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Gagnon MG, Roy RN, Lomakin IB, Florin T, Mankin AS, Steitz TA. Structures of proline-rich peptides bound to the ribosome reveal a common mechanism of protein synthesis inhibition. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:2439-50. [PMID: 26809677 PMCID: PMC4797290 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With bacterial resistance becoming a serious threat to global public health, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have become a promising area of focus in antibiotic research. AMPs are derived from a diverse range of species, from prokaryotes to humans, with a mechanism of action that often involves disruption of the bacterial cell membrane. Proline-rich antimicrobial peptides (PrAMPs) are instead actively transported inside the bacterial cell where they bind and inactivate specific targets. Recently, it was reported that some PrAMPs, such as Bac71 -35, oncocins and apidaecins, bind and inactivate the bacterial ribosome. Here we report the crystal structures of Bac71 -35, Pyrrhocoricin, Metalnikowin and two oncocin derivatives, bound to the Thermus thermophilus 70S ribosome. Each of the PrAMPs blocks the peptide exit tunnel of the ribosome by simultaneously occupying three well characterized antibiotic-binding sites and interferes with the initiation step of translation, thereby revealing a common mechanism of action used by these PrAMPs to inactivate protein synthesis. Our study expands the repertoire of PrAMPs and provides a framework for designing new-generation therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu G Gagnon
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8114, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8114, USA
| | - Raktim N Roy
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8114, USA Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
| | - Ivan B Lomakin
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8114, USA
| | - Tanja Florin
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607-7173, USA
| | - Alexander S Mankin
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607-7173, USA
| | - Thomas A Steitz
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8114, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8114, USA Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
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Moghaddam MM, Abolhassani F, Babavalian H, Mirnejad R, Azizi Barjini K, Amani J. Comparison of in vitro antibacterial activities of two cationic peptides CM15 and CM11 against five pathogenic bacteria: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Escherichia coli. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2016; 4:133-9. [PMID: 26781855 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-012-9098-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the widespread use of antibiotics has caused many bacterial pathogens resistance to conventional antibiotics. Therefore, generation of new antibiotics to control and reduce the effects of these pathogens is urgently needed. Antimicrobial peptides and proteins are important members of the host defense system in eukaryotes. These peptides are potent, broad-spectrum antibiotics that demonstrate potential as novel and alternative therapeutic agents for the treatment of drug-resistant infections. Accordingly, we evaluated two hybrid peptides CM11 (WKLFKKILKVL-NH2) and CM15 (KWKLFKKIGAVLKVL-NH2) on five important pathogenic bacteria. These peptides are short cecropin-melittin hybrid peptides obtained through a sequence combination approach, which are highly effective to inhibit the growth of important pathogenic bacteria. The activity of these two cationic peptides (CM11 and CM15) in different concentrations (2-64 mg/L) was investigated against standard and clinical isolates of important hospital infection bacteria by measuring MIC, MBC, and bactericidal assay. These peptides demonstrated the same ranges of inhibitory values: The organisms in early 24 h were more susceptible to polycationic peptides (MIC: 8 mg/L and MBC 32 mg/L), but after 48 h the MIC and MBC remained constant for the CM11 peptide. Bactericidal assay showed that all bacteria strains did not have any growth in agar plates after 40 min. The result showed that these two peptides are more effective than other peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Moosazadeh Moghaddam
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Vanak Sq. Mollasadra St., P.O. Box: 19395-5487, Tehran, Iran.
| | - F Abolhassani
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Vanak Sq. Mollasadra St., P.O. Box: 19395-5487, Tehran, Iran.
| | - H Babavalian
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Vanak Sq. Mollasadra St., P.O. Box: 19395-5487, Tehran, Iran.
| | - R Mirnejad
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - K Azizi Barjini
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - J Amani
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Vanak Sq. Mollasadra St., P.O. Box: 19395-5487, Tehran, Iran.
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Cao H, Ke T, Liu R, Yu J, Dong C, Cheng M, Huang J, Liu S. Identification of a Novel Proline-Rich Antimicrobial Peptide from Brassica napus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137414. [PMID: 26383098 PMCID: PMC4575134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proline-rich antimicrobial peptides (PR-AMPs) are a group of cationic host defense peptides that are characterized by a high content of proline residues. Up to now, they have been reported in some insects, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, but are not found in plants. In this study, we performed an in silico screening of antimicrobial peptides, which led to discovery of a Brassica napus gene encoding a novel PR-AMP. This gene encodes a 35-amino acid peptide with 13 proline residues, designated BnPRP1. BnPRP1 has 40.5% identity with a known proline-rich antimicrobial peptide SP-B from the pig. BnPRP1 was artificially synthetized and cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pET30a/His-EDDIE-GFP. Recombinant BnPRP1 was produced in Escherichia coli and has a predicted molecular mass of 3.8 kDa. Analysis of its activity demonstrated that BnPRP1 exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacterium, Gram-negative bacterium, yeast and also had strong antifungal activity against several pathogenic fungi, such as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Mucor sp., Magnaporthe oryzae and Botrytis cinerea. Circular dichroism (CD) revealed the main secondary structure of BnPRP1 was the random coil. BnPRP1 gene expression detected by qRT-PCR is responsive to pathogen inoculation. At 48 hours after S. sclerotiorum inoculation, the expression of BnPRP1 increased significantly in the susceptible lines while slight decrease occurred in resistant lines. These suggested that BnPRP1 might play a role in the plant defense response against S. sclerotiorum. BnPRP1 isolated from B. napus was the first PR-AMP member that was characterized in plants, and its homology sequences were found in some other Brassicaceae plants by the genome sequences analysis. Compared with the known PR-AMPs, BnPRP1 has the different primary sequences and antimicrobial activity. Above all, this study gives a chance to cast a new light on further understanding about the AMPs' mechanism and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Cao
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Tao Ke
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Nanyang Normal University, Wolong Road, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Renhu Liu
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 198 Shiqiao Road, Hangzhou, 310021, P. R. China
| | - Jingyin Yu
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Caihua Dong
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430062, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Mingxing Cheng
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Junyan Huang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430062, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Shengyi Liu
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430062, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
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Immunogenicity and pharmacokinetics of short, proline-rich antimicrobial peptides. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:1581-96. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The potential of proline-rich antimicrobial peptides (PrAMPs) to treat multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens has been intensively investigated. They are efficacious at low doses in infection models and well tolerated in healthy mice at high doses. Methods & results: PrAMPs Onc72 and Api88 were nonimmunogenic in mice unless conjugated to a carrier protein. Monoclonal IgG1/IgG2b antibodies produced by hybridoma cells were mapped to different Onc72 regions and combined in a sandwich-ELISA in a pharmacokinetic study. Onc72 was detected at concentrations up to 32 µg/ml in murine blood after administering 20 mg/kg and reached several organs within 10 min. Conclusion: Both PrAMPs were not immunogenic and Onc72 concentrations in blood were well above the minimal inhibitory concentrations for Enterobacteriaceae further confirming their potential as novel antibiotics.
