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Essawy SS, Tawfik MK, Korayem HE. Effects of adenosine receptor antagonists in MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease: mitochondrial DNA integrity. Arch Med Sci 2017; 13:659-669. [PMID: 28507584 PMCID: PMC5420638 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2017.67284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In Parkinson's disease (PD), compelling data indicate a functional link between adenosine/dopamine receptors and the progression of the neurodegenerative process. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of the non-selective adenosine receptor (ADR) antagonist caffeine, as well as the selective antagonists 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX), an ADRsA1 antagonist, and ((E)-1,3-diethyl-8-(3,4-dimethoxystyryl)-7-methyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione) (KW-6002), an ADRsA2A antagonist, on the prevention of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinsonism in mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS Mice were allocated to five groups: group I - control group; group II: MPTP group, received four injections of MPTP (20 mg/kg, i.p.) at 2 h intervals; groups III, IV, V: received MPTP and i.p. caffeine (20 mg/kg/day) or DPCPX (5 mg/kg/day) or KW-6002 (10 mg/kg/day) starting one week before MPTP injection and continuing for 2 weeks. RESULTS Therapy with caffeine or KW-6002 not only led to the reversibility of movement dysfunction and increased the concentrations of dopamine and ATP levels (p < 0.05), but also, ameliorates the dopaminergic neuron loss and restored the mtDNA and nDNA integrity (p < 0.05). Furthermore, in passive avoidance test, caffeine and DPCPX significantly (p < 0.05) reversed the MPTP-induced memory deficits, whereas the specific ADRsA2A antagonist did not. CONCLUSIONS The current results provide evidence that blockade of both ADRsA1 and ADRsA2A has therapeutic implications in alleviating MPTP-induced motor and cognitive dysfunction and might be a promising candidate for treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soha S. Essawy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Mona Kamal Tawfik
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Horya Erfan Korayem
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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Lee Y, Heo G, Lee KM, Kim AH, Chung KW, Im E, Chung HY, Lee J. Neuroprotective effects of 2,4-dinitrophenol in an acute model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 2017; 1663:184-193. [PMID: 28322751 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neurons depend on mitochondria for homeostasis and survival, and thus, mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Increasing evidence indicates the mitochondrial uncoupler, 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), protects neurons against neurodegeneration and enhances neural plasticity. Here, the authors evaluated the protective effects of intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered low dose DNP in an acute mouse model of PD. Mice were administered DNP (1 or 5mg/kg) for 12 consecutive days, and then on day 13, MPTP (20mg/kg, i.p.) was administered four times (with 2h intervals between injections) to induce PD. It was found that MPTP-induced motor dysfunction was ameliorated in the DNP-treated mice versus vehicle-treated controls. Additionally, DNP effectively attenuated dopaminergic neuronal loss observed in MPTP treated mice. Moreover, in primary cultured neurons, DNP at 10μM, but not at 100μM, prevented MPP+-induced cell death and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) reduction. In addition, DNP was observed to cause the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in primary neurons. Taken together, these findings of the present study suggest that DNP protects dopaminergic neurons against neurodegeneration and maintains MMP integrity in PD by activating adaptive stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujeong Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwangbeom Heo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Moon Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Wung Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunok Im
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea.
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Dutta D, Ali N, Banerjee E, Singh R, Naskar A, Paidi RK, Mohanakumar KP. Low Levels of Prohibitin in Substantia Nigra Makes Dopaminergic Neurons Vulnerable in Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:804-821. [PMID: 28062948 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0328-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Since substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopaminergic neurons are, respectively, susceptible or largely unaffected in Parkinson's disease (PD), we searched for protein(s) that regulates this differential sensitivity. Differentially, expressed proteins in SN and VTA were investigated employing two-directional gel electrophoresis- matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF-TOF) analyses. Prohibitin, which is involved in mitochondrial integrity, was validated using immunoblot, qRT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry in normal mice as well as 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-model, PD postmortem human brains, and PD cybrids. In prohibitin over-expression, differentiated SH-SY5Y neurons were investigated for their susceptibility to PD neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridnium (MPP+). Prohibitin, Hsc73, and Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn SOD) were highly expressed in VTA, whereas heat shock protein A8 (HSPA8) and 14-3-3ζ/δ were 2-fold more in SN. Prohibitin level was transiently increased in SN but unaltered in VTA on the third day of MPTP-induced mice, whereas in PD human brains, prohibitin was depleted in both these regions. Parallel to mouse SN, an enhanced prohibitin expression was found in human PD cybrids. In MPP+-induced cellular model of PD, reduction in prohibitin level was found to be associated with a loss in its binding with Ndufs3, a mitochondrial complex I protein partner. Prohibitin over-expression resisted MPP+-induced neuronal death by restoring mitochondrial membrane potential, preventing reactive oxygen species generation and cytochrome c release into cytosol. These protective phenomena exerted by prohibitin over-expression altogether hinder caspase 3 activation induced by MPP+. These results imply that prohibitin is an important negotiator protein that regulates dopaminergic cell death in SN and their protection in VTA in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Dutta
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4-Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - Nilufar Ali
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4-Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - Emili Banerjee
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4-Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - Raghavendra Singh
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4-Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - Amit Naskar
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4-Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar Paidi
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4-Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - Kochupurackal P Mohanakumar
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4-Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India. .,Inter University Centre for Biomedical Research and Super Speciality Hospital, Mahatma Gandhi University Campus at Thalappady, Rubber Board P.O, Kottayam, Kerala, 686009, India.
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Chou PS, Lai CL, Chou YH, Chang WP. Sleep apnea and the subsequent risk of Parkinson's disease: a 3-year nationwide population-based study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2017; 13:959-965. [PMID: 28408829 PMCID: PMC5384714 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s134311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Sleep apnea (SA)-induced chronic intermittent hypoxia increases oxidative stress and inflammation, which may contribute to the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). This study evaluated the risk of PD following SA diagnosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a 3-year nationwide population-based matched cohort study using claims data from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD), Taiwan. We analyzed 1,944 patients diagnosed as having SA between 1997 and 2005 and a matched cohort of 9,720 non-SA patients from the NHIRD. Patients with a history of PD were excluded. Each patient was followed up for 3 years to evaluate subsequent PD development. RESULTS Of the 11,664 patients, 17 (0.9%) and 38 (0.4%) from the SA and matched non-SA cohorts, respectively, were subsequently diagnosed as having PD during follow-up. After adjustments for potential confounders, the SA cohort had a 1.85-fold higher risk of PD than the non-SA cohort (95% confidence interval [CI] =1.02-3.35; P=0.042). After age and sex stratification, PD development was independently associated with SA only in men (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 2.26; 95% CI =1.11-4.63; P<0.05) and in patients aged ≥60 years (adjusted HR, 1.93; 95% CI =1.01-3.71; P<0.05). CONCLUSION Our study suggests that patients with SA are at an increased longitudinal risk of PD. Furthermore, age and male sex are independently associated with the risk of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Song Chou
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital
| | - Chiou-Lian Lai
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital
| | - Yii-Her Chou
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine.,Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung
| | - Wei-Pin Chang
- School of Health Care Administration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
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Role of Microglia in Neurological Disorders and Their Potentials as a Therapeutic Target. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:7567-7584. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0245-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Effects of Health Qigong Exercises on Relieving Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:5935782. [PMID: 27891159 PMCID: PMC5116525 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5935782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Health Qigong on the treatment and releasing symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). Fifty-four moderate PD patients (N = 54) were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Twenty-eight PD patients were placed in the experimental group in which the prescribed medication plus Health Qigong exercise will be used as intervention. The other 26 PD patients as the control group were treated only with regular medication. Ten-week intervention had been conducted for the study, and participants completed the scheduled exercises 5 times per week for 60 minutes each time (10 minutes for warm-up, 40 minutes for the exercise, and 10 minutes for cooldown). Data which included the muscle hardness, one-legged blind balance, physical coordination, and stability was collected before, during, and after the intervention. Comparisons were made between the experimental and control groups through the Repeated Measures ANOVA. The results showed that PD patients demonstrate a significant improvement in muscle hardness, the timed “up and go,” balance, and hand-eye coordination (the turn-over-jars test). There were no significant differences between the two groups in gender, age, and course of differences (P < 0.05). The study concluded that Health Qigong exercises could reduce the symptoms of Parkinson's disease and improve the body functions of PD patients in both the mild and moderate stages. It can be added as an effective treatment of rehabilitation therapy for PD.
