51
|
Odeniran PO, Ademola IO. Zoonotic Parasites of Wildlife in Africa: A Review. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.3957/056.046.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul O. Odeniran
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Isaiah O. Ademola
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Poirotte C, Basset D, Willaume E, Makaba F, Kappeler PM, Charpentier MJ. Environmental and individual determinants of parasite richness across seasons in a free-ranging population of Mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 159:442-56. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Didier Basset
- Parasitology Laboratory; CHU Montpellier; 34295 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | | | | | - Peter M. Kappeler
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology; German Primate Center; Göttingen 37077 Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Cibot M, Guillot J, Lafosse S, Bon C, Seguya A, Krief S. Nodular Worm Infections in Wild Non-human Primates and Humans Living in the Sebitoli Area (Kibale National Park, Uganda): Do High Spatial Proximity Favor Zoonotic Transmission? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004133. [PMID: 26451592 PMCID: PMC4599739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nodular Oesophagostomum genus nematodes are a major public health concern in some African regions because they can be lethal to humans. Their relatively high prevalence in people has been described in Uganda recently. While non-human primates also harbor Oesophagostomum spp., the epidemiology of this oesophagostomosis and the role of these animals as reservoirs of the infection in Eastern Africa are not yet well documented. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The present study aimed to investigate Oesophagostomum infection in terms of parasite species diversity, prevalence and load in three non-human primates (Pan troglodytes, Papio anubis, Colobus guereza) and humans living in close proximity in a forested area of Sebitoli, Kibale National Park (KNP), Uganda. The molecular phylogenetic analyses provided the first evidence that humans living in the Sebitoli area harbored O. stephanostomum, a common species in free-ranging chimpanzees. Chimpanzees were also infected by O. bifurcum, a common species described in human populations throughout Africa. The recently described Oesophagostomum sp. found in colobine monkeys and humans and which was absent from baboons in the neighboring site of Kanyawara in KNP (10 km from Sebitoli), was only found in baboons. Microscopic analyses revealed that the infection prevalence and parasite load in chimpanzees were significantly lower in Kanyawara than in Sebitoli, an area more impacted by human activities at its borders. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Three different Oesophagostomum species circulate in humans and non-human primates in the Sebitoli area and our results confirm the presence of a new genotype of Oesophagostomum recently described in Uganda. The high spatiotemporal overlap between humans and chimpanzees in the studied area coupled with the high infection prevalence among chimpanzees represent factors that could increase the risk of transmission for O. stephanostomum between the two primate species. Finally, the importance of local-scale research for zoonosis risk management is important because environmental disturbance and species contact can differ, leading to different parasitological profiles between sites that are close together within the same forest patches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Cibot
- UMR 7206, Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France
- UMR 7179, Mécanismes adaptatifs: Des organismes aux communautés, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France
- Great Apes Conservation Project (GACP), Sebitoli Research Station, Kibale National Park, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Jacques Guillot
- Department of Parasitology, Dynamyc research group EnvA-UPEC, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, UPE, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sophie Lafosse
- UMR 7206, Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Céline Bon
- UMR 7206, Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France
| | | | - Sabrina Krief
- UMR 7206, Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France
- Great Apes Conservation Project (GACP), Sebitoli Research Station, Kibale National Park, Fort Portal, Uganda
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Bordes F, Morand S, Pilosof S, Claude J, Krasnov BR, Cosson JF, Chaval Y, Ribas A, Chaisiri K, Blasdell K, Herbreteau V, Dupuy S, Tran A. Habitat fragmentation alters the properties of a host-parasite network: rodents and their helminths in South-East Asia. J Anim Ecol 2015; 84:1253-63. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Bordes
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution; CNRS-IRD-UM2, CC065; Université de Montpellier 2; 34095 Montpellier France
| | - Serge Morand
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution; CNRS-IRD-UM2, CC065; Université de Montpellier 2; 34095 Montpellier France
- CNRS-CIRAD; Centre d'Infectiologie Christophe Mérieux du Laos; PO Box 3888 Samsenthai Road Vientiane Lao PDR
| | - Shai Pilosof
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology; Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research; Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies; Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Sede Boqer Campus 84990 Midreshet Ben-Gurion Israel
| | - Julien Claude
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution; CNRS-IRD-UM2, CC065; Université de Montpellier 2; 34095 Montpellier France
| | - Boris R. Krasnov
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology; Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research; Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies; Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Sede Boqer Campus 84990 Midreshet Ben-Gurion Israel
| | - Jean-François Cosson
- INRA; UMR CBGP (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro); Campus International de Baillarguet CS 30016 F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez Cedex France
| | - Yannick Chaval
- INRA; UMR CBGP (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro); Campus International de Baillarguet CS 30016 F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez Cedex France
| | - Alexis Ribas
- Biodiversity Research Group; Faculty of Science; Udon Thani Rajabhat University; Udon Thani 41000 Thailand
| | - Kittipong Chaisiri
- Department of Helminthology; Faculty of Tropical Medicine; Mahidol University; 420/6 Ratchavithi Rd Ratchathevi Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Kim Blasdell
- CSIRO Biosecurity flagship; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; 5 Portarlington Road Geelong Vic. 3220 Australia
| | - Vincent Herbreteau
- ESPACE-DEV; IRD - Université des Antilles et de la Guyane - Université de Montpellier 2 - Université de la Réunion; Station SEAS-OI F-97410 Saint-Pierre France
| | | | - Annelise Tran
- CIRAD; UMR TETIS; F-34093 Montpellier France
