results provide the first direct demonstration of MHC-like-restricted, antigen-specific recognition by γδ TCRs. Together with previous reports, they support the notion that human Vδ1 T cells are enriched in CD1-specific T cells and suggest that the Vδ1 T-cell population that accumulates in MS lesions might be enriched in CD1-sulfatide-specific cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Bai
- Committee on Immunology and Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637 USA
- Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Damien Picard
- Committee on Immunology and Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Brian Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602-5700, USA
| | - Vinod Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602-5700, USA
| | - Adrienne Luoma
- Committee on Immunology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Bana Jabri
- Committee on Immunology and Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Erin J. Adams
- Committee on Immunology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Paul B. Savage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602-5700, USA
| | - Albert Bendelac
- Committee on Immunology and Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637 USA
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67
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Rhost S, Löfbom L, Rynmark BM, Pei B, Månsson JE, Teneberg S, Blomqvist M, Cardell SL. Identification of novel glycolipid ligands activating a sulfatide-reactive, CD1d-restricted, type II natural killer T lymphocyte. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:2851-60. [PMID: 22777932 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sulfatide-reactive CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) lymphocytes belong to the type II NKT cell subset with diverse TCRs, and have been found to regulate experimental auto-immune encephalomyelitis, tumor immunity, and experimental hepatitis in murine models. NKT cells can be activated by self-lipids presented by CD1d, manifested as autoreactivity. The identity of most of these self-lipids remains unknown. By isolating lipids from a CD1d-expressing, highly stimulatory antigen presenting cell, we identified isoforms of β-glucosylceramide (GlcCer), with sphingosine and fatty acid chain lengths of C24:0 and C16:0, that activated a sulfatide-reactive type II NKT cell hybridoma. A screen of structurally related glycosphingolipids demonstrated β-galactosylceramide (GalCer) as another ligand, and further, that the lysoforms were the most potent isoform of the glycosphingo-lipid ligands, followed by isoforms with a long fatty acid chain of C24. Thus, the same type II NKT cell was activated by several ligands, namely sulfatide, GlcCer, and GalCer. However, CD1d-dependent reactivity to antigen presenting cells lacking all GlcCer-based glycosphingolipids, or all glycosphingolipids, was maintained. This suggests that other endogenous, nonglycosphingolipid, lipid ligands contribute to steady-state autoreactivity by type II NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rhost
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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68
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Bine S, Haziot A, Malikova I, Pelletier J, Charron D, Boucraut J, Mooney N, Gelin C. Alteration of CD1 expression in multiple sclerosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 169:10-6. [PMID: 22670773 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04586.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of multiple sclerosis (MS) have concentrated mainly on antigen presentation of peptides derived from the myelin sheath, while the implication of lipid antigen has been less explored in this pathology. As the extracellular environment regulates expression of the lipid antigen-presenting molecule CD1, we have examined whether sera from patients alters CD1 surface expression in monocyte-derived dendritic cells. We have shown that: (i) CD1 group 1 proteins were highly expressed in the presence of MS sera; (ii) sera from MS patients differentially regulated CD1 group 1 versus CD1 group 2 molecular expression; and (iii) CD1 was expressed strongly in monocytes from MS patients under immunosuppressive treatment. Overall, these results reveal that CD1 expression is modified in MS and provide novel information on the regulation of lipid antigen presentation in myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bine
- INSERM, UMR-S, Paris, France
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69
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70
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Haghighi S, Lekman A, Nilsson S, Blomqvist M, Andersen O. Myelin glycosphingolipid immunoreactivity and CSF levels in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 2012; 125:64-70. [PMID: 21707550 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2011.01554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Patients with multiple sclerosis were reported to harbour antibodies not only against proteins and glycoproteins but also against glycolipids, including sulfatide and galactosylceramide (GalCer), the two major glycosphingolipids of myelin. However, previous results were inconsistent concerning glycosphingolipid levels, antibody type, dominance of serum or Cerebrospinal fluid compartments and relationship to the multiple sclerosis (MS) course. RESULTS We hereby report that the cerebrospinal fluid levels of sulfatide were increased in patients with MS (n = 46) compared with controls (n = 50, P < 0.001). In addition, patients had higher serum IgM anti-glycosphingolipid titres than controls (P = 0.03 for sulfatide, <0.001 for GalCer), while the anti-glycosphingolipid IgM antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid were essentially normal. However, in seven of 46 patients cerebrospinal fluid IgG antibodies against GalCer (P = 0.004) could be detected, which was not found in any of the control individuals, and this finding might mirror the occurrence of more specific B-cell clones behind the blood-brain barrier. CONCLUSIONS The IgM immunoreactivity in serum did not show any relationship to the type of course or severity of MS, arguing against a phenomenon secondary to myelin damage. Thus, the IgM antibody findings are compatible with an early antigen challenge or autoimmunity associated with natural antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Haghighi
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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71
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Nowak M, Schmidt-Wolf IGH. Natural killer T cells subsets in cancer, functional defects in prostate cancer and implications for immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:3661-75. [PMID: 24212972 PMCID: PMC3759215 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3033661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T cells are T lymphocytes with unique activation and effector properties. The majority of NKT cells, termed type-I or iNKT cells, recognize lipid antigens presented on MHC-like CD1d molecules. Type-I NKT cells have the capacity to rapidly secrete various cytokines upon activation, thereby regulate immune responses exerts dominant anti-tumor and anti-microbial effector functions. Specific activation of type-I NKT cells in mouse models boosts immunity and prevents metastasis, which has led to a number of phase I-II clinical trials. Since the discovery of NKT cells other subsets with different specificities and effector functions have been described. This article briefly reviews the physiological functions of NKT cell subsets, their implications in cancer and the attempts that have been made to employ NKT cells for immune therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nowak
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, Bonn 53127, Germany.