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Lin KD, Yang CY, Lee MY, Ho SC, Liu CK, Shin SJ. Statin therapy prevents the onset of Parkinson disease in patients with diabetes. Ann Neurol 2016; 80:532-40. [PMID: 27471847 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We studied the association between the statin dosage and the risk of Parkinson disease (PD) in diabetic patients in Taiwan. METHODS One million patients were randomly sampled from a National Health Insurance (NHI) database and followed from 2001 to 2008. Diabetic patients were screened by diagnosis of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes, and statin dosage was determined according to the NHI pharmacy database. PD was diagnosed on the basis of ICD-9-CM codes and anti-Parkinson medication use. Statin users was classified by statin dose-duration-day > 28 and matched with nonusers of statins using a coarsened exact matching method. There were 50,432 patients, and half of them were statin users. We examined the risk of PD between statin users and nonusers of statins and further tested the trends of the relative risk between the statin dosage and PD. RESULTS The PD incidence rate was lower in statin users than in nonusers of statins. The crude hazard ratio of PD incidence in statin users was 0.65 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.57-0.74) in females and 0.60 (95% CI = 0.51-0.69) in males compared with nonusers of statins. After Cox regression analysis, all statins except lovastatin exerted protective effects on PD incidence and had a significant dose-dependent trend. INTERPRETATION In Taiwanese diabetic patients, the risk of PD is lower in statin users than in nonusers of statins. Statin users, except lovastatin users, are dose-dependently associated with a decreased incidence of PD compared with nonusers of statins. This finding provides a new indication for statin beyond lipid control and cardiovascular events in diabetic patients. Ann Neurol 2016;80:532-540.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Der Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University.,Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University
| | - Chun-Yuh Yang
- Faculty of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University
| | - Mei-Yueh Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University.,Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University
| | - Shu-Chen Ho
- Faculty of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University
| | - Ching-Kuan Liu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shyi-Jang Shin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University. .,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University.
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Viana SD, Valero J, Rodrigues-Santos P, Couceiro P, Silva AM, Carvalho F, Ali SF, Fontes-Ribeiro CA, Pereira FC. Regulation of striatal astrocytic receptor for advanced glycation end-products variants in an early stage of experimental Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2016; 138:598-609. [PMID: 27221633 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Convincing evidence indicates that advanced glycation end-products and danger-associated protein S100B play a role in Parkinson's disease (PD). These agents operate through the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), which displays distinct isoforms playing protective/deleterious effects. However, the nature of RAGE variants has been overlooked in PD studies. Hence, we attempted to characterize RAGE regulation in early stages of PD striatal pathology. A neurotoxin-based rodent model of PD was used in this study, through administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to C57BL/6 mice. Animals were killed 6 h post-MPTP to assess S100B/RAGE contents (RT-qPCR, ELISA) and RAGE isoform density (WB) and cellular distribution (immunohistochemistry). Dopaminergic and gliotic status were also mapped (HPLC-ED, WB, immunohistochemistry). At this preliminary stage of MPTP-induced PD in mice, RAGE inhibitory isoforms were increased whereas full-length RAGE was not affected. This putative cytoprotective RAGE phenotype paired an inflammatory and pro-oxidant setting fueling DAergic denervation. Increased RAGE inhibitory variants occur in astrocytes showing higher S100B density but no overt signs of hypertrophy or NF-κB activation, a canonical effector of RAGE. These findings expand our understanding of the toxic effect of MPTP on striatum and offer first in vivo evidence of RAGE being a responder in early stages of astrogliosis dynamics, supporting a protective rather tissue-destructive phenotype of RAGE in the initial phase of PD degeneration. These data lay the groundwork for future studies on the relevance of astrocytic RAGE in DAergic neuroprotection strategies. We report increased antagonistic RAGE variants paralleling S100B up-regulation in early stages of MPTP-induced astrogliosis dynamics . We propose that selective RAGE regulation reflects a self-protective mechanism to maintain low levels of RAGE ligands , preventing long-term inflammation and oxidative stress arising from sustained ligands/flRAGE activation . Understanding loss of RAGE protective response to stress may provide new therapeutic options to halt or slow down dopaminergic axonopathy and, ultimately, neuronal death .
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia D Viana
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics/IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC.IBILI - University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge Valero
- CNC.IBILI - University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Zamudio, Bizkaia, Spain
- Ikerbasque Foundation, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Paulo Rodrigues-Santos
- Institute of Immunology - Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Immunology and Oncology Laboratory, Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Couceiro
- Immunology and Oncology Laboratory, Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Andréa M Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics/IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC.IBILI - University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Syed F Ali
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center of Toxicological Research/Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Carlos A Fontes-Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics/IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC.IBILI - University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Frederico C Pereira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics/IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC.IBILI - University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Teema AM, Zaitone SA, Moustafa YM. Ibuprofen or piroxicam protects nigral neurons and delays the development of l-dopa induced dyskinesia in rats with experimental Parkinsonism: Influence on angiogenesis. Neuropharmacology 2016; 107:432-450. [PMID: 27016022 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and angiogenesis have been involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). This study investigated the effect of ibuprofen or piroxicam on the motor response to l-dopa and development of dyskinesia in Parkinsonian rats focusing on the anti-angiogenic role of the two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Rats were divided into nine groups as follows: Group I: the vehicle group, Group II: rotenone group, rats were injected with nine doses of rotenone (1 mg/kg/48 h), group III&IV: rats received rotenone + ibuprofen (10 or 30 mg/kg), Group V-VI: rats received rotenone + piroxicam (1 or 3 mg/kg), Group VII: rats received rotenone + l-dopa/carbidopa (100/10 mg/kg), Group VIII-IX: rats received rotenone + l-dopa/carbidopa + ibuprofen (30 mg/kg) or piroxicam (3 mg/kg). In general, drugs were administered daily for ten weeks. Rotenone-treated rats showed motor dysfunction, lower striatal dopamine, lower staining for nigral tyrosine hydroxylase but higher level of striatal cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) compared to vehicle-treated rats (P < 0.05). Treatment with l-dopa showed wearing-off over the course of the experiment in addition to development of abnormal involuntary movements and upregulated striatal VEGF level. Treatment with ibuprofen or piroxicam in combination with l-dopa preserved the effect of l-dopa at the end of week 10, delayed the development of dyskinesia and decreased striatal COX-2 and VEGF levels. In conclusion, the current study suggests that ibuprofen and piroxicam are promising candidates for neuroprotection in PD and may have utility in conjunction with l-dopa in order to ensure the longevity of its action and to delay the development of dyskinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sawsan A Zaitone
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.