- UR22 AGIRs; Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD); Campus International de Baillarguet 34398 Montpellier France
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Helenbrook WD, Wade SE, Shields WM, Stehman SV, Whipps CM. Gastrointestinal Parasites of Ecuadorian Mantled Howler Monkeys (Alouatta palliata aequatorialis) Based on Fecal Analysis. J Parasitol 2015; 101:341-50. [PMID: 25686475 DOI: 10.1645/13-356.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
An analysis of gastrointestinal parasites of Ecuadorian mantled howler monkeys, Alouatta palliata aequatorialis, was conducted based on examination of fecal smears, flotations, and sedimentations. At least 1 type of parasite was detected in 97% of the 96 fecal samples screened across 19 howler monkey groups using these techniques. Samples averaged 3.6 parasite species per individual (±1.4 SD). Parasites included species representing genera of 2 apicomplexans: Cyclospora sp. (18% of individual samples) and Isospora sp. (3%); 6 other protozoa: Balantidium sp. (9%), Blastocystis sp. (60%), Chilomastix sp. (4%), Dientamoeba sp. (3%), Entamoeba species (56%), Iodamoeba sp. (5%); 4 nematodes: Enterobius sp. (3%), Capillaria sp. (78%), Strongyloides spp. (88%) which included 2 morphotypes, Trypanoxyuris sp. (12%); and the platyhelminth Controrchis sp. (15%). A statistically significant positive correlation was found between group size and each of 3 different estimators of parasite species richness adjusted for sampling effort (ICE: r(2) = 0.24, P = 0.05; Chao2: r(2) = 0.25, P = 0.05, and Jackknife: r(2) = 0.31, P = 0.03). Two significant associations between co-infecting parasites were identified. Based on the prevalence data, individuals infected with Balantidium sp. were more likely to also be infected with Isospora sp. (χ(2) = 6.02, P = 0.01), while individuals harboring Chilomastix sp. were less likely to have Capillaria sp. present (χ(2) = 4.03, P = 0.04).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William D Helenbrook
- State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry (SUNY-ESF), Environmental and Forest Biology, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, New York 13210
| | - Susan E Wade
- State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry (SUNY-ESF), Environmental and Forest Biology, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, New York 13210
| | - William M Shields
- State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry (SUNY-ESF), Environmental and Forest Biology, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, New York 13210
| | - Stephen V Stehman
- State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry (SUNY-ESF), Environmental and Forest Biology, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, New York 13210
| | - Christopher M Whipps
- State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry (SUNY-ESF), Environmental and Forest Biology, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, New York 13210
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Debenham JJ, Atencia R, Midtgaard F, Robertson LJ. Occurrence of Giardia
and Cryptosporidium
in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes
), mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx
) and wild Zanzibar red colobus monkeys (Procolobus kirkii
). J Med Primatol 2015; 44:60-5. [DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John J. Debenham
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Oslo Norway
| | - Rebeca Atencia
- The Tchimpounga Chimpanzee Rehabilitation Centre; The Jane Goodall Institute; Tchimpounga Reserve; Brazzaville Republic of Congo
| | - Fred Midtgaard
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Ås Norway
| | - Lucy J. Robertson
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Oslo Norway
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Radespiel U, Schaber K, Kessler SE, Schaarschmidt F, Strube C. Variations in the excretion patterns of helminth eggs in two sympatric mouse lemur species (Microcebus murinus and M. ravelobensis) in northwestern Madagascar. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:941-54. [PMID: 25563604 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Many factors can influence the parasite load of animal hosts, but integrative studies that simultaneously investigate several factors are still rare in many taxonomic groups. This study investigates the influence of host species, host population density, parasite transmission mode, sex, and two temporal (month, year) factors on gastrointestinal parasite prevalence and fecal egg counts of two endemic primate species from Madagascar, Microcebus ravelobensis and Microcebus murinus. A total of 646 fecal samples were available and analyzed from three dry seasons. Six different helminth egg morphotypes were found, and these were Subulura sp. (14.51 % prevalence), strongyle eggs (12.95 %), Ascaris sp. (7.94 %), Lemuricola sp. (0.17 %), and two forms of tapeworms (Hymenolepis spp.) (1.73 and 0.69 %). Coinfection with more than one egg type was observed in 21.22 % of the samples containing eggs. Multivariate analyses revealed that host species and sex did neither explain significant variation in the prevalence and fecal egg counts of parasites with direct life cycles (Ascaris sp., strongyle egg type, Lemuricola sp.) nor of arthropod-transmitted parasites (Subulura sp.). However, fecal egg counts of Subulura sp. differed significantly between study sites, and the prevalence of Subulura sp. and of parasites with direct life cycles was influenced by temporal parameters, mainly by differences between study years and partly between months. When comparing the findings with the yearly and seasonal rainfall patterns in the area, most results are in accordance with the hypothesis of an increased vulnerability of the host toward infection under some sort of environmental challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ute Radespiel
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Buenteweg 17, 30559, Hanover, Germany,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Blasdell K, Bordes F, Chaisiri K, Chaval Y, Claude J, Cosson JF, Latinne A, Michaux J, Morand S, Pagès M, Tran A. Progress on research on rodents and rodent-borne zoonoses in South-east Asia. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/wr14201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to synthesise knowledge regarding the taxonomy of South-east Asian murine rodents and the challenges associated with the identification of habitat preferences and associated rodent-borne diseases. Recent studies concerning the Rattini tribe have identified unclear species boundaries that would benefit from further investigation. The development of barcoding may allow more accurate identification of rodents, specifically for complex species. However, knowledge on the distribution and habitat specialisations of many common murine rodents is still scarce, particularly regarding the specific habitat preferences of most synanthropic rodent species (Rattus tanezumi or Rattus exulans). Several studies have analysed the prevalence of major rodent-borne diseases in South-east Asia and it appears that the greatest risk of rodent zoonoses are in the lowland rain-fed and irrigated landscapes, generally in and around rice fields.
