51
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Jeong H, Kim D, Xiang D, Lee T. High-Yield Functional Molecular Electronic Devices. ACS NANO 2017; 11:6511-6548. [PMID: 28578582 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b02967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An ultimate goal of molecular electronics, which seeks to incorporate molecular components into electronic circuit units, is to generate functional molecular electronic devices using individual or ensemble molecules to fulfill the increasing technical demands of the miniaturization of traditional silicon-based electronics. This review article presents a summary of recent efforts to pursue this ultimate aim, covering the development of reliable device platforms for high-yield ensemble molecular junctions and their utilization in functional molecular electronic devices, in which distinctive electronic functionalities are observed due to the functional molecules. In addition, other aspects pertaining to the practical application of molecular devices such as manufacturing compatibility with existing complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology, their integration, and flexible device applications are also discussed. These advances may contribute to a deeper understanding of charge transport characteristics through functional molecular junctions and provide a desirable roadmap for future practical molecular electronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunhak Jeong
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Dongku Kim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Dong Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Optical Information Science and Technology, Institute of Modern Optics, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Takhee Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, Korea
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52
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Supur M, Smith SR, McCreery RL. Characterization of Growth Patterns of Nanoscale Organic Films on Carbon Electrodes by Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2017; 89:6463-6471. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Supur
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Scott R. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Richard L. McCreery
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
- National
Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council Canada, 11421
Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
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53
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Inkpen MS, Leroux YR, Hapiot P, Campos LM, Venkataraman L. Reversible on-surface wiring of resistive circuits. Chem Sci 2017; 8:4340-4346. [PMID: 28660061 PMCID: PMC5472029 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00599g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Whilst most studies in single-molecule electronics involve components first synthesized ex situ, there is also great potential in exploiting chemical transformations to prepare devices in situ. Here, as a first step towards this goal, we conduct reversible reactions on monolayers to make and break covalent bonds between alkanes of different lengths, then measure the conductance of these molecules connected between electrodes using the scanning tunneling microscopy-based break junction (STM-BJ) method. In doing so, we develop the critical methodology required for assembling and disassembling surface-bound single-molecule circuits. We identify effective reaction conditions for surface-bound reagents, and importantly demonstrate that the electronic characteristics of wires created in situ agree with those created ex situ. Finally, we show that the STM-BJ technique is unique in its ability to definitively probe surface reaction yields both on a local (∼50 nm2) and pseudo-global (≥10 mm2) level. This investigation thus highlights a route to the construction and integration of more complex, and ultimately functional, surface-based single-molecule circuitry, as well as advancing a methodology that facilitates studies beyond the reach of traditional ex situ synthetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Inkpen
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics , Columbia University , New York , NY 10027 , USA . ;
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (Equipe MaCSE) , CNRS , Université de Rennes 1 , Campus de Beaulieu, Bat 10C , Rennes Cedex , UMR 6226 , France
| | - Yann R Leroux
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (Equipe MaCSE) , CNRS , Université de Rennes 1 , Campus de Beaulieu, Bat 10C , Rennes Cedex , UMR 6226 , France
| | - Philippe Hapiot
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (Equipe MaCSE) , CNRS , Université de Rennes 1 , Campus de Beaulieu, Bat 10C , Rennes Cedex , UMR 6226 , France
| | - Luis M Campos
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , NY 10027 , USA
| | - Latha Venkataraman
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics , Columbia University , New York , NY 10027 , USA . ;
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , NY 10027 , USA
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54
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Baghbanzadeh M, Bowers CM, Rappoport D, Żaba T, Yuan L, Kang K, Liao KC, Gonidec M, Rothemund P, Cyganik P, Aspuru-Guzik A, Whitesides GM. Anomalously Rapid Tunneling: Charge Transport across Self-Assembled Monolayers of Oligo(ethylene glycol). J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7624-7631. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Baghbanzadeh
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Carleen M. Bowers
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Dmitrij Rappoport
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Tomasz Żaba
- Smoluchowski
Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Li Yuan
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Kyungtae Kang
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Kung-Ching Liao
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Mathieu Gonidec
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, ICMCB,
UPR 9048, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Philipp Rothemund
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Piotr Cyganik
- Smoluchowski
Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Alan Aspuru-Guzik
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - George M. Whitesides
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Kavli Institute for Bionano Science & Technology, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Wyss
Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University 60
Oxford Street Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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55
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Xie Z, Bâldea I, Demissie AT, Smith CE, Wu Y, Haugstad G, Frisbie CD. Exceptionally Small Statistical Variations in the Transport Properties of Metal–Molecule–Metal Junctions Composed of 80 Oligophenylene Dithiol Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:5696-5699. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioan Bâldea
- Theoretical
Chemistry, Heidelberg University, INF 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Space Sciences, NILPRP, RO 077125 Bucharest-Măgurele, Romania
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56
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Hybertsen MS. Modeling single molecule junction mechanics as a probe of interface bonding. J Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4975769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark S. Hybertsen
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA
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57
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Baer E, Zhu L. 50th Anniversary Perspective: Dielectric Phenomena in Polymers and Multilayered Dielectric Films. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Baer
- Center for Layered Polymeric
Systems (CLiPS) and Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
| | - Lei Zhu
- Center for Layered Polymeric
Systems (CLiPS) and Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
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58
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Vilan A, Aswal D, Cahen D. Large-Area, Ensemble Molecular Electronics: Motivation and Challenges. Chem Rev 2017; 117:4248-4286. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Vilan
- Department
of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - David Cahen
- Department
of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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59
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Xie Z, Bâldea I, Oram S, Smith CE, Frisbie CD. Effect of Heteroatom Substitution on Transport in Alkanedithiol-Based Molecular Tunnel Junctions: Evidence for Universal Behavior. ACS NANO 2017; 11:569-578. [PMID: 27936325 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The transport properties of molecular junctions based on alkanedithiols with three different methylene chain lengths were compared with junctions based on similar chains wherein every third -CH2- was replaced with O or S, that is, following the general formula HS(CH2CH2X)nCH2CH2SH, where X = CH2, O, or S and n = 1, 2, or 3. Conducting probe atomic force microscopy revealed that the low bias resistance of the chains increased upon substitution in the order CH2 < O < S. This change in resistance is ascribed to the observed identical trend in contact resistance, Rc, whereas the exponential prefactor β (length sensitivity) was essentially the same for all chains. Using an established, analytical single-level model, we computed the effective energy offset εh (i.e., Fermi level relative to the effective HOMO level) and the electronic coupling strength Γ from the current-voltage (I-V) data. The εh values were only weakly affected by heteroatom substitution, whereas the interface coupling strength Γ varied by over an order of magnitude. Consequently, we ascribe the strong variation in Rc to the systematic change in Γ. Quantum chemical calculations reveal that the HOMO density shifts from the terminal SH groups for the alkanedithiols to the heteroatoms in the substituted chains, which provides a plausible explanation for the marked decrease in Γ for the dithiols with electron-rich heteroatoms. The results indicate that the electronic coupling and thus the resistance of alkanedithiols can be tuned by substitution of even a single atom in the middle of the molecule. Importantly, when appropriately normalized, the experimental I-V curves were accurately simulated over the full bias range (±1.5 V) using the single-level model with no adjustable parameters. The data could be collapsed to a single universal curve predicted by the model, providing clear evidence that the essential physics is captured by this analytical approach and supporting its utility for molecular electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoti Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ioan Bâldea
