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Pritchard C, Silk A. Patient’s occupation, electric & head trauma in a cohort of 88 multiple system atrophy patients compared with the general population: a hypothesis stimulating pilot study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.15406/jnsk.2018.08.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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52
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Liu FC, Lin HT, Kuo CF, Hsieh MY, See LC, Yu HP. Familial aggregation of Parkinson's disease and coaggregation with neuropsychiatric diseases: a population-based cohort study. Clin Epidemiol 2018; 10:631-641. [PMID: 29881310 PMCID: PMC5985793 DOI: 10.2147/clep.s164330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Individuals with a family history of Parkinson's disease (PD) appear to have a higher risk of developing PD and other neuropsychiatric diseases. However, estimates of the relative risks (RRs) of PD and the roles of genetic and environmental factors in PD susceptibility are unclear. The aim of this study was to examine familial aggregation and genetic contributions to PD and the RRs of other neuropsychiatric diseases in relatives of PD patients. Methods In this population-based family cohort study, the records of all individuals actively registered in the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database in 2015 were queried (N=24,349,599). In total, 149,187 individuals with a PD-affected parent, 3,698 with an affected offspring, 3,495 with an affected sibling, and 15 with an affected twin were identified. Diagnoses of PD were ascertained between January 1, 1999, and December 31, 2015. The prevalence and RRs of PD and other neuropsychiatric diseases in individuals with first-degree relatives with PD, as well as the contributions of heritability and environmental factors to PD susceptibility were investigated. Results The prevalence of PD was 0.46% in the general population and 0.52% in individuals with first-degree relatives with PD. The RR (95% CI) for PD was 2.20 (1.41-3.45) for siblings, 1.59 (1.47-1.73) for parents, 1.86 (1.63-2.11) for offspring, 63.12 (16.45-242.16) for twins, and 1.46 (1.41-1.52) for spouses. The RR (95% CI) in individuals with first-degree relatives with PD was 1.66 (1.57-1.76) for essential tremor, 1.68 (1.61-1.75) for schizophrenia, and 1.20 (1.12-1.28) for Alzheimer's disease. The estimated contribution to the phenotypic variance of PD was 11.0% for heritability, 9.1% for shared environmental factors, and 79.9% for non-shared environmental factors. Conclusion First-degree relatives of PD patients are more likely to develop PD and other neuropsychiatric diseases. Environmental factors account for a high proportion of the phenotypic variance of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Chao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Tang Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Fu Kuo
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Office for Big Data Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yun Hsieh
- Office for Big Data Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Lai-Chu See
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Biostatistics Core Laboratory, Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Xiamen Changgung Hospital, Xiamen, China
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53
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Simmons AD. Parkinson’s Disease. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35868-2.00015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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54
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Jiang P, Dickson DW. Parkinson's disease: experimental models and reality. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 135:13-32. [PMID: 29151169 PMCID: PMC5828522 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1788-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive movement disorder of adults and the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease. Neuropathologic diagnosis of PD requires moderate-to-marked neuronal loss in the ventrolateral substantia nigra pars compacta and α-synuclein (αS) Lewy body pathology. Nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration correlates with the Parkinsonian motor features, but involvement of other peripheral and central nervous system regions leads to a wide range of non-motor features. Nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration is shared with other parkinsonian disorders, including some genetic forms of parkinsonism, but many of these disorders do not have Lewy bodies. An ideal animal model for PD, therefore, should exhibit age-dependent and progressive dopaminergic neurodegeneration, motor dysfunction, and abnormal αS pathology. Rodent models of PD using genetic or toxin based strategies have been widely used in the past several decades to investigate the pathogenesis and therapeutics of PD, but few recapitulate all the major clinical and pathologic features of PD. It is likely that new strategies or better understanding of fundamental disease processes may facilitate development of better animal models. In this review, we highlight progress in generating rodent models of PD based on impairments of four major cellular functions: mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, autophagy-lysosomal metabolism, ubiquitin-proteasome protein degradation, and endoplasmic reticulum stress/unfolded protein response. We attempt to evaluate how impairment of these major cellular systems contribute to PD and how they can be exploited in rodent models. In addition, we review recent cell biological studies suggesting a link between αS aggregation and impairment of nuclear membrane integrity, as observed during cellular models of apoptosis. We also briefly discuss the role of incompetent phagocytic clearance and how this may be a factor to consider in developing new rodent models of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhou Jiang
- Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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55
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Chen H, Ritz B. The Search for Environmental Causes of Parkinson's Disease: Moving Forward. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2018; 8:S9-S17. [PMID: 30584168 PMCID: PMC6311360 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-181493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is widely believed that environmental exposures contribute to the vast majority of late-onset sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD), alone or via interactions with genetic factors. The search for environmental causes of PD has however been hampered by lack of understanding the prodromal phase of PD development and the difficulties in exposure assessment during this prolonged period. On the other hand, the existence of this prodromal period, along with an increasingly better understanding of PD prodromal symptoms, provides an exciting opportunity to identify environmental factors that initiate PD pathogenesis and/or modify its progression. For prevention efforts, this prodromal stage is of a major interest. Targeting factors that enter the body via the nose or gut has become even more important since the discovery of α-synuclein aggregates in the enteric and olfactory nervous systems. In this paper, we speculate about novel research hypotheses and approaches that may help us better define the role of environment in PD etiology, especially during its extended and complex prodromal phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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56
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Liu M, Shin EJ, Dang DK, Jin CH, Lee PH, Jeong JH, Park SJ, Kim YS, Xing B, Xin T, Bing G, Kim HC. Trichloroethylene and Parkinson's Disease: Risk Assessment. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:6201-6214. [PMID: 29270919 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0830-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the mechanism of action and extent of selective dopaminergic neurodegeneration caused by exposure to trichloroethylene (TCE) leading to the endogenous formation of the neurotoxin 1-trichloromethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline (TaClo) in rodents. Beginning at 3 months of age, male C57BL/6 mice received oral TCE dissolved in vehicle for 8 months. Dopaminergic neuronal loss was assessed by nigral tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity. Selective dopaminergic neurodegeneration was determined based on histological analysis of non-dopaminergic neurons in the brain. Behavioral assays were evaluated using open field activity and rotarod tests. Mitochondrial complex I activity, oxidative stress markers, and microglial activation were also examined in the substantia nigra. The level of TaClo was detected using HPLC-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Dopaminergic neurotoxicity of TaClo was determined in midbrain organotypic cultures from rat pups. Following 8 months of TCE treatment, there was a progressive and selective loss of 50% of the dopaminergic neurons in mouse substantia nigra (SN) and about 50% loss of dopamine and 72% loss of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in the striatum, respectively. In addition, motor deficits, mitochondrial impairment, oxidative stress, and inflammation were measured. TaClo content was quantified in the brain after TCE treatment. In organotypic cultures, TaClo rather than TCE induced dopaminergic neuronal loss, similar to MPP+. TCE exposure may stimulate the endogenous formation of TaClo, which is responsible for dopaminergic neurodegeneration. However, even prolonged administration of TCE was insufficient for producing a greater than 50% loss of nigral dopamine neurons, indicating that additional co-morbid factors would be needed for mimicking the profound loss of dopamine neurons seen in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Duy-Khanh Dang
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun-Hui Jin
- Department of Geriatrics, Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214151, China
| | - Phil Ho Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Catalytic Organic Reactions, Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Joo Park
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, 14066, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Sun Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, 14066, Republic of Korea
| | - Bin Xing
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Tao Xin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoying Bing
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Yang Y, Higgins SA, Yan J, Şimşir B, Chourey K, Iyer R, Hettich RL, Baldwin B, Ogles DM, Löffler FE. Grape pomace compost harbors organohalide-respiring Dehalogenimonas species with novel reductive dehalogenase genes. ISME JOURNAL 2017; 11:2767-2780. [PMID: 28809851 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2017.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Organohalide-respiring bacteria have key roles in the natural chlorine cycle; however, most of the current knowledge is based on cultures from contaminated environments. We demonstrate that grape pomace compost without prior exposure to chlorinated solvents harbors a Dehalogenimonas (Dhgm) species capable of using chlorinated ethenes, including the human carcinogen and common groundwater pollutant vinyl chloride (VC) as electron acceptors. Grape pomace microcosms and derived solid-free enrichment cultures were able to dechlorinate trichloroethene (TCE) to less chlorinated daughter products including ethene. 