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72
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Autoreactive CD1b-restricted T cells: a new innate-like T-cell population that contributes to immunity against infection. Blood 2011; 118:3870-8. [PMID: 21860021 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-03-341941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Group 1 CD1 (CD1a, -b, and -c) presents self and foreign lipid antigens to multiple T-cell subsets in humans. However, in the absence of a suitable animal model, the specific functions and developmental requirements of these T cells remain unknown. To study group 1 CD1-restricted T cells in vivo, we generated double transgenic mice (HJ1Tg/hCD1Tg) that express group 1 CD1 molecules in a similar pattern to that observed in humans (hCD1Tg) as well as a TCR derived from a CD1b-autoreactive T-cell line (HJ1Tg). Using this model, we found that similar to CD1d-restricted NKT cells, HJ1 T cells exhibit an activated phenotype (CD44(hi)CD69(+)CD122(+)) and a subset of HJ1 T cells expresses NK1.1 and is selected by CD1b-expressing hematopoietic cells. HJ1 T cells secrete proinflammatory cytokines in response to stimulation with CD1b-expressing dendritic cells derived from humans as well as hCD1Tg mice, suggesting that they recognize species conserved self-lipid antigen(s). Importantly, this basal autoreactivity is enhanced by TLR-mediated signaling and HJ1 T cells can be activated and confer protection against Listeria infection. Taken together, our data indicate that CD1b-autoreactive T cells, unlike mycobacterial lipid antigen-specific T cells, are innate-like T cells that may contribute to early anti-microbial host defense.
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73
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Hardy TA, Blum S, McCombe PA, Reddel SW. Guillain-barré syndrome: modern theories of etiology. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2011; 11:197-204. [PMID: 21451970 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-011-0190-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a classic failure of the immune system with a life-threatening attack upon a critical self-component. The active phase of the disease is short, concordant with the latency of a primary adaptive immune response. Triggers for GBS include infection and (rarely) vaccination; cross-reactivity between infectious and neural epitopes has been well demonstrated, particularly for Campylobacter jejuni and motor axonal forms of GBS in which non-protein gangliosides are antigenic. Most people are probably exposed to a GBS trigger, but only rarely does the disease develop. We propose that GBS illustrates competing determinants of the immune system's decision about whether to mount a response, and that in unlucky affected individuals, co-presentation of cross-reactive antigens with danger signals activating pattern-recognition receptors overcomes normal self-recognition such that a primary response is initiated that attacks the nerve. Then, in most cases of GBS, the response rapidly turns off, and second attacks rarely occur. This suggests active restoration of tolerance, and specific privileged site attributes of nerve and declining danger signals as the trigger wanes may contribute to this restoration. Standard immunosuppression has not been effective in GBS. We suggest this is because immune tolerance is already being restored by the time such therapies are initiated. This in turn suggests that improvements in GBS outcomes are likely to come from better protection of the nerve cells under attack while normal resumption of tolerance is permitted to proceed rather than exploring more aggressive immunosuppressive approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Hardy
- Department of Neurology, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
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74
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Lockridge JL, Chen X, Zhou Y, Rajesh D, Roenneburg DA, Hegde S, Gerdts S, Cheng TY, Anderson RJ, Painter GF, Moody DB, Burlingham WJ, Gumperz JE. Analysis of the CD1 antigen presenting system in humanized SCID mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21701. [PMID: 21738769 PMCID: PMC3128084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1 molecules are glycoproteins that present lipids and glycolipids for recognition by T cells. CD1-dependent immune activation has been implicated in a wide range of immune responses, however, our understanding of the role of this pathway in human disease remains limited because of species differences between humans and other mammals: whereas humans express five different CD1 gene products (CD1a, CD1b, CD1c, CD1d, and CD1e), muroid rodents express only one CD1 isoform (CD1d). Here we report that immune deficient mice engrafted with human fetal thymus, liver, and CD34(+) hematopoietic stem cells develop a functional human CD1 compartment. CD1a, b, c, and d isoforms were highly expressed by human thymocytes, and CD1a(+) cells with a dendritic morphology were present in the thymic medulla. CD1(+) cells were also detected in spleen, liver, and lungs. APCs from spleen and liver were capable of presenting bacterial glycolipids to human CD1-restricted T cells. ELISpot analyses of splenocytes demonstrated the presence of CD1-reactive IFN-γ producing cells. CD1d tetramer staining directly identified human iNKT cells in spleen and liver samples from engrafted mice, and injection of the glycolipid antigen α-GalCer resulted in rapid elevation of human IFN-γ and IL-4 levels in the blood indicating that the human iNKT cells are biologically active in vivo. Together, these results demonstrate that the human CD1 system is present and functionally competent in this humanized mouse model. Thus, this system provides a new opportunity to study the role of CD1-related immune activation in infections to human-specific pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Lockridge
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Xiuxu Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Deepika Rajesh
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Drew A. Roenneburg
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Subramanya Hegde
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sarah Gerdts
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Regan J. Anderson
- Carbohydrate Chemistry Team, Industrial Research Ltd, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Gavin F. Painter
- Carbohydrate Chemistry Team, Industrial Research Ltd, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - D. Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - William J. Burlingham
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jenny E. Gumperz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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75
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Uncini A, Notturno F, Pace M, Caporale CM. Polymorphism of CD1 and SH2D2A genes in inflammatory neuropathies. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2011; 16 Suppl 1:48-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8027.2011.00307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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76
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Abstract
In the same way that peptide antigens are presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, glycolipid antigens can also activate the immune response via binding to CD1 proteins on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and stimulate CD1-restricted T cells. In humans, there are five members of the CD1 family, termed CD1a–e, of which CD1a–d are involved in glycolipid presentation at the cell surface, while CD1e is involved in the intracellular trafficking of glycolipid antigens. Both endogenous (self-derived) and exogenous (non-self-derived) glycolipids have been shown to bind to members of the CD1 family with varying degrees of specificity. In this paper we focus on the key glycolipids that bind to the different members of the CD1 family.
