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Ionic liquid-functionalized carbon quantum dots as fluorescent probes for sensitive and selective detection of iron ion and ascorbic acid. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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52
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Wang L, Ye D, Li W, Liu Y, Li L, Zhang W, Ni L. Fluorescent and colorimetric detection of Fe(III) and Cu(II) by a difunctional rhodamine-based probe. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 183:291-297. [PMID: 28456087 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A new rhodamine B hydrazone derivative (probe L) was synthesized and characterized. The probe L had sufficiently satisfactory selective response to Fe3+ and Cu2+ ions among various interferential metal ions, and high sensitivity with the detection limit of 4.63×10-9M and 5.264×10-7M for Fe3+ and Cu2+ ions, respectively. In the presence of Fe3+, the probe L exhibited turn-on orange fluorescence accompanied by color change from colorless to pink. Toward Cu2+, the probe L showed significant color change from colorless to red purple. These remarkable orange fluorescence and color change made probe L suitable naked-eye identify for Fe3+ and Cu2+ ions. By means of Job's plot, Benesi-Hildebrand studies and FTIR spectra, both 1:1 binding modes (L-Fe3+ and L-Cu2+) were confirmed. The coordination mechanism and turn on/off fluorescence for L-Fe3+ and L-Cu2+ complexes were well explained by theoretical calculations. Moreover, probe L could be used as a quick, simple, visual test strip for Fe3+ and Cu2+ detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.
| | - Dandan Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.
| | - Wenxuan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Longhua Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Liang Ni
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
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53
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Smith MR, Golden CD, Myers SS. Potential rise in iron deficiency due to future anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions. GEOHEALTH 2017; 1:248-257. [PMID: 32158990 PMCID: PMC7007116 DOI: 10.1002/2016gh000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Iron deficiency reduces capacity for physical activity, lowers IQ, and increases maternal and child mortality, impacting roughly a billion people worldwide. Recent studies have shown that certain highly consumed crops-C3 grains (e.g., wheat, rice, and barley), legumes, and maize-have lower iron concentrations of 4-10% when grown under increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations (550 ppm). We examined diets in 152 countries globally (95.5% of the population) to estimate the percentage of lost dietary iron resulting from anthropogenic CO2 emissions between now and 2050, specifically among vulnerable age-sex groups: children (1-5 years) and women of childbearing age (15-49 years), holding diets constant. We also cross-referenced these with the current prevalence of anemia to identify most at-risk countries. We found that 1.4 billion children aged 1-5 and women of childbearing age (59% of global total for these groups) live in high-risk countries, where the prevalence of anemia exceeds 20% and modeled loss in dietary iron would be in the most severe tertile (>3.8%). The countries with the highest anemia prevalence also derive their iron from the fewest number of foods, even after excluding countries consuming large amounts of unaccounted wild-harvest foods. The potential risk of increased iron deficiency adds greater incentive for mitigating anthropogenic CO2 emissions and highlights the need to address anticipated health impacts via improved health delivery systems, dietary behavioral changes, or agricultural innovation. Because these are effects on content rather than yield, it is unlikely that consumers will perceive this health threat and adapt to it without education.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Smith
- Exposure, Epidemiology and Risk Program, Department of Environmental HealthHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - C. D. Golden
- Exposure, Epidemiology and Risk Program, Department of Environmental HealthHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Harvard University Center for the EnvironmentCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - S. S. Myers
- Exposure, Epidemiology and Risk Program, Department of Environmental HealthHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Harvard University Center for the EnvironmentCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
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54
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Iron nanomedicines induce Toll-like receptor activation, cytokine production and complement activation. Biomaterials 2017; 119:68-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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55
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Roussel G, Stevens V, Cottin S, McArdle HJ. The effect of amino acid deprivation on the transfer of iron through Caco-2 cell monolayers. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2017; 40:82-90. [PMID: 28159226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) metabolism is modified by many nutritional factors. Amino acids (AA) play a central role in various biological processes, such as protein synthesis and energy supply. However, the influence of AA status on iron metabolism has not been investigated. Here, we test whether AA alters iron metabolism in an intestinal cell model. Both Fe uptake and transfer across the cell monolayer were significantly increased by non-essential AA deficiency (both p<0.001) while only Fe transfer was increased by essential AA deficiency (p<0.0001). Both essential and non-essential AA deficiency decreased DMT1 (±IRE) exon1A mRNA expression (respectively p=0.0007 and p=0.006) and increased expression of ferritin heavy chain. DMT1+IRE (also expressing exon1A or 1B) mRNA levels were decreased by essential AA deficiency (p=0.012). The mRNA levels of total DMT1 were also decreased by essential, but not non-essential, AA deficiency (p=0.006). Hepcidin levels were increased significantly by non-essential amino acid deprivation (p=0.047). Protein levels of ferroportin and/or ferritin heavy chain were not altered by AA deficiency, suggesting that they had no effect on Fe efflux or storage in the cell, though iron content of ferritin could be increased. Our data demonstrate, for the first time, that AA status affects iron transport and the expression of genes related to iron metabolism in Caco-2 cells, although the changes observed are not sufficient to explain the alteration in iron transport. We hypothesise that the effect on Fe transfer is mediated through an increased movement across the cell layer, rather than transfer across the cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guenievre Roussel
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
| | - Valerie Stevens
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
| | - Sarah Cottin
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
| | - Harry J McArdle
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
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56
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Milto IV, Suhodolo IV, Prokopieva VD, Klimenteva TK. Molecular and Cellular Bases of Iron Metabolism in Humans. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 81:549-64. [PMID: 27301283 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916060018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Iron is a microelement with the most completely studied biological functions. Its wide dissemination in nature and involvement in key metabolic pathways determine the great importance of this metal for uni- and multicellular organisms. The biological role of iron is characterized by its indispensability in cell respiration and various biochemical processes providing normal functioning of cells and organs of the human body. Iron also plays an important role in the generation of free radicals, which under different conditions can be useful or damaging to biomolecules and cells. In the literature, there are many reviews devoted to iron metabolism and its regulation in pro- and eukaryotes. Significant progress has been achieved recently in understanding molecular bases of iron metabolism. The purpose of this review is to systematize available data on mechanisms of iron assimilation, distribution, and elimination from the human body, as well as on its biological importance and on the major iron-containing proteins. The review summarizes recent ideas about iron metabolism. Special attention is paid to mechanisms of iron absorption in the small intestine and to interrelationships of cellular and extracellular pools of this metal in the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Milto
- Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia.
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57
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Influence of Moderate High-Pressure Homogenization on Quality of Bioactive Compounds of Functional Food Supplements. J FOOD QUALITY 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/2856125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Current interest in health has led to an increase in demand for functional food supplements as well as in industry concern for maintaining the bioactive compounds of such foods via the application of new technologies. In this study, we evaluated the effect of moderate high-pressure homogenization (HPH) treatments (80 and 120 MPa) versus thermal treatment (80°C, atmospheric pressure) on the functional bioactive compounds from four different functional supplements stored under accelerated conditions (40°C ± 2°C and 75% ± 5% relative humidity) for 6 months. HPH proved to be a better alternative than thermal treatment for functional supplements containing heat-sensitive compounds such as vitamin C, vitamin A, and unsaturated fatty acids (10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid). The proanthocyanidin, cynarin, chlorogenic, and iron contents, however, were not initially affected by HPH treatments. The storage time caused important reductions in the majority of the compounds studied (mainly in vitamins C, B12, and A), although the lowest decrease was found in the HPH samples. The food matrix had an important effect on the final functional composition and required the optimization of HPH treatments for each functional food supplement. HPH is a recommended alternative to thermal treatment for functional food supplements, in particular when they are rich in thermolabile bioactive compounds.