Collapse
|
59
|
Bublitz DC, Wright PC, Rasambainarivo FT, Arrigo-Nelson SJ, Bodager JR, Gillespie TR. Pathogenic enterobacteria in lemurs associated with anthropogenic disturbance. Am J Primatol 2014; 77:330-7. [PMID: 25328106 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
As human population density continues to increase exponentially, speeding the reduction and fragmentation of primate habitat, greater human-primate contact is inevitable, making higher rates of pathogen transmission likely. Anthropogenic effects are particularly evident in Madagascar, where a diversity of endemic lemur species are threatened by rapid habitat loss. Despite these risks, knowledge of how anthropogenic activities affect lemur exposure to pathogens is limited. To improve our understanding of this interplay, we non-invasively examined six species of wild lemurs in Ranomafana National Park for enteric bacterial pathogens commonly associated with diarrheal disease in human populations in Madagascar. Patterns of infection with Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Shigella spp., Salmonella enterica, Vibrio cholerae, and Yersinia spp. (enterocolitica and pseudotuberculosis) were compared between lemurs inhabiting intact forest and lemurs inhabiting degraded habitat with frequent exposure to tourism and other human activity. Fecal samples acquired from humans, livestock, and rodents living near the degraded habitat were also screened for these bacteria. Remarkably, only lemurs living in disturbed areas of the park tested positive for these pathogens. Moreover, all of these pathogens were present in the human, livestock, and/or rodent populations. These data suggest that lemurs residing in forests altered or frequented by people, livestock, or peridomestic rodents, are at risk for infection by these diarrhea-causing enterobacteria and other similarly transmitted pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- DeAnna C Bublitz
- Centre ValBio, Ranomafana, Madagascar, Africa; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Effects of anthropogenic and demographic factors on patterns of parasitism in African small mammal communities. Parasitology 2014; 142:512-22. [PMID: 25262668 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182014001450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Habitat disturbance often results in alterations in community structure of small mammals. Additionally, the parasites harboured by these small mammals may be impacted by environmental changes or indirectly affected by changes in available hosts. To improve our understanding of this interplay, we examined the patterns of parasitism in small mammal communities from a variety of habitats in forested Uganda. Small mammals were collected from areas experiencing variable habitat disturbance, host density and species richness. The analysis focused on 3 most abundant rodent species, Lophuromys aquilus, Praomys jacksoni and Hylomyscus stella, and a diverse group of parasites they harbour. The impact of various habitat and host community factors on parasite prevalence was examined using linear regression and Spearman's rank-order correlation. We further investigated the parasite communities associated with each individual using correspondence analysis. We determined that, parasite prevalence and richness may be occasionally influenced by community and habitat factors, but taxonomy is a driving force in influencing the parasite community harboured by an individual host. Ultimately, applying general principles across a broad range of disturbance levels and diverse host communities needs to be approached with caution in complex communities.
Collapse
|
61
|
Reed PE, Mulangu S, Cameron KN, Ondzie AU, Joly D, Bermejo M, Rouquet P, Fabozzi G, Bailey M, Shen Z, Keele BF, Hahn B, Karesh WB, Sullivan NJ. A new approach for monitoring ebolavirus in wild great apes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3143. [PMID: 25232832 PMCID: PMC4169258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central Africa is a "hotspot" for emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) of global and local importance, and a current outbreak of ebolavirus is affecting multiple countries simultaneously. Ebolavirus is suspected to have caused recent declines in resident great apes. While ebolavirus vaccines have been proposed as an intervention to protect apes, their effectiveness would be improved if we could diagnostically confirm Ebola virus disease (EVD) as the cause of die-offs, establish ebolavirus geographical distribution, identify immunologically naïve populations, and determine whether apes survive virus exposure. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we report the first successful noninvasive detection of antibodies against Ebola virus (EBOV) from wild ape feces. Using this method, we have been able to identify gorillas with antibodies to EBOV with an overall prevalence rate reaching 10% on average, demonstrating that EBOV exposure or infection is not uniformly lethal in this species. Furthermore, evidence of antibodies was identified in gorillas thought previously to be unexposed to EBOV (protected from exposure by rivers as topological barriers of transmission). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our new approach will contribute to a strategy to protect apes from future EBOV infections by early detection of increased incidence of exposure, by identifying immunologically naïve at-risk populations as potential targets for vaccination, and by providing a means to track vaccine efficacy if such intervention is deemed appropriate. Finally, since human EVD is linked to contact with infected wildlife carcasses, efforts aimed at identifying great ape outbreaks could have a profound impact on public health in local communities, where EBOV causes case-fatality rates of up to 88%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E. Reed
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sabue Mulangu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kenneth N. Cameron
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alain U. Ondzie
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Damien Joly
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Magdalena Bermejo
- Departamento Biologia Animal (Vertebrados), Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Giulia Fabozzi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael Bailey
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhimin Shen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brandon F. Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Beatrice Hahn
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - William B. Karesh