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77
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Podbielska M, Levery SB, Hogan EL. The structural and functional role of myelin fast-migrating cerebrosides: pathological importance in multiple sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 6:159-179. [PMID: 22701512 DOI: 10.2217/clp.11.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A family of neutral glycosphingolipids containing a 3-O-acetyl-sphingosine galactosylceramide (3-SAG) has been characterized. Seven new derivatives of galactosylceramide (GalCer), designated as fast-migrating cerebrosides (FMCs) by TLC retention factor, have been identified. The simplest compounds - FMC-1 and FMC-2 - of this series have been characterized as the 3-SAG containing nonhydroxy and hydroxy fatty acyl, respectively. The next two - FMC-3 and FMC-4 - add 6-O-acetyl-galactose and the most complex glycosphingolipids, FMC-5, -6 and -7, are 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-3-SAG. These hydrophobic myelin lipid biomarkers coappear with GalCer during myelinogenesis and disappear along with GalCer in de- or dys-myelinating disorders. Myelin lipid antigens, including FMCs, are keys to myelin biology, opening the possibility of new and novel immune modulatory tools for treatment of autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Podbielska
- Institute of Molecular Medicine & Genetics, Department of Neurology, Georgia Health Sciences University, 1120 15th Street, Building CB2803, Augusta, GA 30912-2620, USA
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78
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Young MH, Gapin L. Group 1 CD1-restricted T cells take center stage. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:592-4. [PMID: 21341260 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of lipid antigens by T cells is a complex and fascinating phenomenon. The MHC-like molecules of the CD1 family have evolved to present a wide variety of both self and foreign lipids for recognition by T-cell receptors. While much progress has been made in our understanding of the NKT cells that recognize lipids presented by CD1d molecules, our knowledge of the T-cell populations directed at the related group 1 CD1 molecules, i.e. CD1a, CD1b and CD1c, has lagged behind. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, a study identifies a surprisingly large portion of human peripheral blood T cells as being autoreactive to the group 1 CD1 proteins. This work and other recent developments highlight the presence of a substantial number of unconventional T cells as part of our normal T-cell repertoire. This interesting finding is discussed in details in this commentary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary H Young
- Integrated Department of immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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79
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de Lalla C, Lepore M, Piccolo FM, Rinaldi A, Scelfo A, Garavaglia C, Mori L, De Libero G, Dellabona P, Casorati G. High-frequency and adaptive-like dynamics of human CD1 self-reactive T cells. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:602-10. [PMID: 21246542 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201041211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
CD1 molecules present lipid antigens to T cells. An intriguing subset of human T cells recognize CD1-expressing cells without deliberately added lipids. Frequency, subset distribution, clonal composition, naïve-to-memory dynamic transition of these CD1 self-reactive T cells remain largely unknown. By screening libraries of T-cell clones, generated from CD4(+) or CD4(-) CD8(-) double negative (DN) T cells sorted from the same donors, and by limiting dilution analysis, we find that the frequency of CD1 self-reactive T cells is unexpectedly high in both T-cell subsets, in the range of 1/10-1/300 circulating T cells. These T cells predominantly recognize CD1a and CD1c and express diverse TCRs. Frequency comparisons of T-cell clones from sorted naïve and memory compartments of umbilical cord and adult blood show that CD1 self-reactive T cells are naïve at birth and undergo an age-dependent increase in the memory compartment, suggesting a naïve/memory adaptive-like population dynamics. CD1 self-reactive clones exhibit mostly Th1 and Th0 functional activities, depending on the subset and on the CD1 isotype restriction. These findings unveil the unanticipated relevance of self-lipid T-cell response in humans and clarify the basic parameters of the lipid-specific T-cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia de Lalla
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, DIBIT, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
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80
