51
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Functional analyses of the primate upper cervical vertebral column. J Hum Evol 2017; 107:19-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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52
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Stelzer S, Gunz P, Neubauer S, Spoor F. Hominoid arcade shape: Pattern and magnitude of covariation. J Hum Evol 2017; 107:71-85. [PMID: 28526290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The shape of the dental arcade and canine size distinguish extant humans from all apes. Humans are characterized by a parabolic arcade with short postcanine tooth rows and small canines, whereas apes have long, U-shaped arcades with large canines. The evolutionary and biomechanical mechanisms underlying arcade shape differences between and within groups are not well understood. It is unclear, for example, whether evolutionary changes in the covariation among modules comprising the upper and lower jaws are the cause and/or consequence of different arcade shapes. Here we use 3D geometric morphometric methods to explore to what extent the morphological differences in arcade shape between living hominoids are related to differences in covariation of upper and lower jaws, and the premaxilla and the maxilla. We show that all extant hominoids follow a very similar covariation pattern between upper and lower dental arcades, as well as between the premaxilla and the maxilla. We find comparably high magnitudes of covariation between the premaxilla and the maxilla in all groups. Between the upper and lower jaws, levels of covariation are similar in apes (Pan, Gorilla, Pongo, and Hylobates), but overall lower in extant humans. Our results demonstrate an independence of the pattern of arcade shape covariation from dental spatial arrangements. Importantly, we show that a shared hominoid pattern of covariation between premaxilla and maxilla together with the covariation of upper and lower jaw is consistent with major evolutionary arcade shape changes in hominoids. We suggest that with the reduction of canine and diastema size in hominins, the incisors move posteriorly and the tooth row becomes more parabolic. Our study provides a framework for addressing questions about fossil hominin dentognathic diversity, including inter- and intraspecific variation and associations of upper and lower jaw morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Stelzer
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
| | - Philipp Gunz
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Simon Neubauer
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Fred Spoor
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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53
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Warrener AG. Hominin Hip Biomechanics: Changing Perspectives. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 300:932-945. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna G. Warrener
- Department of Anthropology; University of Colorado Denver; Denver Colorado 80217-3364
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts
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54
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Haile-Selassie Y, Melillo SM, Ryan TM, Levin NE, Saylor BZ, Deino A, Mundil R, Scott G, Mulugeta Alene, Gibert L. Dentognathic remains of Australopithecus afarensis from Nefuraytu (Woranso-Mille, Ethiopia): Comparative description, geology, and paleoecological context. J Hum Evol 2016; 100:35-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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55
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Wynn JG, Reed KE, Sponheimer M, Kimbel WH, Alemseged Z, Bedaso ZK, Campisano CJ. Dietary flexibility of Australopithecus afarensis in the face of paleoecological change during the middle Pliocene: Faunal evidence from Hadar, Ethiopia. J Hum Evol 2016; 99:93-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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56
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Uzoigwe C, Johnson N. Wrist function in malunion: Is the distal radius designed to retain function in the face of fracture? Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2016; 98:442-5. [PMID: 27376442 PMCID: PMC5210014 DOI: 10.1308/rcsann.2016.0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Fractures of the distal radius are the most common fracture in humans and are the sempiternal hazard of 3.5 million years of bipedalism. Despite the antiquity of the injury, one of the most controversial topics in current orthopaedics is the management of distal radius fractures. It has been suggested that radiographic appearances rarely correlate with functional outcomes. As the success of the human species is predicated almost exclusively on its dexterity and intelligence, it is conceivable that the distal radius has evolved to preserve function even in the face of injury. We therefore hypothesise that the distal radius is designed to accommodate the possibility of fracture. Methods We conducted a review of studies comparing fracture pattern and form with function. We also explore the paleoanthropological evidence and comparative studies with other primates. Findings The evidence points to the human distal radius being highly tolerant of post-fracture deformity in terms of preservation of function. In addition, the distal radius appears to have apparently anatomically 'redundant' features that confer this capability. We believe these phenomena to be an evolved trait that developed with bipedalism, increasing the chances of survival for a species whose success depends upon its dexterity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Uzoigwe