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58
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Kheiri R, Koohi MK, Sadeghi-Hashjin G, Nouri H, Khezli N, Hassan MA, Hoomani F, Shams G, Rasouli A, Motaghinejad M. Comparison of the Effects of Iron Oxide, as a New Form of Iron Supplement, and Ferrous Sulfate on the Blood Levels of Iron and Total Iron-Binding Globulin in the Rabbit. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2017; 42:79-84. [PMID: 28293054 PMCID: PMC5337769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Iron oxide is an important biological agent that has a key role in medical processes; however, the mechanism whereby it provides iron for human and animal cells and its biological uses remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate the effects of oral iron oxide on serum iron status and compare the results with those of iron sulfate as a reference salt. Fifteen adult rabbits were divided into 3 groups of 5 each: control group, iron sulfate group, and iron oxide group. The groups received doses of 3.3, 10, and 33 mg/kg in 3 experiments. Venous blood samples were obtained just before the oral administration of iron sulfate and iron oxide (3.3 mg/kg). More blood samples were taken 3 times at the time points of 1, 6, and 12 hours after the administration of the solutions. Serum was separated for the measurement of iron (Fe) and total iron-binding globulin (TIBG) with routine methods. One week later, the same experiment was repeated with 10 mg/kg of iron sulfate and iron oxide; and 1 week later after the second experiment, again the same experiment was repeated with 33 mg/kg of iron sulfate and iron oxide. The results showed that 33 mg/kg of iron sulfate 1 hour after treatment caused a significant difference in the Fe and TIBG levels between all the groups (P=0.014 for Fe and P=0.027 for TIBG). Our data showed that the absorption of iron oxide was similar to that of ferrous sulfate and in high doses was as useful as iron supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Kheiri
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazem Koohi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hadiseh Nouri
- Pharmacology Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Noushin Khezli
- Pharmacology Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Hoomani
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch, Arak, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Shams
- Pharmacology Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Rasouli
- Pharmacology Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Motaghinejad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Razi Institute for Drug Research, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Correspondence: Majid Motaghinejad, PhD; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, and Razi Institute for Drug Research, Iran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 14155-6183, Tehran, Iran Tel: +98 21 88622696 Fax: +98 21 88622696
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59
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Jankowska EA, Drozd M, Ponikowski P. Iron Deficiency Treatment in Patients with Heart Failure. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 243:561-576. [PMID: 28405775 DOI: 10.1007/164_2017_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Iron deficiency (ID) is one of the major risk factors for disability and mortality worldwide, and it was identified as a common and ominous comorbidity in patients with heart failure (HF), both with and without anaemia. Based on two clinical trials (FAIR-HF and CONFIRM-HF) and other epidemiological evidence, ID has been recognized as an important therapeutic target in symptomatic patients with HF and LVEF ≤45%.Intravenous iron supplementation has been demonstrated to be safe and effective for iron repletion and related with an improvement in clinical status, exercise capacity, and quality of life. Ongoing trials are testing the hypothesis that such a therapy may also reduce the risk of HF hospitalizations and cardiovascular death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa A Jankowska
- Laboratory for Applied Research on Cardiovascular System, Department of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland. .,Cardiology Department, Centre for Heart Diseases, Military Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Marcin Drozd
- Laboratory for Applied Research on Cardiovascular System, Department of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.,Cardiology Department, Centre for Heart Diseases, Military Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Ponikowski
- Cardiology Department, Centre for Heart Diseases, Military Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland.,Department of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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60
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Czerwonka M, Tokarz A. Iron in red meat-friend or foe. Meat Sci 2016; 123:157-165. [PMID: 27744145 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In developed countries, due to high content and bioavailability, red and processed meats are the main sources of iron in the diet. Adequate intake of this nutrient is essential for the proper development and functioning of the human body, and its deficiencies are associated mainly with the occurrence of anemia, which is one of the most widespread nutritional problems in the world. However, excessive intake of iron can be detrimental to health. Studies have shown that high consumption of red meat and its products, and thereby iron, particularly in the form of heme, increases the risk of non-communicable diseases, including cancers, type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Due to the high nutritional value, the presence of red meat in the diet is preferable, but according to World Cancer Research Fund International its consumption should not exceed 500g per week. Furthermore, there are several potential ways to suppress the toxic effects of heme iron in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Czerwonka
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Laboratory Medicine Division, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Tokarz
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Laboratory Medicine Division, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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61
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Efficacy and Safety of Ferric Carboxymaltose and Other Formulations in Iron-Deficient Patients: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. Clin Drug Investig 2016; 36:177-94. [PMID: 26692005 PMCID: PMC4761015 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-015-0361-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Iron deficiency is very common in a number of medical conditions. Ferric carboxymaltose is a new stable iron preparation that can be administered in single infusions over short periods of time. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) regarding the efficacy and safety of the novel complex compared with other iron formulations. In addition, the feasibility of a network meta-analysis for indirect comparisons was investigated. Methods A systematic literature review was performed for published RCTs on the use of ferric carboxymaltose in iron deficiency between July and October 2014. Indirect comparisons were also addressed using terms referring to competing iron formulations. We further supported the qualitative results of the systematic review by a network meta-analysis that allows pooling the evidence around different intervention outcomes in the absence of trials involving a direct comparison. Results The initial search yielded 1027 citations, which was decreased to 21 studies eligible for inclusion in the review. Studies were heterogeneous in the number of patients randomised, iron deficiency-related conditions addressed, trial inclusion criteria, time horizon, treatment dosage and outcomes assessed. Six studies with the same time horizon (i.e. 6 weeks) were included in the network meta-analysis. Considering the differences between final and initial outcome values for each iron formulation, the mean difference of these differences (delta) was estimated for each couple of treatments involving ferric carboxymaltose. Significant improvements in serum ferritin (µg/l) were obtained with ferric carboxymaltose compared to oral iron (delta 172.8; 95 % CI 66.7–234.4) and in haemoglobin (g/dl) with respect to ferric gluconate (delta 0.6; 95 % CI 0.2–0.9), oral iron (delta 0.8; 95 % CI 0.6–0.9) and placebo (delta 2.1; 95 % CI 1.2–3.0). Conclusions All currently available intravenous iron preparations appear to be safe and effective, but ferric carboxymaltose seems to provide a better and quicker correction of haemoglobin and serum ferritin levels in iron-deficient patients.
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62
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Broide E, Matalon S, Kriger-Sharabi O, Richter V, Shirin H, Leshno M. Cost effectiveness of routine duodenal biopsies in iron deficiency anemia. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:7813-7823. [PMID: 27678365 PMCID: PMC5016382 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i34.7813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the cost effectiveness of routine small bowel biopsies (SBBs) in patients with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) independent of their celiac disease (CD) serology test results.
METHODS We used a state transition Markov model. Two strategies were compared: routine SBBs during esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) in all patients with IDA regardless their celiac serology status (strategy A) vs SBBs only in IDA patients with positive serology (strategy B). The main outcomes were quality adjusted life years (QALY), average cost and the incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER). One way sensitivity analysis was performed on all variables and two way sensitivity analysis on selected variables were done. In order to validate the results, a Monte Carlo simulation of 100 sample trials with 10, and an acceptability curve were performed.
RESULTS Strategy A of routine SBBs yielded 19.888 QALYs with a cost of $218.10 compared to 19.887 QALYs and $234.17 in strategy B. In terms of cost-effectiveness, strategy A was the dominant strategy, as long as the cost of SBBs stayed less than $67. In addition, the ICER of strategy A was preferable, providing the cost of biopsy stays under $77. Monte Carlo simulation demonstrated that strategy A yielded the same QALY but with lower costs than strategy B.
CONCLUSION Our model suggests that EGD with routine SBBs is a cost-effective approach with improved QALYs in patients with IDA when the prevalence of CD is 5% or greater. SBBs should be a routine screening tool for CD among patients with IDA, regardless of their celiac antibody status.