| | - Yasser M Moustafa
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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Maysinger D, Zhang I. Nutritional and Nanotechnological Modulators of Microglia. Front Immunol 2016; 7:270. [PMID: 27471505 PMCID: PMC4945637 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the essential responders to alimentary, pharmacological, and nanotechnological immunomodulators. These neural cells play multiple roles as surveyors, sculptors, and guardians of essential parts of complex neural circuitries. Microglia can play dual roles in the central nervous system; they can be deleterious and/or protective. The immunomodulatory effects of alimentary components, gut microbiota, and nanotechnological products have been investigated in microglia at the single-cell level and in vivo using intravital imaging approaches, and different biochemical assays. This review highlights some of the emerging questions and topics from studies involving alimentation, microbiota, nanotechnological products, and associated problems in this area of research. Some of the advantages and limitations of in vitro and in vivo models used to study the neuromodulatory effects of these factors, as well as the merits and pitfalls of intravital imaging modalities employed are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusica Maysinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | - Issan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University , Montreal, QC , Canada
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Infiltrating T lymphocytes reduce myeloid phagocytosis activity in synucleinopathy model. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:174. [PMID: 27364890 PMCID: PMC4929755 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0632-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Synucleinopathies comprise a group of neurodegenerative diseases associated with abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein. One of the key factors that contribute to the progression of synucleinopathies is neuroinflammation. However, the role of lymphocytes in synucleinopathies like Parkinson’s disease (PD) remains largely unclear. Methods To investigate how lymphocytes impact synucleinopathies, human wild-type α-synuclein (WTS) transgenic mice were crossed with mice lacking mature lymphocytes (Rag2−/−). In this in vivo model, we quantified α-synuclein aggregation in the substantia nigra (SN) and striatum and determined the numbers of innate and adaptive immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). The activation state of resident and infiltrated CNS myeloid cells (M1 vs. M2) was further classified by gene and protein expression analyses. The impact of T and B lymphocytes on the phagocytic activity of microglia in the presence of α-synuclein aggregates was addressed in BV2 microglia in vitro. Results Compared to WTS+ Rag2+/+ mice, where T but not B lymphocytes infiltrated the CNS, decreased amounts of α-synuclein aggregates were found in WTS+ Rag2−/− mice devoid of mature lymphocytes. The presence of T lymphocytes did not alter the number of Iba1+ microglia but increased the frequency of the CD11b+ CD45hi population in the CNS, indicative of an increased number of infiltrated macrophages. Moreover, the M1 phenotype was more prominent in WTS+ Rag2+/+ mice, whereas the M2 activation state was dominating in the absence of lymphocytes in WTS+ Rag2−/− mice. In vitro, in the presence of T but not B lymphocytes, significantly less α-synuclein was phagocytosed by BV2 microglia, further supporting the prevalence of the M1 phenotype in the presence of T lymphocytes. Conclusions Peripheral T lymphocytes strongly contribute to increased α-synuclein pathology via modulation of CNS myeloid cell function. In the presence of T lymphocytes, microglia phagocytosis of aggregated α-synuclein is reduced, which increases the severity of synucleinopathy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0632-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Mackovski N, Liao J, Weng R, Wei X, Wang R, Chen Z, Liu X, Yu Y, Meyer BJ, Xia Y, Deng C, Huang XF, Wang Q. Reversal effect of simvastatin on the decrease in cannabinoid receptor 1 density in 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rat brains. Life Sci 2016; 155:123-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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63
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Eom SA, Kim DW, Shin MJ, Ahn EH, Chung SY, Sohn EJ, Jo HS, Jeon SJ, Kim DS, Kwon HY, Cho SW, Han KH, Park J, Eum WS, Choi SY. Protective effects of PEP-1-Catalase on stress-induced cellular toxicity and MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease. BMB Rep 2016; 48:395-400. [PMID: 25322954 PMCID: PMC4577289 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2015.48.7.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disability caused by a decrease of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Although the etiology of PD is not clear, oxidative stress is believed to lead to PD. Catalase is antioxidant enzyme which plays an active role in cells as a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger. Thus, we investigated whether PEP-1-Catalase protects against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) induced SH-SY5Y neuronal cell death and in a 1-methyl- 4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-trtrahydropyridine (MPTP) induced PD animal model. PEP-1-Catalase transduced into SH-SY5Y cells significantly protecting them against MPP+-induced death by decreasing ROS and regulating cellular survival signals including Akt, Bax, Bcl-2, and p38. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that transduced PEP-1-Catalase markedly protected against neuronal cell death in the SN in the PD animal model. Our results indicate that PEP-1-Catalase may have potential as a therapeutic agent for PD and other oxidative stress related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Ae Eom
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangnung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 210-702, Korea
| | - Min Jea Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, Korea
| | - Eun Hee Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, Korea
| | - Seok Young Chung
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Sohn
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, Korea
| | - Hyo Sang Jo
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, Korea
| | - Su-Jeong Jeon
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 330-090, Korea
| | - Duk-Soo Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 330-090, Korea
| | - Hyeok Yil Kwon
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Kyu Hyung Han
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, Korea
| | - Jinseu Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, Korea
| | - Won Sik Eum
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, Korea
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, Korea
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Multimodal MRI Evaluation of the MitoPark Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151884. [PMID: 27003179 PMCID: PMC4803323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The MitoPark mouse, a relatively new genetic model of Parkinson’s disease (PD), has a dopaminergic neuron-specific knock-out that inactivates the mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam), a protein essential for mitochondrial DNA expression and maintenance. This study used multimodal MRI to characterize the neuroanatomical correlates of PD-related deficits in MitoPark mice, along with functional behavioral tests. Compared with age-matched wild-type animals, MitoPark mice at 30 weeks showed: i) reduced whole-brain volume and increased ventricular volume, indicative of brain atrophy, ii) reduced transverse relaxation time (T2*) of the substantia nigra and striatum, suggestive of abnormal iron accumulation, iii) reduced apparent diffusion coefficient in the substantia nigra, suggestive of neuronal loss, iv) reduced fractional anisotropy in the corpus callosum and substantia nigra, indicative of white-matter damages, v) cerebral blood flow was not significantly affected, and vi) reduced motor activity in open-field tests, reduced memory in novel object recognition tests, as well as decreased mobility in tail suspension tests, an indication of depression. In sum, MitoPark mice recapitulate changes in many MRI parameters reported in PD patients. Multimodal MRI may prove useful for evaluating neuroanatomical correlates of PD pathophysiology in MitoPark mice, and for longitudinally monitoring disease progression and therapeutic interventions for PD.
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Ismaiel AAK, Espinosa-Oliva AM, Santiago M, García-Quintanilla A, Oliva-Martín MJ, Herrera AJ, Venero JL, de Pablos RM. Metformin, besides exhibiting strong in vivo anti-inflammatory properties, increases mptp-induced damage to the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 298:19-30. [PMID: 26971375 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Metformin is a widely used oral antidiabetic drug with known anti-inflammatory properties due to its action on AMPK protein. This drug has shown a protective effect on various tissues, including cortical neurons. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of metformin on the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra of mice using the animal model of Parkinson's disease based on the injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, an inhibitor of the mitochondrial complex I. In vivo and in vitro experiments were used to study the activation of microglia and the damage of the dopaminergic neurons. Our results show that metformin reduced microglial activation measured both at cellular and molecular levels. Rather than protecting, metformin exacerbated dopaminergic damage in response to MPTP. Our data suggest that, contrary to other brain structures, metformin treatment could be deleterious for the dopaminergic system. Hence, metformin treatment may be considered as a risk factor for the development of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afrah A K Ismaiel
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana M Espinosa-Oliva
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Martiniano Santiago
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Albert García-Quintanilla
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - María J Oliva-Martín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio J Herrera
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José L Venero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rocío M de Pablos
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
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Martin HL, Santoro M, Mustafa S, Riedel G, Forrester JV, Teismann P. Evidence for a role of adaptive immune response in the disease pathogenesis of the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Glia 2016; 64:386-95. [PMID: 26511587 PMCID: PMC4855685 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and results from the loss of dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal pathway. The pathogenesis of PD is poorly understood, but inflammatory processes have been implicated. Indeed increases in the number of major histocompatibility complex II (MHC II) reactive cells have long been recognised in the brains of PD patients at post-mortem. However whether cells expressing MHC II play an active role in PD pathogenesis has not been delineated. This was addressed utilising a transgenic mouse null for MHC II and the parkinsonian toxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). In wild-type mice MHC II levels in the ventral midbrain were upregulated 1-2 days after MPTP treatment and MHC II was localized in both astrocytes and microglia. MHC II null mice showed significant reductions in MPTP-induced dopaminergic neuron loss and a significantly reduced invasion of astrocytes and microglia in MHC II null mice receiving MPTP compared with controls. In addition, MHC II null mice failed to show increases in interferon-γ or tumour necrosis factor-α in the brain after MPTP treatment, as was found in wild-type mice. However, interleukin-1β was significantly increased in both wild-type and MHC II null mice. These data indicate that in addition to microglial cell/myeloid cell activation MHC Class II-mediated T cell activation is required for the full expression of pathology in this model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Martin