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Caporale C, Notturno F, Pace M, Aureli A, Di Tommaso V, De Luca G, Farina D, Giovannini A, Uncini A. CD1A and CD1E Gene Polymorphisms are Associated with Susceptibility to Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2011; 24:175-83. [DOI: 10.1177/039463201102400120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is thought to be an autoimmune T-cell-mediated disease directed at myelin antigens of the central nervous system. Besides myelin proteins, lipid components of CNS are supposed to play a role as antigens for T cells in MS. CD1 is a family of MHC-like glycoproteins specialized in capturing and presenting a variety of microbial and self lipids and glycolipids to antigen-specific T cells. CD1-restricted T cells specific for gangliosides and sulfatide have been isolated from subjects with MS and in mice with experimental allergic encephalopathy. We genotyped exon 2 of CD1A and CD1E in 205 MS patients and 223 unrelated healthy controls and determined their association with the presence of anti-ganglioside and anti-sulfatide antibodies. CD1E 01-01 is associated with a reduced risk of MS (OR 0.54, p=0.001); CD1A 02-02 (OR 1.99, p=0.012) or CD1E 02-02 (OR 2.45, p=0.000) with an increased risk. The combination of the genotypes CD1A 02-02 and CD1E 02-02 is present in 90.7% of patients but in only 9.4% controls (OR 94.16, p= 0.000). CD1A and CD1E polymorphisms contribute to the polygenic susceptibility to MS. The functional effects of CD1 polymorphisms are unknown, however changes in CD1 alleles may affect numerous immunological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.M. Caporale
- Neurocenter (EOC) of Southern Switzerland, Ospedale Civico, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - F. Notturno
- Neurocenter (EOC) of Southern Switzerland, Ospedale Civico, Lugano, Switzerland
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - M. Pace
- Neurocenter (EOC) of Southern Switzerland, Ospedale Civico, Lugano, Switzerland
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - A. Aureli
- Regional Center of Immunohaematology and Tissue Typing ASL n°4, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - V. Di Tommaso
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - G. De Luca
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - D. Farina
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - A. Giovannini
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Abruzzo and Molise “G. Caporale”, Teramo, Italy
| | - A. Uncini
- Neurocenter (EOC) of Southern Switzerland, Ospedale Civico, Lugano, Switzerland
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
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81
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Banchet-Cadeddu A, Hénon E, Dauchez M, Renault JH, Monneaux F, Haudrechy A. The stimulating adventure of KRN 7000. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:3080-104. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00975j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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82
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de Jong A, Peña-Cruz V, Cheng TY, Clark RA, Van Rhijn I, Moody DB. CD1a-autoreactive T cells are a normal component of the human αβ T cell repertoire. Nat Immunol 2010; 11:1102-9. [PMID: 21037579 PMCID: PMC3131223 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CD1 activates T cells, but the function and size of the possible human T cell repertoires that recognize each of the CD1 antigen-presenting molecules remain unknown. Using an experimental system that bypasses major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restriction and the requirement for defined antigens, we show that polyclonal T cells responded at higher rates to cells expressing CD1a than to those expressing CD1b, CD1c or CD1d. Unlike the repertoire of invariant natural killer T (NKT) cells, the CD1a-autoreactive repertoire contained diverse T cell antigen receptors (TCRs). Functionally, many CD1a-autoreactive T cells homed to skin, where they produced interleukin 22 (IL-22) in response to CD1a on Langerhans cells. The strong and frequent responses among genetically diverse donors define CD1a-autoreactive cells as a normal part of the human T cell repertoire and CD1a as a target of the T(H)22 subset of helper T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemieke de Jong
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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83
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Mix E, Meyer-Rienecker H, Hartung HP, Zettl UK. Animal models of multiple sclerosis--potentials and limitations. Prog Neurobiol 2010; 92:386-404. [PMID: 20558237 PMCID: PMC7117060 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is still the most widely accepted animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Different types of EAE have been developed in order to investigate pathogenetic, clinical and therapeutic aspects of the heterogenic human disease. Generally, investigations in EAE are more suitable for the analysis of immunogenetic elements (major histocompatibility complex restriction and candidate risk genes) and for the study of histopathological features (inflammation, demyelination and degeneration) of the disease than for screening of new treatments. Recent studies in new EAE models, especially in transgenic ones, have in connection with new analytical techniques such as microarray assays provided a deeper insight into the pathogenic cellular and molecular mechanisms of EAE and potentially of MS. For example, it was possible to better delineate the role of soluble pro-inflammatory (tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ and interleukins 1, 12 and 23), anti-inflammatory (transforming growth factor-β and interleukins 4, 10, 27 and 35) and neurotrophic factors (ciliary neurotrophic factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor). Also, the regulatory and effector functions of distinct immune cell subpopulations such as CD4+ Th1, Th2, Th3 and Th17 cells, CD4+FoxP3+ Treg cells, CD8+ Tc1 and Tc2, B cells and γδ+ T cells have been disclosed in more detail. The new insights may help to identify novel targets for the treatment of MS. However, translation of the experimental results into the clinical practice requires prudence and great caution.