- University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust , Leicester , UK
| | - N Johnson
- University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust , Leicester , UK
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57
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Curran SC, Haile-Selassie Y. Paleoecological reconstruction of hominin-bearing middle Pliocene localities at Woranso-Mille, Ethiopia. J Hum Evol 2016; 96:97-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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58
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Haile-Selassie Y, Melillo SM, Su DF. The Pliocene hominin diversity conundrum: Do more fossils mean less clarity? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:6364-71. [PMID: 27274043 PMCID: PMC4988594 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1521266113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries of multiple middle Pliocene hominins have raised the possibility that early hominins were as speciose as later hominins. However, debates continue to arise around the validity of most of these new taxa, largely based on poor preservation of holotype specimens, small sample size, or the lack of evidence for ecological diversity. A closer look at the currently available fossil evidence from Ethiopia, Kenya, and Chad indicate that Australopithecus afarensis was not the only hominin species during the middle Pliocene, and that there were other species clearly distinguishable from it by their locomotor adaptation and diet. Although there is no doubt that the presence of multiple species during the middle Pliocene opens new windows into our evolutionary past, it also complicates our understanding of early hominin taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Haile-Selassie
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, OH 44106; Departments of Anthropology, Anatomy, and Cognitive Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106;
| | - Stephanie M Melillo
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Denise F Su
- Department of Paleobotany and Paleoecology, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, OH 44106
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59
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Kantis: A new Australopithecus site on the shoulders of the Rift Valley near Nairobi, Kenya. J Hum Evol 2016; 94:28-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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60
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Wood B, K. Boyle E. Hominin taxic diversity: Fact or fantasy? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 159:S37-78. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Wood
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, George Washington University; Washington DC 20052
| | - Eve K. Boyle
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, George Washington University; Washington DC 20052
- Hominid Paleobiology Graduate Program, George Washington University; Washington DC 20052
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61
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Hublin JJ, Neubauer S, Gunz P. Brain ontogeny and life history in Pleistocene hominins. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:20140062. [PMID: 25602066 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A high level of encephalization is critical to the human adaptive niche and emerged among hominins over the course of the past 2 Myr. Evolving larger brains required important adaptive adjustments, in particular regarding energy allocation and life history. These adaptations included a relatively small brain at birth and a protracted growth of highly dependent offspring within a complex social environment. In turn, the extended period of growth and delayed maturation of the brain structures of humans contribute to their cognitive complexity. The current palaeoanthropological evidence shows that, regarding life history and brain ontogeny, the Pleistocene hominin taxa display different patterns and that one cannot simply contrast an 'ape-model' to a 'human-model'. Large-brained hominins such as Upper Pleistocene Neandertals have evolved along their own evolutionary pathway and can be distinguished from modern humans in terms of growth pattern and brain development. The life-history pattern and brain ontogeny of extant humans emerged only recently in the course of human evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Jacques Hublin
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Simon Neubauer
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Philipp Gunz
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig 04103, Germany
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62
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Machnicki AL, Spurlock LB, Strier KB, Reno PL, Lovejoy CO. First steps of bipedality in hominids: evidence from the atelid and proconsulid pelvis. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1521. [PMID: 26793418 PMCID: PMC4715437 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Upright walking absent a bent-hip-bent-knee gait requires lumbar lordosis, a ubiquitous feature in all hominids for which it can be observed. Its first appearance is therefore a central problem in human evolution. Atelids, which use the tail during suspension, exhibit demonstrable lordosis and can achieve full extension of their hind limbs during terrestrial upright stance. Although obviously homoplastic with hominids, the pelvic mechanisms facilitating lordosis appear largely similar in both taxa with respect to abbreviation of upper iliac height coupled with broad sacral alae. Both provide spatial separation of the most caudal lumbar(s) from the iliac blades. A broad sacrum is therefore a likely facet of earliest hominid bipedality. All tailed monkeys have broad alae. By contrast all extant apes have very narrow sacra, which promote “trapping” of their most caudal lumbars to achieve lower trunk rigidity during suspension. The alae in the tailless proconsul Ekembo nyanzae appear to have been quite broad, a character state that may have been primitive in Miocene hominoids not yet adapted to suspension and, by extension, exaptive for earliest bipedality in the hominid/panid last common ancestor. This hypothesis receives strong support from other anatomical systems preserved in Ardipithecus ramidus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Machnicki