- Theoretische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg , INF 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Institute of Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Institute of Space Science , POB MG-23, RO 077125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Stuart Oram
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christopher E Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - C Daniel Frisbie
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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60
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Wang K, Xu B. Modulation and Control of Charge Transport Through Single-Molecule Junctions. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2017; 375:17. [PMID: 28120303 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-017-0105-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The ability to modulate and control charge transport though single-molecule junction devices is crucial to achieving the ultimate goal of molecular electronics: constructing real-world-applicable electronic components from single molecules. This review aims to highlight the progress made in single-molecule electronics, emphasizing the development of molecular junction electronics in recent years. Among many techniques that attempt to wire a molecule to metallic electrodes, the single-molecule break junction (SMBJ) technique is one of the most reliable and tunable experimental platforms for achieving metal-molecule-metal configurations. It also provides great freedom to tune charge transport through the junction. Soon after the SMBJ technique was introduced, it was extensively used to measure the conductances of individual molecules; however, different conductances were obtained for the same molecule, and it proved difficult to interpret this wide distribution of experimental data. This phenomenon was later found to be mainly due to a lack of precise experimental control and advanced data analysis methods. In recent years, researchers have directed considerable effort into advancing the SMBJ technique by gaining a deeper physical understanding of charge transport through single molecules and thus enhancing its potential applicability in functional molecular-scale electronic devices, such as molecular diodes and molecular transistors. In parallel with that research, novel data analysis methods and approaches that enable the discovery of hidden yet important features in the data are being developed. This review discusses various aspects of molecular junction electronics, from the initial goal of molecular electronics, the development of experimental techniques for creating single-molecule junctions and determining single-molecule conductance, to the characterization of functional current-voltage features and the investigation of physical properties other than charge transport. In addition, the development of advanced data analysis methods is considered, as they are critical to gaining detailed physical insight into the underlying transport mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and NanoSEC, University of Georgia, 220 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Bingqian Xu
- College of Engineering and NanoSEC, University of Georgia, 220 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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61
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Yang L, Jamal R, Liu F, Wang Y, Abdiryim T. Structure and photocatalytic activity of a low band gap donor–acceptor–donor (D–A–D) type conjugated polymer: poly(EDOT–pyridazine–EDOT). RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra25252d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents a new low band gap D–A–D type conjugated polymer: poly(EPE). The photocatalytic activity of poly(EPE) was explored, and a possible photocatalytic degradation mechanism of dyes was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals
- Educational Ministry of China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xinjiang University
- Urumqi 830046
| | - Ruxangul Jamal
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals
- Educational Ministry of China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xinjiang University
- Urumqi 830046
| | - Fangfang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals
- Educational Ministry of China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xinjiang University
- Urumqi 830046
| | - Yujie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals
- Educational Ministry of China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xinjiang University
- Urumqi 830046
| | - Tursun Abdiryim
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals
- Educational Ministry of China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xinjiang University
- Urumqi 830046
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62
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Hammond JL, Rosamond MC, Sivaraya S, Marken F, Estrela P. Fabrication of a Horizontal and a Vertical Large Surface Area Nanogap Electrochemical Sensor. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16122128. [PMID: 27983655 PMCID: PMC5191108 DOI: 10.3390/s16122128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanogap sensors have a wide range of applications as they can provide accurate direct detection of biomolecules through impedimetric or amperometric signals. Signal response from nanogap sensors is dependent on both the electrode spacing and surface area. However, creating large surface area nanogap sensors presents several challenges during fabrication. We show two different approaches to achieve both horizontal and vertical coplanar nanogap geometries. In the first method we use electron-beam lithography (EBL) to pattern an 11 mm long serpentine nanogap (215 nm) between two electrodes. For the second method we use inductively-coupled plasma (ICP) reactive ion etching (RIE) to create a channel in a silicon substrate, optically pattern a buried 1.0 mm × 1.5 mm electrode before anodically bonding a second identical electrode, patterned on glass, directly above. The devices have a wide range of applicability in different sensing techniques with the large area nanogaps presenting advantages over other devices of the same family. As a case study we explore the detection of peptide nucleic acid (PNA)−DNA binding events using dielectric spectroscopy with the horizontal coplanar device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules L Hammond
- Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Mark C Rosamond
- School of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Siva Sivaraya
- Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Frank Marken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Pedro Estrela
- Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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63
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Gibbs J, Otero de la Roza A, Bergren AJ, DiLabio GA. Interpretation of molecular device transport calculations. CAN J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2016-0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The field of molecular electronics will benefit from rational design approaches based on a complete understanding of the electronic structure of molecule-based devices. However, many computational approaches that are used to study molecular-scale devices are based on methods that have deficiencies that must be understood in order for those methods to be useful to the modeling and experimental community. Density-functional theory based methods have some well-known pitfalls that limit their application to the study of electron transport in models of molecular junction devices. Some of the impacts of these deficiencies are highlighted in this work through the use of a graphene model system and a variety of simple hydrocarbon molecules. Self-interaction error in simple functionals built from the local density approximation and the generalized gradient approximation results in very large errors in predicted absolute and relative ionization potentials. This demonstrates that electron transmission spectra predicted using these functionals should be considered with caution. We also demonstrate that care must be taken with the use of finite models for electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Gibbs
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Fipke Centre 357, Okanagan Campus, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Alberto Otero de la Roza
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Fipke Centre 357, Okanagan Campus, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Adam Johan Bergren
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council of Canada, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Gino A. DiLabio
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Fipke Centre 357, Okanagan Campus, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council of Canada, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada
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64
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Liang J, Smith RE, Vezzoli A, Xie L, Milan DC, Davidson R, Beeby A, Low PJ, Higgins SJ, Mao B, Nichols RJ. Electrochemically grafted single molecule junctions exploiting a chemical protection strategy. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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65
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Tuning charge and correlation effects for a single molecule on a graphene device. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13553. [PMID: 27886170 PMCID: PMC5133630 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to understand and control the electronic properties of individual molecules in a device environment is crucial for developing future technologies at the nanometre scale and below. Achieving this, however, requires the creation of three-terminal devices that allow single molecules to be both gated and imaged at the atomic scale. We have accomplished this by integrating a graphene field effect transistor with a scanning tunnelling microscope, thus allowing gate-controlled charging and spectroscopic interrogation of individual tetrafluoro-tetracyanoquinodimethane molecules. We observe a non-rigid shift in the molecule's lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy (relative to the Dirac point) as a function of gate voltage due to graphene polarization effects. Our results show that electron–electron interactions play an important role in how molecular energy levels align to the graphene Dirac point, and may significantly influence charge transport through individual molecules incorporated in graphene-based nanodevices. The development of single-molecule electronics calls for precise tuning of the electronic properties of individual molecules that go beyond two-terminal control. Here, Wickenburg et al. show gate-tunable switch of charge states of an isolated molecule using a graphene-based field-effect transistor.