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Santoro
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Mustafa
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Gernot Riedel
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - John V Forrester
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
- Ocular Immunology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, the University of Western Australia, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Peter Teismann
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
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67
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Connexin43 in retinal injury and disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 51:41-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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68
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Liu Z, Guo J, Wang Y, Li K, Kang J, Wei Y, Sun Q, Xu Q, Xu C, Yan X, Tang B. Lack of association between IL-10 and IL-18 gene promoter polymorphisms and Parkinson's disease with cognitive impairment in a Chinese population. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19021. [PMID: 26830320 PMCID: PMC4735643 DOI: 10.1038/srep19021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory processes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), including the development of PD-associated cognitive impairment. Whether genetic variants of inflammatory cytokine genes influence the risk of cognitive impairment in PD is unknown. In this study, we investigated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL-10 promoter (rs1800871 and rs1800872) and in the IL-18 promoter (rs1946518 and rs187238) in a Han Chinese cohort (N = 933). PD patients (N = 460) and controls (N = 473) were genotyped. Additionally, 268 PD patients were divided into three subgroups [cognitively normal (PD-NC), mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI), and with dementia (PD-D)] on the basis of their performance on a battery of neuropsychological tests. No associations were found between the aforementioned polymorphisms and cognitive impairment in PD; thus no confirmatory evidence for the hypothesis of IL-10 and IL-18 alleles modulating the risk of cognitive impairment in Chinese PD patients was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jifeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jifeng Kang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Wei
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiying Sun
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changshui Xu
- Department of Neurology, Henan provincial people’s hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinxiang Yan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, People’s Republic of China
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Reyhani-Rad S, Mahmoudi J. Effect of adenosine A2A receptor antagonists on motor disorders induced by 6-hydroxydopamine in rat. Acta Cir Bras 2016; 31:133-7. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020160020000008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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da Silva DJ, Borges AF, Souza PO, de Souza PR, Cardoso CRDB, Dorta ML, de Oliveira MAP, Teixeira AL, Ribeiro-Dias F. Decreased Toll-Like Receptor 2 and Toll-Like Receptor 7/8-Induced Cytokines in Parkinson's Disease Patients. Neuroimmunomodulation 2016; 23:58-66. [PMID: 26886382 DOI: 10.1159/000443238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed in several immune cells including blood monocytes and resident macrophages, such as microglia in the central nervous system. TLRs recognize pathogen- or damage-associated molecular patterns, leading to the release of inflammatory and toxic molecules, which can contribute to neuroinflammation associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of this study was to compare the potential of peripheral blood cells from PD patients or healthy subjects to produce cytokines after exposure to TLR agonists, and to investigate TLR2 and TLR4 expression on monocyte subsets. METHODS Twenty-one patients and 21 healthy controls were recruited. Patients were evaluated according to the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, and Hoehn and Yahr stage. Cytokines were measured in supernatants of whole blood cultures after incubation with TLR2, TLR4, or TLR7/8 agonists, by cytometric bead array. Expression of CD14, CD16, TLR2, and TLR4 was analyzed by cytometry. RESULTS Patient blood cells produced lower levels of cytokines in response to TLR2 and also after TLR7/8/R848 activation than controls. Percentages of CD14+CD16+ or CD14+CD16- monocytes and TLR2 and TLR4 expression were similar between patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS Blood leukocyte TLR2 and TLR7/8 responses are impaired in PD. This was neither associated with imbalance in monocyte subsets nor with TLR2/TLR4 expression on these cells. The association between a decreased TLR response in periphery and damage of brain in PD must be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delson José da Silva
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Sax00FA;de Px00FA;blica, Universidade Federal de Goix00E1;s, Goix00E2;nia, Brazil
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Kim Y, Davidson JO, Gunn KC, Phillips AR, Green CR, Gunn AJ. Role of Hemichannels in CNS Inflammation and the Inflammasome Pathway. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2016; 104:1-37. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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72
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Machado V, Haas SJP, von Bohlen Und Halbach O, Wree A, Krieglstein K, Unsicker K, Spittau B. Growth/differentiation factor-15 deficiency compromises dopaminergic neuron survival and microglial response in the 6-hydroxydopamine mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 88:1-15. [PMID: 26733415 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth/differentiation factor-15 (Gdf-15) is a member of the TGF-β superfamily and a pleiotropic, widely distributed cytokine, which has been shown to play roles in various pathologies, including inflammation. Analysis of Gdf-15(-/-) mice has revealed that it serves the postnatal maintenance of spinal cord motor neurons and sensory neurons. In a previous study, exogenous Gdf-15 rescued 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesioned Gdf-15(+/+) nigrostriatal dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in vitro and in vivo. Whether endogenous Gdf-15 serves the physiological maintenance of nigrostriatal DAergic neurons in health and disease is not known and was addressed in the present study. Stereotactic injection of 6-OHDA into the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) led to a significant decline in the numbers of DAergic neurons in both Gdf-15(+/+) and Gdf-15(-/-) mice over a time-period of 14days. However, this decrease was exacerbated in the Gdf-15(-/-) mice, with only 5.5% surviving neurons as compared to 24% in the Gdf-15(+/+) mice. Furthermore, the microglial response to the 6-OHDA lesion was reduced in Gdf-15(-/-) mice, with significantly lower numbers of total and activated microglia and a differential cytokine expression as compared to the Gdf-15(+/+) mice. Using in vitro models, we could demonstrate the importance of endogenous Gdf-15 in promoting DAergic neuron survival thus highlighting its relevance in a direct neurotrophic supportive role. Taken together, these results indicate the importance of Gdf-15 in promoting survival of DAergic neurons and regulating the inflammatory response post 6-OHDA lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venissa Machado
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Stefan J-P Haas
- Department of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | | | - Andreas Wree
- Department of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Kerstin Krieglstein
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Klaus Unsicker
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Björn Spittau
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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Kim C, Ojo-Amaize E, Spencer B, Rockenstein E, Mante M, Desplats P, Wrasidlo W, Adame A, Nchekwube E, Oyemade O, Okogun J, Chan M, Cottam H, Masliah E. Hypoestoxide reduces neuroinflammation and α-synuclein accumulation in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:236. [PMID: 26683203 PMCID: PMC4683943 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0455-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deposition of α-synuclein and neuroinflammation are key pathological features of Parkinson's disease (PD). There is no cure for the disease; however, targeting the pathological features might be available to modulate the disease onset and progression. Hypoestoxide (HE) has been demonstrated as a NF-κB modulator, thereby acting as a potential anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer drug. METHODS In order to assess the effect of HE in a mouse model of PD, mThy1-α-syn transgenic mice received intraperitoneal (IP) injections of either vehicle or HE (5 mg/kg) daily for 4 weeks. RESULTS Treatment of HE decreased microgliosis, astrogliosis, and pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression in α-syn transgenic mice. HE administration also prevented the loss of dopaminergic neurons and ameliorated motor behavioral deficits in the α-syn transgenic mice, and α-synuclein pathology was significantly reduced by treatment of HE. In addition, increased levels of nuclear phosphorylated NF-κB in the frontal cortex of α-syn transgenic mice were significantly reduced by HE administration. CONCLUSIONS These results support the therapeutic potential of HE for PD and other α-synuclein-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyoun Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | | | - Brian Spencer
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Edward Rockenstein
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Michael Mante
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Paula Desplats
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Wolf Wrasidlo
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Anthony Adame
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Emeka Nchekwube
- Immune Modulation, Inc., P.O. Box 998, Bloomington, CA, 92316-0998, USA.
| | - Olusola Oyemade
- Immune Modulation, Inc., P.O. Box 998, Bloomington, CA, 92316-0998, USA.
| | - Joseph Okogun
- Immune Modulation, Inc., P.O. Box 998, Bloomington, CA, 92316-0998, USA.
| | - Michael Chan
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Howard Cottam
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,Immune Modulation, Inc., P.O. Box 998, Bloomington, CA, 92316-0998, USA.