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Abstract
Iron deficiency anemia is one of the major nutritional deficiency disorders. Iron deficiency anemia occurs due to decreased absorption of iron from diet, chronic blood loss and other associated diseases. The importance of iron and deleterious effects of iron deficiency anemia are discussed briefly in this review followed by the transdermal approaches to deliver iron. Transdermal delivery of iron would be able to overcome the side effects associated with conventional oral and parenteral iron therapy and improves the patient compliance. During preliminary investigations, ferric pyrophosphate and iron dextran were selected as iron sources for transdermal delivery. Different biophysical techniques were explored to assess their efficiency in delivering iron across the skin, and in vivo studies were carried out using anemic rat model. Transdermal iron delivery is a promising approach that could make a huge positive impact on patients suffering with iron deficiency.
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64
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Martínez-Sánchez A, Tarazona-Díaz MP, García-González A, Gómez PA, Aguayo E. Effect of high-pressure homogenization on different matrices of food supplements. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2016; 22:708-719. [DOI: 10.1177/1082013216642887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing demand for food supplements containing high amounts of vitamins, phenolic compounds and mineral content that provide health benefits. Those functional compounds have different solubility properties, and the maintenance of their compounds and the guarantee of their homogenic properties need the application of novel technologies. The quality of different drinkable functional foods after thermal processing (0.1 MPa) or high-pressure homogenization under two different conditions (80 MPa, 33 ℃ and 120 MPa, 43 ℃) was studied. Physicochemical characteristics and sensory qualities were evaluated throughout the six months of accelerated storage at 40 ℃ and 75% relative humidity (RH). Aroma and color were better maintained in high-pressure homogenization-treated samples than the thermally treated ones, which contributed significantly to extending their shelf life. The small particle size obtained after high-pressure homogenization treatments caused differences in turbidity and viscosity with respect to heat-treated samples. The use of high-pressure homogenization, more specifically, 120 MPa, provided active ingredient homogeneity to ensure uniform content in functional food supplements. Although the effect of high-pressure homogenization can be affected by the food matrix, high-pressure homogenization can be implemented as an alternative to conventional heat treatments in a commercial setting within the functional food supplement or pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ascensión Martínez-Sánchez
- Postharvest and Refrigeration Group, Department of Food Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UPCT), Paseo Alfonso XIII, Cartagena, Spain
- Food Quality and Health Group, Institute of Plant Biotechnology (UPCT), Campus Muralla del Mar, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Martha Patricia Tarazona-Díaz
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Universidad de Bogotá, Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Colombia
| | - Antonio García-González
- Postharvest and Refrigeration Group, Department of Food Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UPCT), Paseo Alfonso XIII, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Perla A Gómez
- Food Quality and Health Group, Institute of Plant Biotechnology (UPCT), Campus Muralla del Mar, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Encarna Aguayo
- Postharvest and Refrigeration Group, Department of Food Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UPCT), Paseo Alfonso XIII, Cartagena, Spain
- Food Quality and Health Group, Institute of Plant Biotechnology (UPCT), Campus Muralla del Mar, Cartagena, Spain
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Anemia of Chronic Disease and Iron Deficiency Anemia in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016; 22:1198-208. [PMID: 26818422 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Anemia coexists with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in up to two-thirds of patients, significantly impairing quality of life. The most common types of anemia in patients with IBD are iron deficiency anemia and anemia of chronic disease, which often overlap. In most cases, available laboratory tests allow successful diagnosis of iron deficiency, where difficulties appear, recently established indices such as soluble transferrin-ferritin ratio or percentage of hypochromic red cells are used. In this review, we discuss the management of the most common types of anemia in respect of the latest available data. Thus, we provide the mechanisms underlying pathophysiology of these entities; furthermore, we discuss the role of hepcidin in developing anemia in IBD. Next, we present the treatment options for each type of anemia and highlight the importance of individual choice of action. We also focus on newly developed intravenous iron preparations and novel, promising drug candidates targeting hepcidin. Concurrently, we talk about difficulties in differentiating between the true and functional iron deficiency, and discuss tools facilitating the process. Finally, we emphasize the importance of proper diagnosis and treatment of anemia in IBD. We conclude that management of anemia in patients with IBD is tricky, and appropriate screening of patients regarding anemia is substantial.
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66
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Low MSY, Speedy J, Styles CE, De-Regil LM, Pasricha SR. Daily iron supplementation for improving anaemia, iron status and health in menstruating women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 4:CD009747. [PMID: 27087396 PMCID: PMC10182438 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd009747.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron-deficiency anaemia is highly prevalent among non-pregnant women of reproductive age (menstruating women) worldwide, although the prevalence is highest in lower-income settings. Iron-deficiency anaemia has been associated with a range of adverse health outcomes, which restitution of iron stores using iron supplementation has been considered likely to resolve. Although there have been many trials reporting effects of iron in non-pregnant women, these trials have never been synthesised in a systematic review. OBJECTIVES To establish the evidence for effects of daily supplementation with iron on anaemia and iron status, as well as on physical, psychological and neurocognitive health, in menstruating women. SEARCH METHODS In November 2015 we searched CENTRAL, Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, and nine other databases, as well as four digital thesis repositories. In addition, we searched the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP) and reference lists of relevant reviews. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs comparing daily oral iron supplementation with or without a cointervention (folic acid or vitamin C), for at least five days per week at any dose, to control or placebo using either individual- or cluster-randomisation. Inclusion criteria were menstruating women (or women aged 12 to 50 years) reporting on predefined primary (anaemia, haemoglobin concentration, iron deficiency, iron-deficiency anaemia, all-cause mortality, adverse effects, and cognitive function) or secondary (iron status measured by iron indices, physical exercise performance, psychological health, adherence, anthropometric measures, serum/plasma zinc levels, vitamin A status, and red cell folate) outcomes. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used the standard methodological procedures of Cochrane. MAIN RESULTS The search strategy identified 31,767 records; after screening, 90 full-text reports were assessed for eligibility. We included 67 trials (from 76 reports), recruiting 8506 women; the number of women included in analyses varied greatly between outcomes, with endpoint haemoglobin concentration being the outcome with the largest number of participants analysed (6861 women). Only 10 studies were considered at low overall risk of bias, with most studies presenting insufficient details about trial quality.Women receiving iron were significantly less likely to be anaemic at the end of intervention compared to women receiving control (risk ratio (RR) 0.39 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.25 to 0.60, 10 studies, 3273 women, moderate quality evidence). Women receiving iron had a higher haemoglobin concentration at the end of intervention compared to women receiving control (mean difference (MD) 5.30, 95% CI 4.14 to 6.45, 51 studies, 6861 women, high quality evidence). Women receiving iron had a reduced risk of iron deficiency compared to women receiving control (RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.76, 7 studies, 1088 women, moderate quality evidence). Only one study (55 women) specifically reported iron-deficiency anaemia and no studies reported mortality. Seven trials recruiting 901 women reported on 'any side effect' and did not identify an overall increased prevalence of side effects from iron supplements (RR 2.14, 95% CI 0.94 to 4.86, low quality evidence). Five studies recruiting 521 women identified an increased prevalence of gastrointestinal side effects in women taking iron (RR 1.99, 95% CI 1.26 to 3.12, low quality evidence). Six studies recruiting 604 women identified an increased prevalence of loose stools/diarrhoea (RR 2.13, 95% CI 1.10, 4.11, high quality evidence); eight studies recruiting 1036 women identified an increased prevalence of hard stools/constipation (RR 2.07, 95% CI 1.35 to 3.17, high quality evidence). Seven studies recruiting 1190 women identified evidence of an increased prevalence of abdominal pain among women randomised to iron (RR 1.55, 95% CI 0.99 to 2.41, low quality evidence). Eight studies recruiting 1214 women did not find any evidence of an increased prevalence of nausea among women randomised to iron (RR 1.19, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.82). Evidence that iron supplementation improves cognitive performance in women is uncertain, as studies could not be meta-analysed and individual studies reported conflicting results. Iron supplementation improved maximal and submaximal exercise performance, and appears to reduce symptomatic fatigue. Although adherence could not be formally meta-analysed due to differences in reporting, there was no evident difference in adherence between women randomised to iron and control. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Daily iron supplementation effectively reduces the prevalence of anaemia and iron deficiency, raises haemoglobin and iron stores, improves exercise performance and reduces symptomatic fatigue. These benefits come at the expense of increased gastrointestinal symptomatic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sze Yuan Low