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA , United States
| | - Linda B Spurlock
- Department of Anthropology, Kent State University , Kent, OH , United States
| | - Karen B Strier
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI , United States
| | - Philip L Reno
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA , United States
| | - C Owen Lovejoy
- Department of Anthropology, Kent State University , Kent, OH , United States
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63
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64
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Delezene LK. Modularity of the anthropoid dentition: Implications for the evolution of the hominin canine honing complex. J Hum Evol 2015; 86:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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65
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Marchi D. Using the morphology of the hominoid distal fibula to interpret arboreality in Australopithecus afarensis. J Hum Evol 2015; 85:136-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
Australopithecus bahrelghazali, its origin and palaeobiology are not well understood. Reported from only one location some several thousand kilometres away from East African Pliocene hominin sites, it appears to have predominantly fed on C4 sources. Yet, it lacks the morphological adaptations of other primate C4 consumers like Paranthropus boisei and Theropithecus oswaldi. Furthermore, although considered to belong to Australopithecus afarensis by most researchers, A. bahrelghazali appears to differ from the former in a key aspect of its morphology: enamel thickness. To assess the phylogeny and palaeobiology of A. bahrelghazali, I first evaluate the dietary adaptations and energetics of A. bahrelghazali using empirical data of the feeding ecology of extant baboons, Papio cynocephalus. Information published on A. bahrelghazali morphology and habitat preference is used to select C4 foods with the appropriate mechanical properties and availability within the environment to create the models. By altering the feeding time on various food categories, I then test whether A. bahrelghazali could have subsisted on a C4 diet, thus accounting for the δ(13)C composition of its dental tissue. The effects of body mass on the volume of food consumed are taken into account. The outcomes of these simulations indicate that A. bahrelghazali could have subsisted on a diet of predominantly sedges, albeit with limitations. At higher energy requirements, i.e., above 3.5 times the BMR, it would be difficult for a medium-sized primate to obtain sufficient energy from a sedge-based diet. This is apparently due to constraints on foraging/feeding time, not because of the nutritional value of sedges per se. These results are discussed against the backdrop of A. bahrelghazali biogeography, palaeoenvironment, and phylogeny. The combined evidence makes it plausible to suggest that Northern Chad may have been a refugium for migrating mammals, including hominins, and throws new light on the deep history of A. bahrelghazali.
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67
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Body mass estimates of hominin fossils and the evolution of human body size. J Hum Evol 2015; 85:75-93. [PMID: 26094042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Body size directly influences an animal's place in the natural world, including its energy requirements, home range size, relative brain size, locomotion, diet, life history, and behavior. Thus, an understanding of the biology of extinct organisms, including species in our own lineage, requires accurate estimates of body size. Since the last major review of hominin body size based on postcranial morphology over 20 years ago, new fossils have been discovered, species attributions have been clarified, and methods improved. Here, we present the most comprehensive and thoroughly vetted set of individual fossil hominin body mass predictions to date, and estimation equations based on a large (n = 220) sample of modern humans of known body masses. We also present species averages based exclusively on fossils with reliable taxonomic attributions, estimates of species averages by sex, and a metric for levels of sexual dimorphism. Finally, we identify individual traits that appear to be the most reliable for mass estimation for each fossil species, for use when only one measurement is available for a fossil. Our results show that many early hominins were generally smaller-bodied than previously thought, an outcome likely due to larger estimates in previous studies resulting from the use of large-bodied modern human reference samples. Current evidence indicates that modern human-like large size first appeared by at least 3-3.5 Ma in some Australopithecus afarensis individuals. Our results challenge an evolutionary model arguing that body size increased from Australopithecus to early Homo. Instead, we show that there is no reliable evidence that the body size of non-erectus early Homo differed from that of australopiths, and confirm that Homo erectus evolved larger average body size than earlier hominins.