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66
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Trasobares J, Vuillaume D, Théron D, Clément N. A 17 GHz molecular rectifier. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12850. [PMID: 27694833 PMCID: PMC5059435 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular electronics originally proposed that small molecules sandwiched between electrodes would accomplish electronic functions and enable ultimate scaling to be reached. However, so far, functional molecular devices have only been demonstrated at low frequency. Here, we demonstrate molecular diodes operating up to 17.8 GHz. Direct current and radio frequency (RF) properties were simultaneously measured on a large array of molecular junctions composed of gold nanocrystal electrodes, ferrocenyl undecanethiol molecules and the tip of an interferometric scanning microwave microscope. The present nanometre-scale molecular diodes offer a current density increase by several orders of magnitude compared with that of micrometre-scale molecular diodes, allowing RF operation. The measured S11 parameters show a diode rectification ratio of 12 dB which is linked to the rectification behaviour of the direct current conductance. From the RF measurements, we extrapolate a cut-off frequency of 520 GHz. A comparison with the silicon RF-Schottky diodes, architecture suggests that the RF-molecular diodes are extremely attractive for scaling and high-frequency operation. Molecular electronics holds promise to overcome scaling limits of conventional technologies, but is currently limited to low frequency operation. Here, Trasobares et al. show radio frequencies of up to 17.8 GHz in a molecular diode based on ferrocenyl undecanethiol self-assembled monolayers on gold nanodots.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Trasobares
- Institute of Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnology, CNRS and University Lille 1, Physics Department, Avenue Poincaré, CS60069, 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - D Vuillaume
- Institute of Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnology, CNRS and University Lille 1, Physics Department, Avenue Poincaré, CS60069, 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - D Théron
- Institute of Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnology, CNRS and University Lille 1, Physics Department, Avenue Poincaré, CS60069, 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - N Clément
- Institute of Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnology, CNRS and University Lille 1, Physics Department, Avenue Poincaré, CS60069, 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.,NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1, Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
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67
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Xie Z, Shi S, Liu F, Smith DL, Ruden PP, Frisbie CD. Large Magnetoresistance at Room Temperature in Organic Molecular Tunnel Junctions with Nonmagnetic Electrodes. ACS NANO 2016; 10:8571-7. [PMID: 27598057 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b03853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We report room-temperature resistance changes of up to 30% under weak magnetic fields (0.1 T) for molecular tunnel junctions composed of oligophenylene thiol molecules, 1-2 nm in length, sandwiched between gold contacts. The magnetoresistance (MR) is independent of field orientation and the length of the molecule; it appears to be an interface effect. Theoretical analysis suggests that the source of the MR is a two-carrier (two-hole) interaction at the interface, resulting in spin coupling between the tunneling hole and a localized hole at the Au/molecule contact. Such coupling leads to significantly different singlet and triplet transmission barriers at the interface. Even weak magnetic fields impede spin relaxation processes and thus modify the ratio of holes tunneling via the singlet state versus the triplet state, which leads to the large MR. Overall, the experiments and analysis suggest significant opportunities to explore large MR effects in molecular tunnel junctions based on widely available molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoti Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Sha Shi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Feilong Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Darryl L Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - P Paul Ruden
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - C Daniel Frisbie
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Lim JK, Lee OS, Jang JW, Petrosko SH, Schatz GC, Mirkin CA. Molecular Transport Junctions Created By Self-Contacting Gapped Nanowires. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:4349-4356. [PMID: 27364594 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201601214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecular transport junctions (MTJs) are important components in molecular electronic devices. However, the synthesis of MTJs remains a significant challenge, as the dimensions of the junction must be tailored for each experiment, based on the molecular lengths. A novel methodology is reported for forming MTJs, taking advantage of capillary and van der Waals forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Kuk Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Korea
| | - One-Sun Lee
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 5825, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jae-Won Jang
- Department of Physics, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Korea
| | - Sarah Hurst Petrosko
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - George C Schatz
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Chad A Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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69
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Zhang ZY, Li T. Single-chain and monolayered conjugated polymers for molecular electronics. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2016.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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70
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Sangeeth CSS, Demissie AT, Yuan L, Wang T, Frisbie CD, Nijhuis CA. Comparison of DC and AC Transport in 1.5-7.5 nm Oligophenylene Imine Molecular Wires across Two Junction Platforms: Eutectic Ga-In versus Conducting Probe Atomic Force Microscope Junctions. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:7305-14. [PMID: 27172452 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b02039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have utilized DC and AC transport measurements to measure the resistance and capacitance of thin films of conjugated oligophenyleneimine (OPI) molecules ranging from 1.5 to 7.5 nm in length. These films were synthesized on Au surfaces utilizing the imine condensation chemistry between terephthalaldehyde and 1,4-benzenediamine. Near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy yielded molecular tilt angles of 33-43°. To probe DC and AC transport, we employed Au-S-OPI//GaOx/EGaIn junctions having contact areas of 9.6 × 10(2) μm(2) (10(9) nm(2)) and compared to previously reported DC results on the same OPI system obtained using Au-S-OPI//Au conducting probe atomic force microscopy (CP-AFM) junctions with 50 nm(2) areas. We found that intensive observables agreed very well across the two junction platforms. Specifically, the EGaIn-based junctions showed: (i) a crossover from tunneling to hopping transport at molecular lengths near 4 nm; (ii) activated transport for wires >4 nm in length with an activation energy of 0.245 ± 0.008 eV for OPI-7; (iii) exponential dependence of conductance with molecular length with a decay constant β = 2.84 ± 0.18 nm(-1) (DC) and 2.92 ± 0.13 nm(-1) (AC) in the tunneling regime, and an apparent β = 1.01 ± 0.08 nm(-1) (DC) and 0.99 ± 0.11 nm(-1) (AC) in the hopping regime; (iv) previously unreported dielectric constant of 4.3 ± 0.2 along the OPI wires. However, the absolute resistances of Au-S-OPI//GaOx/EGaIn junctions were approximately 100 times higher than the corresponding CP-AFM junctions due to differences in metal-molecule contact resistances between the two platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Suchand Sangeeth
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - Abel T Demissie
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota , 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - C Daniel Frisbie
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota , 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christian A Nijhuis
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543.,Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore , 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117546
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71
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Zhang L, Li X, Li H, Fan X. Theoretical studies on the electronic properties of alkyl chains. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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72
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Garrigues AR, Yuan L, Wang L, Mucciolo ER, Thompon D, del Barco E, Nijhuis CA. A Single-Level Tunnel Model to Account for Electrical Transport through Single Molecule- and Self-Assembled Monolayer-based Junctions. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26517. [PMID: 27216489 PMCID: PMC4877922 DOI: 10.1038/srep26517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a theoretical analysis aimed at understanding electrical conduction in molecular tunnel junctions. We focus on discussing the validity of coherent versus incoherent theoretical formulations for single-level tunneling to explain experimental results obtained under a wide range of experimental conditions, including measurements in individual molecules connecting the leads of electromigrated single-electron transistors and junctions of self-assembled monolayers (SAM) of molecules sandwiched between two macroscopic contacts. We show that the restriction of transport through a single level in solid state junctions (no solvent) makes coherent and incoherent tunneling formalisms indistinguishable when only one level participates in transport. Similar to Marcus relaxation processes in wet electrochemistry, the thermal broadening of the Fermi distribution describing the electronic occupation energies in the electrodes accounts for the exponential dependence of the tunneling current on temperature. We demonstrate that a single-level tunnel model satisfactorily explains experimental results obtained in three different molecular junctions (both single-molecule and SAM-based) formed by ferrocene-based molecules. Among other things, we use the model to map the electrostatic potential profile in EGaIn-based SAM junctions in which the ferrocene unit is placed at different positions within the molecule, and we find that electrical screening gives rise to a strongly non-linear profile across the junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvar R. Garrigues