- Department of Immunology, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 3006
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Zhang L, Du J. Selective sensing of submicromolar iron(III) with 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine as a chromogenic probe. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 158:24-28. [PMID: 26783724 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of highly selective and sensitive method for iron(III) detection is of great importance both from human health as well as environmental point of view. We herein reported a simple, selective and sensitive colorimetric method for the detection of Fe(III) at submicromolar level with 3,3,'5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as a chromogenic probe. It was observed that Fe(III) could directly oxidize TMB to form a blue solution without adding any extra oxidants. The reaction has a stoichiometric ratio of 1:1 (Fe(III)/TMB) as determined by a molar ratio method. The resultant color change can be perceived by the naked eye or monitored the absorbance change at 652 nm. The method allowed the measurement of Fe(III) in the range 1.0×10(-7)-1.5×10(-4) mol L(-1) with a detection limit of 5.5×10(-8) mol L(-1). The relative standard deviation was 0.9% for eleven replicate measurements of 2.5×10(-5) mol L(-1) Fe(III) solution. The chemistry showed high selectivity for Fe(III) in contrast to other common cation ions. The practically of the method was evaluated by the determination of Fe in milk samples; good consistency was obtained between the results of this method and atomic absorption spectrophotometry as indicated by statistical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lufeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Jianxiu Du
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
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Rietveld LC, Siri JG, Chakravarty I, Arsénio AM, Biswas R, Chatterjee A. Improving health in cities through systems approaches for urban water management. Environ Health 2016; 15 Suppl 1:31. [PMID: 26960393 PMCID: PMC4895287 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-016-0107-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As human populations become more and more urban, decision-makers at all levels face new challenges related to both the scale of service provision and the increasing complexity of cities and the networks that connect them. These challenges may take on unique aspects in cities with different cultures, political and institutional frameworks, and at different levels of development, but they frequently have in common an origin in the interaction of human and environmental systems and the feedback relationships that govern their dynamic evolution. Accordingly, systems approaches are becoming recognized as critical to understanding and addressing such complex problems, including those related to human health and wellbeing. Management of water resources in and for cities is one area where such approaches hold real promise. RESULTS This paper seeks to summarize links between water and health in cities and outline four main elements of systems approaches: analytic methods to deal with complexity, interdisciplinarity, transdisciplinarity, and multi-scale thinking. Using case studies from a range of urban socioeconomic and regional contexts (Maputo, Mozambique; Surat and Kolkata, India; and Vienna, Austria). CONCLUSION We show how the inclusion of these elements can lead to better research design, more effective policy and better outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Rietveld
- Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - J G Siri
- United Nations University International Institute for Global Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - I Chakravarty
- Public Health Engineering Department, Government of West Bengal, Kolkata, India
| | - A M Arsénio
- Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - R Biswas
- Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Chatterjee
- School of Planning and Architecture, Bhopal, India
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Dietary iron concentration influences serum concentrations of manganese in rats consuming organic or inorganic sources of manganese. Br J Nutr 2015; 115:585-93. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515004900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTo determine the effects of dietary Fe concentration on Mn bioavailability in rats fed inorganic or organic Mn sources, fifty-four 22-d-old male rats were randomly assigned and fed a basal diet (2·63 mg Fe/kg) supplemented with 0 (low Fe (L-Fe)), 35 (adequate Fe (A-Fe)) or 175 (high Fe (H-Fe)) mg Fe/kg with 10 mg Mn/kg from MnSO4 or Mn–lysine chelate (MnLys). Tissues were harvested after 21 d of feeding. Serum Mn was greater (P<0·05) in MnLys rats than in MnSO4 rats, and in L-Fe rats than in A-Fe or H-Fe rats. Duodenal divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT1) mRNA was lower (P<0·05) in H-Fe rats than in A-Fe rats for the MnSO4 treatment; however, no significant difference was observed between them for MnLys. Liver DMT1 mRNA abundance was greater (P<0·05) in MnSO4 than in the MnLys group for H-Fe rats. The DMT1 protein in duodenum and liver and ferroportin 1 (FPN1) protein in liver was greater (P<0·05) in the MnSO4 group than in the MnLys group, and in L-Fe rats than in H-Fe rats. Duodenal FPN1 protein was greater (P<0·05) in L-Fe rats than in A-Fe rats for the MnLys treatment, but it was not different between them for the MnSO4 treatment. Results suggest that MnLys increased serum Mn concentration as compared with MnSO4 in rats irrespective of dietary Fe concentration, which was not because of the difference in DMT1 and FPN1 expression in the intestine and liver.
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Abstract
Telogen effluvium was first described by Kligman in 1961. It is a most common cause of diffuse hair loss. Women with telogen effluvium more frequently present to dermatologist. A wide variety of potential triggers have been implicated in the pathogenesis of telogen effluvium. Diffuse shedding of telogen hair are seen after 3-4 months of triggering event. The observation of increased telogen hair shedding does not infer a cause. Establishing aetiology of telogen effluvium requires elicitation of relevant history and appropriate laboratory investigations to exclude endocrine, nutritional and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashikant Malkud
- Senior Resident, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, ESIC Medical College , Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India
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Hung N, Shen CC, Hu YW, Hu LY, Yeh CM, Teng CJ, Kuan AS, Chen SC, Chen TJ, Liu CJ. Risk of cancer in patients with iron deficiency anemia: a nationwide population-based study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119647. [PMID: 25781632 PMCID: PMC4363660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study evaluated the risk of cancer among patients with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) by using a nationwide population-based data set. Method Patients newly diagnosed with IDA and without antecedent cancer between 2000 and 2010 were recruited from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. The standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) of cancer types among patients with IDA were calculated. Results Patients with IDA exhibited an increased overall cancer risk (SIR: 2.15). Subgroup analysis showed that patients of both sexes and in all age groups had an increased SIR. After we excluded patients diagnosed with cancer within the first and first 5 years of IDA diagnosis, the SIRs remained significantly elevated at 1.43 and 1.30, respectively. In addition, the risks of pancreatic (SIR: 2.31), kidney (SIR: 2.23), liver (SIR: 1.94), and bladder cancers (SIR: 1.74) remained significantly increased after exclusion of patients diagnosed with cancer within 5 years after IDA diagnosis. Conclusion The overall cancer risk was significantly elevated among patients with IDA. After we excluded patients diagnosed with IDA and cancer within 1 and 5 years, the SIRs remained significantly elevated compared with those of the general population. The increased risk of cancer was not confined to gastrointestinal cancer when the SIRs of pancreatic, kidney, liver, and bladder cancers significantly increased after exclusion of patients diagnosed with IDA and cancer within the first 5 years. This finding may be caused by immune activities altered by IDA. Further study is necessary to determine the association between IDA and cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Hung
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Che Shen
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiayi Branch, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of information magagement, National Chung-Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Cancer Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Hu
- Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Mei Yeh
- Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Jen Teng