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Key Words
- apc, antigen-presenting cell
- at-eae, adoptive transfer eae
- bbb, blood–brain barrier
- bdnf, brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- cd, cluster of differentiation
- cns, central nervous system
- cntf, ciliary neurotrophic factor
- eae, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
- hla, human leukocyte antigen
- ig, immunoglobulin
- il, interleukin
- ifn, interferon
- ivig, intravenous immunoglobulin
- mab, monoclonal antibody
- mbp, myelin basic protein
- mhc, major histocompatibility complex
- mog, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein
- mp, methylprednisolone
- mri, magnetic resonance imaging
- ms, multiple sclerosis
- nk, natural killer
- odc, oligodendrocyte
- qtl, quantitative trait locus
- plp, proteolipid protein
- tc, cytotoxic t cell
- tcr, t cell receptor
- tgf, transforming growth factor
- th cell, helper t cell
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
- animal model
- autoimmunity
- experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
- immunogenetics
- immunomodulatory therapy
- multiple sclerosis
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Gene Expression Profiling
- History, 19th Century
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Microarray Analysis
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/physiopathology
- Multiple Sclerosis/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Eilhard Mix
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Uwe K. Zettl
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Germany
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84
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Jamshidian A, Nikseresht AR, Vessal M, Kamali-Sarvestani E. Association of CD1A +622 T/C, +737 G/C and CD1E +6129 A/G Genes Polymorphisms with Multiple Sclerosis. Immunol Invest 2010; 39:874-89. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2010.503768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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85
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Li X, Wu K, Edman M, Schenke-Layland K, MacVeigh-Aloni M, Janga SR, Schulz B, Hamm-Alvarez SF. Increased expression of cathepsins and obesity-induced proinflammatory cytokines in lacrimal glands of male NOD mouse. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51:5019-29. [PMID: 20463324 PMCID: PMC3066616 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-4523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Lacrimal glands (LGs) of male NOD mice, a model of Sjögren's syndrome (SjS), exhibit immune cell infiltration and lipid deposition. The mechanism of SjS was further investigated by characterizing gene expression profiles of NOD mouse LGs in comparison with those of healthy control mice. Differentially expressed genes were further investigated at the protein level to correlate changes in location and abundance with development of disease. METHODS Microarray followed by real-time RT-PCR was conducted to compare the gene expression in 12-week-old male NOD mouse LG relative to that in matched BALB/c mouse LG. Immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses were used to localize and quantify proteins of interest. Enzymatic assays measured catalytic activity of cathepsins. RESULTS Cathepsin H (Ctsh), S (Ctss), and Z (Ctsz) and proinflammatory factors, including tumor necrosis factor (Tnf), interleukin 6 (Il6), and interleukin 1 beta (Il1b), were upregulated at the mRNA level. Increased cathepsin S immunofluorescence was detected in lysosomes and secretory vesicle-like organelles in LG acinar cells and CD68-positive infiltrating macrophages in NOD mouse LG. Cathepsin S (CATS) and cathepsin H (CATH) activities were significantly higher in NOD mouse LG lysate than in control lysates, and CATS was also significantly elevated in NOD mouse tears. CONCLUSIONS Expression of CATS and CATH increases in parallel with proinflammatory cytokines during the development of autoimmune inflammatory disease in the NOD mouse disease model. Tear CATS may represent a biomarker for diagnosis of dacryoadenitis in SjS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Li
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Kaijin Wu
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Maria Edman
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Katja Schenke-Layland
- the Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michelle MacVeigh-Aloni
- the Center for Liver Diseases, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | | | - Barbara Schulz
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences and
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86
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De Libero G, Mori L. How the immune system detects lipid antigens. Prog Lipid Res 2010; 49:120-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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87
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The role of apolipoprotein E in Guillain-Barré syndrome and experimental autoimmune neuritis. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:357412. [PMID: 20182542 PMCID: PMC2825561 DOI: 10.1155/2010/357412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a 34.2 kDa glycosylated protein characterized by its wide tissue distribution and multiple functions. ApoE has been widely studied in lipid metabolism, cardiocerebrovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment, and so forth. Recently, a growing body of evidence has pointed to nonlipid related properties of apoE, including suppression of T cell proliferation, regulation of macrophage function, facilitation of lipid antigen presentation by CD1 molecules to natural killer T (NKT) cells, and modulation of inflammation and oxidation. By these properties, apoE impacts physiology and pathophysiology at multiple levels. The present paper summarizes updated studies on the immunoregulatory function of apoE, with special focus on isoform-specific effects of apoE on Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN).
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88
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Activation state and intracellular trafficking contribute to the repertoire of endogenous glycosphingolipids presented by CD1d [corrected]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:3052-7. [PMID: 20133624 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0915056107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid antigen-presenting cells (APC) express CD1d molecules that present exogenous and endogenous lipid antigens that activate CD1d-restricted T cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells. NKT cell activation has been shown to mediate the potent downstream activation of other immune cells through cell-cell interactions and rapid, prolific cytokine production. Foreign antigens are not required for NKT cell activation. The endogenous lipids bound to CD1d are sufficient for activation of NKT cells in the setting of Toll-like receptor-induced cytokines. The most potent NKT cell antigens identified are glycosphingolipids (GSL). The GSL repertoire of endogenous ligands bound to CD1d molecules that are expressed in myeloid APC at steady state and in the setting of activation has not been delineated. This report identifies the range of GSL bound to soluble murine CD1d (mCD1d) molecules that sample the endoplasmic reticulum/secretory routes and cell surface-cleaved mCD1d that also samples the endocytic system. Specific GSL species are preferentially bound by mCD1d and do not solely reflect cellular GSL. GM1a and GD1a are prominent CD1d ligands for molecules following both the ER/secretory and lysosomal trafficking routes, whereas GM2 was eluted from soluble CD1d but not lysosomal trafficking CD1d. Further, after LPS activation, the quantities of soluble CD1d-bound GM3 and GM1a markedly increased. A unique alpha-galactose-terminating GSL was also found to be preferentially bound to mCD1d at steady state, and it increased with APC activation. Together, these studies identify the range of GSL presented by CD1d and how presentation varies based on CD1d intracellular trafficking and microbial activation.