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816 - USA
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Lejia Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Eduardo R. Mucciolo
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816 - USA
| | - Damien Thompon
- Department of Physics and Energy, University of Limerick, Ireland
- Materials and Surface Science Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Enrique del Barco
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816 - USA
| | - Christian A. Nijhuis
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, 117546 Singapore
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73
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Garrigues AR, Wang L, Del Barco E, Nijhuis CA. Electrostatic control over temperature-dependent tunnelling across a single-molecule junction. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11595. [PMID: 27211787 PMCID: PMC4879245 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how the mechanism of charge transport through molecular tunnel junctions depends on temperature is crucial to control electronic function in molecular electronic devices. With just a few systems investigated as a function of bias and temperature so far, thermal effects in molecular tunnel junctions remain poorly understood. Here we report a detailed charge transport study of an individual redox-active ferrocene-based molecule over a wide range of temperatures and applied potentials. The results show the temperature dependence of the current to vary strongly as a function of the gate voltage. Specifically, the current across the molecule exponentially increases in the Coulomb blockade regime and decreases at the charge degeneracy points, while remaining temperature-independent at resonance. Our observations can be well accounted for by a formal single-level tunnelling model where the temperature dependence relies on the thermal broadening of the Fermi distributions of the electrons in the leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvar R Garrigues
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
| | - Lejia Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Enrique Del Barco
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
| | - Christian A Nijhuis
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore.,Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117546, Singapore
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74
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Taherinia D, Smith CE, Ghosh S, Odoh SO, Balhorn L, Gagliardi L, Cramer CJ, Frisbie CD. Charge Transport in 4 nm Molecular Wires with Interrupted Conjugation: Combined Experimental and Computational Evidence for Thermally Assisted Polaron Tunneling. ACS NANO 2016; 10:4372-4383. [PMID: 27017971 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b08126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, transport measurements, and electronic structure of conjugation-broken oligophenyleneimine (CB-OPI 6) molecular wires with lengths of ∼4 nm. The wires were grown from Au surfaces using stepwise aryl imine condensation reactions between 1,4-diaminobenzene and terephthalaldehyde (1,4-benzenedicarbaldehyde). Saturated spacers (conjugation breakers) were introduced into the molecular backbone by replacing the aromatic diamine with trans-1,4-diaminocyclohexane at specific steps during the growth processes. FT-IR and ellipsometry were used to follow the imination reactions on Au surfaces. Surface coverages (∼4 molecules/nm(2)) and electronic structures of the wires were determined by cyclic voltammetry and UV-vis spectroscopy, respectively. The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the wires were acquired using conducting probe atomic force microscopy (CP-AFM) in which an Au-coated AFM probe was brought into contact with the wires to form metal-molecule-metal junctions with contact areas of ∼50 nm(2). The low bias resistance increased with the number of saturated spacers, but was not sensitive to the position of the spacer within the wire. Temperature dependent measurements of resistance were consistent with a localized charge (polaron) hopping mechanism in all of the wires. Activation energies were in the range of 0.18-0.26 eV (4.2-6.0 kcal/mol) with the highest belonging to the fully conjugated OPI 6 wire and the lowest to the CB3,5-OPI 6 wire (the wire with two saturated spacers). For the two other wires with a single conjugation breaker, CB3-OPI 6 and CB5-OPI 6, activation energies of 0.20 eV (4.6 kcal/mol) and 0.21 eV (4.8 kcal/mol) were found, respectively. Computational studies using density functional theory confirmed the polaronic nature of charge carriers but predicted that the semiclassical activation energy of hopping should be higher for CB-OPI molecular wires than for the OPI 6 wire. To reconcile the experimental and computational results, we propose that the transport mechanism is thermally assisted polaron tunneling in the case of CB-OPI wires, which is consistent with their increased resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davood Taherinia
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and §Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christopher E Smith
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and §Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Soumen Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and §Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Samuel O Odoh
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and §Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Luke Balhorn
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and §Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and §Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christopher J Cramer
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and §Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - C Daniel Frisbie
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and §Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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75
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Jalil AR, Chang H, Bandari VK, Robaschik P, Zhang J, Siles PF, Li G, Bürger D, Grimm D, Liu X, Salvan G, Zahn DRT, Zhu F, Wang H, Yan D, Schmidt OG. Fully Integrated Organic Nanocrystal Diode as High Performance Room Temperature NO2 Sensor. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:2971-7. [PMID: 26890153 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201506293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Organic diodes consisting of molecular nano-pyramid structures sandwiched between metal and strained nano-membrane electrodes are created. The robust and smooth contacts provided by self-curled metal layers render the molecular nano-pyramids efficent channels for detecting nitrogen dioxide airflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rehman Jalil
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hao Chang
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, China
| | - Vineeth Kumar Bandari
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Robaschik
- Semiconductor Physics, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Jian Zhang
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130033, Changchun, China
| | - Pablo F Siles
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Guodong Li
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Danilo Bürger
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniel Grimm
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Xingyuan Liu
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130033, Changchun, China
| | - Georgeta Salvan
- Semiconductor Physics, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Dietrich R T Zahn
- Semiconductor Physics, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Feng Zhu
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Haibo Wang
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, China
| | - Donghang Yan
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, China
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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76
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Lee L, Gunby NR, Crittenden DL, Downard AJ. Multifunctional and Stable Monolayers on Carbon: A Simple and Reliable Method for Backfilling Sparse Layers Grafted from Protected Aryldiazonium Ions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:2626-2637. [PMID: 26918953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b04546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A new strategy for preparation of robust multifunctional low nanometer thickness monolayers on carbon substrates is presented. Beginning with protected aryldiazonium salts, sparse monolayers of ethynyl-, amino-, and carboxy-terminated tethers are covalently anchored to the surface. The layers are then backfilled with a second modifier via the nucleophilic addition of an amine derivative to the surface. Through use of electroactive moieties coupled to the tethers, and an electroactive amine for backfilling, electrochemical measurements reveal that backfilling approximately doubles the surface concentration of the monolayer. Cyclic voltammetry of solution-based redox probes at the modified surfaces is consistent with the expected blocking properties at various stages of surface preparation. Fractional surface coverages of the layers are estimated using electrochemically determined surface concentrations of modifiers and computationally derived modifier footprints. Assuming free rotation of the coupled ferrocenyl or nitrophenyl groups leads to physically unreasonable fractional surface coverages, indicating that these larger modifiers must be rotationally restricted. Using a conformationally constrained model produces lower bound estimates of the total fractional surface coverage close to 0.4, with tether-only coverages close to 0.2. The backfilled tether layers constitute practical platforms for controlled construction of complex interfaces with many potential applications including sensing, molecular electronics, and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lita Lee
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand 8140
| | - Nathaniel R Gunby
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand 8140
| | - Deborah L Crittenden
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand 8140
| | - Alison J Downard
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand 8140
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77