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68
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Gash DM, Deane AS. Neuron-based heredity and human evolution. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:209. [PMID: 26136649 PMCID: PMC4469835 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely recognized that human evolution has been driven by two systems of heredity: one DNA-based and the other based on the transmission of behaviorally acquired information via nervous system functions. The genetic system is ancient, going back to the appearance of life on Earth. It is responsible for the evolutionary processes described by Darwin. By comparison, the nervous system is relatively newly minted and in its highest form, responsible for ideation and mind-to-mind transmission of information. Here the informational capabilities and functions of the two systems are compared. While employing quite different mechanisms for encoding, storing and transmission of information, both systems perform these generic hereditary functions. Three additional features of neuron-based heredity in humans are identified: the ability to transfer hereditary information to other members of their population, not just progeny; a selection process for the information being transferred; and a profoundly shorter time span for creation and dissemination of survival-enhancing information in a population. The mechanisms underlying neuron-based heredity involve hippocampal neurogenesis and memory and learning processes modifying and creating new neural assemblages changing brain structure and functions. A fundamental process in rewiring brain circuitry is through increased neural activity (use) strengthening and increasing the number of synaptic connections. Decreased activity in circuitry (disuse) leads to loss of synapses. Use and disuse modifying an organ to bring about new modes of living, habits and functions are processes in line with Neolamarckian concepts of evolution (Packard, 1901). Evidence is presented of bipartite evolutionary processes-Darwinian and Neolamarckian-driving human descent from a common ancestor shared with the great apes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don M. Gash
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, USA
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69
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Haile-Selassie Y, Gibert L, Melillo SM, Ryan TM, Alene M, Deino A, Levin NE, Scott G, Saylor BZ. New species from Ethiopia further expands Middle Pliocene hominin diversity. Nature 2015; 521:483-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nature14448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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70
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71
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Terhune CE, Hylander WL, Vinyard CJ, Taylor AB. Jaw-muscle architecture and mandibular morphology influence relative maximum jaw gapes in the sexually dimorphic Macaca fascicularis. J Hum Evol 2015; 82:145-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Reno PL, Lovejoy CO. From Lucy to Kadanuumuu: balanced analyses of Australopithecus afarensis assemblages confirm only moderate skeletal dimorphism. PeerJ 2015; 3:e925. [PMID: 25945314 PMCID: PMC4419524 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism in body size is often used as a correlate of social and reproductive behavior in Australopithecus afarensis. In addition to a number of isolated specimens, the sample for this species includes two small associated skeletons (A.L. 288-1 or "Lucy" and A.L. 128/129) and a geologically contemporaneous death assemblage of several larger individuals (A.L. 333). These have driven both perceptions and quantitative analyses concluding that Au. afarensis was markedly dimorphic. The Template Method enables simultaneous evaluation of multiple skeletal sites, thereby greatly expanding sample size, and reveals that A. afarensis dimorphism was similar to that of modern humans. A new very large partial skeleton (KSD-VP-1/1 or "Kadanuumuu") can now also be used, like Lucy, as a template specimen. In addition, the recently developed Geometric Mean Method has been used to argue that Au. afarensis was equally or even more dimorphic than gorillas. However, in its previous application Lucy and A.L. 128/129 accounted for 10 of 11 estimates of female size. Here we directly compare the two methods and demonstrate that including multiple measurements from the same partial skeleton that falls at the margin of the species size range dramatically inflates dimorphism estimates. Prevention of the dominance of a single specimen's contribution to calculations of multiple dimorphism estimates confirms that Au. afarensis was only moderately dimorphic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip L. Reno
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - C. Owen Lovejoy
- Department of Anthropology and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
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73
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Villmoare B, Kimbel WH, Seyoum C, Campisano CJ, DiMaggio EN, Rowan J, Braun DR, Arrowsmith JR, Reed KE. Early Homo at 2.8 Ma from Ledi-Geraru, Afar, Ethiopia. Science 2015; 347:1352-5. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa1343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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74