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Pritchard DI, Čeřovský V, Nigam Y, Pickles SF, Cazander G, Nibbering PH, Bültemann A, Jung W. TIME management by medicinal larvae. Int Wound J 2015; 13:475-84. [PMID: 26179750 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound bed preparation (WBP) is an integral part of the care programme for chronic wounds. The acronym TIME is used in the context of WBP and describes four barriers to healing in chronic wounds; namely, dead Tissue, Infection and inflammation, Moisture imbalance and a non-migrating Edge. Larval debridement therapy (LDT) stems from observations that larvae of the blowfly Lucilia sericata clean wounds of debris. Subsequent clinical studies have proven debriding efficacy, which is likely to occur as a result of enzymatically active alimentary products released by the insect. The antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities of LDT have also been investigated, predominantly in a pre-clinical context. This review summarises the findings of investigations into the molecular mechanisms of LDT and places these in context with the clinical concept of WBP and TIME. It is clear from these findings that biotherapy with L. sericata conforms with TIME, through the enzymatic removal of dead tissue and its associated biofilm, coupled with the secretion of defined antimicrobial peptides. This biotherapeutic impact on the wound serves to reduce inflammation, with an associated capacity for an indirect effect on moisture imbalance. Furthermore, larval serine proteinases have the capacity to alter fibroblast behaviour in a manner conducive to the formation of granulation tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Václav Čeřovský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Yamni Nigam
- College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | | | - Peter H Nibbering
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Influence of the yjiL-mdtM Gene Cluster on the Antibacterial Activity of Proline-Rich Antimicrobial Peptides Overcoming Escherichia coli Resistance Induced by the Missing SbmA Transporter System. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:5992-8. [PMID: 26169420 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01307-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In view of increasing health threats from multiresistant pathogens, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and, specifically, proline-rich AMPs (PrAMPs) have been investigated in animal models. PrAMPs enter bacteria via the ABC transporter SbmA and inhibit intracellular targets. We used phage transduction (Tn10 insertion) to screen by random mutagenesis for alternative uptake mechanisms for analogs of apidaecin 1b, a honeybee-derived PrAMP. All 24 apidaecin-resistant mutants had the Tn10 insertion in the sbmA gene. These sbmA::Tn10 insertion mutants and the Escherichia coli BW25113 ΔsbmA (JW0368) strain were still susceptible to the bactenecin PrAMP Bac7(1-35) and oncocin PrAMPs Onc18 and Onc112, as well as to Chex1-Arg20, despite significantly reduced internalizations. In a second round of random mutagenesis, the remaining susceptibility was linked to the yjiL-mdtM gene cluster. E. coli BW25113 and its ΔyjiL null mutant (JW5785) were equally susceptible to all PrAMPs tested, whereas the BW25113 ΔmdtM mutant was less susceptible to oncocins. The JW0368 yjiL::Tn10 transposon mutant (BS2) was resistant to all short PrAMPs and susceptible only to full-length Bac7 and A3-APO. Interestingly, PrAMPs appear to enter bacteria via MdtM, a multidrug resistance transporter (drug/H(+) antiporter) of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) that can efflux antibiotics, biocides, and bile salts. In conclusion, PrAMPs enter bacteria via ABC and MFS transporters that efflux antibiotics and cytotoxic compounds from the cytoplasm to the periplasm.
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Roy RN, Lomakin IB, Gagnon MG, Steitz TA. The mechanism of inhibition of protein synthesis by the proline-rich peptide oncocin. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2015; 22:466-9. [PMID: 25984972 PMCID: PMC4456192 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raktim N Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ivan B Lomakin
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Matthieu G Gagnon
- 1] Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Thomas A Steitz
- 1] Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. [2] Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. [3] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Oyinloye BE, Adenowo AF, Kappo AP. Reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, antimicrobial peptides and human inflammatory diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2015; 8:151-75. [PMID: 25850012 PMCID: PMC4491653 DOI: 10.3390/ph8020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive free radical generation, especially reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to oxidative stress in the biological system, has been implicated in the pathogenesis and pathological conditions associated with diverse human inflammatory diseases (HIDs). Although inflammation which is considered advantageous is a defensive mechanism in response to xenobiotics and foreign pathogen; as a result of cellular damage arising from oxidative stress, if uncontrolled, it may degenerate to chronic inflammation when the ROS levels exceed the antioxidant capacity. Therefore, in the normal resolution of inflammatory reactions, apoptosis is acknowledged to play a crucial role, while on the other hand, dysregulation in the induction of apoptosis by enhanced ROS production could also result in excessive apoptosis identified in the pathogenesis of HIDs. Apparently, a careful balance must be maintained in this complex environment. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been proposed in this review as an excellent candidate capable of playing prominent roles in maintaining this balance. Consequently, in novel drug design for the treatment and management of HIDs, AMPs are promising candidates owing to their size and multidimensional properties as well as their wide spectrum of activities and indications of reduced rate of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babatunji Emmanuel Oyinloye
- Biotechnology and Structural Biology (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa.
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, Afe Babalola University, PMB 5454, Ado-Ekiti 360001, Nigeria.
| | - Abiola Fatimah Adenowo
- Biotechnology and Structural Biology (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa.
| | - Abidemi Paul Kappo
- Biotechnology and Structural Biology (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa.