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Schukfeh MI, Sepunaru L, Behr P, Li W, Pecht I, Sheves M, Cahen D, Tornow M. Towards nanometer-spaced silicon contacts to proteins. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:115302. [PMID: 26875701 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/11/115302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A vertical nanogap device (VND) structure comprising all-silicon contacts as electrodes for the investigation of electronic transport processes in bioelectronic systems is reported. Devices were fabricated from silicon-on-insulator substrates whose buried oxide (SiO2) layer of a few nanometers in thickness is embedded within two highly doped single crystalline silicon layers. Individual VNDs were fabricated by standard photolithography and a combination of anisotropic and selective wet etching techniques, resulting in p(+) silicon contacts, vertically separated by 4 or 8 nm, depending on the chosen buried oxide thickness. The buried oxide was selectively recess-etched with buffered hydrofluoric acid, exposing a nanogap. For verification of the devices' electrical functionality, gold nanoparticles were successfully trapped onto the nanogap electrodes' edges using AC dielectrophoresis. Subsequently, the suitability of the VND structures for transport measurements on proteins was investigated by functionalizing the devices with cytochrome c protein from solution, thereby providing non-destructive, permanent semiconducting contacts to the proteins. Current-voltage measurements performed after protein deposition exhibited an increase in the junctions' conductance of up to several orders of magnitude relative to that measured prior to cytochrome c immobilization. This increase in conductance was lost upon heating the functionalized device to above the protein's denaturation temperature (80 °C). Thus, the VND junctions allow conductance measurements which reflect the averaged electronic transport through a large number of protein molecules, contacted in parallel with permanent contacts and, for the first time, in a symmetrical Si-protein-Si configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed I Schukfeh
- Institut für Halbleitertechnik, TU Braunschweig, Hans-Sommer-Str. 66, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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78
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Xiang D, Wang X, Jia C, Lee T, Guo X. Molecular-Scale Electronics: From Concept to Function. Chem Rev 2016; 116:4318-440. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 816] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xiang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for
Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Key
Laboratory of Optical Information Science and Technology, Institute
of Modern Optics, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for
Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chuancheng Jia
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for
Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Takhee Lee
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for
Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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79
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Bâldea I. Counterintuitive issues in the charge transport through molecular junctions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 17:31260-9. [PMID: 26549325 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp05476a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Whether at phenomenological or microscopic levels, most theoretical approaches to charge transport through molecular junctions postulate or attempt to justify microscopically the existence of a dominant molecular orbital (MO). Within such single level descriptions, experimental current-voltage I-V curves are sometimes/often analyzed by using analytical formulas expressing the current as a cubic expansion in terms of the applied voltage V, and the possible V-driven shifts of the level energy offset relative to the metallic Fermi energy ε0 are related to the asymmetry of molecule-electrode couplings or an asymmetric location of the "center of gravity" of the MO with respect to electrodes. In this paper, we present results demonstrating the failure of these intuitive expectations. For example, we show how typical data processing based on cubic expansions yields a value of ε0 underestimated by a typical factor of about two. When compared to theoretical results of DFT approaches, which typically underestimate the HOMO-LUMO gap by a similar factor, this may create the false impression of "agreement" with experiments in situations where this is actually not the case. Furthermore, such cubic expansions yield model parameter values dependent on the bias range width employed for fitting, which is unacceptable physically. Finally, we present an example demonstrating that, counter-intuitively, the bias-induced change in the energy of an MO located much closer to an electrode can occur in a direction that is opposite to the change in the Fermi energy of that electrode. This is contrary to what one expects based on a "lever rule" argument, according to which the MO "feels" the local value of the electric potential, which is assumed to vary linearly across the junction and is closer to the potential of the closer electrode. This example emphasizes the fact that screening effects in molecular junctions can have a subtle character, contradicting common intuition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioan Bâldea
- Theoretische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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80
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Hybertsen MS, Venkataraman L. Structure-Property Relationships in Atomic-Scale Junctions: Histograms and Beyond. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:452-60. [PMID: 26938931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 10 years, there has been tremendous progress in the measurement, modeling and understanding of structure-function relationships in single molecule junctions. Numerous research groups have addressed significant scientific questions, directed both to conductance phenomena at the single molecule level and to the fundamental chemistry that controls junction functionality. Many different functionalities have been demonstrated, including single-molecule diodes, optically and mechanically activated switches, and, significantly, physical phenomena with no classical analogues, such as those based on quantum interference effects. Experimental techniques for reliable and reproducible single molecule junction formation and characterization have led to this progress. In particular, the scanning tunneling microscope based break-junction (STM-BJ) technique has enabled rapid, sequential measurement of large numbers of nanoscale junctions allowing a statistical analysis to readily distinguish reproducible characteristics. Harnessing fundamental link chemistry has provided the necessary chemical control over junction formation, enabling measurements that revealed clear relationships between molecular structure and conductance characteristics. Such link groups (amines, methylsuflides, pyridines, etc.) maintain a stable lone pair configuration that selectively bonds to specific, undercoordinated transition metal atoms available following rupture of a metal point contact in the STM-BJ experiments. This basic chemical principle rationalizes the observation of highly reproducible conductance signatures. Subsequently, the method has been extended to probe a variety of physical phenomena ranging from basic I-V characteristics to more complex properties such as thermopower and electrochemical response. By adapting the technique to a conducting cantilever atomic force microscope (AFM-BJ), simultaneous measurement of the mechanical characteristics of nanoscale junctions as they are pulled apart has given complementary information such as the stiffness and rupture force of the molecule-metal link bond. Overall, while the BJ technique does not produce a single molecule circuit for practical applications, it has proved remarkably versatile for fundamental studies. Measured data and analysis have been combined with atomic-scale theory and calculations, typically performed for representative junction structures, to provide fundamental physical understanding of structure-function relationships. This Account integrates across an extensive series of our specific nanoscale junction studies which were carried out with the STM- and AFM-BJ techniques and supported by theoretical analysis and density functional theory based calculations, with emphasis on the physical characteristics of the measurement process and the rich data sets that emerge. Several examples illustrate the impact of measured trends based on the most probable values for key characteristics (obtained from ensembles of order 1000-10 000 individual junctions) to build a solid picture of conductance phenomena as well as attributes of the link bond chemistry. The key forward-looking question posed here is the extent to which the full data sets represented by the individual trajectories can be analyzed to address structure-function questions at the level of individual junctions. Initial progress toward physical modeling of conductance of individual junctions indicates trends consistent with physical junction structures. Analysis of junction mechanics reveals a scaling procedure that collapses existing data onto a universal force-extension curve. This research directed to understanding the distribution of structures and physical characteristics addresses fundamental questions concerning the interplay between chemical control and stochastically driven diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S. Hybertsen
- Center
for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Latha Venkataraman
- Department
of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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81
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Bergren AJ, Zeer-Wanklyn L, Semple M, Pekas N, Szeto B, McCreery RL. Musical molecules: the molecular junction as an active component in audio distortion circuits. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:094011. [PMID: 26871885 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/9/094011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Molecular junctions that have a non-linear current-voltage characteristic consistent with quantum mechanical tunneling are demonstrated as analog audio clipping elements in overdrive circuits widely used in electronic music, particularly with electric guitars. The performance of large-area molecular junctions fabricated at the wafer level is compared to currently standard semiconductor diode clippers, showing a difference in the sound character. The harmonic distributions resulting from the use of traditional and molecular clipping elements are reported and discussed, and differences in performance are noted that result from the underlying physics that controls the electronic properties of each clipping component. In addition, the ability to tune the sound using the molecular junction is demonstrated. Finally, the hybrid circuit is compared to an overdriven tube amplifier, which has been the standard reference electric guitar clipped tone for over 60 years. In order to investigate the feasibility of manufacturing molecular junctions for use in commercial applications, devices are fabricated using a low-density format at the wafer level, where 38 dies per wafer, each containing two molecular junctions, are made with exceptional non-shorted yield (99.4%, representing 718 out of 722 tested devices) without requiring clean room facilities.