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Cancer Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Oncology and Hematology, Department of Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Seon Kuan
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - San-Chi Chen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzeng-Ji Chen
- Cancer Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jen Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Cancer Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Lee JA, Hwang JS, Hwang IT, Kim DH, Seo JH, Lim JS. Low vitamin D levels are associated with both iron deficiency and anemia in children and adolescents. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2015; 32:99-108. [PMID: 25551430 DOI: 10.3109/08880018.2014.983623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to examine the association between vitamin D deficiency and anemia in a nationally representative sample of Korean children and adolescents. METHODS Cross-sectional data on 2526 children and adolescents aged 10-20 years from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey-V (2010-2012) were used. Anemia was defined according to specifications of the World Health Organization. Iron deficiency was defined as serum ferritin level of <12 ng/mL and transferrin saturation (TSAT) <16%. RESULTS The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Korean children and adolescents was high especially in female (35.7% vs. 50.9%, P < 0.001). The prevalence of anemia was also higher in female (1.1% vs. 6.8%; P < 0.001). In logistic regression, risk factors for anemia were female sex, old age, post-menarche, low household income, vitamin D deficiency, and iron deficiency. The Odds Ratio for anemia, iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in subjects with vitamin D deficiency (<15 ng/mL) were 1.81(95% CI, 1.13-2.88), 1.94(95% CI, 1.27-2.97), and 2.26 (95% CI, 1.20-4.24) after controlling for other risk factors. However, after examining the sexes separately, only female subjects showed statistical significance. After further controlling for iron deficiency, the risk of anemia was not significant (P = 0.261). CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased risk of anemia, especially iron deficiency anemia, in healthy female children and adolescents. However, the association is attenuated after adjustment for iron deficiency. Further studies are needed to determine whether vitamin D deficiency is the cause of anemia, or bystander of nutritional deficiency which cause iron deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ah Lee
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Korea Cancer Center Hospital , Republic of Korea, Seoul
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Hamishehkar H, Ghasemzadeh B, Naseri A, Salehi R, Rasoulzadeh F. Carbon dots preparation as a fluorescent sensing platform for highly efficient detection of Fe(III) ions in biological systems. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 150:934-9. [PMID: 26123510 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble carbon dots (CDs) were prepared, using a facile hydrothermal oxidation route of cyclic oligosaccharide α-CD, as carbon sources, and alkali as additives. The successful synthesis of CDs was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), FTIR, UV-visible absorption, and emission fluorescence. The characterizations showed that the prepared CDs are spherical and well-dispersed in water with average diameters of approximately 2 nm. These water-soluble CDs have excellent photo stability towards photo bleaching during 30 days. The obtained CDs showed a strong emission at the wavelength of 450 nm, with an optimum excitation of 360 nm. The fluorescence quenching of CDs in the presence of Fe(III) ions was used as fluorescent probes for quantifying Fe(III) ions in aqueous solution. Under optimum condition, the fluorescence intensity versus Fe(III) concentration gave a linear response, according to Stern-Volmer equation. The linearity range of the calibration curve and the limit of detection were 1.60×10(-5) to 16.6×10(-5) mol L(-1), and 6.05×10(-6) mol L(-1), respectively, which was in the range for serum analysis of Fe(III). It was concluded that the prepared CDs had a great potential as fluorescent probes for applications in analysis of Fe(III) ions in the blood serum samples, which is hardly interfered by other ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Hamishehkar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51644-14766, Iran
| | - Bahar Ghasemzadeh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666 16471, Iran
| | - Abdolhossein Naseri
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666 16471, Iran
| | - Roya Salehi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51644-14766, Iran; Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Rasoulzadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51644-14766, Iran.
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Danese S, Hoffman C, Vel S, Greco M, Szabo H, Wilson B, Avedano L. Anaemia from a patient perspective in inflammatory bowel disease: results from the European Federation of Crohn's and Ulcerative Colitis Association's online survey. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 26:1385-91. [PMID: 25264983 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anaemia is frequently seen in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and needs appropriate treatment. This online questionnaire investigated the patients' perceptions of anaemia: symptoms, prevalence, treatment and impact on quality of life. METHODS Patients participated in this survey in 2012. Respondents were mainly from Europe, but also from North America and Asia Pacific. RESULTS A total of 631 patients completed the questionnaire; most had Crohn's disease, and 41.2% were in remission, 29.8% had mildly active flares, 16.8% had moderately active flares, and 5.4% had severely active flares. When asked about anaemia, 67% believed that anaemia occurred frequently in IBD and was associated with blood loss (45%), iron deficiency (31%), or inflammation (18%). Symptoms commonly reported by patients with anaemia were fatigue and weakness. Fatigue associated with anaemia occurred daily in 53% of patients and negatively impacted the quality of life.A number of patients had not discussed anaemia with a healthcare professional, and 33% of patients with anaemia had not received treatment. Of those treated, 42% took oral prescription iron, 27% intravenous iron, 19% nonprescription iron supplements and 10% prescription liquid or syrup iron. The majority of patients taking liquid or syrup iron (77%), oral iron (74%) and iron supplements (68%) were dissatisfied with their treatment, primarily because of poor tolerability. In contrast, 72% were satisfied with intravenous iron treatment. CONCLUSION IBD patients are mostly aware of the main signs and symptoms of anaemia. Oral iron is most commonly prescribed, but may cause dissatisfaction because of tolerability issues. Most patients prescribed intravenous iron are satisfied with treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Danese
- aEuropean Federation of Crohn's and Ulcerative Colitis Association (EFCCA), Brussels, Belgium bVifor Pharma Ltd, Glattbrugg, Switzerland
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Peña-Rosas JP, Field MS, Burford BJ, De-Regil LM. Wheat flour fortification with iron for reducing anaemia and improving iron status in populations. THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Peña-Rosas
- World Health Organization; Evidence and Programme Guidance, Department of Nutrition for Health and Development; 20 Avenue Appia Geneva Switzerland 1211
| | | | - Belinda J Burford
- The University of Melbourne; The Jack Brockhoff Child Health and Wellbeing Program, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health; Level 5/207 Bouverie Street Parkville VIC Australia 3052
| | - Luz Maria De-Regil
- Micronutrient Initiative; Research and Evaluation; 180 Elgin Street, Suite 1000 Ottawa ON Canada K2P 2K3
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Soliman A, Yassin M, De Sanctis V. Intravenous iron replacement therapy in eugonadal males with iron-deficiency anemia: Effects on pituitary gonadal axis and sperm parameters; A pilot study. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2014; 18:310-316. [PMID: 24944924 PMCID: PMC4056128 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.131158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate semen parameters and to assess serum FSH, LH, Testosterone (T) concentrations before and 12 weeks after intravenous iron therapy (800-1200 mg elemental iron therapy - IVI) in adults with iron-deficiency anemia (IDA). MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied 11 eugonadal adults with IDA, aged 40 ± 5 years, due to defective intake of iron. Anemia was diagnosed when hemoglobin (Hb) was equal or below 10 g/dl. Serum iron, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) and ferritin concentrations confirmed the diagnosis of IDA. Basal serum concentrations of FSH, LH, and T were measured. Semen parameters were evaluated before and 6-7 weeks after IVI therapy. RESULTS After IVI therapy and correction of anemia, a significant increase of Hb from 8.1 ± 1.17 g/dL to 13.1 ± 0.7 g/dL was observed and was associated with an increase of T (from 12.22 ± 1.4 nmol/L to 15.9 ± 0.96 nmol/L; P < 0.001), FSH (from 2.82 ± 0.87 to 3.82 ± 1.08 IU/L; P = 0.007), and LH (from 2.27 ± 0.9 to 3.82 ± 1.5 IU/L; P = 0.0002). Total sperm count (TSC) increased significantly from 72 ± 17.5 million/ml to 158 ± 49 million/mL (P < 0.001), rapid progressive sperm motility (RPM) increased from 22 ± 9.4 to 69 ± 30 million/ml (P < 0.001), and sperms with normal morphology (NM) increased from 33 ± 5 to 56 ± 7 million/ml (P < 0.001). Increment in Hb concentration was correlated significantly with LH, FSH, and T concentrations after IVI (r = 0.69 and r = 0.44, r = 0.75, respectively; P < 0.01). The increment in serum T was correlated significantly with increments in the TSC and total sperm motility and RPM (r = 0.66, 0.43, and 0.55, respectively; P < 0.001) but not with gonadotrophin levels. CONCLUSION Our study proved for the first time, to our knowledge, that correction of IDA with IVI is associated with significant enhancement of sperm parameters and increased concentrations of serum LH, FSH, and T. These effects on spermatogenesis are reached by an unknown mechanism and suggest a number of pathways that need further human and/or experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Soliman