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DiMaggio EN, Campisano CJ, Rowan J, Dupont-Nivet G, Deino AL, Bibi F, Lewis ME, Souron A, Garello D, Werdelin L, Reed KE, Arrowsmith JR. Late Pliocene fossiliferous sedimentary record and the environmental context of early Homo from Afar, Ethiopia. Science 2015; 347:1355-9. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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75
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Haile-Selassie Y, Melillo SM. Middle Pliocene hominin mandibular fourth premolars from Woranso-Mille (Central Afar, Ethiopia). J Hum Evol 2015; 78:44-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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76
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KAIFU YOUSUKE, KONO REIKOT, SUTIKNA THOMAS, SAPTOMO EWAHYU, JATMIKO, AWE ROKUSDUE, BABA HISAO. Descriptions of the dental remains of Homo floresiensis. ANTHROPOL SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1537/ase.150501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- YOUSUKE KAIFU
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba-shi
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo
| | - REIKO T. KONO
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba-shi
| | - THOMAS SUTIKNA
- Centre for Archaeological Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong
- The National Research and Development Centre for Archaeology, Jakarta
| | - E. WAHYU SAPTOMO
- Centre for Archaeological Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong
- The National Research and Development Centre for Archaeology, Jakarta
| | - JATMIKO
- Centre for Archaeological Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong
- The National Research and Development Centre for Archaeology, Jakarta
| | - ROKUS DUE AWE
- Centre for Archaeological Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong
- The National Research and Development Centre for Archaeology, Jakarta
| | - HISAO BABA
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba-shi
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Martin DL, Harrod RP. Bioarchaeological contributions to the study of violence. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 156 Suppl 59:116-45. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debra L. Martin
- Department of Anthropology; University of Nevada; Las Vegas NV 89119
| | - Ryan P. Harrod
- Department of Anthropology; University of Alaska; Anchorage AK 99508
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Stojanowski CM, Johnson KM. Observer error, dental wear, and the inference of new world sundadonty. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 156:349-62. [PMID: 25363296 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Dental morphology provides important information on human evolution and interpopulation relationships. Dental wear is one of the major limitations of morphological data analysis. Wear figures heavily in existing debates about patterns of New World dental variation with some scholars finding evidence for a more generalized dentition in early New World populations (Powell: Doctoral Dissertation, Texas A&M University, TX (1995)) and others questioning these findings based on the probable effects of dental wear on trait scores (Turner, The First Americans: the Pleistocene Colonization of the New World. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences (2002) 123-158; Turner: Am J Phys Anthropol 130 (2006) 455-461; Turner and Scott, Handbook of paleoanthropology, Vol. III: Phylogeny of Hominids. New York: Springer (2007) 1901-1941). Here we evaluate these competing claims using data from the Early Archaic Windover sample. Results confirm the dental distinctiveness of Windover with respect to other Old World Asian (i.e., sinodont/sundadont) populations. However, comparison of our results to those of Powell (1995) also highlights significant interobserver error. Statistical analysis of matched wear and morphology scores suggests trait downgrading for some traits. Patterns of missing data present a more challenging (and potentially serious) problem. Use of Little's MCAR test for missing data mechanisms indicates a complex process of data collection in which incidental and opportunistic recording of both highly worn and unerupted teeth introduce a "missing not at random" mechanism into our dataset that biases dental trait frequencies. We conclude that patterns of missingness and formal research designs for "planned missingness" are needed to help mitigate this bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Stojanowski
- Center for Bioarchaeological Research, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, AZ
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79
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Lovejoy CO. Ardipithecusand Early Human Evolution in Light of Twenty-First-Century Developmental Biology. JOURNAL OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.3998/jar.0521004.0070.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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80
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Ward CV. Taxonomic affinity of the Pliocene hominin fossils from Fejej, Ethiopia. J Hum Evol 2014; 73:98-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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81