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Abstract
Over the past two decades, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have become increasingly popular both in research and in application. There have been numerous studies on the physiochemical characteristics and behavior of CPPs in various environments; likewise, the mechanisms of entry and delivery capabilities of these peptides have also been extensively researched. Besides the fundamental issues, there is an enormous interest in the delivery capabilities of the peptides as the family of CPPs is a promising and mostly non-toxic delivery vector candidate for numerous medical applications such as gene silencing, transgene delivery, and splice correction. Lately, however, there has been an emerging field of study besides the high-profile gene therapy applications-the use of peptides and CPPs to combat various infections caused by harmful bacteria, fungi, and viruses.In this chapter, we aim to provide a short overview of the history and properties of CPPs which is followed by more thorough descriptions of antimicrobial and antiviral peptides. To achieve this, we analyze the origin of such peptides, give an overview of the mechanisms of action and discuss the various practical applications which are ongoing or have been suggested based on research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalle Pärn
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Technology, Tartu University, Nooruse 1/517, Tartu, 50411, Estonia,
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Lee E, Shin A, Kim Y. Anti-inflammatory activities of cecropin A and its mechanism of action. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 88:31-44. [PMID: 25319409 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cecropin A is a novel 37-residue cecropin-like antimicrobial peptide isolated from the cecropia moth, Hyalophora cecropia. We have demonstrated that cecropin A is an antibacterial agent and have investigated its mode of action. In this study, we show that cecropin A has potent antimicrobial activity against 2 multidrug resistant organisms-Acinetobacter baumanii and-Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Interactions between cecropin A and membrane phospholipids were studied using tryptophan blue shift experiments. Cecropin A has a strong interaction with bacterial cell mimetic membranes. These results imply that cecropin A has selectivity for bacterial cells. To address the potential the rapeutic efficacy of cecropin A, its anti-inflammatory activities and mode of action in mouse macrophage-derived RAW264.7 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were examined. Cecropin A suppressed nitrite production, mTNF-α, mIL-1β, mMIP-1, and mMIP-2 cytokine release in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, cecropin A inhibited intracellular cell signaling via the ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPK pathway, leading to the prevention of COX-2 expression in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. These results strongly suggest that cecropin A should be investigated as a potential agent for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjung Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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Yang J, Wang X, Tang S, Shen Z, Wu J. Peptidoglycan recognition protein S2 from silkworm integument: characterization, microbe-induced expression, and involvement in the immune-deficiency pathway. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2015; 15:iev007. [PMID: 25797797 PMCID: PMC4535147 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iev007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) binds specifically to peptidoglycan and plays an important role as a pattern recognition receptor in the innate immunity of insects. The cDNA of a short-type PGRP, an open reading frame of 588 bp encoding a polypeptide of 196 amino acids, was cloned from Bombyx mori. A phylogenetic tree was constructed, and the results showed that BmPGRP-S2 was most similar to Drosophila melanogaster PGRP (DmPGRP-SA). The induced expression profile of BmPGRP-S2 in healthy Escherichia coli- and Bacillus subtilis-challenged B. mori was measured using semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis. The expression of BmPGRP-S2 was upregulated at 24 h by E. coli and Ba. subtilis challenge. In addition, in the integument of B. mori, RNAi knockdown of BmPGRP-S2 caused an obvious reduction in the transcription expression of the transcription factor Relish and in antibacterial effector genes Attacin, Gloverin, and Moricin. The results indicated that BmPGRP-S2 participates in the signal transduction pathway of B. mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Shunming Tang
- The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Zhongyuan Shen
- The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Jinmei Wu
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, China
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A sensitive quantification of the peptide apidaecin 1 isoforms in single bee tissues using a weak cation exchange pre-separation and nanocapillary liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1374:134-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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63
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Müller H, Salzig D, Czermak P. Considerations for the process development of insect-derived antimicrobial peptide production. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 31:1-11. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hagen Müller
- Inst. of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen; Wiesenstrasse 14 Giessen 35390 Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Inst. of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen; Wiesenstrasse 14 Giessen 35390 Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Inst. of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen; Wiesenstrasse 14 Giessen 35390 Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry; Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen; Germany
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Kansas State University; Manhattan KS USA
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME); Project group “Bioresources”, Winchesterstrasse 3; Giessen 35394 Germany
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Valachova I, Prochazka E, Bohova J, Novak P, Takac P, Majtan J. Antibacterial properties of lucifensin in Lucilia sericata maggots after septic injury. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4:358-61. [PMID: 25182719 DOI: 10.12980/apjtb.4.2014c1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the antibacterial properties of lucifensin in maggots of Lucilia sericata after septic injury. METHODS In our preliminary study we have shown that injuring the maggots with a needle soaked in lipopolysaccharide solution induced within 24 h lucifensin expression in the fat body and in the grease coupler of the salivary glands. It is assumed that lucifensin is secreted solely from this tissue into the haemolymph (similar to other insect defensins) and not into secreted/excreted products. We used high-performance liquid chromatography fractionation and radial diffusion assay to investigate the antibacterial properties of haemolymph extracted from larvae after septic injury. RESULTS After septic injury, production of lucifensin in the haemolymph is increased. This led to higher antibacterial activity of such haemolymph in comparison to non-stimulated larvae. COCLUSIONS These results suggest that beside the previously demonstrated role of lucifensin in the debridement therapy, lucifensin is simultaneously important as a part of the systematic immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Valachova
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 06 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Emanuel Prochazka
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 06 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Bohova
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 06 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Petr Novak
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Takac
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 06 Bratislava, Slovakia ; Scientica s.r.o., Hybesova 33, 831 06, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Majtan
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 06 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Li W, Tailhades J, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Separovic F, Otvos L, Hossain MA, Wade JD. Proline-rich antimicrobial peptides: potential therapeutics against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Amino Acids 2014; 46:2287-94. [PMID: 25141976 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1820-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The increasing resistance of pathogens to antibiotics causes a huge clinical burden that places great demands on academic researchers and the pharmaceutical industry for resolution. Antimicrobial peptides, part of native host defense, have emerged as novel potential antibiotic alternatives. Among the different classes of antimicrobial peptides, proline-rich antimicrobial peptides, predominantly sourced from insects, have been extensively investigated to study their specific modes of action. In this review, we focus on recent developments in these peptides. They show a variety of modes of actions, including mechanism shift at high concentration, non-lytic mechanisms, as well as possessing different intracellular targets and lipopolysaccharide binding activity. Furthermore, proline-rich antimicrobial peptides display the ability to not only modulate the immune system via cytokine activity or angiogenesis but also possess properties of penetrating cell membranes and crossing the blood brain barrier suggesting a role as potential novel carriers. Ongoing studies of these peptides will likely lead to the development of more potent antimicrobial peptides that may serve as important additions to the armoury of agents against bacterial infection and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Li
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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66
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Al-Dawsary MMS. Functional compounds from the integument of adult red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus. Saudi J Biol Sci 2014; 21:275-9. [PMID: 24955013 PMCID: PMC4061415 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study deals with the analysis of the integument of the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus of both sexes using the GC-MS technique. The results of the study revealed many promising compounds. These include aspidofractinine-3-methanol (kopsinyl alcohol) which was found in the acetone extract of the sternum of females, and 3-buten-2-ol (32-B) which was found in the extracts of sternum and tergum of males. This compound the aggregation pheromone was secreted by males. Additionally, compounds with methoxy groups were found. These may be responsible for insects' resistance. This study, through separation and identification of these compounds, aims to open a new possibility for their future medical and therapeutic usage.