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hamad Medical Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed Yassin
- Department of Hematology, Hamad Medical Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Vincenzo De Sanctis
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Quisisana Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
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Paesano R, Pacifici E, Benedetti S, Berlutti F, Frioni A, Polimeni A, Valenti P. Safety and efficacy of lactoferrin versus ferrous sulphate in curing iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia in hereditary thrombophilia pregnant women: an interventional study. Biometals 2014; 27:999-1006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-014-9723-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Dublis S, Shah S, Nand S, Anderes E. Anemias excluding cobalamin and folate deficiencies. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2014; 120:1005-1014. [PMID: 24365367 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-4087-0.00067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Anemias are one of the commonest maladies affecting humans. They result from either a failure of production by the bone marrow (hypoproliferative), or from premature destruction or loss (hyperproliferative) of red cells. Hypoproliferative anemias typically result from deficiencies of essential nutrients, stem cell abnormalities or deficiency, and infiltrative processes of the bone marrow. In the hyperproliferative forms, the bone marrow function is normal and anemia results from bleeding or shortened erythrocyte lifespan due to hemoglobinopathies, red cell enzyme disorders, membrane defects, or external factors such as antibodies, trauma, or heat injury. The etiology of anemia is frequently obvious, but when obscure, a systematic diagnostic approach frequently yields the answer. It is important to realize that anemias are usually a consequence of another disease process, which must be identified. Without correction of the underlying disease process, the treatment is likely to fail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Dublis
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
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Thachil J, Owusu-Ofori S, Bates I. Haematological Diseases in the Tropics. MANSON'S TROPICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2014. [PMCID: PMC7167525 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5101-2.00066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Abstract
The drugs used to treat hematologic disorders constitute an extraordinary array of agents and include therapy for anemias, bleeding diatheses, thromboembolism and hematologic malignancies. Within many of these categories, hematologic therapies represent molecular understanding of the disease pathophysiology and a treatment targeted precisely at the known aberration. In this chapter we discuss these treatments, with greater emphasis on the most commonly used agents and the latest advances in the specific field. The chapter includes discussion on old (cyclooxygenase inhibitors) and new antiplatelet agents (ADP receptor P2Y12 inhibitors), newly described oral thrombin inhibitors such as dabigatran, treatment targeted at the bcr-abl tyrosine kinase in chronic myeloid leukemia and demethylating agents in myelodysplasia. The discussion is also oriented towards neurologic implications, both therapeutic and toxic, for each therapy or therapeutic group.
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81
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Sheokand N, Malhotra H, Kumar S, Tillu VA, Chauhan AS, Raje CI, Raje M. Moonlighting cell surface GAPDH recruits Apo Transferrin to effect iron egress from mammalian cells. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:4279-91. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.154005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron homeostasis is a tightly regulated process with precise control of its influx and egress from cells. Though mechanisms of its import into cells via iron carrier molecules are well characterized, iron export remains poorly understood. The current paradigm envisages unique functions associated with specialized macromolecules for its cellular import (transferrin receptors) or export (ferroportin) Earlier studies have revealed that, iron depleted cells recruit Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), a moonlighting protein to their surface for internalization of the iron carrier holo transferrin (holo Tf). Here we report that under the contrary condition of intracellular iron excess, cells switch the isoform of GAPDH on their surface which now recruits iron free apo transferrin in close association with ferroportin to facilitate efflux of iron. Increased surface GAPDH expression synchronized with increased apo Tf binding and enhanced iron export from cells, a capability lost in GAPDH knockdown cells. These findings were confirmed in vivo utilizing a rodent model of iron overload. Besides identifying for the first time an apo transferrin receptor, our work uncovers two-way switching of multifunctional molecules for managing cellular micronutrient requirements.
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Koskenkorva-Frank TS, Weiss G, Koppenol WH, Burckhardt S. The complex interplay of iron metabolism, reactive oxygen species, and reactive nitrogen species: insights into the potential of various iron therapies to induce oxidative and nitrosative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:1174-1194. [PMID: 24036104 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Production of minute concentrations of superoxide (O2(*-)) and nitrogen monoxide (nitric oxide, NO*) plays important roles in several aspects of cellular signaling and metabolic regulation. However, in an inflammatory environment, the concentrations of these radicals can drastically increase and the antioxidant defenses may become overwhelmed. Thus, biological damage may occur owing to redox imbalance-a condition called oxidative and/or nitrosative stress. A complex interplay exists between iron metabolism, O2(*-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and NO*. Iron is involved in both the formation and the scavenging of these species. Iron deficiency (anemia) (ID(A)) is associated with oxidative stress, but its role in the induction of nitrosative stress is largely unclear. Moreover, oral as well as intravenous (iv) iron preparations used for the treatment of ID(A) may also induce oxidative and/or nitrosative stress. Oral administration of ferrous salts may lead to high transferrin saturation levels and, thus, formation of non-transferrin-bound iron, a potentially toxic form of iron with a propensity to induce oxidative stress. One of the factors that determine the likelihood of oxidative and nitrosative stress induced upon administration of an iv iron complex is the amount of labile (or weakly-bound) iron present in the complex. Stable dextran-based iron complexes used for iv therapy, although they contain only negligible amounts of labile iron, can induce oxidative and/or nitrosative stress through so far unknown mechanisms. In this review, after summarizing the main features of iron metabolism and its complex interplay with O2(*-), H2O2, NO*, and other more reactive compounds derived from these species, the potential of various iron therapies to induce oxidative and nitrosative stress is discussed and possible underlying mechanisms are proposed. Understanding the mechanisms, by which various iron formulations may induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, will help us develop better tolerated and more efficient therapies for various dysfunctions of iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taija S Koskenkorva-Frank
- Chemical and Preclinical Research and Development, Vifor (International) Ltd., CH-9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Willem H Koppenol
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanna Burckhardt
- Chemical and Preclinical Research and Development, Vifor (International) Ltd., CH-9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland; Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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83
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Ferrara M, Coppola L, Coppola A, Capozzi L. Iron deficiency in childhood and adolescence: Retrospective review. Hematology 2013; 11:183-6. [PMID: 17325959 DOI: 10.1080/10245330600775105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Two hundred and thirty-eight subjects of both sexes, age range 7.5 months-16 years, with iron deficiency (ID), were included in a retrospective review of ID causes, to determine the best treatment. Inadequate iron intake was the cause of ID or iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in 59 subjects from the first months of life to adolescence. Blood loss linked to cow's milk intolerance was the cause of ID or IDA in 37 younger children. Meckel's diverticulum (MD) (6 cases), reflux esophagitis (RE) (10 cases), some drugs such as acetyl salicylic acid (11 cases) induced bleeding with ID or IDA in children and adolescents. In pubertal females with ID or IDA, polymenorrhea was observed in 16 cases. Coelic disease (CD) (37 cases), Helicobacter pylori infection (HPI) (39 cases), association of HPI and CD (8 cases), enteromonas infection (15 cases), determining particularly malabsorption, were causes of ID or IDA in patients of a wide age range, unresponsive to iron therapy. Our findings show that iron replacement therapy was not always required and should not be prescribed until the diagnosis is certain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ferrara
- Department of pediatrics, The 2nd university of naples, Naples, Italy.