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Kraft TS, Venkataraman VV, Dominy NJ. A natural history of human tree climbing. J Hum Evol 2014; 71:105-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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82
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McGraw WS, Vick AE, Daegling DJ. Dietary variation and food hardness in sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys): Implications for fallback foods and dental adaptation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 154:413-23. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Scott McGraw
- Department of Anthropology; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH 43210-1106
| | - Anna E. Vick
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences; Santa Fe College; Gainesville FL 32606
| | - David J. Daegling
- Department of Anthropology; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611-7305
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83
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New fossils of Australopithecus anamensis from Kanapoi, West Turkana, Kenya (2003–2008). J Hum Evol 2013; 65:501-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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84
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Heaton JL, Pickering TR. First Records of Talon Cusps on Baboon Maxillary Incisors Argue for Standardizing Terminology and Prompt a Hypothesis of Their Formation. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 296:1874-80. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason L. Heaton
- Department of Biology; Birmingham-Southern College; Birmingham Alabama 35254
- Plio-Pleistocene Palaeontology Section, Department of Vertebrates Ditsong National Museum of Natural History (Transvaal Museum); Pretoria 0002 South Africa
- Institute for Human Evolution,University of the Witwatersrand; Private Bag 3 WITS 2050 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Travis Rayne Pickering
- Plio-Pleistocene Palaeontology Section, Department of Vertebrates Ditsong National Museum of Natural History (Transvaal Museum); Pretoria 0002 South Africa
- Institute for Human Evolution,University of the Witwatersrand; Private Bag 3 WITS 2050 Johannesburg South Africa
- Department of Anthropology; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 1180 Observatory Drive, 5240 Social Science Building Madison Wisconsin 53706
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85
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Rolian C, Gordon AD. Reassessing manual proportions inAustralopithecus afarensis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 152:393-406. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Campbell Rolian
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Calgary; Calgary; Alberta; Canada; T2N4N1
| | - Adam D. Gordon
- Department of Anthropology; University at Albany-SUNY; Albany; NY; 12222
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86
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Premolar microwear and tooth use in Australopithecus afarensis. J Hum Evol 2013; 65:282-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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87
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Duda P, Zrzavý J. Evolution of life history and behavior in Hominidae: towards phylogenetic reconstruction of the chimpanzee-human last common ancestor. J Hum Evol 2013; 65:424-46. [PMID: 23981863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The origin of the fundamental behavioral differences between humans and our closest living relatives is one of the central issues of evolutionary anthropology. The prominent, chimpanzee-based referential model of early hominin behavior has recently been challenged on the basis of broad multispecies comparisons and newly discovered fossil evidence. Here, we argue that while behavioral data on extant great apes are extremely relevant for reconstruction of ancestral behaviors, these behaviors should be reconstructed trait by trait using formal phylogenetic methods. Using the widely accepted hominoid phylogenetic tree, we perform a series of character optimization analyses using 65 selected life-history and behavioral characters for all extant hominid species. This analysis allows us to reconstruct the character states of the last common ancestors of Hominoidea, Hominidae, and the chimpanzee-human last common ancestor. Our analyses demonstrate that many fundamental behavioral and life-history attributes of hominids (including humans) are evidently ancient and likely inherited from the common ancestor of all hominids. However, numerous behaviors present in extant great apes represent their own terminal autapomorphies (both uniquely derived and homoplastic). Any evolutionary model that uses a single extant species to explain behavioral evolution of early hominins is therefore of limited use. In contrast, phylogenetic reconstruction of ancestral states is able to provide a detailed suite of behavioral, ecological and life-history characters for each hypothetical ancestor. The living great apes therefore play an important role for the confident identification of the traits found in the chimpanzee-human last common ancestor, some of which are likely to represent behaviors of the fossil hominins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Duda
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budĕjovice, Czech Republic.