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Nancy J. Sullivan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Froeschke G, Matthee S. Landscape characteristics influence helminth infestations in a peri-domestic rodent--implications for possible zoonotic disease. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:393. [PMID: 25159989 PMCID: PMC4158073 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthropogenic habitat change often results in altered landscapes that can provide new environments where hosts, parasites and pathogens can interact. The latter can have implications for human and animal health when in close proximity to developed areas. We recorded the helminth species richness and level of infestation in the peri-domestic rodent, Rhabdomys pumilio, in three different human linked landscapes. The aim was, to investigate the potential of R. pumilio to act as a reservoir host for zoonotic helminths and to compare the effect of anthropogenic habitat change on its parasite infestation patterns. METHODS Rodents (n = 518) were trapped in natural areas (nature reserves) and in three human linked landscapes (crop, livestock and urban fragments). Gastrointestinal parasite burdens were recovered and helminths identified from each animal. Generalized linear models were applied to investigate the effect of different landscape types on helminth infestation. RESULTS Rhabdomys pumilio was the most abundant rodent species within each landscape type. Eight helminths species were recovered and overall helminth prevalence was 86.68%. Mean helminth species richness, prevalence and abundance were significantly higher in crop fragments compared to natural landscapes and overall lower for nematodes in livestock and urban areas. Cestode prevalence showed a tendency to be elevated at anthropogenic linked landscape types. CONCLUSIONS Host parameters and parasite infestations were strongly influenced by landscape characteristics. Resource-rich landscapes (crop fragments) provide favorable conditions for helminth infestations, while landscapes that are more closely associated with humans (livestock and urban landscapes) pose a larger risk by zoonotic species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Götz Froeschke
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602 South Africa
| | - Sonja Matthee
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602 South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Abstract
Parasite virulence, or the damage a parasite does to its host, is measured in terms of both host costs (reductions in host growth, reproduction and survival) and parasite benefits (increased transmission and parasite numbers) in the literature. Much work has shown that ecological and genetic factors can be strong selective forces in virulence evolution. This review uses kin selection theory to explore how variations in host ecological parameters impact the genetic relatedness of parasite populations and thus virulence. We provide a broad overview of virulence and population genetics studies and then draw connections to existing knowledge about natural parasite populations. The impact of host movement (transporting parasites) and host resistance (filtering parasites) on the genetic structure and virulence of parasite populations is explored, and empirical studies of these factors using Plasmodium and trematode systems are proposed.
Collapse
|
64
|
Gaetano TJ, Danzy J, Mtshali MS, Theron N, Schmitt CA, Grobler JP, Freimer N, Turner TR. Mapping Correlates of Parasitism in Wild South African Vervet Monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3957/056.044.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
|
65
|
Molina CV, Catão-Dias JL, Ferreira Neto JS, Vasconcellos SA, Gennari SM, do Valle RDR, de Souza GO, de Morais ZM, Vitaliano SN, Strefezzi RDF, Bueno MG. Sero-epidemiological survey for brucellosis, leptospirosis, and toxoplasmosis in free-ranging Alouatta caraya
and Callithrix penicillata
from São Paulo State, Brazil. J Med Primatol 2014; 43:197-201. [DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Vieira Molina
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada de Animais Selvagens - LAPCOM; Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia; Universidade de São Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - José Luiz Catão-Dias
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada de Animais Selvagens - LAPCOM; Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia; Universidade de São Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - José Soares Ferreira Neto
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal; Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia; Universidade de São Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Silvio Arruda Vasconcellos
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal; Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia; Universidade de São Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Solange Maria Gennari
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal; Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia; Universidade de São Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Del Rio do Valle
- Wildlife Management Consultoria Veterinária; São Paulo Brazil
- Universidade Paulista; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Gisele Oliveira de Souza
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal; Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia; Universidade de São Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Zenaide Maria de Morais
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal; Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia; Universidade de São Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Sérgio Netto Vitaliano
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal; Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia; Universidade de São Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Ricardo De Francisco Strefezzi
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária; Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos; Universidade de São Paulo; Pirassununga Brazil
| | - Marina Galvão Bueno
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada de Animais Selvagens - LAPCOM; Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia; Universidade de São Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Patterns of infection by intestinal parasites in sympatric howler monkey (Alouatta palliata) and spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) populations in a tropical dry forest in Costa Rica. Primates 2014; 55:383-92. [PMID: 24585246 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-014-0413-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In primate populations, endoparasite species richness and prevalence are associated with host traits such as reproductive and social status, age, sex, host population density, and environmental factors such as humidity. We analyzed the species richness and prevalence of intestinal parasites in two sympatric primate populations, one of Alouatta palliata and one of Ateles geoffroyi, found in a tropical dry forest in Costa Rica. We identified three species of intestinal parasites (Controrchis sp., Trypanoxyuris sp., and Strongyloides sp.) in these two primate species. We did not find any differences in species richness between the primate species. However, the prevalences of Controrchis sp. and Trypanoxyuris sp. were higher in Alouatta palliata. Similarly, males and lactating females of Alouatta palliata showed higher Controrchis sp. prevalences. We did not observe any differences in parasite richness and prevalence between seasons. Infectious diseases in endangered primate populations must be considered in conservation strategies, especially when defining protected areas.