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85
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Capozzi L, Russo R, Bertocco F, Ferrara D, Ferrara M. Diet and iron deficiency in the first year of life: a retrospective study. Hematology 2013; 15:410-3. [DOI: 10.1179/102453310x12647083621588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L. Capozzi
- Department of PediatricsSecond University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - R. Russo
- Department of PediatricsSecond University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - F. Bertocco
- Department of PediatricsSecond University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - D. Ferrara
- Department of PediatricsSecond University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - M. Ferrara
- Department of PediatricsSecond University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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86
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Ferrara M, Capozzi L, Russo R, Bertocco F, Ferrara D. Reliability of red blood cell indices and formulas to discriminate betweenβthalassemia trait and iron deficiency in children. Hematology 2013; 15:112-5. [DOI: 10.1179/102453310x12583347010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Ferrara
- Department of PediatricsThe Second University of Naples, Via De Crecchio no. 4, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - L. Capozzi
- Department of PediatricsThe Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - R. Russo
- Department of PediatricsThe Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - F. Bertocco
- Department of PediatricsThe Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - D. Ferrara
- Department of PediatricsThe Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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87
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Verapamil reverses cardiac iron overload in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2013; 386:645-50. [PMID: 23564042 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-013-0863-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence shows that iron overload is a new risk factor for diabetes mellitus. L-type Ca(2+) channel (LTCC) has been identified as an important mediator for ferrous iron uptake into cardiomyocytes. In this study, we aimed to examine the effects of verapamil, the LTCC blocker, on myocardial iron metabolism in diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozocin after intragastric administration of fat emulsion, and then treated by verapamil (5 mg · kg(-1) · day(-1)) for 1 week. The results showed that verapamil did not alter the blood glucose level of diabetic rats. However, elevated levels of superoxide dismutase, malonaldehyde, and serum ferritin in diabetic rats were decreased significantly by verapamil treatment. Moreover, serum, myocardial, and urine iron were elevated remarkably along with a decrease of hepatic iron in diabetic rats. After verapamil administration, serum and myocardial iron in diabetic rats were reduced significantly but urine and hepatic iron were increased. Furthermore, confocal microscopy demonstrated that intracellular-free iron concentration was elevated dramatically in cardiomyocytes of diabetic rats, which was markedly attenuated after verapamil treatment. In summary, our data demonstrated that verapamil prevented myocardial iron overload by inhibiting intracellular iron accumulation in diabetic cardiomyocytes.
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88
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Andrès E, Serraj K, Federici L, Vogel T, Kaltenbach G. Anemia in elderly patients: New insight into an old disorder. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012; 13:519-27. [DOI: 10.1111/ggi.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Khalid Serraj
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders; University Hospital of Strasbourg; Strasbourg; France
| | - Laure Federici
- Department of Internal Medicine; University Hospital of Oujda; Oujda; Morocco
| | - Thomas Vogel
- Department of Geriatrics and Internal Medicine; University Hospital of Strasbourg; Strasbourg; France
| | - Georges Kaltenbach
- Department of Geriatrics and Internal Medicine; University Hospital of Strasbourg; Strasbourg; France
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Abstract
Iron metabolism has been intensively examined over the last decade and there are many new players in this field which are worth to be introduced. Since its discovery many studies confirmed role of liver hormone hepcidin as key regulator of iron metabolism and pointed out liver as the central organ of system iron homeostasis. Liver cells receive multiple signals related to iron balance and respond by transcriptional regulation of hepcidin expression. This liver hormone is negative regulator of iron metabolism that represses iron efflux from macrophages, hepatocytes and enterocytes by its binding to iron export protein ferroportin. Ferroportin degradation leads to cellular iron retention and decreased iron availability. At level of a cell IRE/IRP (iron responsive elements/iron responsive proteins) system allows tight regulation of iron assimilation that prevents an excess of free intracellular iron which could lead to oxidative stress and damage of DNA, proteins and lipid membranes by ROS (reactive oxygen species). At the same time IRE/IRP system provides sufficient iron in order to meet the metabolic needs. Recently a significant progress in understanding of iron metabolism has been made and new molecular participants have been characterized. Article gives an overview of the current understanding of iron metabolism: absorption, distribution, cellular uptake, release, and storage. We also discuss mechanisms underlying systemic and cellular iron regulation with emphasis on central regulatory hormone hepcidin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leida Tandara
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnosis, University Hospital Center Split, Split, Croatia.
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90
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Suboptimal iron status and associated dietary patterns and practices in premenopausal women living in Auckland, New Zealand. Eur J Nutr 2012; 52:467-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-012-0348-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Skjørringe T, Møller LB, Moos T. Impairment of interrelated iron- and copper homeostatic mechanisms in brain contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:169. [PMID: 23055972 PMCID: PMC3456798 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron and copper are important co-factors for a number of enzymes in the brain, including enzymes involved in neurotransmitter synthesis and myelin formation. Both shortage and an excess of iron or copper will affect the brain. The transport of iron and copper into the brain from the circulation is strictly regulated, and concordantly protective barriers, i.e., the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier (BCB) have evolved to separate the brain environment from the circulation. The uptake mechanisms of the two metals interact. Both iron deficiency and overload lead to altered copper homeostasis in the brain. Similarly, changes in dietary copper affect the brain iron homeostasis. Moreover, the uptake routes of iron and copper overlap each other which affect the interplay between the concentrations of the two metals in the brain. The divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT1) is involved in the uptake of both iron and copper. Furthermore, copper is an essential co-factor in numerous proteins that are vital for iron homeostasis and affects the binding of iron-response proteins to iron-response elements in the mRNA of the transferrin receptor, DMT1, and ferroportin, all highly involved in iron transport. Iron and copper are mainly taken up at the BBB, but the BCB also plays a vital role in the homeostasis of the two metals, in terms of sequestering, uptake, and efflux of iron and copper from the brain. Inside the brain, iron and copper are taken up by neurons and glia cells that express various transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Skjørringe
- Section of Neurobiology, Biomedicine Group, Institute of Medicine and Health Technology, Aalborg University Aalborg, Denmark ; Center for Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Kennedy Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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93
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Safety and Efficacy of Intravenous Ferric Carboxymaltose (750 mg) in the Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia: Two Randomized, Controlled Trials. Anemia 2012; 2012:172104. [PMID: 22997572 PMCID: PMC3444829 DOI: 10.1155/2012/172104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a common hematological complication with potentially serious clinical consequences that may require intravenous iron therapy. Ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) is a stable, nondextran iron formulation administered intravenously in large single doses to treat IDA. Objective. Two open-label, randomized, placebo-controlled trials evaluated safety of multiple or single 750 mg FCM doses compared to standard medical care (SMC) in IDA patients. Secondary endpoints were improvements in hemoglobin and iron indices. Design and Patients. Adults with hemoglobin ≤12 g/dL, ferritin ≤100 or ≤300 ng/mL with transferrin saturation ≤30% were randomized to receive single (n = 366) or weekly (n = 343) FCM or SMC (n = 360 and n = 366). Results. Significantly greater (P ≤ 0.001) increases in hemoglobin and iron indices occurred in FCM groups versus SMC. In the multidose study, up to two infusions of FCM were needed to reach target iron levels versus 3–5 of intravenous iron comparators. FCM and SMC groups had similar incidences and types of adverse events and serious adverse events. Transient hypophosphatemia not associated with adverse events or clinical sequelae occurred in the FCM groups. Conclusion. Intravenous FCM is safe, well tolerated, and associated with improvements in hemoglobin and iron indices comparable to SMC when administered in single doses of up to 750 mg at a rate of 100 mg/min. Fewer FCM infusions were required to reach target iron levels compared to other intravenous iron preparations.