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88
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Terhune CE, Kimbel WH, Lockwood CA. Postnatal temporal bone ontogeny inPan,Gorilla, andHomo, and the implications for temporal bone ontogeny inAustralopithecus afarensis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 151:630-42. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. Terhune
- Department of Community and Family Medicine; Duke University Medical Center; Durham; NC; 27710
| | - William H. Kimbel
- Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change; Arizona State University; Tempe; AZ; 85287-4101
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89
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Daegling DJ, Judex S, Ozcivici E, Ravosa MJ, Taylor AB, Grine FE, Teaford MF, Ungar PS. Viewpoints: Feeding mechanics, diet, and dietary adaptations in early hominins. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 151:356-71. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Daegling
- Department of Anthropology; University of Florida; Gainesville; FL; 32605
| | - Stefan Judex
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook; NY; 11794-5281
| | - Engin Ozcivici
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Izmir Institute of Technology; Urla; Izmir; 35430; Turkey
| | | | | | | | - Mark F. Teaford
- Department of Physical Therapy; High Point University; High Point; NC; 27262-3598
| | - Peter S. Ungar
- Department of Anthropology; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville; AR; 72701
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90
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Diet of Australopithecus afarensis from the Pliocene Hadar Formation, Ethiopia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:10495-500. [PMID: 23733965 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1222559110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The enhanced dietary flexibility of early hominins to include consumption of C4/crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) foods (i.e., foods derived from grasses, sedges, and succulents common in tropical savannas and deserts) likely represents a significant ecological and behavioral distinction from both extant great apes and the last common ancestor that we shared with great apes. Here, we use stable carbon isotopic data from 20 samples of Australopithecus afarensis from Hadar and Dikika, Ethiopia (>3.4-2.9 Ma) to show that this species consumed a diet with significant C4/CAM foods, differing from its putative ancestor Au. anamensis. Furthermore, there is no temporal trend in the amount of C4/CAM food consumption over the age of the samples analyzed, and the amount of C4/CAM food intake was highly variable, even within a single narrow stratigraphic interval. As such, Au. afarensis was a key participant in the C4/CAM dietary expansion by early australopiths of the middle Pliocene. The middle Pliocene expansion of the eastern African australopith diet to include savanna-based foods represents a shift to use of plant food resources that were already abundant in hominin environments for at least 1 million y and sets the stage for dietary differentiation and niche specialization by subsequent hominin taxa.
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91
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Abstract
Hominin fossil evidence in the Turkana Basin in Kenya from ca. 4.1 to 1.4 Ma samples two archaic early hominin genera and records some of the early evolutionary history of Paranthropus and Homo. Stable carbon isotopes in fossil tooth enamel are used to estimate the fraction of diet derived from C3 or C4 resources in these hominin taxa. The earliest hominin species in the Turkana Basin, Australopithecus anamensis, derived nearly all of its diet from C3 resources. Subsequently, by ca. 3.3 Ma, the later Kenyanthropus platyops had a very wide dietary range--from virtually a purely C3 resource-based diet to one dominated by C4 resources. By ca. 2 Ma, hominins in the Turkana Basin had split into two distinct groups: specimens attributable to the genus Homo provide evidence for a diet with a ca. 65/35 ratio of C3- to C4-based resources, whereas P. boisei had a higher fraction of C4-based diet (ca. 25/75 ratio). Homo sp. increased the fraction of C4-based resources in the diet through ca. 1.5 Ma, whereas P. boisei maintained its high dependency on C4-derived resources.
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92
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Churchill SE, Holliday TW, Carlson KJ, Jashashvili T, Macias ME, Mathews S, Sparling TL, Schmid P, de Ruiter DJ, Berger LR. The Upper Limb of Australopithecus sediba. Science 2013; 340:1233477. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1233477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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93
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Gogarten JF, Grine FE. Seasonal mortality patterns in primates: implications for the interpretation of dental microwear. Evol Anthropol 2013; 22:9-19. [PMID: 23436645 DOI: 10.1002/evan.21338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The microscopic traces of use wear on teeth have been extensively studied to provide information that will assist in elucidating the dietary habits of extinct hominin species. It has been amply documented that dental microwear provides information pertaining to diet for living animals, where there is a strong and consistent association between dental microwear patterns and different types of foods that are chewed. The details of occlusal surface wear patterns are capable of distinguishing among diets when the constituent food items differ in their fracture properties. For example, the microwear traces left on the teeth of mammals that crush hard, brittle foods such as nuts are generally dominated by pits, whereas traces left on the teeth of mammals that shear tough items such as leaves tend to be characterized by scratches. These microwear features result from and thus record actual chewing events. As such, microwear patterns are expected to be variably ephemeral, as individual features are worn away and replaced or overprinted by others as the tooth wears down in subsequent bouts of mastication. Indeed, it has been demonstrated, both in the laboratory and the wild, that short-term dietary variation can result in the turnover of microwear. Because occlusal microwear potentially reflects an individual's diet for a short time (days, weeks, or months, depending on the nature of the foods being masticated), tooth surfaces sampled at different times will display differences that relate to temporal (for example, seasonal) differences in diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan F Gogarten
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec.