Collapse
|
67
|
González-Hernández M, Rangel-Negrín A, Schoof VAM, Chapman CA, Canales-Espinosa D, Dias PAD. Transmission Patterns of Pinworms in Two Sympatric Congeneric Primate Species. INT J PRIMATOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-014-9751-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
68
|
MacIntosh AJJ. Ecology and Epidemiology of Nematode Infection in Japanese Macaques:. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.2354/psj.30.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
69
|
Froeschke G, van der Mescht L, McGeoch M, Matthee S. Life history strategy influences parasite responses to habitat fragmentation. Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:1109-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
70
|
|
71
|
Behie AM, Kutz S, Pavelka MS. Cascading Effects of Climate Change: Do Hurricane-damaged Forests Increase Risk of Exposure to Parasites? Biotropica 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alison M. Behie
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology; The Australian National University; AD Hope Building Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
| | - Susan Kutz
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Calgary; 3330 Hospital Drive NW Calgary Alberta T2N 4N1 Canada
| | - Mary S. Pavelka
- The Department of Anthropology; The University of Calgary; 2500 University Drive NW Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
West KA, Heymann EW, Mueller B, Gillespie TR. Patterns of Infection with Cryptosporidium sp. and Giardia sp. in Three Species of Free-Ranging Primates in the Peruvian Amazon. INT J PRIMATOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-013-9710-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
73
|
Drakulovski P, Locatelli S, Butel C, Pion S, Krasteva D, Mougdi-Pole E, Delaporte E, Peeters M, Mallié M. Use of RNAlater as a preservation method for parasitic coprology studies in wild-living chimpanzees. Exp Parasitol 2013; 135:257-61. [PMID: 23850999 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the use of an RNA stabilisation buffer, RNAlater (Ambion, Austin, Texas), as a preservation medium for parasitic coprology analysis of faecal samples collected from chimpanzees living in the wild (Pan troglodytes troglodytes). Thirty faecal samples collected in the forests of south-east Cameroon (Mambele area) from 2003 to 2011 were preserved in RNAlater at -80 °C and analysed for their parasite content. We identified and counted parasitic elements and assessed their shape, size and morphology in relation to the storage time of the samples. We found that parasite elements were identifiable in RNAlater preserved samples after as many as 7 years, showing that RNAlater could be an effective and reliable preservation medium for coprology. Thus, its use could be an interesting way to optimise sample collection for several types of studies (parasitology and bacteriology/virology) at once, especially considering the logistically challenging and time-consuming field campaigns needed to obtain these faecal samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Drakulovski
- UMI 233 "TransVIHMI", Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), University of Montpellier 1 (UM1), Montpellier, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
74
|
Sá RM, Petrášová J, Pomajbíková K, Profousová I, Petrželková KJ, Sousa C, Cable J, Bruford MW, Modrý D. Gastrointestinal symbionts of chimpanzees in Cantanhez National Park, Guinea-Bissau with respect to habitat fragmentation. Am J Primatol 2013; 75:1032-41. [PMID: 23776090 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
One of the major factors threatening chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in Guinea-Bissau is habitat fragmentation. Such fragmentation may cause changes in symbiont dynamics resulting in increased susceptibility to infection, changes in host specificity and virulence. We monitored gastrointestinal symbiotic fauna of three chimpanzee subpopulations living within Cantanhez National Park (CNP) in Guinea Bissau in the areas with different levels of anthropogenic fragmentation. Using standard coproscopical methods (merthiolate-iodine formalin concentration and Sheather's flotation) we examined 102 fecal samples and identified at least 13 different symbiotic genera (Troglodytella abrassarti, Troglocorys cava, Blastocystis spp., Entamoeba spp., Iodamoeba butschlii, Giardia intestinalis, Chilomastix mesnili, Bertiella sp., Probstmayria gombensis, unidentified strongylids, Strongyloides stercoralis, Strongyloides fuelleborni, and Trichuris sp.). The symbiotic fauna of the CNP chimpanzees is comparable to that reported for other wild chimpanzee populations, although CNP chimpanzees have a higher prevalence of Trichuris sp. Symbiont richness was higher in chimpanzee subpopulations living in fragmented forests compared to the community inhabiting continuous forest area. We reported significantly higher prevalence of G. intestinalis in chimpanzees from fragmented areas, which could be attributed to increased contact with humans and livestock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui M Sá
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
Bordes F, Herbreteau V, Dupuy S, Chaval Y, Tran A, Morand S. The diversity of microparasites of rodents: a comparative analysis that helps in identifying rodent-borne rich habitats in Southeast Asia. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2013; 3:20178. [PMID: 23577229 PMCID: PMC3621902 DOI: 10.3402/iee.v3i0.20178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predicting habitats prone to favor disease transmission is challenging due to confounding information on habitats, reservoirs, and diseases. Comparative analysis, which aims at investigating ecological and evolutionary patterns among species, is a tool that may help. The emergence of zoonotic pathogens is a major health concern and is closely linked to habitat modifications by human activities. Risk assessment requires a better knowledge of the interactions between hosts, parasites, and the landscape. METHODS We used information from a field spatial study that investigated the distribution of murid rodents, in various habitats of three countries in Southeast Asia, in combination with their status of infection by 10 taxa of microparasites obtained from the literature. Microparasite species richness was calculated by rodent species on 20,272 rodents of 13 species. Regression tree models and generalized linear models were used to explain microparasite diversity by the average distance between the trapping site and five categories of land cover: forest, steep agriculture land, flat agriculture land, water, and built-up surfaces. Another variable taken into account was the slope. RESULTS We found that microparasite diversity was positively associated with flat agriculture land, in this context mainly rice fields, and negatively associated with slope. Microparasite diversity decreased sharply a 100 m or less from flat agriculture land. CONCLUSION We conclude that there is high microparasite circulation in rodents of flooded farmlands, meaning possibly a higher risk of disease for human inhabitants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Bordes