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67
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Yi HY, Chowdhury M, Huang YD, Yu XQ. Insect antimicrobial peptides and their applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:5807-22. [PMID: 24811407 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5792-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Insects are one of the major sources of antimicrobial peptides/proteins (AMPs). Since observation of antimicrobial activity in the hemolymph of pupae from the giant silk moths Samia Cynthia and Hyalophora cecropia in 1974 and purification of first insect AMP (cecropin) from H. cecropia pupae in 1980, over 150 insect AMPs have been purified or identified. Most insect AMPs are small and cationic, and they show activities against bacteria and/or fungi, as well as some parasites and viruses. Insect AMPs can be classified into four families based on their structures or unique sequences: the α-helical peptides (cecropin and moricin), cysteine-rich peptides (insect defensin and drosomycin), proline-rich peptides (apidaecin, drosocin, and lebocin), and glycine-rich peptides/proteins (attacin and gloverin). Among insect AMPs, defensins, cecropins, proline-rich peptides, and attacins are common, while gloverins and moricins have been identified only in Lepidoptera. Most active AMPs are small peptides of 20-50 residues, which are generated from larger inactive precursor proteins or pro-proteins, but gloverins (~14 kDa) and attacins (~20 kDa) are large antimicrobial proteins. In this mini-review, we will discuss current knowledge and recent progress in several classes of insect AMPs, including insect defensins, cecropins, attacins, lebocins and other proline-rich peptides, gloverins, and moricins, with a focus on structural-functional relationships and their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yu Yi
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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68
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Martinelli AH, Kappaun K, Ligabue-Braun R, Defferrari MS, Piovesan AR, Stanisçuaski F, Demartini DR, Dal Belo CA, Almeida CG, Follmer C, Verli H, Carlini CR, Pasquali G. Structure–function studies on jaburetox, a recombinant insecticidal peptide derived from jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) urease. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:935-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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69
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Pink DA, Hasan FM, Quinn BE, Winterhalter M, Mohan M, Gill TA. Interaction of protamine with gram‐negative bacteria membranes: possible alternative mechanisms of internalization in
Escherichia coli
,
Salmonella typhimurium
and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:240-50. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David. A. Pink
- Department of Physics St. Francis Xavier University Antigonish NS B2G 2W5 Canada
| | - Fida M. Hasan
- Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science Dalhousie University Halifax NS B3J 2X4 Canada
| | - Bonnie E. Quinn
- Department of Physics St. Francis Xavier University Antigonish NS B2G 2W5 Canada
| | | | - Mukund Mohan
- Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science Dalhousie University Halifax NS B3J 2X4 Canada
| | - Tom A. Gill
- Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science Dalhousie University Halifax NS B3J 2X4 Canada
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70
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Cassone M, Otvos Jr L. Synergy among antibacterial peptides and between peptides and small-molecule antibiotics. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 8:703-16. [DOI: 10.1586/eri.10.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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71
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Company N, Nadal A, La Paz JL, Martínez S, Rasche S, Schillberg S, Montesinos E, Pla M. The production of recombinant cationic α-helical antimicrobial peptides in plant cells induces the formation of protein bodies derived from the endoplasmic reticulum. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 12:81-92. [PMID: 24102775 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic linear antimicrobial peptides with cationic α-helical structures, such as BP100, are valuable as novel therapeutics and preservatives. However, they tend to be toxic when expressed at high levels as recombinant peptides in plants, and they can be difficult to detect and isolate from complex plant tissues because they are strongly cationic and display low extinction coefficient and extremely limited immunogenicity. We therefore expressed BP100 with a C-terminal tag which preserved its antimicrobial activity and demonstrated significant accumulation in plant cells. We used a fluorescent tag to trace BP100 following transiently expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and showed that it accumulated in large vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) along with typical ER luminal proteins. Interestingly, the formation of these vesicles was induced by BP100. Similar vesicles formed in stably transformed Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, but the recombinant peptide was toxic to the host during latter developmental stages. This was avoided by selecting active BP100 derivatives based on their low haemolytic activity even though the selected peptides remained toxic to plant cells when applied exogenously at high doses. Using this strategy, we generated transgenic rice lines producing active BP100 derivatives with a yield of up to 0.5% total soluble protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuri Company
- Institute for Food and Agricultural Technology (INTEA), University of Girona, Girona, Spain
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72
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Cologna CT, Cardoso JDS, Jourdan E, Degueldre M, Upert G, Gilles N, Uetanabaro APT, Costa Neto EM, Thonart P, de Pauw E, Quinton L. Peptidomic comparison and characterization of the major components of the venom of the giant ant Dinoponera quadriceps collected in four different areas of Brazil. J Proteomics 2013; 94:413-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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73
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Lee E, Jeong KW, Lee J, Shin A, Kim JK, Lee J, Lee DG, Kim Y. Structure-activity relationships of cecropin-like peptides and their interactions with phospholipid membrane. BMB Rep 2013; 46:282-7. [PMID: 23710640 PMCID: PMC4133896 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2013.46.5.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cecropin A and papiliocin are novel 37-residue cecropin-like antimicrobial peptides isolated from insect. We have confirmed that papiliocin possess high bacterial cell selectivity and has an α-helical structure from Lys3 to Lys21 and from Ala25 to Val35, linked by a hinge region. In this study, we demonstrated that both peptides showed high antimicrobial activities against multi-drug resistant Gram negative bacteria as well as fungi. Interactions between these cecropin-like peptides and phospholipid membrane were studied using CD, dye leakage experiments, and NMR experiments, showing that both peptides have strong permeabilizing activities against bacterial cell membranes and fungal membranes as well as Trp2 and Phe5 at the N-terminal helix play an important role in attracting cecropin-like peptides to the negatively charged bacterial cell membrane. Cecropin-like peptides can be potent peptide antibiotics against multi-drug resistant Gram negative bacteria and fungi. [BMB Reports 2013; 46(5): 282-287]