16S rRNA gene amplicon and qPCR analyses revealed a predominance of Dhgm sequences, but Dehalococcoides mccartyi (Dhc) biomarker genes were not detected. The enumeration of Dhgm 16S rRNA genes demonstrated VC-dependent growth, and 6.55±0.64 × 108 cells were measured per μmole of chloride released. Metagenome sequencing enabled the assembly of a Dhgm draft genome, and 52 putative reductive dehalogenase (RDase) genes were identified. Proteomic workflows identified a putative VC RDase with 49 and 56.1% amino acid similarity to the known VC RDases VcrA and BvcA, respectively. A survey of 1,173 groundwater samples collected from 111 chlorinated solvent-contaminated sites in the United States and Australia revealed that Dhgm 16S rRNA genes were frequently detected and outnumbered Dhc in 65% of the samples. Dhgm are likely greater contributors to reductive dechlorination of chlorinated solvents in contaminated aquifers than is currently recognized, and non-polluted environments represent sources of organohalide-respiring bacteria with novel RDase genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.,Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.,Joint Institute for Biological Sciences (JIBS), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Steven A Higgins
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.,Joint Institute for Biological Sciences (JIBS), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.,Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Jun Yan
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.,Joint Institute for Biological Sciences (JIBS), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.,Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.,Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Burcu Şimşir
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Karuna Chourey
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Ramsunder Iyer
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.,Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Robert L Hettich
- Joint Institute for Biological Sciences (JIBS), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.,Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.,Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | | | | | - Frank E Löffler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.,Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.,Joint Institute for Biological Sciences (JIBS), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.,Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.,Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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58
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1-Trichloromethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline (TaClo) Alters Cell Cycle Progression in Human Neuroblastoma Cell Lines. Neurotox Res 2017; 32:649-660. [PMID: 28721631 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9782-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
1-Trichloromethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline, abbreviated as TaClo, is an endogenous neurotoxin capable of formation in the brain through the condensation of neuronal tryptamine with ingested exogenous toxins such as trichloroethylene or chloral hydrate. Due to its structural resemblance to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), and similar ability to inhibit mitochondrial complex I, TaClo has been implicated in the etiology of Parkinson's disease. Previous studies have shown the cytotoxicity of TaClo in various cell culture models. In this study, we were interested in identifying the early molecular events within the cell upon exposure to TaClo, a potent mitochondrial toxin. We found increased phosphorylation of 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), induction of autophagy, and a dependence on glycolysis as some of the downstream events to TaClo treatment. Furthermore, TaClo-treated cells undergo accelerated late proliferation but form daughter cells containing fewer neurites, leading to their eventual apoptosis. We also found that TaClo inhibits neuronal prostaglandin E2 synthesis which may play an important role in synaptic plasticity. These results show that TaClo-mediated inhibition of mitochondrial complex I have multiple effects on cellular physiology which are in line with other mitochondrial effectors of Parkinson's disease.
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59
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Maulik M, Mitra S, Bult-Ito A, Taylor BE, Vayndorf EM. Behavioral Phenotyping and Pathological Indicators of Parkinson's Disease in C. elegans Models. Front Genet 2017; 8:77. [PMID: 28659967 PMCID: PMC5468440 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with symptoms that progressively worsen with age. Pathologically, PD is characterized by the aggregation of α-synuclein in cells of the substantia nigra in the brain and loss of dopaminergic neurons. This pathology is associated with impaired movement and reduced cognitive function. The etiology of PD can be attributed to a combination of environmental and genetic factors. A popular animal model, the nematode roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, has been frequently used to study the role of genetic and environmental factors in the molecular pathology and behavioral phenotypes associated with PD. The current review summarizes cellular markers and behavioral phenotypes in transgenic and toxin-induced PD models of C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malabika Maulik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanks, AK, United States
| | - Swarup Mitra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanks, AK, United States
| | - Abel Bult-Ito
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanks, AK, United States
| | - Barbara E Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long BeachLong Beach, CA, United States
| | - Elena M Vayndorf
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanks, AK, United States
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60
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Montalvo AM, Tse-Dinh YC, Liu Y, Swartzon M, Hechtman KS, Myer GD. Precision Sports Medicine: The Future of Advancing Health and Performance in Youth and Beyond. Strength Cond J 2017. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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61