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, CNRS-IRD-UM2, Université de Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
Brearley G, Rhodes J, Bradley A, Baxter G, Seabrook L, Lunney D, Liu Y, McAlpine C. Wildlife disease prevalence in human-modified landscapes. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2012; 88:427-42. [PMID: 23279314 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human-induced landscape change associated with habitat loss and fragmentation places wildlife populations at risk. One issue in these landscapes is a change in the prevalence of disease which may result in increased mortality and reduced fecundity. Our understanding of the influence of habitat loss and fragmentation on the prevalence of wildlife diseases is still in its infancy. What is evident is that changes in disease prevalence as a result of human-induced landscape modification are highly variable. The importance of infectious diseases for the conservation of wildlife will increase as the amount and quality of suitable habitat decreases due to human land-use pressures. We review the experimental and observational literature of the influence of human-induced landscape change on wildlife disease prevalence, and discuss disease transmission types and host responses as mechanisms that are likely to determine the extent of change in disease prevalence. It is likely that transmission dynamics will be the key process in determining a pathogen's impact on a host population, while the host response may ultimately determine the extent of disease prevalence. Finally, we conceptualize mechanisms and identify future research directions to increase our understanding of the relationship between human-modified landscapes and wildlife disease prevalence. This review highlights that there are rarely consistent relationships between wildlife diseases and human-modified landscapes. In addition, variation is evident between transmission types and landscape types, with the greatest positive influence on disease prevalence being in urban landscapes and directly transmitted disease systems. While we have a limited understanding of the potential influence of habitat loss and fragmentation on wildlife disease, there are a number of important areas to address in future research, particularly to account for the variability in increased and decreased disease prevalence. Previous studies have been based on a one-dimensional comparison between unmodified and modified sites. What is lacking are spatially and temporally explicit quantitative approaches which are required to enable an understanding of the range of key causal mechanisms and the reasons for variability. This is particularly important for replicated studies across different host-pathogen systems. Furthermore, there are few studies that have attempted to separate the independent effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on wildlife disease, which are the major determinants of wildlife population dynamics in human-modified landscapes. There is an urgent need to understand better the potential causal links between the processes of human-induced landscape change and the associated influences of habitat fragmentation, matrix hostility and loss of connectivity on an animal's physiological stress, immune response and disease susceptibility. This review identified no study that had assessed the influence of human-induced landscape change on the prevalence of a wildlife sexually transmitted disease. A better understanding of the various mechanisms linking human-induced landscape change and the prevalence of wildlife disease will lead to more successful conservation management outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grant Brearley
- Landscape Ecology and Conservation Group, Centre for Spatial Environmental Research, School of Geography, Planning & Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Zommers Z, Macdonald DW, Johnson PJ, Gillespie TR. Impact of human activities on chimpanzee ground use and parasitism (Pan troglodytes). Conserv Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-263x.2012.00288.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zinta Zommers
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit; Department of Zoology; University of Oxford; The Recanati-Kaplan Centre; Tubney, OX13 5QL; UK
| | - David W. Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit; Department of Zoology; University of Oxford; The Recanati-Kaplan Centre; Tubney, OX13 5QL; UK
| | - Paul J. Johnson
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit; Department of Zoology; University of Oxford; The Recanati-Kaplan Centre; Tubney, OX13 5QL; UK
| | - Thomas R. Gillespie
- Departments of Environmental Studies and Environmental Health and Program in Population Biology; Ecology, and Evolution, Emory University; Atlanta; GA; USA
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
McLennan MR, Huffman MA. High frequency of leaf swallowing and its relationship to intestinal parasite expulsion in "village" chimpanzees at Bulindi, Uganda. Am J Primatol 2012; 74:642-50. [PMID: 22644578 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Self-medication by great apes to control intestinal parasite infections has been documented at sites across Africa. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) swallow the leaves of certain plant species whole, without chewing. Previous studies demonstrated a relationship between chimpanzee leaf swallowing and expulsion of nematode worms (Oesophagostomum sp.) and tapeworms (Bertiella sp.) in dung. We investigated the relationship between leaf swallowing and parasite expulsion in chimpanzees inhabiting a fragmented forest-farm mosaic at Bulindi, Uganda. During 13 months whole undigested leaves occurred in chimpanzee dung at a considerably higher frequency (10.4% of dungs) than at other sites (0.4-4.0%). Leaf swallowing occurred year-round and showed no pronounced seasonality. Chimpanzees egested adults of multiple species of Oesophagostomum (including O. stephanostomum) and proglottids of two tapeworms-Bertiella sp. and probably Raillietina sp. The latter may not be a true infection, but the byproduct of predation on domestic fowl. Compared to previous studies, the co-occurrence of whole leaves and parasites in chimpanzee dung was low. Whereas the presence of leaves in dung increased the probability of adult nematode expulsion, no association between leaf swallowing and the shedding of tapeworm proglottids was apparent. Anthropogenic habitat changes have been linked to alterations in host-parasite interactions. At Bulindi, deforestation for agriculture has increased contact between apes and people. Elevated levels of leaf swallowing could indicate these chimpanzees are especially vulnerable to parasite infections, possibly due to environmental changes and/or increased stress levels arising from a high frequency of contact with humans. Frequent self-medication by chimpanzees in a high-risk environment could be a generalized adaptation to multiple parasite infections that respond differently to the behavior. Future parasitological surveys of apes and humans at Bulindi are needed for chimpanzee health monitoring and management, and to investigate the potential for disease transmission among apes, people, and domestic animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R McLennan