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjung Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Institute of SMART Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701
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74
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Choi H, Hwang JS, Lee DG. Antifungal effect and pore-forming action of lactoferricin B like peptide derived from centipede Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:2745-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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75
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Beaulieu L, Thibodeau J, Bonnet C, Bryl P, Carbonneau MÉ. Detection of antibacterial activity in an enzymatic hydrolysate fraction obtained from processing of Atlantic rock crab (Cancer irroratus) by-products. PHARMANUTRITION 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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76
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Dalluge JJ, Connell LB. On the potential of mass spectrometry-based metabolite profiling approaches to the study of biochemical adaptation in psychrophilic yeast. Extremophiles 2013; 17:953-61. [PMID: 23989708 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-013-0577-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To move beyond targeted approaches to the biochemical characterization of psychrophilic yeast and provide a more holistic understanding of the chemistry of physiological adaptation of psychrophiles at the molecular level, ultraperformance liquid chromatography combined with simultaneous acquisition of low- and high-collision energy mass spectra (UPLC/MS(e)) was employed for a preliminary comparative analysis of cell extracts of psychrophilic Antarctic yeasts Cryptococcus vishniacii CBS 10616 and Dioszegia cryoxerica CBS 10919 versus the mesophile Saccharomyces cerevisiae 'cry havoc'. A detailed workflow for providing high-confidence preliminary identifications of psychrophilic yeast-specific molecular features is presented. Preliminary identifications of psychrophile-specific features in C. vishniacii and D. cryoxerica determined with the described method include the glycerophospholipids lysophosphatidylcholine 18:2, lysophosphatidylcholine 18:3, lysophosphatidylethanolamine 18:3, and lysophosphatidylethanolamine 18:2. In addition, levels of guanosine diphosphate appear significantly elevated in cell extracts of the psychrophilic yeasts as compared to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Finally, five psychrophilic yeast-specific peptides have been discovered. All of these are demonstrated to be glycine- and/or proline-rich, a known structural characteristic of many naturally occurring bioactive peptides. The potential of this untargeted metabolite profiling approach as a tool for knowledge discovery and hypothesis generation in the study of biodiversity and microbial adaptation is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Dalluge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA,
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77
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Yi HY, Deng XJ, Yang WY, Zhou CZ, Cao Y, Yu XQ. Gloverins of the silkworm Bombyx mori: structural and binding properties and activities. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 43:612-25. [PMID: 23567591 PMCID: PMC3760519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Gloverins are basic, glycine-rich and heat-stable antibacterial proteins (∼14- kDa) in lepidopteran insects with activity against Escherichia coli, Gram-positive bacteria, fungi and a virus. Hyalophora gloveri gloverin adopts a random coil structure in aqueous solution but has α-helical structure in membrane-like environment, and it may interact with the lipid A moiety of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Manduca sexta gloverin binds to the O-specific antigen and outer core carbohydrate of LPS. In the silkworm Bombyx mori, there are four gloverins with slightly acidic to neutral isoelectric points. In this study, we investigate structural and binding properties and activities of B. mori gloverins (BmGlvs), as well as correlations between structure, binding property and activity. Recombinant BmGlv1-4 were expressed in bacteria and purified. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra showed that all four BmGlvs mainly adopted random coli structure (>50%) in aqueous solution in regardless of pH, but contained α-helical structure in the presence of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP), smooth and rough mutants (Ra, Rc and Re) of LPS and lipid A. Plate ELISA assay showed that BmGlvs at pH 5.0 bound to rough mutants of LPS and lipid A but not to smooth LPS. Antibacterial activity assay showed that positively charged BmGlvs (at pH 5.0) were active against E. coli mutant strains containing rough LPS but inactive against E. coli with smooth LPS. Our results suggest that binding to rough LPS is the prerequisite for the activity of BmGlvs against E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yu Yi
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5007 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Xiao-Juan Deng
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wan-Ying Yang
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Cong-Zhao Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Corresponding author. (Y. Cao),
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5007 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 816 235 6379; fax: +1 816 235 1503. (X.-Q. Yu)
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78
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Antimicrobial peptides: versatile biological properties. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDES 2013; 2013:675391. [PMID: 23935642 PMCID: PMC3710626 DOI: 10.1155/2013/675391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are diverse group of biologically active molecules with multidimensional properties. In recent past, a wide variety of AMPs with diverse structures have been reported from different sources such as plants, animals, mammals, and microorganisms. The presence of unusual amino acids and structural motifs in AMPs confers unique structural properties to the peptide that attribute for their specific mode of action. The ability of these active AMPs to act as multifunctional effector molecules such as signalling molecule, immune modulators, mitogen, antitumor, and contraceptive agent makes it an interesting candidate to study every aspect of their structural and biological properties for prophylactic and therapeutic applications. In addition, easy cloning and recombinant expression of AMPs in heterologous plant host systems provided a pipeline for production of disease resistant transgenic plants. Besides these properties, AMPs were also used as drug delivery vectors to deliver cell impermeable drugs to cell interior. The present review focuses on the diversity and broad spectrum antimicrobial activity of AMPs along with its multidimensional properties that could be exploited for the application of these bioactive peptides as a potential and promising drug candidate in pharmaceutical industries.