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89
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Lipid autoreactivity in multiple sclerosis. Med Hypotheses 2009; 74:433-42. [PMID: 19932569 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Lipids comprise over 70% of the myelin sheath but have been largely underinvestigated as autoantigens in multiple sclerosis (MS). This paper cites evidence for the involvement of lipid autoreactivity in MS and details how self lipid cross-reactivity may also contribute to the development of type 1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroid disorders (both of which have been associated with MS). A further analysis of myelin chemistry suggests several mechanisms by which infection may contribute to etiology and trigger lipid autoreactivity via molecular mimicry. This analysis may aid the development of new therapies for autoimmune diseases.
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90
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Podbielska M, Hogan EL. Molecular and immunogenic features of myelin lipids: incitants or modulators of multiple sclerosis? Mult Scler 2009; 15:1011-29. [PMID: 19692432 DOI: 10.1177/1352458509106708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Myelin lipids have long been thought to play intriguing roles in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). This review summarizes current understanding of the molecular basis of MS with emphasis on the: (i.) physico-chemical properties, organization and accessibility of the lipids and their distribution within the myelin multilayer; (ii.) characterization of myelin lipid structures, and structure-function relationships relevant to MS mechanisms, and; (iii.) immunogenic and other features of lipids in MS including molecular mimicry, lipid enzyme genetic knockouts, glycolipid-reactive NKT cells, and monoclonal antibody-induced remyelination. New findings associate anti-lipid antibodies with pathophysiological biomarkers and suggest clinical utility. The structure of CD1d-lipid complexed with the lipophilic invariant T cell receptor (iTCR) may be crucial to understanding MS pathogenesis, and design of lipid antigen-specific therapeutics. Novel immuno-modulatory tools for treatment of autoimmune diseases including MS in which there is both constraint of inflammation and stimulation of remyelination are now emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Podbielska
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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91
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Felio K, Nguyen H, Dascher CC, Choi HJ, Li S, Zimmer MI, Colmone A, Moody DB, Brenner MB, Wang CR. CD1-restricted adaptive immune responses to Mycobacteria in human group 1 CD1 transgenic mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:2497-509. [PMID: 19808251 PMCID: PMC2768849 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20090898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Group 1 CD1 (CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c)–restricted T cells recognize mycobacterial lipid antigens and are found at higher frequencies in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)–infected individuals. However, their role and dynamics during infection remain unknown because of the lack of a suitable small animal model. We have generated human group 1 CD1 transgenic (hCD1Tg) mice that express all three human group 1 CD1 isoforms and support the development of group 1 CD1–restricted T cells with diverse T cell receptor usage. Both mycobacterial infection and immunization with Mtb lipids elicit group 1 CD1–restricted Mtb lipid–specific T cell responses in hCD1Tg mice. In contrast to CD1d-restricted NKT cells, which rapidly respond to initial stimulation but exhibit anergy upon reexposure, group 1 CD1–restricted T cells exhibit delayed primary responses and more rapid secondary responses, similar to conventional T cells. Collectively, our data demonstrate that group 1 CD1–restricted T cells participate in adaptive immune responses upon mycobacterial infection and could serve as targets for the development of novel Mtb vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyrie Felio
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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92
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Cencioni M, Notturno F, Caporale C, Creati B, Prencipe V, Battistini L, Uncini A. T Cell Response in Acute Motor Axonal Neuropathy. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2009; 22:1043-50. [DOI: 10.1177/039463200902200420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that in the acute axonal motor neuropathy (AMAN) subtype of Guillain-Barré syndrome antibodies to gangliosides, produced through molecular mimicry by antecedent Campylobacter jejuni ( C. jejuni) infection, attack gangliosides expressed in human peripheral nerve axolemma, inducing a primary axonal damage. The aim of this study is to investigate whether the T cell response has a role in AMAN pathogenesis. We isolated monocytes from 4 healthy subjects and 5 AMAN patients with antecedent C. jejuni infection and antibodies to GM1 and/or GDla gangliosides. Immature dendritic cells expressing CD1 molecules cultured with autologous T cells were stimulated with 2 lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) extracted from C. jejuni strains containing GM1 and GDla-like structures and with GM1 and GDla. The T cell response to LPSs and to gangliosides was determined by measuring the release of IFN-γ and TNF-α. We observed a T cell response to both LPSs in controls and AMAN patients, whereas only AMAN patients showed T cell reactivity to gangliosides GM1 and GD1a with a tight correlation between T cell reactivity to the ganglioside and individual antibody responses to the same ganglioside. T cells responding to gangliosides were CD1c-restricted CD8 positive and CD27 negative. These findings indicate a contribution of cellular immunity in the pathogenesis of AMAN. A possible role for ganglioside-reactive T cells might be to facilitate the production of antibodies against gangliosides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F. Notturno
- Department of Human Motor Sciences and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, University, “G. d'Annunzio” and Institute of Aging (Ce.S.I), Foundation University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara
| | - C.M. Caporale
- Department of Human Motor Sciences and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, University, “G. d'Annunzio” and Institute of Aging (Ce.S.I), Foundation University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara
| | - B. Creati
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute “G. Caporale”, Teramo, Italy
| | - V. Prencipe