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA. .,Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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Korczyn AD, Hassin-Baer S. Can the disease course in Parkinson's disease be slowed? BMC Med 2015; 13:295. [PMID: 26653056 PMCID: PMC4675014 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-015-0534-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD), which is needed for useful symptomatic therapy, is based on clinical criteria. However, it became quite clear in recent years that the same features can occur through different etiopathogenic mechanisms. Even a pathological diagnosis of PD, based on the demonstration of α-synuclein deposits in a typical distribution, can result from different causes and, vice versa, nigral cell loss can occur without α-synuclein deposition. DISCUSSION Thus far, attempts to influence the progression of PD have failed. However, since the clinical manifestations of PD can be the result of diverse mechanisms, a single intervention may not be able to slow the course of the disease in all patients. Indeed, targeting the underlying pathogenic processes, which differ among cases, may be more effective. PD may develop as a consequence of mitochondrial damage, which itself may result from a variety of genetic or environmental factors. Correction of the ensuing oxidative stress may theoretically be useful in these PD patients, but will not affect the progression of the disease among other PD patients in whom an identical clinical syndrome derives from defects in other pathways such as the ubiquitin-proteasome system and lysosomal dysfunction, among others. Precision medicine can now be used to identify the underlying pathogenic mechanisms in individual patients, paving the way to the development of real disease modification through a pathway-oriented approach, aimed at the underlying biologic processes of disease occurrence and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos D Korczyn
- Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv University Medical School, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Sharon Hassin-Baer
- The Movement Disorders Institute, Sagol Neuroscience Center and Department of Neurology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, 52621, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
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Pandey R, Ghorpade A. Cytosolic phospholipase A2 regulates alcohol-mediated astrocyte inflammatory responses in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Cell Death Discov 2015; 1:15045. [PMID: 27551474 PMCID: PMC4979440 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2015.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol (EtOH) abuse and HIV-1 infection remain leading public health problems not only in the United States but also across the world. Alcohol abusers have a significantly greater risk of HIV-1 infection than non-drinkers globally. In the United States, prevalence of EtOH abuse is over two-fold higher in HIV-1-positive individuals than that of the general population. Although alcohol abusers show neurodegeneration, exacerbated neuroinflammation and oxidative damage, the mechanism(s) by which EtOH regulates astrocyte inflammatory responses in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders is unknown. Thus, we explored signaling pathway(s) involved in EtOH-mediated activation of human astrocytes with HIV-1 and subsequent alterations in their inflammatory functions. Alcohol exposure altered the morphology of astrocytes, proinflammatory responses and induced cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Time-dependent changes were also evaluated. EtOH and HIV-1 cotreatment decreased cell viability and proliferation, while increasing apoptosis and mitochondrial depolarization. EtOH and HIV-1 together increased the levels of proinflammatory molecules, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, CXCL8, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 and more importantly, arachidonic acid, a known downstream target of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2). Consistent with this observation, phospho-cPLA2 levels were augmented in HIV-1 and EtOH cotreatment as compared with HIV-1 or EtOH alone. Cyclooxygenase 2 was upregulated as measured by real-time PCR and western blot, whereas cotreatment of HIV-1 and EtOH decreased cytochrome P450-2E1 levels as compared with EtOH alone. Furthermore, we confirmed that blocking cPLA2 with arachidonyl tri floro methyl ketone, a cPLA2-specific inhibitor, effectively prevented cPLA2 phosphorylation and downstream outcomes. Thus, the present findings suggest that cPLA2 has a critical role in alcohol and HIV-induced astrocyte inflammation. In the future, cPLA2 inhibitors may present novel therapeutic tools to treat alcohol abuse and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pandey
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - A Ghorpade
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, TX, USA
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Lee Y, Chun HJ, Lee KM, Jung YS, Lee J. Silibinin suppresses astroglial activation in a mouse model of acute Parkinson׳s disease by modulating the ERK and JNK signaling pathways. Brain Res 2015; 1627:233-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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77
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Dutta D, Mohanakumar KP. Tea and Parkinson's disease: Constituents of tea synergize with antiparkinsonian drugs to provide better therapeutic benefits. Neurochem Int 2015; 89:181-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Pentoxifylline Neuroprotective Effects Are Possibly Related to Its Anti-Inflammatory and TNF-Alpha Inhibitory Properties, in the 6-OHDA Model of Parkinson's Disease. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2015; 2015:108179. [PMID: 26491600 PMCID: PMC4603313 DOI: 10.1155/2015/108179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor with anti-TNF-alpha activity, associated with its anti-inflammatory action. Considering Parkinson's disease (PD) as a neuroinflammatory disorder, the objectives were to evaluate PTX neuroprotective properties, in a model of PD. Male Wistar rats, divided into sham-operated (SO), untreated 6-OHDA, and 6-OHDA treated with PTX (10, 25, and 50 mg/kg) groups, received a unilateral 6-OHDA injection, except the SO group administered with saline. Treatments started 24 h after surgery and continued for 15 days when the animals were submitted to apomorphine-induced rotations, open field, and forced swimming tests. At the next day, they were euthanized and their striata processed for neurochemical (DA and DOPAC determinations), histological, and immunohistochemical (Fluoro-Jade, TH, DAT, OX-42, TNF-alpha, COX-2, and iNOS) studies. PTX reversed the behavioral changes observed in the untreated 6-OHDA animals. Furthermore, PTX partially reversed the decrease in DA contents and improved neuronal viability. In addition, decreases in immunostaining for TH and dopamine transporter (DAT) were reversed. The untreated 6-OHDA group showed intense OX-42, TNF-alpha, COX-2, and iNOS immunoreactivities, which were attenuated by PTX. In conclusion, we demonstrated a neuroprotective effect of PTX, possibly related to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions, indicating its potential as an adjunct treatment for PD.
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Alteration in Nuclear Factor-KappaB Pathway and Functionality of Estrogen via Receptors Promote Neuroinflammation in Frontal Cortex after 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine Treatment. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13949. [PMID: 26365888 PMCID: PMC4568517 DOI: 10.1038/srep13949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The MPTP mediated neurodegeneration in substantia nigra has been well studied, but not the status of frontal cortex. The novelty of the present study is to explore the sex difference of frontal cortex during MPTP intoxication and to investigate the role of estrogen and its receptors in presence of glial cells in a time chase experiment; to identify which pathway of NF-kappaB exist to proceed the neuroinflammation; to investigate the estrogen binding with its nuclear or cytosolic receptors and whether any direct relation exists between estrogen receptor (ER) -beta and NF-kappaB molecules p65 and RelB. The progression of neurodegeneration occurred with the association of glial cells and functional (via its nuclear and cytosolic receptors) estrogen level. Both the canonical and/or non canonical pathways of NF-kappaB exist in frontal cortex of both the sexes after MPTP treatment. The homodimeric or heterodimeric form of ER-beta binds with NF-kappaB molecules p65 and RelB differently, but the canonical or non canonical pathways of NF-kappaB molecules could not be stopped or may be promoted. The changes in the molecular and cellular pattern in frontal cortex of both sexes during MPTP intoxication depends on the estrogen function via its nuclear or cytosolic estrogen receptors.