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79
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Lourenço AP, Guidugli-Lazzarini KR, Freitas FCP, Bitondi MMG, Simões ZLP. Bacterial infection activates the immune system response and dysregulates microRNA expression in honey bees. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 43:474-482. [PMID: 23499934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In insects, a rapid and massive synthesis of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) is activated through signaling pathways (Toll and Imd) to combat invading microbial pathogens. However, it is still unclear whether different types of bacteria provoke specific responses. Immune response mechanisms and the activation of specific genes were investigated by challenging Apis mellifera workers with the Gram-negative bacterium Serratia marcescens or the Gram-positive bacterium Micrococcus luteus. The immune system responded by activating most genes of the Toll and Imd pathways, particularly AMP genes. However, genes specifically regulated by M. luteus or S. marcescens were not detected, suggesting an interaction between the signaling pathways that lead to immune effectors synthesis. Despite this finding, kappaB motifs in the 5'-UTRs of selected genes suggest a pathway-specific control of AMP and transferrin-1 gene expression. Regulation by miRNAs was also investigated and revealed a number of candidates for the post-transcriptional regulation of immune genes in bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anete P Lourenço
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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80
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Valachová I, Bohová J, Pálošová Z, Takáč P, Kozánek M, Majtán J. Expression of lucifensin in Lucilia sericata medicinal maggots in infected environments. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 353:165-71. [PMID: 23624615 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1626-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lucifensin, a novel larval defensin, is one of the antibacterial agents of medicinal maggots involved in maggot therapy. The goal of this study was to examine lucifensin expression in various larval tissues during Lucilia sericata development and in maggots exposed to a variety of infectious environments in vitro. In situ hybridisation revealed lucifensin expression in the salivary glands of all larval stages. Expression was occasionally detected in a few cells of the fat body and in the grease coupler of the salivary glands. Expression of lucifensin in the salivary glands was initiated 5-6 h after hatching from the egg. Maximum expression was reached about 24 h after hatching, remained strong during the second and third instars and declined at the end of the third instar, before the wandering stage. Expression of lucifensin was also investigated in maggots after oral ingestion of certain pathogens regularly found in infected chronic wounds. No differences were detected in the salivary glands after stimulation by wound bacterial isolates. However, lucifensin expression was strongly stimulated in the fat body by the presence of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Our data suggest that certain infectious environments increase lucifensin expression only in the fat body, whereas its production and antimicrobial activity in excretion/secretion products are not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Valachová
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 06, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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81
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Moreno-García M, Córdoba-Aguilar A, Condé R, Lanz-Mendoza H. Current immunity markers in insect ecological immunology: assumed trade-offs and methodological issues. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2013; 103:127-139. [PMID: 22929006 DOI: 10.1017/s000748531200048x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The field of ecological immunology currently relies on using a number of immune effectors or markers. These markers are usually used to infer ecological trade-offs (via conflicts in resource allocation), though physiological nature of these markers remains elusive. Here, we review markers frequently used in insect evolutionary ecology research: cuticle darkening, haemocyte density, nodule/capsule formation, phagocytosis and encapsulation/melanization via use of nylon filaments and beads, phenoloxidase activity, nitric oxide production, lysozyme and antimicrobial peptide production. We also provide physiologically based information that may shed light on the probable trade-offs inferred when these markers are used. In addition, we provide a number of methodological suggestions to improve immune marker assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Moreno-García
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
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82
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Hegedüs N, Marx F. Antifungal proteins: More than antimicrobials? FUNGAL BIOL REV 2013; 26:132-145. [PMID: 23412850 PMCID: PMC3569713 DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial proteins (AMPs) are widely distributed in nature. In higher eukaryotes, AMPs provide the host with an important defence mechanism against invading pathogens. AMPs of lower eukaryotes and prokaryotes may support successful competition for nutrients with other microorganisms of the same ecological niche. AMPs show a vast variety in structure, function, antimicrobial spectrum and mechanism of action. Most interestingly, there is growing evidence that AMPs also fulfil important biological functions other than antimicrobial activity. The present review focuses on the mechanistic function of small, cationic, cysteine-rich AMPs of mammals, insects, plants and fungi with antifungal activity and specifically aims at summarizing current knowledge concerning additional biological properties which opens novel aspects for their future use in medicine, agriculture and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florentine Marx
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +43 512 9003 70207; fax: +43 512 9003 73100.
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83
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Luo CC, Yin DY, Gao XJ, Li QZ, Zhang L. Goat Mammary Gland Expression of Cecropin B to Inhibit Bacterial Pathogens Causing Mastitis. Anim Biotechnol 2013; 24:66-78. [DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2012.745417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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84
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Baracchi D, Fadda A, Turillazzi S. Evidence for antiseptic behaviour towards sick adult bees in honey bee colonies. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 58:1589-1596. [PMID: 23068993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Social life is generally associated with an increased risk of disease transmission, but at the same time it allows behavioural defence at both the individual and collective level. Bees infected with deformed-wing virus were introduced into observation hives; through behavioural observations and chemical analysis of cuticular hydrocarbons from healthy and infected bees, we offer the first evidence that honeybee colonies can detect and remove infected adult bees, probably by recognising the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of sick individuals. We also found that health-compromised colonies were less efficient at defending themselves against infected bees, thus facing an ever increasing risk of epidemics. This work reveals a new antiseptic behaviour that can only be interpreted as an adaptation at colony level and one which should be considered an element of the social immunity system of the beehive, re-enforcing the view of a colony as an integrated organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Baracchi
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Leo Pardi, Via Romana 17, 50125 Firenze, Italy.
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85
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Lee E, Kim JK, Shin S, Jeong KW, Shin A, Lee J, Lee DG, Hwang JS, Kim Y. Insight into the antimicrobial activities of coprisin isolated from the dung beetle, Copris tripartitus, revealed by structure-activity relationships. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1828:271-83. [PMID: 23137439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The novel 43-residue, insect defensin-like peptide coprisin, isolated from the dung beetle, Copris tripartitus, is a potent antibiotic with bacterial cell selectivity, exhibiting antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria without exerting hemolytic activity against human erythrocytes. Tests against Staphylococcus aureus using fluorescent dye leakage and depolarization measurements showed that coprisin targets the bacterial cell membrane. To understand structure-activity relationships, we determined the three-dimensional structure of coprisin in aqueous solution by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, which showed that coprisin has an amphipathic α-helical structure from Ala(19) to Arg(28), and β-sheets from Gly(31) to Gln(35) and Val(38) to Arg(42). Coprisin has electropositive regions formed by Arg(28), Lys(29), Lys(30), and Arg(42) and ITC results proved that coprisin and LPS have electrostatically driven interactions. Using measurements of nitric oxide release and inflammatory cytokine production, we provide the first verification of the anti-inflammatory activity and associated mechanism of an insect defensin, demonstrating that the anti-inflammatory actions of the defensin-like peptide, coprisin, are initiated by suppressing the binding of LPS to toll-like receptor 4, and subsequently inhibiting the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear translocation of NF-kB. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that an amphipathic helix and an electropositive surface in coprisin may play important roles in its effective interaction with bacterial cell membranes and, ultimately, in its high antibacterial activity and potent anti-inflammatory activity. In addition to elucidating the antimicrobial action of coprisin, this work may provide insight into the mechanism of action of insect defense systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjung Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Institute of SMART Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
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86
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Novel apidaecin 1b analogs with superior serum stabilities for treatment of infections by gram-negative pathogens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 57:402-9. [PMID: 23114765 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01923-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Proline-rich antimicrobial peptides (PrAMPs) from insects and mammals have recently been evaluated for their pharmaceutical potential in treating systemic bacterial infections. Besides the native peptides, several shortened, modified, or even artificial sequences were highly effective in different murine infection models. Most recently, we showed that the 18-residue-long peptide Api88, an optimized version of apidaecin 1b, was efficient in two different animal infection models using the pathogenic Escherichia coli strains ATCC 25922 and Neumann, with a promising safety margin. Here, we show that Api88 is degraded relatively fast upon incubation with mouse serum, by cleavage of the C-terminal leucine residue. To improve its in vitro characteristics, we aimed to improve its serum stability. Replacing the C-terminal amide by the free acid or substituting Arg-17 with l-ornithine or l-homoarginine increased the serum stabilities by more than 20-fold (half-life, ∼4 to 6 h). These analogs were nontoxic to human embryonic kidney (HEK 293), human hepatoma (HepG2), SH-SY5Y, and HeLa cells and nonhemolytic to human erythrocytes. The binding constants of all three analogs with the chaperone DnaK, which is proposed as the bacterial target of PrAMPs, were very similar to that of Api88. Of all the analogs tested, Api137 (Gu-ONNRPVYIPRPRPPHPRL; Gu is N,N,N',N'-tetramethylguanidino) appeared most promising due to its high antibacterial activity, which was very similar to Api88. Positional alanine and d-amino acid scans of Api137 indicated that substitutions of residues 1 to 13 had only minor effects on the activity against an E. coli strain, whereas substitutions of residues 14 to 18 decreased the activity dramatically. Based on the significantly improved resistance to proteolysis, Api137 appears to be a very promising lead compound that should be even more efficient in vivo than Api88.