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Hartman JH, Miller GP, Meyer JN. Toxicological Implications of Mitochondrial Localization of CYP2E1. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:273-289. [PMID: 28989700 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00020k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) metabolizes an extensive array of pollutants, drugs, and other small molecules, often resulting in bioactivation to reactive metabolites. Therefore, it is unsurprising that it has been the subject of decades of research publications and reviews. However, while CYP2E1 has historically been studied in the endoplasmic reticulum (erCYP2E1), active CYP2E1 is also present in mitochondria (mtCYP2E1). Relatively few studies have specifically focused on mtCYP2E1, but there is growing interest in this form of the enzyme as a driver in toxicological mechanisms given its activity and location. Many previous studies have linked total CYP2E1 to conditions that involve mitochondrial dysfunction (fasting, diabetes, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and obesity). Furthermore, a large number of reactive metabolites that are formed by CYP2E1 through metabolism of drugs and pollutants have been demonstrated to cause mitochondrial dysfunction. Finally, there appears to be significant inter-individual variability in targeting to the mitochondria, which could constitute a source of variability in individual response to exposures. This review discusses those outcomes, the biochemical properties and toxicological consequences of mtCYP2E1, and highlights important knowledge gaps and future directions. Overall, we feel that this exciting area of research is rich with new and important questions about the relationship between mtCYP2E1, mitochondrial dysfunction, and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grover P Miller
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Joel N Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC
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62
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Reis J, Benbrick E, Bonneterre V, Spencer P. Parkinson's disease and solvents: Is there a causal link? Rev Neurol (Paris) 2016; 172:761-765. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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63
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Ascherio A, Schwarzschild MA. The epidemiology of Parkinson's disease: risk factors and prevention. Lancet Neurol 2016; 15:1257-1272. [PMID: 27751556 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(16)30230-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1072] [Impact Index Per Article: 134.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since 2006, several longitudinal studies have assessed environmental or behavioural factors that seem to modify the risk of developing Parkinson's disease. Increased risk of Parkinson's disease has been associated with exposure to pesticides, consumption of dairy products, history of melanoma, and traumatic brain injury, whereas a reduced risk has been reported in association with smoking, caffeine consumption, higher serum urate concentrations, physical activity, and use of ibuprofen and other common medications. Randomised trials are investigating the possibility that some of the negative risk factors might be neuroprotective and thus beneficial in individuals with early Parkinson's disease, particularly with respect to smoking (nicotine), caffeine, and urate. In the future, it might be possible to identify Parkinson's disease in its prodromal phase and to promote neuroprotective interventions before the onset of motor symptoms. At this time, however, the only intervention that seems justifiable for the primary prevention of Parkinson's disease is the promotion of physical activity, which is likely to be beneficial for the prevention of several chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ascherio
- Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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64
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Preconception Care: A New Standard of Care within Maternal Health Services. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:6150976. [PMID: 27314031 PMCID: PMC4903143 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6150976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Emerging research suggests that much pediatric affliction has origins in the vulnerable phase of fetal development. Prenatal factors including deficiency of various nutrients and exposure to assorted toxicants are major etiological determinants of myriad obstetrical complications, pediatric chronic diseases, and perhaps some genetic mutations. With recent recognition that modifiable environmental determinants, rather than genetic predestination, are the etiological source of most chronic illness, modification of environmental factors prior to conception offers the possibility of precluding various mental and physical health conditions. Environmental and lifestyle modification through informed patient choice is possible but evidence confirms that, with little to no training in clinical nutrition, toxicology, or environmental exposures, most clinicians are ill-equipped to counsel patients about this important area. With the totality of available scientific evidence that now exists on the potential to modify disease-causing gestational determinants, failure to take necessary precautionary action may render members of the medical community collectively and individually culpable for preventable illness in children. We advocate for environmental health education of maternity health professionals and the widespread adoption and implementation of preconception care. This will necessitate the translation of emerging knowledge from recent research literature, to health professionals, to reproductive-aged women, and to society at large.