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80
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Yuste JE, Tarragon E, Campuzano CM, Ros-Bernal F. Implications of glial nitric oxide in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:322. [PMID: 26347610 PMCID: PMC4538301 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a pleiotropic janus-faced molecule synthesized by nitric oxide synthases (NOS) which plays a critical role in a number of physiological and pathological processes in humans. The physiological roles of NO depend on its local concentrations, as well as its availability and the nature of downstream target molecules. Its double-edged sword action has been linked to neurodegenerative disorders. Excessive NO production, as the evoked by inflammatory signals, has been identified as one of the major causative reasons for the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, excessive NO synthesis under neuroinflammation leads to the formation of reactive nitrogen species and neuronal cell death. There is an intimate relation between microglial activation, NO and neuroinflammation in the human brain. The role of NO in neuroinflammation has been defined in animal models where this neurotransmitter can modulate the inflammatory process acting on key regulatory pathways, such as those associated with excitotoxicity processes induced by glutamate accumulation and microglial activation. Activated glia express inducible NOS and produce NO that triggers calcium mobilization from the endoplasmic reticulum, activating the release of vesicular glutamate from astroglial cells resulting in neuronal death. This change in microglia potentially contributes to the increased age-associated susceptibility and neurodegeneration. In the current review, information is provided about the role of NO, glial activation and age-related processes in the central nervous system (CNS) that may be helpful in the isolation of new therapeutic targets for aging and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Enrique Yuste
- Neurobiotechnology Group, Departament of Medicine, Facultat de Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Jaume I Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Ernesto Tarragon
- Neurobiotechnology Group, Departament of Medicine, Facultat de Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Jaume I Castelló de la Plana, Spain ; Département des Sciences Biomédicales et Précliniques/Biochimie et Physiologie du Système Nerveux, Centre de Recherche du Cyclotron, Université de Liège Liège, Belgium
| | - Carmen María Campuzano
- Neurobiotechnology Group, Departament of Medicine, Facultat de Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Jaume I Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Francisco Ros-Bernal
- Neurobiotechnology Group, Departament of Medicine, Facultat de Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Jaume I Castelló de la Plana, Spain
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Hu Y, Deng L, Zhang J, Fang X, Mei P, Cao X, Lin J, Wei Y, Zhang X, Xu R. A Pooling Genome-Wide Association Study Combining a Pathway Analysis for Typical Sporadic Parkinson's Disease in the Han Population of Chinese Mainland. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:4302-18. [PMID: 26227905 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9331-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on sporadic Parkinson's disease (sPD) are mainly conducted in European and American populations at present, and the Han populations of Chinese mainland (HPCM) almost have not been studied yet. Here, we conducted a pooling GWAS combining a pathway analysis with 862,198 autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms of IlluminaHumanOmniZhongHua-8 in 250 sPD and 250 controls from HPCM precluded toxicant exposure, age, and heavy coffee drinking habit interference. We revealed that among the 22 potential loci implicated, PRDM2/KIAA1026 (kgp8090149), TSG1/MANEA (kgp154172), PDE10A (kgp8130520), MDGA2 (rs9323124), ATPBD4/LOC100288892 (kgp11333367), ZFP64/TSHZ2 (kgp4156164), PAQR3/ARD1B (kgp9482779), FLJ23172/FNDC3B (kgp760898), C18orf1 (kgp348599), FLJ43860/NCRNA00051 (kgp4105983), CYP1B1/C2orf58 (kgp11353523), WNT9A/LOC728728 (rs849898), ANXA1/LOC100130911 (rs10746953), FLJ35379/LOC100132423 (kgp9550589), PLEKHN1 (kgp7172368), DMRT2/SMARCA2 (kgp10769919), ZNF396/INO80C (rs1362858), C3orf67/LOC339902 (rs6783485), LOC285194/IGSF11 (rs1879553), FGF10/MRPS30 (rs13153459), BARX1/PTPDC1 (kgp6542803), and COL5 A2 (rs11186), the peak significance was at the kgp4105983 of FLJ43860 gene in chromosome 8, the first top strongest associated locus with sPD was PRDM2 (kgp8090149) in chromosome 1, and the 24 pathways including 100 significantly associated genes were strongly associated with sPD from HPCM. The 40 genes were shared by at least two pathways. The most possible associated pathways with sPD were axon guidance, ECM-receptor interaction, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, tight junction, focal adhesion, gap junction, long-term depression, drug metabolism-cytochrome P450, adherens junction, endocytosis, and protein digestion and absorption. Our results indicated that these loci, pathways, and their related genes might be involved in the pathogenesis of sPD from HPCM and provided some novel evidences for further searching the genetic pathogenesis of sPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakun Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Libing Deng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xin Fang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Puming Mei
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xuebing Cao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Union Hospital of Huazhong Technological University, Wuhan, 430006, Hubei, China
| | - Jiari Lin
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yi Wei
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
| | - Renshi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
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Rutherford NJ, Sacino AN, Brooks M, Ceballos-Diaz C, Ladd TB, Howard JK, Golde TE, Giasson BI. Studies of lipopolysaccharide effects on the induction of α-synuclein pathology by exogenous fibrils in transgenic mice. Mol Neurodegener 2015. [PMID: 26223783 PMCID: PMC4520273 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-015-0029-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is pathologically characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons from the substantia nigra, the presence of aggregated α-synuclein (αS) and evidence of neuroinflammation. Experimental studies have shown that the cerebral injection of recombinant fibrillar αS, especially in αS transgenic mouse models, can induce the formation and spread of αS inclusion pathology. However, studies reporting this phenomenon did not consider the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the injected αS, produced in E. coli, as a potential confound. The objectives of this study are to develop a method to remove the LPS contamination and investigate the differences in pathologies induced by αS containing LPS or αS highly purified of LPS. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We were able to remove >99.5% of the LPS contamination from the αS preparations through the addition of a cation exchange step during purification. The αS pathology induced by injection of fibrils produced from αS containing LPS or purified of LPS, showed a similar distribution pattern; however, there was less spread into the cortex of the mice injected with αS containing higher levels of LPS. As previously reported, injection of αS fibrils could induce astrogliosis, and αS inclusions were present within astrocytes in mice injected with fibrils comprised of αS with or without cation exchange purification. Furthermore, we identified the presence of αS pathology in ependymal cells in both groups of mice, which suggests the involvement of a novel mechanism for spread in this model of αS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Rutherford
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Room BMS J-483, PO Box 100159, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Amanda N Sacino
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Room BMS J-483, PO Box 100159, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Mieu Brooks
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Room BMS J-483, PO Box 100159, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Carolina Ceballos-Diaz
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Room BMS J-483, PO Box 100159, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Thomas B Ladd
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Room BMS J-483, PO Box 100159, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Jasie K Howard
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Room BMS J-483, PO Box 100159, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Todd E Golde
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Room BMS J-483, PO Box 100159, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Benoit I Giasson
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Room BMS J-483, PO Box 100159, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Jucaite A, Svenningsson P, Rinne JO, Cselényi Z, Varnäs K, Johnström P, Amini N, Kirjavainen A, Helin S, Minkwitz M, Kugler AR, Posener JA, Budd S, Halldin C, Varrone A, Farde L. Effect of the myeloperoxidase inhibitor AZD3241 on microglia: a PET study in Parkinson’s disease. Brain 2015; 138:2687-700. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Roy A, Mondal S, Kordower JH, Pahan K. Attenuation of microglial RANTES by NEMO-binding domain peptide inhibits the infiltration of CD8(+) T cells in the nigra of hemiparkinsonian monkey. Neuroscience 2015; 302:36-46. [PMID: 25783477 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Despite intense investigations, little is known about its pathological mediators. Here, we report the marked upregulation of RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted) and eotaxin, chemokines that are involved in T cell trafficking, in the serum of hemiparkinsonian monkeys. Interestingly, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)), a Parkinsonian toxin, increased the expression of RANTES and eotaxin in mouse microglial cells. The presence of NF-κB binding sites in promoters of RANTES and eotaxin and down-regulation of these genes by NEMO-binding domain (NBD) peptide, selective inhibitor of induced NF-κB activation, in MPP(+)-stimulated microglial cells suggest that the activation of NF-κB plays an important role in the upregulation of these two chemokines. Consistently, serum enzyme-linked immuno assay (ELISA) and nigral immunohistochemistry further confirmed that these chemokines were strongly upregulated in MPTP-induced hemiparkinsonian monkeys and that treatment with NBD peptides effectively inhibited the level of these chemokines. Furthermore, the microglial upregulation of RANTES in the nigra of hemiparkinsonian monkeys could be involved in the altered adaptive immune response in the brain as we observed greater infiltration of CD8(+) T cells around the perivascular niche and deep brain parenchyma of hemiparkinsonian monkeys as compared to control. The treatment of hemiparkinsonian monkeys with NBD peptides decreased the microglial expression of RANTES and attenuated the infiltration of CD8(+) T cells in nigra. These results indicate the possible involvement of chemokine-dependent adaptive immune response in Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Roy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - S Mondal
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - J H Kordower
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - K Pahan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States; Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 820 South Damen Avenue, Chicago, IL, United States.
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Deoxysappanone B, a homoisoflavone from the Chinese medicinal plant Caesalpinia sappan L., protects neurons from microglia-mediated inflammatory injuries via inhibition of IκB kinase (IKK)-NF-κB and p38/ERK MAPK pathways. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 748:18-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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86
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Khalil WK, Assaf N, ElShebiney SA, Salem NA. Neuroprotective effects of bee venom acupuncture therapy against rotenone-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. Neurochem Int 2015; 80:79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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87
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Moehle MS, West AB. M1 and M2 immune activation in Parkinson's Disease: Foe and ally? Neuroscience 2014; 302:59-73. [PMID: 25463515 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disorder of unknown etiology. Autopsy findings, genetics, retrospective studies, and molecular imaging all suggest a role for inflammation in the neurodegenerative process. However, relatively little is understood about the causes and implications of neuroinflammation in PD. Understanding how inflammation arises in PD, in particular the activation state of cells of the innate immune system, may provide an exciting opportunity for novel neuroprotective therapeutics. We analyze the evidence of immune system involvement in PD susceptibility, specifically in the context of M1 and M2 activation states. Tracking and modulating these activation states may provide new insights into both PD etiology and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Moehle
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.