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87
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Siddiqui R, Osman K, Khan NA. A novel in vivo model to study bacterial pathogenesis and screen potential therapeutic targets. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61:1036-1038. [PMID: 22466033 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.040865-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Khadijo Osman
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, UK
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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88
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Song ZW, Liu P, Yin WP, Jiang YL, Ren YL. Isolation and identification of antibacterial neo-compounds from the red ants of ChangBai Mountain, Tetramorium sp. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2175-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.01.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Revised: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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89
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McNally KL, Mitzel DN, Anderson JM, Ribeiro JMC, Valenzuela JG, Myers TG, Godinez A, Wolfinbarger JB, Best SM, Bloom ME. Differential salivary gland transcript expression profile in Ixodes scapularis nymphs upon feeding or flavivirus infection. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2012; 3:18-26. [PMID: 22309855 PMCID: PMC3275779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ixodid ticks are vectors of human diseases such as Lyme disease, babesiosis, anaplasmosis, and tick-borne encephalitis. These diseases cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide and are transmitted to humans during tick feeding. The tick-host-pathogen interface is a complex environment where host responses are modulated by the molecules in tick saliva to enable the acquisition of a blood meal. Disruption of host responses at the site of the tick bite may also provide an advantage for pathogens to survive and replicate. Thus, the molecules in tick saliva not only aid the tick in securing a nutrient-rich blood meal, but can also enhance the transmission and acquisition of pathogens. To investigate the effect of feeding and flavivirus infection on the salivary gland transcript expression profile in ticks, a first-generation microarray was developed using ESTs from a cDNA library derived from Ixodes scapularis salivary glands. When the salivary gland transcript profile in ticks feeding over the course of 3 days was compared to that in unfed ticks, a dramatic increase in transcripts related to metabolism was observed. Specifically, 578 transcripts were up-regulated compared to 151 down-regulated transcripts in response to feeding. When specific time points post attachment were analyzed, a temporal pattern of gene expression was observed. When Langat virus-infected ticks were compared to mock-infected ticks, transcript expression changes were observed at all 3 days of feeding. Differentially regulated transcripts include putative secreted proteins, lipocalins, Kunitz domain-containing proteins, anti-microbial peptides, and transcripts of unknown function. These studies identify salivary gland transcripts that are differentially regulated during feeding or in the context of flavivirus infection in Ixodes scapularis nymphs, a medically important disease vector. Further analysis of these transcripts may identify salivary factors that affect the transmission or replication of tick-borne flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L. McNally
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, 903 S Fourth St, Hamilton MT USA 59840
| | - Dana N. Mitzel
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, 903 S Fourth St, Hamilton MT USA 59840
| | | | - José M. C. Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA 20892
| | - Jesus G. Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA 20892
| | - Timothy G. Myers
- Genomic Technologies Section, Research Technologies Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA 20892
| | - Alvaro Godinez
- Genomic Technologies Section, Research Technologies Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA 20892
| | - James B. Wolfinbarger
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, 903 S Fourth St, Hamilton MT USA 59840
| | - Sonja M. Best
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, 903 S Fourth St, Hamilton MT USA 59840
| | - Marshall E. Bloom
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, 903 S Fourth St, Hamilton MT USA 59840
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90
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Expression of larval jelly antimicrobial peptide defensin1 in Apis mellifera colonies. Biologia (Bratisl) 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-011-0153-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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91
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Baracchi D, Mazza G, Turillazzi S. From individual to collective immunity: the role of the venom as antimicrobial agent in the Stenogastrinae wasp societies. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 58:188-193. [PMID: 22108024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sociality is associated with an increased risk of disease transmission and one of the first defense of the insect colonies is represented by antimicrobial secretions. In many eusocial hymenopteran species venom glands represent one of the most important source of antimicrobial substances. It is known that in highly eusocial species the venom is spread on both the cuticle of insects and the comb, thus becoming a component of the so called "social immunity". So far, it is never been ascertained whether this phenomenon is also present in more primitively eusocial and incipiently eusocial groups. Using incipiently eusocial hover wasps as model, we demonstrate that venom is present on insect cuticles and that it strongly acts against microorganisms. By contrast, the nest, regardless of materials, does not represent a ''medium" where the venom is deposited by wasps in order to act as a social antiseptic weapon. Our findings discussed in an evolutionary perspective indicate that a certain degree of sociality or a sufficient number of individuals in an insect society are thresholds to be reached for the rise of complex and efficient forms of collective and social immunity as mechanisms of resistance to diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Baracchi
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Leo Pardi, Via Romana 17, 50125 Firenze, Italy.