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82
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Rubio-Giménez V, Tatay S, Volatron F, Martínez-Casado FJ, Martí-Gastaldo C, Coronado E. High-Quality Metal-Organic Framework Ultrathin Films for Electronically Active Interfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:2576-84. [PMID: 26847507 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b09784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Currently available methodologies arguably lack the exquisite control required for producing metal-organic framework (MOF) thin films of sufficient quality for electronic applications. By directing MOF transfer with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), we achieve very smooth, homogeneous, highly oriented, ultrathin films across millimeter-scale areas that display moderate conductivity likely due to electron hopping. Here, the SAM is key for directing the transfer thereby enlarging the number and nature of the substrates of choice. We have exploited this versatility to evolve from deposition onto standard Si and Au to nonconventional substrates such as ferromagnetic Permalloy. We believe that this strategy might be useful for the integration of MOFs as active interfaces in electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Rubio-Giménez
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València , Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Sergio Tatay
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València , Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Florence Volatron
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València , Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Martí-Gastaldo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València , Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Eugenio Coronado
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València , Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
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83
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Ivashenko O, Bergren AJ, McCreery RL. Light Emission as a Probe of Energy Losses in Molecular Junctions. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:722-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b10018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oleksii Ivashenko
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11421 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Adam Johan Bergren
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, 11421 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Richard L. McCreery
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11421 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, 11421 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
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84
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McCreery RL. Effects of electronic coupling and electrostatic potential on charge transport in carbon-based molecular electronic junctions. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 7:32-46. [PMID: 26925350 PMCID: PMC4734416 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.7.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular junctions consisting of 2-20 nm thick layers of organic oligomers oriented between a conducting carbon substrate and a carbon/gold top contact have proven to be reproducible and reliable, and will soon enter commercial production in audio processing circuits. The covalent, conjugated bond between one or both sp(2)-hybridized carbon contacts and an aromatic molecular layer is distinct from the more common metal/molecule or silicon/molecule structures in many reported molecular junctions. Theoretical observations based on density functional theory are presented here, which model carbon-based molecular junctions as single molecules and oligomers between fragments of graphene. Electronic coupling between the molecules and the contacts is demonstrated by the formation of hybrid orbitals in the model structure, which have significant electron density on both the graphene and the molecule. The energies of such hybrid orbitals correlate with tunneling barriers determined experimentally, and electronic coupling between the two graphene fragments in the model correlates with experimentally observed attenuation of transport with molecular layer thickness. Electronic coupling is affected significantly by the dihedral angle between the planes of the graphene and the molecular π-systems, but is absent only when the two planes are orthogonal. Coupling also results in partial charge transfer between the graphene contacts and the molecular layer, which results in a shift in electrostatic potential which affects the observed tunneling barrier. Although the degree of partial charge transfer is difficult to calculate accurately, it does provide a basis for the "vacuum level shift" observed in many experiments, including transport and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy of molecular layers on conductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L McCreery
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada and National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council, Canada
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85
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Abstract
The increasing difficulties of meeting ‘Moore’s Law’ rates of progress in conventional semiconductor electronics, coupled with the advent of methods capable of measuring the electronic properties of single molecules in a laboratory setting, have seen a surge of activity in the field of molecular electronics over the last decade. However, the concepts of molecular electronics are far from new, and the basic premise and ideas of molecular electronics have been shadowing those of solid-state semiconductor electronics since the middle of the 20th century. In this Primer Review, we introduce the topic of molecular electronics, drawing on some of the earliest expressions of the fundamental concepts, and summarizing key concepts to provide the interested reader with an entry to this fascinating field of science and emerging technology.
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86
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Ie Y, Aso Y. Design and Development of New Functional Units towards Single-Molecule Electronics. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2016. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.74.676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Ie
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University
| | - Yoshio Aso
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University
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87
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Pejov L, Petreska I, Kocarev L. Designing field-controllable graphene-dot-graphene single molecule switches: A quantum-theoretical proof-of-concept under realistic operating conditions. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:244704. [PMID: 26723699 DOI: 10.1063/1.4937411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A theoretical proof of the concept that a particularly designed graphene-based moletronics device, constituted by two semi-infinite graphene subunits, acting as source and drain electrodes, and a central benzenoid ring rotator (a "quantum dot"), could act as a field-controllable molecular switch is outlined and analyzed with the density functional theory approach. Besides the ideal (0 K) case, we also consider the operation of such a device under realistic operating (i.e., finite-temperature) conditions. An in-depth insight into the physics behind device controllability by an external field was gained by thorough analyses of the torsional potential of the dot under various conditions (absence or presence of an external gating field with varying strength), computing the torsional correlation time and transition probabilities within the Bloembergen-Purcell-Pound formalism. Both classical and quantum mechanical tunneling contributions to the intramolecular rotation were considered in the model. The main idea that we put forward in the present study is that intramolecular rotors can be controlled by the gating field even in cases when these groups do not possess a permanent dipole moment (as in cases considered previously by us [I. Petreska et al., J. Chem. Phys. 134, 014708-1-014708-12 (2011)] and also by other groups [P. E. Kornilovitch et al., Phys. Rev. B 66, 245413-1-245413-7 (2002)]). Consequently, one can control the molecular switching properties by an external electrostatic field utilizing even nonpolar intramolecular rotors (i.e., in a more general case than those considered so far). Molecular admittance of the currently considered graphene-based molecular switch under various conditions is analyzed employing non-equilibrium Green's function formalism, as well as by analysis of frontier molecular orbitals' behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljupčo Pejov
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, SS. Cyril and Methodius University, Arhimedova 5, P.O. Box 162, 1001 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Irina Petreska
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, SS. Cyril and Methodius University, P.O. Box 162, 1001 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Ljupčo Kocarev
- Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Krste Misirkov 2, P.O. Box 428, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
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88
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Zhu H, Pookpanratana SJ, Bonevich JE, Natoli SN, Hacker CA, Ren T, Suehle JS, Richter CA, Li Q. Redox-Active Molecular Nanowire Flash Memory for High-Endurance and High-Density Nonvolatile Memory Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:27306-27313. [PMID: 26600234 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b08517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, high-performance top-gated nanowire molecular flash memory has been fabricated with redox-active molecules. Different molecules with one and two redox centers have been tested. The flash memory has clean solid/molecule and dielectric interfaces, due to the pristine molecular self-assembly and the nanowire device self-alignment fabrication process. The memory cells exhibit discrete charged states at small gate voltages. Such multi-bit memory in one cell is favorable for high-density storage. These memory devices exhibit fast speed, low power, long memory retention, and exceptionally good endurance (>10(9) cycles). The excellent characteristics are derived from the intrinsic charge-storage properties of the protected redox-active molecules. Such multi-bit molecular flash memory is very attractive for high-endurance and high-density on-chip memory applications in future portable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Mason University , Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
- Semiconductor and Dimensional Metrology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Sujitra J Pookpanratana
- Semiconductor and Dimensional Metrology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - John E Bonevich
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Sean N Natoli
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Christina A Hacker
- Semiconductor and Dimensional Metrology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Tong Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - John S Suehle
- Semiconductor and Dimensional Metrology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Curt A Richter
- Semiconductor and Dimensional Metrology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Qiliang Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Mason University , Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
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89