| | - A B West
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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88
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Wakade C, Chong R. A novel treatment target for Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 2014; 347:34-8. [PMID: 25455298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesize that GPR109A message and expression are up-regulated in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). GPR109A is a high-affinity niacin receptor. Niacin is a precursor for NAD-NADH which is needed for dopamine production. Thus, niacin supplementation may serve three purposes: reduce inflammation through GPR109A-related mechanisms, increase dopamine synthesis in the striatum through NADPH supply and increase NAD/NADH ratio to boost mitochondrial functions. GPR109A and its agonists are known to exert anti-inflammatory actions in the skin, gut and retina. However these roles are neither anticipated nor established in the CNS. For the first time here we propose the roles of GPR109A and its agonists including niacin in CNS pathology. Moreover we predict that the neuroprotective roles of either niacin or butyrates in CNS occur via GPR109A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandramohan Wakade
- Department of Physical Therapy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.
| | - Raymond Chong
- Department of Physical Therapy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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89
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Siebert JR, Conta Steencken A, Osterhout DJ. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in the nervous system: inhibitors to repair. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:845323. [PMID: 25309928 PMCID: PMC4182688 DOI: 10.1155/2014/845323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are widely expressed in the normal central nervous system, serving as guidance cues during development and modulating synaptic connections in the adult. With injury or disease, an increase in CSPG expression is commonly observed close to lesioned areas. However, these CSPG deposits form a substantial barrier to regeneration and are largely responsible for the inability to repair damage in the brain and spinal cord. This review discusses the role of CSPGs as inhibitors, the role of inflammation in stimulating CSPG expression near site of injury, and therapeutic strategies for overcoming the inhibitory effects of CSPGs and creating an environment conducive to nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R. Siebert
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine at Seton Hill, 20 Seton Hill Drive, Greensburg, PA 15601, USA
| | - Amanda Conta Steencken
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Donna J. Osterhout
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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90
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Wong F, Rayner-Hartley E, Byrne MF. Extraintestinal manifestations of Helicobacter pylori: A concise review. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:11950-11961. [PMID: 25232230 PMCID: PMC4161781 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i34.11950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection has been clearly linked to peptic ulcer disease and some gastrointestinal malignancies. Increasing evidence demonstrates possible associations to disease states in other organ systems, known as the extraintestinal manifestations of H. pylori. Different conditions associated with H. pylori infection include those from hematologic, cardiopulmonary, metabolic, neurologic, and dermatologic systems. The aim of this article is to provide a concise review of the evidence that supports or refutes the associations of H. pylori and its proposed extraintestinal manifestations. Based on data from the literature, PUD, mucosal associated lymphoid tumors lymphoma, and gastric adenocarcinoma has well-established links. Current evidence most supports extraintestinal manifestations with H. pylori in immune thrombocytopenic purpura, iron deficiency anemia, urticaria, Parkinson’s, migraines and rosacea; however, there is still plausible link with other diseases that requires further research.
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91
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Pyo JH, Jeong YK, Yeo S, Lee JH, Jeong MY, Kim SH, Choi YG, Lim S. Neuroprotective effect of trans-cinnamaldehyde on the 6-hydroxydopamine-induced dopaminergic injury. Biol Pharm Bull 2014; 36:1928-35. [PMID: 24292051 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b13-00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of trans-cinnamaldehyde (TCA) were investigated on the inflammatory cells and the dopaminergic degeneration in mice. TCA inhibited the up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory BV2 microglial cells. To investigate the TCA efficacy on the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced dopaminergic degeneration in mice, an intracerebroventricular injection of 6-OHDA was given to the mice, and TCA (30 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered. At 7 d after the 6-OHDA injection, 6-OHDA led to a severe loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive dopaminergic neurons in the striatum and substantia nigra (SN). On the other hand, TCA dramatically maintained the number of TH-positive dopaminergic neurons in the striatum and SN regions of the 6-OHDA-treated mice, which indicates that TCA is able to inhibit the 6-OHDA-induced reduction of TH expression in the dopaminergic neurons in the striatum and SN regions. TCA also inhibited the induction of iNOS and COX-2 in the 6-OHDA model, similarly as shown in the LPS-induced inflammatory BV2 microglial cells. These results indicate that TCA has a neuroprotective effect on dopaminergic neurons and that this effect may be associated with the inhibition of inflammatory responses. These findings suggest that TCA may be a therapeutic candidate for the prevention of inflammation-mediated neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hi Pyo
- Department of Applied Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University
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92
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Damage of neuroblastoma cell SH-SY5Y mediated by MPP+ inhibits proliferation of T-cell leukemia Jurkat by co-culture system. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:10738-50. [PMID: 24933638 PMCID: PMC4100177 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150610738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune system has implications in pathology of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Research data demonstrated that the peripheral CD4+ T-cell population decreased in pathogenesis of PD. The effect of damaged dopaminergic neurons on peripheral T cells of PD is still unknown. In this study, we constructed a neuronal and glial cells co-culture model by using human neuroblastoma cells SH-SY5Y and gliomas cells U87. After the co-culture cells were treated with neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) for 24 h, the conditioned media was harvested and used to cultivate T-cell leukemia Jurkat cells for another 24 h. We then analyzed the cell proliferation, cell cycle and necrosis effect of Jurkat cells. The results showed that co-culture medium of SH-SY5Y and U87 cells with MPP+ treatment inhibited the proliferation of Jurkat cells compared to control medium without MPP+, even though the same concentration of MPP+ had very little toxicity to the Jurkat cell. Furthermore, co-culture medium with low concentration of MPP+ (100 µM) arrested Jurkat cells cycle in G2/M phase through increasing cell cycle division 2 (CDC2) and CyclinB1 expression level, whereas co-culture medium with high concentration of MPP+ (500 µM) induced Jurkat cell necrosis through cellular swelling and membrane breakage. Our data implies that damaged dopamine neurons with glial cells can lead to the reduced number or inhibited proliferation activity of peripheral T cells.
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93
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Pan-Montojo F, Reichmann H. Considerations on the role of environmental toxins in idiopathic Parkinson's disease pathophysiology. Transl Neurodegener 2014; 3:10. [PMID: 24826210 PMCID: PMC4019355 DOI: 10.1186/2047-9158-3-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by a progressive dysfunction of the nervous system. Often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous structures, they include diseases such as Parkinson’s Disease (PD), Alzheimer’s Disease and other dementias, Genetic Brain Disorders, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig’s Disease), Huntington’s Disease, Prion Diseases, and others. The prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases has increased over the last years. This has had a major impact both on patients and their families and has exponentially increased the medical bill by hundreds of billions of Euros. Therefore, understanding the role of environmental and genetic factors in the pathogenesis of PD is crucial to develop preventive strategies. While some authors believe that PD is mainly genetic and that the aging of the society is the principal cause for this increase, different studies suggest that PD may be due to an increased exposure to environmental toxins. In this article we review epidemiological, sociological and experimental studies to determine which hypothesis is more plausible. Our conclusion is that, at least in idiopathic PD (iPD), the exposure to toxic environmental substances could play an important role in its aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Pan-Montojo
- Neurologische Klinik, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany ; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Adolf-Butenandt-Institut Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Heinz Reichmann
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, TU-Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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94
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Beta2-microglobulin as a diagnostic marker in cerebrospinal fluid: a follow-up study. DISEASE MARKERS 2014; 2014:495402. [PMID: 24895473 PMCID: PMC4034398 DOI: 10.1155/2014/495402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Beta2-Microglobulin (β2-m) is a low molecular weight protein occurring in all body fluids. Its concentration increases in various pathologies. Increased values in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are ascribed to an activation of immune system. Using immunoturbidimetry, we examined concentrations of beta2-microglobulin in cerebrospinal fluid in a large group of 6274 patients with defined neurological diseases. Cell counts, total protein, albumin, glucose, lactic acid, immunoglobulins concentrations, and isofocusing (IEF) were also evaluated. We found substantial changes of CSF β2-m concentrations in purulent meningitis, leptomeningeal metastasis, viral meningitis/encephalitis, and neuroborreliosis, while in multiple sclerosis these changes were not significant. Intrathecal synthesis and immune activation were present in these clinical entities. A new normative study enables better understanding of beta2-microglobulin behavior in CSF.