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92
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Montesinos E, Badosa E, Cabrefiga J, Planas M, Feliu L, Bardají E. Antimicrobial Peptides for Plant Disease Control. From Discovery to Application. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2012-1095.ch012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Montesinos
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-XaRTA, University of Girona, 17071 Girona, Spain
- LIPPSO, Department of Chemistry; University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Esther Badosa
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-XaRTA, University of Girona, 17071 Girona, Spain
- LIPPSO, Department of Chemistry; University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Jordi Cabrefiga
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-XaRTA, University of Girona, 17071 Girona, Spain
- LIPPSO, Department of Chemistry; University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Marta Planas
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-XaRTA, University of Girona, 17071 Girona, Spain
- LIPPSO, Department of Chemistry; University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Lidia Feliu
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-XaRTA, University of Girona, 17071 Girona, Spain
- LIPPSO, Department of Chemistry; University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Eduard Bardají
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-XaRTA, University of Girona, 17071 Girona, Spain
- LIPPSO, Department of Chemistry; University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain
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93
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Kim JK, Lee E, Shin S, Jeong KW, Lee JY, Bae SY, Kim SH, Lee J, Kim SR, Lee DG, Hwang JS, Kim Y. Structure and function of papiliocin with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities isolated from the swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:41296-41311. [PMID: 21965682 PMCID: PMC3308842 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.269225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Papiliocin is a novel 37-residue cecropin-like peptide isolated recently from the swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus. With the aim of identifying a potent antimicrobial peptide, we tested papiliocin in a variety of biological and biophysical assays, demonstrating that the peptide possesses very low cytotoxicity against mammalian cells and high bacterial cell selectivity, particularly against Gram-negative bacteria as well as high anti-inflammatory activity. Using LPS-stimulated macrophage RAW264.7 cells, we found that papiliocin exerted its anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) production and secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, producing effects comparable with those of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37. We also showed that the innate defense response mechanisms engaged by papiliocin involve Toll-like receptor pathways that culminate in the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Fluorescent dye leakage experiments showed that papiliocin targets the bacterial cell membrane. To understand structure-activity relationships, we determined the three-dimensional structure of papiliocin in 300 mm dodecylphosphocholine micelles by NMR spectroscopy, showing that papiliocin has an α-helical structure from Lys(3) to Lys(21) and from Ala(25) to Val(36), linked by a hinge region. Interactions between the papiliocin and LPS studied using tryptophan blue-shift data, and saturation transfer difference-NMR experiments revealed that Trp(2) and Phe(5) at the N-terminal helix play an important role in attracting papiliocin to the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that papiliocin is a potent peptide antibiotic with both anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities, and we have laid the groundwork for future studies of its mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, BMIC, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701
| | - Eunjung Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, BMIC, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701
| | - Soyoung Shin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, BMIC, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701
| | - Ki-Woong Jeong
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, BMIC, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701
| | - Jee-Young Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, BMIC, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701
| | - Su-Young Bae
- Laboratory of Cytokine Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701
| | - Soo-Hyun Kim
- Laboratory of Cytokine Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701
| | - Juneyoung Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701
| | - Seong Ryul Kim
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-100, South Korea
| | - Dong Gun Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701
| | - Jae-Sam Hwang
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-100, South Korea
| | - Yangmee Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, BMIC, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701.
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94
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Baracchi D, Francese S, Turillazzi S. Beyond the antipredatory defence: Honey bee venom function as a component of social immunity. Toxicon 2011; 58:550-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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95
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Ahn MJ, Sohn HI, Nan YH, Murugan RN, Cheong CJ, Ryu EK, Kim EH, Kang SW, Kim EJ, Shin SY, Bang JK. Functional and Structural Characterization of Drosocin and its Derivatives Linked O-GalNAc at Thr 11Residue. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.9.3327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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96
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Lee E, Kim JK, Shin S, Jeong KW, Lee J, Lee DG, Hwang JS, Kim Y. Enantiomeric 9-mer peptide analogs of protaetiamycine with bacterial cell selectivities and anti-inflammatory activities. J Pept Sci 2011; 17:675-82. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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97
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Potent antimicrobial peptides with selectivity for Bacillus anthracis over human erythrocytes. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2011; 38:237-42. [PMID: 21741801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 39 antimicrobial peptides, most with documented low haemolytic activity and potent efficacy against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, were evaluated for their haemolytic activity against human red blood cells as well as their antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Burkholderia thailandensis, Bacillus globigii and Bacillus anthracis. The majority of the peptides had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of <10 μM against B. globigii. However, only eight of these (CaLL, Ci-MAM-A24, LLaMA, Ltc2a, OV-5, papillosin, smapspin and smapspin-G) had a MIC<10 μM against B. anthracis. All except one (papillosin) were ineffective at 100 μM against B. thailandensis and none had potent activity against E. coli. Potent activity against B. anthracis was associated with significant haemolytic activity, but the ratio of the concentration of peptide that caused 50% haemolysis to the concentration that inhibited growth of B. anthracis by 50% (the therapeutic index) varied from 0.8 to 34.2. Two peptides (papillosin and Ltc2a) had a therapeutic index >30 and could be considered as candidates for further development for potential medical countermeasures against anthrax. Although B. globigii has often been used as a non-pathogenic simulant for B. anthracis, in this study it was found that the sensitivity of B. globigii to peptides was not a reliable predictor of the sensitivity of B. anthracis to the same peptides.
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98
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Scocchi M, Tossi A, Gennaro R. Proline-rich antimicrobial peptides: converging to a non-lytic mechanism of action. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2317-30. [PMID: 21594684 PMCID: PMC11114787 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0721-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Proline-rich antimicrobial peptides are a group of cationic host defense peptides of vertebrates and invertebrates characterized by a high content of proline residues, often associated with arginine residues in repeated motifs. Those isolated from some mammalian and insect species, although not evolutionarily related, use a similar mechanism to selectively kill Gram-negative bacteria, with a low toxicity to animals. Unlike other types of antimicrobial peptides, their mode of action does not involve the lysis of bacterial membranes but entails penetration into susceptible cells, where they then act intracellularly. Some aspects of the transport system and cytoplasmic targets have been elucidated. These features make them attractive both as anti-infective lead compounds and as a new class of potential cell-penetrating peptides capable of internalising membrane-impermeant drugs into both bacterial and eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Scocchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tossi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Renato Gennaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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99
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Polymorphisms of β-defensin genes in Valle del Belice dairy sheep. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 38:5405-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0694-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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100
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Knappe D, Zahn M, Sauer U, Schiffer G, Sträter N, Hoffmann R. Rational design of oncocin derivatives with superior protease stabilities and antibacterial activities based on the high-resolution structure of the oncocin-DnaK complex. Chembiochem 2011; 12:874-6. [PMID: 21387510 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Knappe
- Institut für Bioanalytische Chemie, Biotechnologisch-Biomedizinisches Zentrum, Fakultät für Chemie und Mineralogie, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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