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94
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95
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Ward CV. Postural and Locomotor Adaptations of Australopithecus Species. THE PALEOBIOLOGY OF AUSTRALOPITHECUS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5919-0_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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96
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Molar Microwear, Diet and Adaptation in a Purported Hominin Species Lineage from the Pliocene of East Africa. THE PALEOBIOLOGY OF AUSTRALOPITHECUS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5919-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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97
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Abstract
Paleoanthropologists have long argued--often contentiously--about the climbing abilities of early hominins and whether a foot adapted to terrestrial bipedalism constrained regular access to trees. However, some modern humans climb tall trees routinely in pursuit of honey, fruit, and game, often without the aid of tools or support systems. Mortality and morbidity associated with facultative arboreality is expected to favor behaviors and anatomies that facilitate safe and efficient climbing. Here we show that Twa hunter-gatherers use extraordinary ankle dorsiflexion (>45°) during climbing, similar to the degree observed in wild chimpanzees. Although we did not detect a skeletal signature of dorsiflexion in museum specimens of climbing hunter-gatherers from the Ituri forest, we did find that climbing by the Twa is associated with longer fibers in the gastrocnemius muscle relative to those of neighboring, nonclimbing agriculturalists. This result suggests that a more excursive calf muscle facilitates climbing with a bipedally adapted ankle and foot by positioning the climber closer to the tree, and it might be among the mechanisms that allow hunter-gatherers to access the canopy safely. Given that we did not find a skeletal correlate for this observed behavior, our results imply that derived aspects of the hominin ankle associated with bipedalism remain compatible with vertical climbing and arboreal resource acquisition. Our findings challenge the persistent arboreal-terrestrial dichotomy that has informed behavioral reconstructions of fossil hominins and highlight the value of using modern humans as models for inferring the limits of hominin arboreality.
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98
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A multidisciplinary reconstruction of Palaeolithic nutrition that holds promise for the prevention and treatment of diseases of civilisation. Nutr Res Rev 2012; 25:96-129. [PMID: 22894943 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422412000017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary medicine acknowledges that many chronic degenerative diseases result from conflicts between our rapidly changing environment, our dietary habits included, and our genome, which has remained virtually unchanged since the Palaeolithic era. Reconstruction of the diet before the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions is therefore indicated, but hampered by the ongoing debate on our ancestors' ecological niche. Arguments and their counterarguments regarding evolutionary medicine are updated and the evidence for the long-reigning hypothesis of human evolution on the arid savanna is weighed against the hypothesis that man evolved in the proximity of water. Evidence from various disciplines is discussed, including the study of palaeo-environments, comparative anatomy, biogeochemistry, archaeology, anthropology, (patho)physiology and epidemiology. Although our ancestors had much lower life expectancies, the current evidence does neither support the misconception that during the Palaeolithic there were no elderly nor that they had poor health. Rather than rejecting the possibility of 'healthy ageing', the default assumption should be that healthy ageing posed an evolutionary advantage for human survival. There is ample evidence that our ancestors lived in a land-water ecosystem and extracted a substantial part of their diets from both terrestrial and aquatic resources. Rather than rejecting this possibility by lack of evidence, the default assumption should be that hominins, living in coastal ecosystems with catchable aquatic resources, consumed these resources. Finally, the composition and merits of so-called 'Palaeolithic diets', based on different hominin niche-reconstructions, are evaluated. The benefits of these diets illustrate that it is time to incorporate this knowledge into dietary recommendations.
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99
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Plavcan JM. Body Size, Size Variation, and Sexual Size Dimorphism in Early Homo. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1086/667605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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100
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Holliday TW. Body Size, Body Shape, and the Circumscription of the Genus Homo. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1086/667360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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