- Anthropology Centre for Conservation, Environment and Development, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Herbreteau V, Bordes F, Jittapalapong S, Supputamongkol Y, Morand S. Rodent-borne diseases in Thailand: targeting rodent carriers and risky habitats. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2012; 2:IEE-2-18637. [PMID: 22957129 PMCID: PMC3426326 DOI: 10.3402/iee.v2i0.18637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comparative analysis, which aims at investigating ecological and evolutionary patterns among species, may help at targeting reservoirs of zoonotic diseases particularly in countries presenting high biodiversity. Here, we developed a simple method to target rodent reservoirs using published studies screening microparasite infections. METHODS We compiled surveys of microparasites investigated in rodents trapped in Thailand. The data comprise a total of 17,358 rodents from 18 species that have been investigated for a total of 10 microparasites (viruses, bacteria and protozoans). We used residual variation of microparasite richness controlled for both rodent sample size and pathogens' screening effort to identify major rodent reservoirs and potential risky habitats. RESULTS Microparasite species richness was positively related to rodent sample size and pathogens' screening effort. The investigation of the residual variations of microparasite species richness showed that several rodent species harboured more pathogens than expected by the regression model. Similarly, higher pathogen richness than expected was observed in rodents living in non-flooded lands, forests and paddy fields. CONCLUSION Our results suggest to target some rodent species that are not commonly investigated for pathogen screening or surveillance such as R. adamanensis or B. savilei, and that non-flooded lands and forests should be more taken into caution, whereas much surveys focused on paddy rice fields and households.
Collapse
|
80
|
ESTRADA ALEJANDRO, RABOY BECKYE, OLIVEIRA LEONARDOC. Agroecosystems and Primate Conservation in The Tropics: A Review. Am J Primatol 2012; 74:696-711. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- ALEJANDRO ESTRADA
- Estación de Biología Tropical Los Tuxtlas; Instituto de Biología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Mexico City; Mexico
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Jaimez NA, Bribiescas RG, Aronsen GP, Anestis SA, Watts DP. Urinary cortisol levels of gray-cheeked mangabeys are higher in disturbed compared to undisturbed forest areas in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Anim Conserv 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2011.00508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. A. Jaimez
- Department of Anthropology; Yale University; New Haven; CT; USA
| | | | - G. P. Aronsen
- Department of Anthropology; Yale University; New Haven; CT; USA
| | - S. A. Anestis
- Department of Anthropology; Yale University; New Haven; CT; USA
| | - D. P. Watts
- Department of Anthropology; Yale University; New Haven; CT; USA
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Kowalewski MM, Salzer JS, Deutsch JC, Raño M, Kuhlenschmidt MS, Gillespie TR. Black and gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) as sentinels of ecosystem health: patterns of zoonotic protozoa infection relative to degree of human-primate contact. Am J Primatol 2010; 73:75-83. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
83
|
Gillespie TR, Lonsdorf EV, Canfield EP, Meyer DJ, Nadler Y, Raphael J, Pusey AE, Pond J, Pauley J, Mlengeya T, Travis DA. Demographic and ecological effects on patterns of parasitism in eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in Gombe National Park, Tanzania. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2010; 143:534-44. [PMID: 20623606 PMCID: PMC4048996 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
From January 2006 to January 2008, we collected 1,045 fecal samples from 90 individually-recognized, free-ranging, eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) inhabiting Gombe National Park, Tanzania to determine how patterns of parasitism are affected by demographic and ecological covariates. Seventeen parasite species were recovered, including eight nematodes (Oesophagostomum sp., Necator sp., Probstmayria gombensis, Strongyloides fulleborni, Ascaris sp., Trichuris sp., Abbreviata caucasica, and an unidentified strongyle), 1 cestode (Bertiella sp.), 1 trematode (Dicrocoeliidae), and 7 protozoa (Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, Iodamoeba bütschlii, Troglodytella abrassarti, Troglocorys cava, Balantidium coli, and an unidentified protozoa). Significant differences were observed in interannual infection prevalence and parasite richness between 2006 and 2007. Intercommunity comparisons demonstrated higher prevalence of parasites for the Mitumba compared with Kasekela chimpanzee community. Prevalence of several parasites was strongly correlated with monthly rainfall patterns for both 2006 and 2007. Subadult chimpanzees had lower prevalence for most parasite species compared with adults in both years and also yielded a lower average parasite species richness. No significant differences were observed between males and females in prevalence in 2006. However, in 2007 the prevalence of S. fulleborni and I. bütschlii were higher in males than in females. Parasite prevalence and richness were substantially higher in this multiyear study compared with previous short-term studies of the gastrointestinal parasites of Gombe chimpanzees. This coupled with the significant interannual and interseasonal variation, demonstrated in this study, emphasizes the importance of multiyear monitoring with adequate sample size to effectively determine patterns of parasitism in wild primate populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Studies and Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