- Department of Human Motor Sciences and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, University, “G. d'Annunzio” and Institute of Aging (Ce.S.I), Foundation University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara
| | | | - A. Uncini
- Department of Human Motor Sciences and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, University, “G. d'Annunzio” and Institute of Aging (Ce.S.I), Foundation University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara
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93
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Blomqvist M, Rhost S, Teneberg S, Löfbom L, Osterbye T, Brigl M, Månsson JE, Cardell SL. Multiple tissue-specific isoforms of sulfatide activate CD1d-restricted type II NKT cells. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:1726-35. [PMID: 19582739 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200839001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The glycosphingolipid sulfatide (SO(3)-3Galbeta1Cer) is a demonstrated ligand for a subset of CD1d-restricted NKT cells, which could regulate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a murine model for multiple sclerosis, as well as tumor immunity and experimental hepatitis. Native sulfatide is a mixture of sulfatide isoforms, i.e. sulfatide molecules with different long-chain bases and fatty acid chain lengths and saturation. Here, we demonstrate that sulfatide-specific CD1d-restricted murine NKT hybridomas recognized several different sulfatide isoforms. These included the physiologically relevant isoforms C24:1 and C24:0, major constituents of the myelin sheet of the nervous system, and C16:0, prominent in the pancreatic islet beta-cells. The most potent sulfatide isoform was lysosulfatide (lacking a fatty acid). Shortened fatty acid chain length (C24:1 versus C18:1), or saturation of the long fatty acid (C24:0), resulted in reduced stimulatory capacity, and fatty acid hydroxylation abolished the response. Moreover, sulfatide was not responsible for the natural autoreactivity toward splenocytes by XV19 T hybridoma cells. Our results reveal a promiscuity in the recognition of sulfatide isoforms by a CD1d-restricted NKT-cell clone, and suggest that sulfatide, a major component of the myelin sheet and pancreatic beta-cells, is one of several natural ligands for type II CD1d-restricted NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Blomqvist
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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94
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Li Y, Thapa P, Hawke D, Kondo Y, Furukawa K, Furukawa K, Hsu FF, Adlercreutz D, Weadge J, Palcic MM, Wang PG, Levery SB, Zhou D. Immunologic glycosphingolipidomics and NKT cell development in mouse thymus. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:2740-51. [PMID: 19284783 DOI: 10.1021/pr801040h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Invariant NKT cells are a hybrid cell type of Natural Killer cells and T cells, whose development is dependent on thymic positive selection mediated by double positive thymocytes through their recognition of natural ligands presented by CD1d, a nonpolymorphic, non-MHC, MHC-like antigen presenting molecule. Genetic evidence suggested that beta-glucosylceramide derived glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are natural ligands for NKT cells. N-butyldeoxygalactonojirimycin (NB-DGJ), a drug that specifically inhibits the glucosylceramide synthase, inhibits the endogenous ligands for NKT cells. Furthermore, we and others have found a beta-linked glycosphingolipid, isoglobotriaosylceramide (iGb3), is a stimulatory NKT ligand. The iGb3 synthase knockout mice have a normal NKT development and function, indicating that other ligands exist and remain to be identified. In this study, we have performed a glycosphingolipidomics study of mouse thymus, and studied mice mutants which are deficient in beta-hexosaminidase b or alpha-galactosidase A, two glycosidases that are up- and downstream agents of iGb3 turnover, respectively. Our mass spectrometry methods generated a first database for glycosphingolipids expressed in mouse thymus, which are specifically regulated by rate-limiting glycosidases. Among the identified thymic glycosphingolipids, only iGb3 is a stimulatory ligand for NKT cells, suggesting that large-scale fractionation, enrichment and characterization of minor species of glycosphingolipids are necessary for identifying additional ligands for NKT cells. Our results also provide early insights into cellular lipidomics studies, with a specific focus on the important immunological functions of glycosphingolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsen Li
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
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95
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Kasmar A, Rhijn IV, Moody DB. The evolved functions of CD1 during infection. Curr Opin Immunol 2009; 21:397-403. [PMID: 19541469 PMCID: PMC2725205 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2009.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
CD1 proteins display lipid antigens to T cell receptors. Studies using CD1d tetramers and CD1d-deficient mice provide important insight into the immunological functions of invariant NK T cells (iNKT) during viral and bacterial infections. However, the mouse CD1 locus is atypical because it encodes only CD1d, whereas most mammalian species have retained many CD1 genes. Viewed from the perspective that CD1 is a diverse gene family that activates several of classes of T cells, new insights into lipid loading and infection response are emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kasmar
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School 1 Jimmy Fund Way Boston MA 02115
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - D. Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School 1 Jimmy Fund Way Boston MA 02115
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96
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Zajonc DM, Kronenberg M. Carbohydrate specificity of the recognition of diverse glycolipids by natural killer T cells. Immunol Rev 2009; 230:188-200. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00802.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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97