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94
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Nalbantoğlu B, Güzel S, Büyükyalçın V, Donma MM, Güzel EÇ, Nalbantoğlu A, Karasu E, Özdilek B. Indices used in differentiation of thalassemia trait from iron deficiency anemia in pediatric population: are they reliable? Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2012; 29:472-8. [PMID: 22866672 DOI: 10.3109/08880018.2012.705230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron deficiency (IDA) and beta thalassemia trait (TT) are the most common causes of hypochromia and microcytosis. Many indices have been defined to quickly discriminate these similar entities via parameters obtained from automated blood cell analyzers. However, studies in the pediatric age group are scarce and their results are controversial. METHODS We calculated eight discrimination indices [Mentzer Index (MI), England and Fraser Index (E&F), Srivastava Index (S), Green and King Index (G&K), Shine and Lal Index (S&L), red blood cell (RBC) count, RBC distribution width, and red blood cell distribution width Index (RDWI)] in 100 patients. We calculated sensitivity (SENS), specificity (SPEC), positive and negative predictive value (PPV and NPV), and Youden's Index (YI) of each discrimination index. RESULTS None of the discrimination indices showed a SENS and SPEC of 100%. The highest SENS was obtained with S&L (87.1%), while the highest SPEC was obtained with E&F formula (100%). The highest YI value was obtained with E&F formula (58.1%). CONCLUSION In our study, none of the formulas appears reliable in discriminating between TT and IDA patients. The evaluation of iron status and measurement of hemoglobin A(2) (HbA(2)) remain the most reliable investigations to differentiate between TT and IDA patients.
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95
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Prá D, Franke SIR, Henriques JAP, Fenech M. Iron and genome stability: an update. Mutat Res 2012; 733:92-9. [PMID: 22349350 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient which is required in a relatively narrow range for maintaining metabolic homeostasis and genome stability. Iron participates in oxygen transport and mitochondrial respiration as well as in antioxidant and nucleic acid metabolism. Iron deficiency impairs these biological pathways, leading to oxidative stress and possibly carcinogenesis. Iron overload has been linked to genome instability as well as to cancer risk increase, as seen in hereditary hemochromatosis. Iron is an extremely reactive transition metal that can interact with hydrogen peroxide to generate hydroxyl radicals that form the 8-hydroxy-guanine adduct, cause point mutations as well as DNA single and double strand breaks. Iron overload also induces DNA hypermethylation and can reduce telomere length. The current Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for iron, according with Institute of Medicine Dietary Reference Intake (DRI), is based in the concept of preventing anemia, and ranges from 7mg/day to 18mg/day depending on life stage and gender. Pregnant women need 27mg/day. The maximum safety level for iron intake, the Upper Level (UL), is 40-45mg/day, based on the prevention of gastrointestinal distress associated to high iron intakes. Preliminary evidence indicates that 20mg/day iron, an intake slightly higher than the RDA, may reduce the risk of gastrointestinal cancer in the elderly as well as increasing genome stability in lymphocytes of children and adolescents. Current dietary recommendations do not consider the concept of genome stability which is of concern because damage to the genome has been linked to the origin and progression of many diseases and is the most fundamental pathology. Given the importance of iron for homeostasis and its potential influence over genome stability and cancer it is recommended to conduct further studies that conclusively define these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Prá
- PPG em Promoção da Saúde, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil. daniel
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96
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Pasricha SRS, De-Regil LM. Daily iron supplementation for improving iron status and health among menstruating women. THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd009747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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97
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Micronutrient (Zn, Cu, Fe)-gene interactions in ageing and inflammatory age-related diseases: implications for treatments. Ageing Res Rev 2012; 11:297-319. [PMID: 22322094 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In ageing, alterations in inflammatory/immune response and antioxidant capacity lead to increased susceptibility to diseases and loss of mobility and agility. Various essential micronutrients in the diet are involved in age-altered biological functions. Micronutrients (zinc, copper, iron) play a pivotal role either in maintaining and reinforcing the immune and antioxidant performances or in affecting the complex network of genes (nutrigenomic approach) involved in encoding proteins for a correct inflammatory/immune response. By the other side, the genetic inter-individual variability may affect the absorption and uptake of the micronutrients (nutrigenetic approach) with subsequent altered effects on inflammatory/immune response and antioxidant activity. Therefore, the individual micronutrient-gene interactions are fundamental to achieve healthy ageing. In this review, we report and discuss the role of micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe)-gene interactions in relation to the inflammatory status and the possibility of a supplement in the event of a micronutrient deficiency or chelation in presence of micronutrient overload in relation to specific polymorphisms of inflammatory proteins or proteins related of the delivery of the micronutriemts to various organs and tissues. In this last context, we report the protein-metal speciation analysis in order to have, coupled with micronutrient-gene interactions, a more complete picture of the individual need in micronutrient supplementation or chelation to achieve healthy ageing and longevity.
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98
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Capozzi L, Russo R, Bertocco F, Ferrara D, Ferrara M. Effect on haematological and anthropometric parameters of iron supplementation in the first 2 years of life. Risks and benefits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 16:261-4. [PMID: 21902888 DOI: 10.1179/102453311x13085644679980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Effects of iron supplementation (IS) on haematological and anthropometric parameters in a cohort of 121 healthy children, followed from 6 to 24 months of life, in the Paediatric Department, Second University of Naples, were evaluated. Children were randomly segregated in four groups: (1) exclusively breast feeding (BF) weaned with non-iron fortified (NIF) foods, (2) BF and iron fortified formulas (IFF) and foods, (3) exclusively IFF and foods, (4) BF and oral iron supplementation (OIS). Haematological parameters (Hb, MCV, Serum ferritin and transferrin saturation) in addition to anthropometric measurements (length and weight) were obtained. Results from the study at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months showed significantly lower values of haematological parameters in BF infants than other groups and in IFF infants than in those with OIS. In contrast children with OIS showed significant lower length. It appears that IS may be of limited or no benefit for growth in non-iron deficient children.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Capozzi
- Department of Pediatrics, Second University of Naples, Second University, Via de Crecchio 4, Naples, Italy
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99
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Bleackley MR, Macgillivray RTA. Transition metal homeostasis: from yeast to human disease. Biometals 2011; 24:785-809. [PMID: 21479832 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-011-9451-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal ions are essential nutrients to all forms of life. Iron, copper, zinc, manganese, cobalt and nickel all have unique chemical and physical properties that make them attractive molecules for use in biological systems. Many of these same properties that allow these metals to provide essential biochemical activities and structural motifs to a multitude of proteins including enzymes and other cellular constituents also lead to a potential for cytotoxicity. Organisms have been required to evolve a number of systems for the efficient uptake, intracellular transport, protein loading and storage of metal ions to ensure that the needs of the cells can be met while minimizing the associated toxic effects. Disruptions in the cellular systems for handling transition metals are observed as a number of diseases ranging from hemochromatosis and anemias to neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has proved useful as a model organism for the investigation of these processes and many of the genes and biological systems that function in yeast metal homeostasis are conserved throughout eukaryotes to humans. This review focuses on the biological roles of iron, copper, zinc, manganese, nickel and cobalt, the homeostatic mechanisms that function in S. cerevisiae and the human diseases in which these metals have been implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Bleackley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada
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100
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Abstract
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is characterized by a compelling, often insatiable, need to move the legs, accompanied by unpleasant sensations located mainly in the ankles and calves. Because symptoms are brought on by inactivity, distress intrudes upon everyday, sedentary activities such as plane travel, car rides, and attending school, meetings, or the theatre. Symptoms show a diurnal preference for the evening and night, so disruption of sleep onset or maintenance is particularly common. RLS is associated with both lower ratings of quality of life and higher rates of cardiovascular disease. Four common genetic loci associating to RLS have recently been identified, but the molecular pathways by which they increase risk for RLS have yet to be determined. Both sensory (RLS) and motor (periodic limb movements of sleep) symptoms are responsive to dopaminergic medications, yet clear delineation of dopaminergic pathology has not emerged. Brain iron is reduced in many, but not all, patients with RLS. First-line treatment for RLS includes agents acting at D(2) and D(3) dopamine receptors.
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