|
85
|
Howells ME, Pruetz J, Gillespie TR. Patterns of gastro-intestinal parasites and commensals as an index of population and ecosystem health: the case of sympatric western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) and guinea baboons (Papio hamadryas papio) at Fongoli, Senegal. Am J Primatol 2010; 73:173-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
86
|
Chaisiri K, Chaeychomsri W, Siruntawineti J, Bordes F, Herbreteau V, Morand S. Human-dominated habitats and helminth parasitism in Southeast Asian murids. Parasitol Res 2010; 107:931-7. [PMID: 20593196 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1955-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of habitat anthropization is investigated using a comparative analysis based on a literature survey of the gastrointestinal helminths of murid rodents described in Southeast Asia (SEA). The literature survey gave 30 references on helminth diversity concerning 20 murid rodent species. The diversity of helminths was high with a total of 13 species of cestodes, 15 species of trematodes, 29 species of nematodes and one species of acanthocephalans. The highest helminth species richness was found in Rattus tanezumi, Rattus norvegicus and Rattus argentiventer, all these species were found in more human-dominated habitats (agricultural areas or human settlements). Helminth species richness was positively linked across rodent species to the level of the anthropization of the host environment from forests, agricultural areas to human settlements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kittipong Chaisiri
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Perea-Rodriguez JP, Milano AM, Osherov BE, Fernandez-Duque E. Gastrointestinal Parasites of Owl Monkeys (Aotus Azarai Azarai) in the Argentinean Chaco. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1896/044.017.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
88
|
Barrett MA, Brown JL, Morikawa MK, Labat JN, Yoder AD. CITES Designation for Endangered Rosewood in Madagascar. Science 2010; 328:1109-10. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1187740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
89
|
Valdespino C, Rico-Hernández G, Mandujano S. Gastrointestinal parasites of Howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) inhabiting the fragmented landscape of the Santa Marta mountain range, Veracruz, Mexico. Am J Primatol 2010; 72:539-48. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
90
|
Mbora DN, Wieczkowski J, Munene E. Links between habitat degradation, and social group size, ranging, fecundity, and parasite prevalence in the Tana River mangabey (Cercocebus galeritus). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2009; 140:562-71. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
91
|
FA JULIAE, BROWN DAVID. Impacts of hunting on mammals in African tropical moist forests: a review and synthesis. Mamm Rev 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2009.00149.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JULIA E. FA
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, Trinity, Jersey JE3 5BP, UK
| | - DAVID BROWN
- Overseas Development Institute, 111 Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7JD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Current world literature. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 9:79-85. [PMID: 19106700 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e328323adb4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
93
|
Gillespie TR, Nunn CL, Leendertz FH. Integrative approaches to the study of primate infectious disease: implications for biodiversity conservation and global health. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2009; Suppl 47:53-69. [PMID: 19003885 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The close phylogenetic relationship between humans and nonhuman primates, coupled with the exponential expansion of human populations and human activities within primate habitats, has resulted in exceptionally high potential for pathogen exchange. Emerging infectious diseases are a consequence of this process that has the capacity to threaten global health and drive primate population declines. Integration of standardized empirical data collection, state-of-the-art diagnostics, and the comparative approach offers the opportunity to create a baseline for patterns of infection in wild primate populations; to better understand the role of disease in primate ecology, behavior, and evolution; and to examine how anthropogenic effects alter the zoonotic potential of various pathogenic organisms. We review these technologies and approaches, including noninvasive sampling in field conditions, and we identify ways in which integrative research activities are likely to fuel future discoveries in primate disease ecology. In addition to considering applied aspects of disease research in primate health and conservation, we review how these approaches are shedding light on parasite biodiversity and the drivers of disease risk across primate species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Studies, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
Goldberg TL, Gillespie TR, Rwego IB, Estoff EL, Chapman CA. Forest fragmentation as cause of bacterial transmission among nonhuman primates, humans, and livestock, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14:1375-82. [PMID: 18760003 PMCID: PMC2603117 DOI: 10.3201/eid1409.071196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a prospective study of bacterial transmission among humans, nonhuman primates (primates hereafter), and livestock in western Uganda. Humans living near forest fragments harbored Escherichia coli bacteria that were approximately 75% more similar to bacteria from primates in those fragments than to bacteria from primates in nearby undisturbed forests. Genetic similarity between human/livestock and primate bacteria increased approximately 3-fold as anthropogenic disturbance within forest fragments increased from moderate to high. Bacteria harbored by humans and livestock were approximately twice as similar to those of red-tailed guenons, which habitually enter human settlements to raid crops, than to bacteria of other primate species. Tending livestock, experiencing gastrointestinal symptoms, and residing near a disturbed forest fragment increased genetic similarity between a participant's bacteria and those of nearby primates. Forest fragmentation, anthropogenic disturbance within fragments, primate ecology, and human behavior all influence bidirectional, interspecific bacterial transmission. Targeted interventions on any of these levels should reduce disease transmission and emergence.
Collapse
|