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Diaz Y, Gonzalez A, Lopez A, Perez R, Vazquez AM, Montero E. Anti-ganglioside anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody-based cancer vaccine induces apoptosis and antiangiogenic effect in a metastatic lung carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:1117-28. [PMID: 19066887 PMCID: PMC11030083 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0634-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Anti-idiotype monoclonal antibody (mAb) 1E10 was generated by immunizing BALB/c mice with an Ab1 mAb which recognizes NeuGc-containing gangliosides, sulfatides and some tumor antigens. 1E10 mAb induces therapeutic effects in a primary breast carcinoma and a melanoma model. However, the tumor immunity mechanisms have not been elucidated. Here we show that aluminum hydroxide-precipitated 1E10 mAb immunization induced anti-metastatic effect in the 3LL-D122 Lewis Lung carcinoma, a poorly immunogenic and highly metastatic model in C57BL/6 mice. The therapeutic effect was associated to the increment of T cells infiltrating metastases, the reduction of new blood vessels formation and the increase of apoptotic tumor cells in lung nodules. Interestingly, active immunization does not induce measurable antibodies to the 1E10 mAb, the NeuGc-GM3 or tumor cells, which may suggest a different mechanism which has to be elucidated. These findings may support the relevance of this target for cancer biotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Diaz
- Experimental Immunotherapy Department, Center of Molecular Immunology, P.O. Box 16040, Havana, 11600 Cuba
| | - A. Gonzalez
- Experimental Immunotherapy Department, Center of Molecular Immunology, P.O. Box 16040, Havana, 11600 Cuba
| | - A. Lopez
- Experimental Immunotherapy Department, Center of Molecular Immunology, P.O. Box 16040, Havana, 11600 Cuba
| | - R. Perez
- Research and Development, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
| | - A. M. Vazquez
- Antibody Engineering Department, Center of Molecular Immunology, P.O. Box 16040, Havana, 11600 Cuba
| | - E. Montero
- Experimental Immunotherapy Department, Center of Molecular Immunology, P.O. Box 16040, Havana, 11600 Cuba
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98
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Abstract
CD1 proteins have been conserved throughout mammalian evolution and function to present lipid antigens to T cells. Crystal structures of CD1-lipid complexes show that CD1 antigen-binding grooves are composed of four pockets and two antigen entry portals. This structural information now provides a detailed understanding of how CD1-binding grooves capture a surprisingly diverse array of lipid ligands. CD1-expressing APCs are able to acquire lipid antigens from their own pool of lipids and from exogenous sources, including microbial pathogens, bystander cells, or even the systemic circulation. CD1 proteins bind to certain antigens using high stringency loading reactions within endosomes that involve low pH, glycosidases, and lipid transfer proteins. Other antigens can directly load onto CD1 proteins using low stringency mechanisms that are independent of cellular factors. New evidence from in vivo systems shows that CD1-restricted T cells influence outcomes in infectious, autoimmune, and allergic diseases. These studies lead to a broader view of the natural function of alphabeta T cells, which involves recognition of both cellular proteins and lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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99
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Wu K, Joffre C, Li X, MacVeigh-Aloni M, Hom M, Hwang J, Ding C, Gregoire S, Bretillon L, Zhong JF, Hamm-Alvarez SF. Altered expression of genes functioning in lipid homeostasis is associated with lipid deposition in NOD mouse lacrimal gland. Exp Eye Res 2009; 89:319-32. [PMID: 19345210 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2009.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Functional atrophy and accompanying lymphocytic infiltration and destruction of the lacrimal gland (LG) are characteristics of Sjögren's Syndrome (SjS). The male NOD mouse is an experimental model for the autoimmune exocrinopathy that develops in the LG of SjS patients. Acinar cells in LG of male NOD mice aged 3-4 months were previously shown to accumulate lipid droplets. In the current study, analysis of lipid components revealed that the accumulated lipids were mostly cholesteryl esters (CE). Gene expression microarray analysis followed by real-time RT-PCR revealed alterations in the expression of several genes involved in lipid homeostasis in LG of 12-week-old male NOD mice relative to matched BALB/c controls. A series of upregulated genes including apolipoprotein E, apolipoprotein F, hepatic lipase, phosphomevalonate kinase, ATP-binding cassette D1 and ATP-binding cassette G1 were identified. Comparison of liver mRNAs to LG mRNAs in BALB/c and NOD mice revealed that the differential expressions were LG-specific. Gene expression profiles were also characterized in LGs of female mice, younger mice and immune-incompetent NOD SCID mice. Investigation of the cellular distribution of Apo-E and Apo-F proteins suggested that these proteins normally coordinate to mediate lipid efflux from the acinar cells but that dysfunction of these processes due to missorting of Apo-F may contribute to CE deposition. Finally, the initiation and extent of lipid deposition were correlated with lymphocytic infiltration in the LG of male NOD mice. We propose that impaired lipid efflux contributes to lipid deposition, an event that may contribute to the development and/or progression of dacryoadenitis in the male NOD mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijin Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
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100
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Arrenberg P, Halder R, Kumar V. Cross-regulation between distinct natural killer T cell subsets influences immune response to self and foreign antigens. J Cell Physiol 2008; 218:246-50. [PMID: 18814145 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells generally recognize lipid-antigens presented in the context of the MHC class I-like molecule CD1d. CD1d-restricted NKT cells consist of two broad subsets: Type I, which express an invariant T cell receptor (TCR) and type II, which utilize diverse TCR gene segments. A major type II NKT subset has been shown to recognize a self-glycolipid, sulfatide. Both subsets play important roles in autoimmune diseases, tumor surveillance, and infectious diseases. While type I NKT cells protect from tumor growth by enhancing tumor surveillance, type II NKT cells may suppress anti-tumor immune responses. In a murine autoimmune hepatitis model, type I NKT cells contribute to pathogenesis, whereas activation of sulfatide-reactive type II NKT cells protects from disease. Sulfatide-mediated activation of type II NKT cells results in modification of dendritic cells and induction of anergy in type I NKT cells. Elucidation of this novel pathway of cross-regulation among NKT cell subsets will provide tools for intervention in autoimmune diseases and for designing strategies for effective anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philomena Arrenberg
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, California, USA
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