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Wan A, Suchand Sangeeth CS, Wang L, Yuan L, Jiang L, Nijhuis CA. Arrays of high quality SAM-based junctions and their application in molecular diode based logic. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:19547-56. [PMID: 26537895 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr05533d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a method to fabricate a microfluidic top-electrode that can be utilized to generate arrays of self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-based junctions. The top-electrodes consist of a liquid-metal of GaOx/EGaIn mechanically stabilized in microchannels and through-holes in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS); these top-electrodes form molecular junctions by directly placing them onto the SAM supported by template-stripped (TS) Ag or Au bottom-electrodes. Unlike conventional techniques to form multiple junctions, our method does not require lithography to pattern the bottom-electrode and is compatible with TS bottom-electrodes, which are ultra-flat with large grains, free from potential contamination of photoresist residues, and do not have electrode-edges where the molecules are unable to pack well. We formed tunneling junctions with n-alkanethiolate SAMs in yields of ∼80%, with good reproducibility and electrical stability. Temperature dependent J(V) measurements indicated that the mechanism of charge transport across the junction is coherent tunneling. To demonstrate the usefulness of these junctions, we formed molecular diodes based on SAMs with Fc head groups. These junctions rectify currents with a rectification ratio R of 45. These molecular diodes were incorporated in simple electronic circuitry to demonstrate molecular diode-based Boolean logic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Wan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
| | - C S Suchand Sangeeth
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
| | - Lejia Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
| | - Christian A Nijhuis
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore. and Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore (SERIS), 7 Engineering Drive 1 and National University of Singapore, Singapore 117574, Singapore
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90
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Smith CE, Odoh SO, Ghosh S, Gagliardi L, Cramer CJ, Frisbie CD. Length-Dependent Nanotransport and Charge Hopping Bottlenecks in Long Thiophene-Containing π-Conjugated Molecular Wires. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:15732-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b07400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, §Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Samuel O. Odoh
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, §Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Soumen Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, §Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, §Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christopher J. Cramer
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, §Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - C. Daniel Frisbie
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, §Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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91
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Tsuji Y, Movassagh R, Datta S, Hoffmann R. Exponential Attenuation of Through-Bond Transmission in a Polyene: Theory and Potential Realizations. ACS NANO 2015; 9:11109-11120. [PMID: 26390251 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An exponential falloff with separation of electron transfer and transport through molecular wires is observed and has attracted theoretical attention. In this study, the attenuation of transmission in linear and cyclic polyenes is related to bond alternation. The explicit form of the zeroth Green's function in a Hückel model for bond-alternated polyenes leads to an analytical expression of the conductance decay factor β. The β values calculated from our model (β(CN) values, per repeat unit of double and single bond) range from 0.28 to 0.37, based on carotenoid crystal structures. These theoretical β values are slightly smaller than experimental values. The difference can be assigned to the effect of anchoring groups, which are not included in our model. A local transmission analysis for cyclic polyenes, and for [14]annulene in particular, shows that bond alternation affects dramatically not only the falloff behavior but also the choice of a transmission pathway by electrons. Transmission follows a well-demarcated system of π bonds, even when there is a shorter-distance path with roughly the same kind of "electronic matter" intervening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Tsuji
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Baker Laboratory, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ramis Movassagh
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Building E18, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, United States
| | - Supriyo Datta
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University , Electrical Engineering Building, 465 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2035, United States
| | - Roald Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Baker Laboratory, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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92
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Bui PT, Nishino T, Shiigi H, Nagaoka T. One-by-one single-molecule detection of mutated nucleobases by monitoring tunneling current using a DNA tip. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:1666-9. [PMID: 25503307 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08227c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A DNA molecule was utilized as a probe tip to achieve single-molecule genetic diagnoses. Hybridization of the probe and target DNAs resulted in electron tunneling along the emergent double-stranded DNA. Simple stationary monitoring of the tunneling current leads to single-molecule DNA detection and discovery of base mismatches and methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuc Tan Bui
- Department of Materials Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
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93
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Ding W, Koepf M, Koenigsmann C, Batra A, Venkataraman L, Negre CFA, Brudvig GW, Crabtree RH, Schmuttenmaer CA, Batista VS. Computational Design of Intrinsic Molecular Rectifiers Based on Asymmetric Functionalization of N-Phenylbenzamide. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 11:5888-96. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wendu Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New
Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
- Yale Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, P.O.
Box 27394, West Haven, Connecticut 06516-7394, United States
| | - Matthieu Koepf
- Yale Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, P.O.
Box 27394, West Haven, Connecticut 06516-7394, United States
| | - Christopher Koenigsmann
- Yale Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, P.O.
Box 27394, West Haven, Connecticut 06516-7394, United States
| | - Arunabh Batra
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Latha Venkataraman
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Christian F. A. Negre
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New
Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
- Yale Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, P.O.
Box 27394, West Haven, Connecticut 06516-7394, United States
| | - Gary W. Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New
Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
- Yale Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, P.O.
Box 27394, West Haven, Connecticut 06516-7394, United States
| | - Robert H. Crabtree
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New
Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
- Yale Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, P.O.
Box 27394, West Haven, Connecticut 06516-7394, United States
| | - Charles A. Schmuttenmaer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New
Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
- Yale Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, P.O.
Box 27394, West Haven, Connecticut 06516-7394, United States
| | - Victor S. Batista
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New
Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
- Yale Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, P.O.
Box 27394, West Haven, Connecticut 06516-7394, United States
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94
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Yu X, Lovrincic R, Sepunaru L, Li W, Vilan A, Pecht I, Sheves M, Cahen D. Insights into Solid-State Electron Transport through Proteins from Inelastic Tunneling Spectroscopy: The Case of Azurin. ACS NANO 2015; 9:9955-63. [PMID: 26381112 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b03950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Surprisingly efficient solid-state electron transport has recently been demonstrated through "dry" proteins (with only structural, tightly bound H2O left), suggesting proteins as promising candidates for molecular (bio)electronics. Using inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS), we explored electron-phonon interaction in metal/protein/metal junctions, to help understand solid-state electronic transport across the redox protein azurin. To that end an oriented azurin monolayer on Au is contacted by soft Au electrodes. Characteristic vibrational modes of amide and amino acid side groups as well as of the azurin-electrode contact were observed, revealing the azurin native conformation in the junction and the critical role of side groups in the charge transport. The lack of abrupt changes in the conductance and the line shape of IETS point to far off-resonance tunneling as the dominant transport mechanism across azurin, in line with previously reported (and herein confirmed) azurin junctions. The inelastic current and hence electron-phonon interaction appear to be rather weak and comparable in magnitude with the inelastic fraction of tunneling current via alkyl chains, which may reflect the known structural rigidity of azurin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Lovrincic
- Institute for High Frequency Technology, TU Braunschweig, and Innovationlab , Speyerer Str. 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
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95
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Baghbanzadeh M, Bowers CM, Rappoport D, Żaba T, Gonidec M, Al‐Sayah MH, Cyganik P, Aspuru‐Guzik A, Whitesides GM. Charge Tunneling along Short Oligoglycine Chains. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:14743-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201507271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Baghbanzadeh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St. Cambridge, MA 02138 (USA)
| | - Carleen M. Bowers
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St. Cambridge, MA 02138 (USA)
| | - Dmitrij Rappoport
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St. Cambridge, MA 02138 (USA)
| | - Tomasz Żaba
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30‐348 Krakow (Poland)
| | - Mathieu Gonidec
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St. Cambridge, MA 02138 (USA)
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials, Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB‐CSIC/CIBER‐BBN), Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona (Spain)
| | - Mohammad H. Al‐Sayah
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St. Cambridge, MA 02138 (USA)
| | - Piotr Cyganik
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30‐348 Krakow (Poland)
| | - Alan Aspuru‐Guzik
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St. Cambridge, MA 02138 (USA)
| | - George M. Whitesides
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St. Cambridge, MA 02138 (USA)
- Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 (USA)
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 60 Oxford St. Cambridge, MA 02138 (USA)
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96