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95
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Dorszewska J, Prendecki M, Lianeri M, Kozubski W. Molecular Effects of L-dopa Therapy in Parkinson's Disease. Curr Genomics 2014; 15:11-7. [PMID: 24653659 PMCID: PMC3958954 DOI: 10.2174/1389202914666131210213042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurological diseases in elderly people. The mean age of onset is 55 years of age, and the risk for developing PD increases 5-fold by the age of 70. In PD, there is impairment in both motor and nonmotor (NMS) functions. The strategy of PD motor dysfunction treatment is simple and generally based on the enhancement of dopaminergic transmission by means of the L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa) and dopamine (DA) agonists. L-dopa was discovered in the early -60's of the last century by Hornykiewicz and used for the treatment of patients with PD. L-dopa treatment in PD is related to decreased levels of the neurotransmitter (DA) in striatum and ab-sence of DA transporters on the nerve terminals in the brain. L-dopa may also indirectly stimulate the receptors of the D1 and D2 families. Administration of L-dopa to PD patients, especially long-time therapy, may cause side effects in the form of increased toxicity and inflammatory response, as well as disturbances in biothiols metabolism. Therefore, in PD pa-tients treated with L-dopa, monitoring of oxidative stress markers (8-oxo-2’-deoxyguanosine, apoptotic proteins) and in-flammatory factors (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, soluble intracellular adhesion molecule), as well as biothiol com-pounds (homocysteine, cysteine, glutathione) is recommended. Administration of vitamins B6, B12, and folates along with an effective therapy with antioxidants and/or anti-inflammatory drugs at an early stage of PD might contribute to improvement in the quality of the life of patients with PD and to slowing down or stopping the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wojciech Kozubski
- Chair and Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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96
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Zhang J, O'Carroll SJ, Henare K, Ching LM, Ormonde S, Nicholson LFB, Danesh-Meyer HV, Green CR. Connexin hemichannel induced vascular leak suggests a new paradigm for cancer therapy. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:1365-71. [PMID: 24548560 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
It is 40 years since cancer growth was correlated with neovascularisation. Anti-angiogenic drugs remain at the forefront of cancer investigations but progress has been disappointing and unexpected toxicities are emerging. Gap junction channels are implicated in lesion spread following injury, with channel blockers shown to improve healing; in particular preventing vascular disruption and/or restoring vascular integrity. Here we briefly review connexin roles in vascular leak and endothelial cell death that occurs following acute wounds and during chronic disease, and how connexin channel regulation has been used to ameliorate vascular disruption. We then review chronic inflammatory disorders and trauma in the eye, concluding that vascular disruption under these conditions mimics that seen in tumours, and can be prevented with connexin hemichannel modulation. We apply this knowledge to tumour vessel biology, proposing that contrary to current opinion, these data suggest a need to protect, maintain and/or restore cancer vasculature. This may lead to reduced tumour hypoxia, promote the survival of normal cells, and enable improved therapeutic delivery or more effective radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Simon J O'Carroll
- Department of Anatomy and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kimiora Henare
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lai-Ming Ching
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Susan Ormonde
- Department of Ophthalmology and New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Louise F B Nicholson
- Department of Anatomy and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Helen V Danesh-Meyer
- Department of Ophthalmology and New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Colin R Green
- Department of Ophthalmology and New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
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97
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Ahn EH, Kim DW, Shin MJ, Kim HR, Kim SM, Woo SJ, Eom SA, Jo HS, Kim DS, Cho SW, Park J, Eum WS, Choi SY. PEP-1-PEA-15 protects against toxin-induced neuronal damage in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:1686-700. [PMID: 24412329 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PEA-15 is abundantly expressed in both neurons and astrocytes throughout the brain. It is a multifunctional protein with the ability to increase cell survival via anti-apoptotic and anti-proliferative properties. However, the function of PEA-15 in neuronal diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD) remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of PEA-15 on neuronal damage induced by MPP(+) in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y and BV2 microglia cells and in a MPTP-induced PD mouse model using cell-permeable PEP-1-PEA-15. METHODS PEP-1-PEA-15 was purified using affinity chromatography. Cell viability and DNA fragmentation were examined by MTT assay and TUNEL staining. Dopaminergic neuronal cell death in the animal model was examined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS PEP-1-PEA-15 transduced into the SH-SY5Y and BV2 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Transduced PEP-1-PEA-15 protected against MPP(+)-induced toxicity by inhibiting intracellular ROS levels and DNA fragmentation. Further, it enhanced the expression levels of Bcl-2 and caspase-3 while reducing the expression levels of Bax and cleaved caspase-3. We found that PEP-1-PEA-15 transduced into the substantia nigra and prevented dopaminergic neuronal cell death in a MPTP-induced PD mouse. Also, we showed the neuroprotective effects in the model by demonstrating that treatment with PEP-1-PEA-15 ameliorated MPTP-induced behavioral dysfunctions and increased dopamine levels in the striatum. CONCLUSIONS PEP-1-PEA-15 can efficiently transduce into cells and protects against neurotoxin-induced neuronal cell death in vitro and in vivo. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These results demonstrate the potential for PEP-1-PEA-15 to provide a new strategy for protein therapy treatment of a variety of neurodegenerative diseases including PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Hee Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Kangnung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 210-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jea Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ri Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, Republic of Korea
| | - So Mi Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jung Woo
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Ae Eom
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Sang Jo
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Duk-Soo Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-Si 330-090, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinseu Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sik Eum
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, Republic of Korea.
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98
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Naegele M, Martin R. The good and the bad of neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2014; 122:59-87. [PMID: 24507513 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52001-2.00003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common inflammatory, demyelinating, neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). It is widely considered a T-cell mediated autoimmune disease that develops in genetically susceptible individuals, possibly under the influence of certain environmental trigger factors. The invasion of autoreactive CD4+ T-cells into the CNS is thought to be a central step that initiates the disease. Several other cell types, including CD8+ T-cells, B-cells and phagocytes appear to be involved in causing inflammation and eventually neurodegeneration. But inflammation is not entirely deleterious in MS. Evidence has accumulated in the recent years that show the importance of regulatory immune mechanisms which restrain tissue damage and initiate regeneration. More insight into the beneficial aspects of neuroinflammation might allow us to develop new treatment strategies for this enigmatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Naegele
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Clinical Multiple Sclerosis Research, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roland Martin
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research, Neurology Clinic, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
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99
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Kanda T, Uchida SI. Clinical/Pharmacological Aspect of Adenosine A2A Receptor Antagonist for Dyskinesia. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 119:127-50. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801022-8.00006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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100
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Abo-Grisha N, Essawy S, Abo-Elmatty DM, Abdel-Hady Z. Effects of intravenous human umbilical cord blood CD34+ stem cell therapy versus levodopa in experimentally induced Parkinsonism in mice. Arch Med Sci 2013; 9:1138-51. [PMID: 24482663 PMCID: PMC3902714 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2013.39237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parkinsonism is a neurodegenerative disease with impaired motor function. The current research was directed to investigate the effect of CD34+ stem cells versus levodopa in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinsonism. MATERIAL AND METHODS Mice were divided into 4 groups; saline-injected, MPTP: received four MPTP injections (20 mg/kg, i.p.) at 2 h intervals, MPTP groups treated with levodopa/carbidopa (100/10 mg/kg/twice/day for 28 days) or single intravenous injection of 10(6) CD34+ stem cells/mouse at day 7 and allowed to survive until the end of week 5. RESULTS Levodopa and stem cells improved MPTP-induced motor deficits; they abolished the difference in stride length, decreased percentage of foot slip errors and increased ambulation, activity factor and mobility duration in parkinsonian mice (p < 0.05). Further, they significantly (p < 0.05) increased striatal dopamine (85.3 ±4.3 and 110.6 ±5.3) and ATP levels (10.6 ±1.1 and 15.5 ±1.14) compared to MPTP (60.1 ±3.9 pmol/g and 3.6 ±0.09 mmol/g, respectively) (p < 0.05). Moreover, mitochondrial DNA from mice treated with levodopa or stem cells was in intact form; average concentration was (52.8 ±3.01 and 107.8 ±8.6) and no appreciable fragmentation of nuclear DNA was found compared to MPTP group. Regarding tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunostaining, stem cell group showed a marked increase of percentage of TH-immunopositive neurons (63.55 ±5.2) compared to both MPTP (37.6 ±3.1) and levodopa groups (41.6 ±3.5). CONCLUSIONS CD34+ cells ameliorated motor, biochemical and histological deficits in MPTP-parkinsonian mice, these effects were superior to those produced by levodopa that would be promising for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Abo-Grisha
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Suez, Egypt
| | - Soha Essawy
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Suez, Egypt
| | - Dina M. Abo-Elmatty
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Suez, Egypt
| | - Zenab Abdel-Hady
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Suez, Egypt
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