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Baghbanzadeh M, Bowers CM, Rappoport D, Żaba T, Gonidec M, Al‐Sayah MH, Cyganik P, Aspuru‐Guzik A, Whitesides GM. Charge Tunneling along Short Oligoglycine Chains. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201507271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Baghbanzadeh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St. Cambridge, MA 02138 (USA)
| | - Carleen M. Bowers
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St. Cambridge, MA 02138 (USA)
| | - Dmitrij Rappoport
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St. Cambridge, MA 02138 (USA)
| | - Tomasz Żaba
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30‐348 Krakow (Poland)
| | - Mathieu Gonidec
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St. Cambridge, MA 02138 (USA)
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials, Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB‐CSIC/CIBER‐BBN), Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona (Spain)
| | - Mohammad H. Al‐Sayah
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St. Cambridge, MA 02138 (USA)
| | - Piotr Cyganik
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30‐348 Krakow (Poland)
| | - Alan Aspuru‐Guzik
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St. Cambridge, MA 02138 (USA)
| | - George M. Whitesides
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St. Cambridge, MA 02138 (USA)
- Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 (USA)
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 60 Oxford St. Cambridge, MA 02138 (USA)
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97
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Ie Y, Tanaka K, Tashiro A, Lee SK, Testai HR, Yamada R, Tada H, Aso Y. Thiophene-based Tripodal Anchor Units for Hole Transport in Single-Molecule Junctions with Gold Electrodes. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:3754-3759. [PMID: 26722752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecule-metal junctions are inevitable for the realization of single-molecule electronics. In this study, we developed new tripodal anchors with electron-rich aromatic rings to achieve robust contact with gold electrodes, an effective hybridization of the π orbital with gold electrodes (π channel), and hole transport through π-channel hybridization. Cyclic voltammetry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements of the monolayers indicated that the thiophene-based tripodal molecule exhibits anchoring characteristics as expected. The electrical conductance of thiophene-anchored bistripodal molecules using the scanning tunneling microscope (STM)-based break junction technique confirmed the formation of molecular junctions. The Seebeck coefficient of this compound estimated from thermoelectric voltage measurements using a STM was determined to be a positive value, which indicates that the charge carriers are holes. On the contrary, the corresponding pyridine-anchored molecules showed electron transport. These results reveal the versatility of π-channel tripodal anchors for the control of charge-carrier type in single-molecule electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Ie
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University , 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Kazunari Tanaka
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University , 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Aya Tashiro
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University , 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - See Kei Lee
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University , 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Henrique Rosa Testai
- Institute of Mechanical Engineering (IEM), Universidade Federal de Itajubá , 1303 Bairro Pinheirinho, Itajubá, Minas Gerais 37500 903, Brasil
| | - Ryo Yamada
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University , 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tada
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University , 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Yoshio Aso
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University , 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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98
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Jia C, Ma B, Xin N, Guo X. Carbon Electrode-Molecule Junctions: A Reliable Platform for Molecular Electronics. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:2565-75. [PMID: 26190024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of reliable approaches to integrate individual or a small collection of molecules into electrical nanocircuits, often termed "molecular electronics", is currently a research focus because it can not only overcome the increasing difficulties and fundamental limitations of miniaturization of current silicon-based electronic devices, but can also enable us to probe and understand the intrinsic properties of materials at the atomic- and/or molecular-length scale. This development might also lead to direct observation of novel effects and fundamental discovery of physical phenomena that are not accessible by traditional materials or approaches. Therefore, researchers from a variety of backgrounds have been devoting great effort to this objective, which has started to move beyond simple descriptions of charge transport and branch out in different directions, reflecting the interdisciplinarity. This Account exemplifies our ongoing interest and great effort in developing efficient lithographic methodologies capable of creating molecular electronic devices through the combination of top-down micro/nanofabrication with bottom-up molecular assembly. These devices use nanogapped carbon nanomaterials (such as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and graphene), with a particular focus on graphene, as point contacts formed by electron beam lithography and precise oxygen plasma etching. Through robust amide linkages, functional molecular bridges terminated with diamine moieties are covalently wired into the carboxylic acid-functionalized nanogaps to form stable carbon electrode-molecule junctions with desired functionalities. At the macroscopic level, to improve the contact interface between electrodes and organic semiconductors and lower Schottky barriers, we used SWCNTs and graphene as efficient electrodes to explore the intrinsic properties of organic thin films, and then build functional high-performance organic nanotransistors with ultrahigh responsivities. At the molecular level, to form robust covalent bonds between electrodes and molecules and improve device stability, we developed a reliable system to immobilize individual molecules within a nanoscale gap of either SWCNTs or graphene through covalent amide bond formation, thus affording two classes of carbon electrode-molecule single-molecule junctions. One unique feature of these devices is the fact that they contain only one or two molecules as conductive elements, thus forming the basis for building new classes of chemo/biosensors with ultrahigh sensitivity. We have used these approaches to reveal the dependence of the charge transport of individual metallo-DNA duplexes on π-stacking integrity, and fabricate molecular devices capable of realizing label-free, real-time electrical detection of biological interactions at the single-event level, or switching their molecular conductance upon exposure to external stimuli, such as ion, pH, and light. These investigations highlight the unique advantages and importance of these universal methodologies to produce functional carbon electrode-molecule junctions in current and future researches toward the development of practical molecular devices, thus offering a reliable platform for molecular electronics and the promise of a new generation of multifunctional integrated circuits and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuancheng Jia
- Center
for Nanochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable
Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Bangjun Ma
- Center
for Nanochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable
Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Na Xin
- Center
for Nanochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable
Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Center
for Nanochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable
Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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99
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Xie Z, Bâldea I, Smith CE, Wu Y, Frisbie CD. Experimental and Theoretical Analysis of Nanotransport in Oligophenylene Dithiol Junctions as a Function of Molecular Length and Contact Work Function. ACS NANO 2015; 9:8022-8036. [PMID: 26190402 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the results of an extensive investigation of metal-molecule-metal tunnel junctions based on oligophenylene dithiols (OPDs) bound to several types of electrodes (M1-S-(C6H4)n-S-M2, with 1 ≤ n ≤ 4 and M1,2 = Ag, Au, Pt) to examine the impact of molecular length (n) and metal work function (Φ) on junction properties. Our investigation includes (1) measurements by scanning Kelvin probe microscopy of electrode work function changes (ΔΦ = ΦSAM - Φ) caused by chemisorption of OPD self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), (2) measurements of junction current-voltage (I-V) characteristics by conducting probe atomic force microscopy in the linear and nonlinear bias ranges, and (3) direct quantitative analysis of the full I-V curves. Further, we employ transition voltage spectroscopy (TVS) to estimate the energetic alignment εh = EF - EHOMO of the dominant molecular orbital (HOMO) relative to the Fermi energy EF of the junction. Where photoelectron spectroscopy data are available, the εh values agree very well with those determined by TVS. Using a single-level model, which we justify via ab initio quantum chemical calculations at post-density functional theory level and additional UV-visible absorption measurements, we are able to quantitatively reproduce the I-V measurements in the whole bias range investigated (∼1.0-1.5 V) and to understand the behavior of εh and Γ (contact coupling strength) extracted from experiment. We find that Fermi level pinning induced by the strong dipole of the metal-S bond causes a significant shift of the HOMO energy of an adsorbed molecule, resulting in εh exhibiting a weak dependence with the work function Φ. Both of these parameters play a key role in determining the tunneling attenuation factor (β) and junction resistance (R). Correlation among Φ, ΔΦ, R, transition voltage (Vt), and εh and accurate simulation provide a remarkably complete picture of tunneling transport in these prototypical molecular junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoti Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ioan Bâldea
- Theoretische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg , INF 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Institute of Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Institute of Space Science , POB MG-23, RO 077125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Christopher E Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Yanfei Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - C Daniel Frisbie
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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100
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Jiang L, Sangeeth CSS, Nijhuis CA. The Origin of the Odd–Even Effect in the Tunneling Rates across EGaIn Junctions with Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs) of n-Alkanethiolates. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:10659-67. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b05761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Jiang
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - C. S. Suchand Sangeeth
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Christian A. Nijhuis
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Solar
Energy Research Institute of Singapore (SERIS), National University of Singapore, 7 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117574, Singapore
- Centre
for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117546, Singapore
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