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65
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Min YS, Ahn YS. Central nervous system diseases of organic solvents exposed workers based on nationwide medical surveillance-data in Korea. Am J Ind Med 2016; 59:392-8. [PMID: 26909673 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New light is being shed on the relationship between chronic neurotoxicity of the central nervous system (CNS) and exposure to low-level organic solvents (OS). However, there are few longitudinal studies with a large sample size. METHODS A cohort of OS-exposed male workers was selected who had undergone an OS-associated specialized medical check-up at least once between 2000 and 2004 in Korea. The standardized admission ratios (SAR) for CNS diseases were calculated with reference to the Korean adult male population. Adjusted relative risks (ARR) were also estimated in comparison to noise-exposed male workers. RESULTS There were 238,574 OS-exposed workers, yielding 954,772 person-years of exposure. OS-exposed workers were at elevated risk of "other extrapyramidal and movement disorders" (G25) with a SAR = 2.95 (95% CI: 1.41-5.42) and "systemic atrophies primarily affecting the CNS" (G10-G13) SAR = 2.08 (95% CI: 1.03-3.74). There were no significant differences between the OS-exposed workers and noise-exposed workers. CONCLUSIONS A limited number of CNS diseases identified through hospital admissions data and short observation periods reduced statistical power to determine effect size. OS exposure was positively associated with "other extrapyramidal and movement disorder and systemic atrophies primarily affecting the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Sun Min
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital; Gyeongju-si South Korea
| | - Yeon-Soon Ahn
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital; Goyang-si South Korea
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66
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Beghdadli B, Ghomari O, Hamimed M, Azza A, Edjekouane I, Ider M, Baraka F, Abdi L, Taleb A, Benabadji S, Kandouci B. Maladie de Parkinson et facteurs de risque professionnels et environnementaux : enquête cas-témoins dans l’ouest algérien. ARCH MAL PROF ENVIRO 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.admp.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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67
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Genetic Profile, Environmental Exposure, and Their Interaction in Parkinson's Disease. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 2016:6465793. [PMID: 26942037 PMCID: PMC4752982 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6465793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of causative mutations for Parkinson's disease (PD) as well as their functional characterization in cellular and animal models has provided crucial insight into the pathogenesis of this disorder. Today, we know that PD pathogenesis involves multiple related processes including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative and nitrative stress, microglial activation and inflammation, and aggregation of α-synuclein and impaired autophagy. However, with the exception of a few families with Mendelian inheritance, the cause of PD in most individuals is yet unknown and the identified genetic susceptibility factors have only small effect size. Epidemiologic studies have found increased risk of PD associated with exposure to environmental toxicants such as pesticides, organic solvents, metals, and air pollutants, while reduced risk of PD associated with smoking cigarettes and coffee consumption. The role of environmental exposure, as well as the contribution of single genetic risk factors, is still controversial. In most of PD cases, disease onset is probably triggered by a complex interplay of many genetic and nongenetic factors, each of which conveys a minor increase in the risk of disease. This review summarizes the current knowledge on causal mutation for PD, susceptibility factors increasing disease risk, and the genetic factors that modify the impact of environmental exposure.
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Elbaz A, Carcaillon L, Kab S, Moisan F. Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2016; 172:14-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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69
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Yan J, Şimşir B, Farmer AT, Bi M, Yang Y, Campagna SR, Löffler FE. The corrinoid cofactor of reductive dehalogenases affects dechlorination rates and extents in organohalide-respiring Dehalococcoides mccartyi. ISME JOURNAL 2015; 10:1092-101. [PMID: 26555247 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2015.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Corrinoid auxotrophic organohalide-respiring Dehalococcoides mccartyi (Dhc) strains are keystone bacteria for reductive dechlorination of toxic and carcinogenic chloroorganic contaminants. We demonstrate that the lower base attached to the essential corrinoid cofactor of reductive dehalogenase (RDase) enzyme systems modulates dechlorination activity and affects the vinyl chloride (VC) RDases BvcA and VcrA differently. Amendment of 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazolyl-cobamide (DMB-Cba) to Dhc strain BAV1 and strain GT cultures supported cis-1,2-dichloroethene-to-ethene reductive dechlorination at rates of 107.0 (±12.0) μM and 67.4 (±1.4) μM Cl(-) released per day, respectively. Strain BAV1, expressing the BvcA RDase, reductively dechlorinated VC to ethene, although at up to fivefold lower rates in cultures amended with cobamides carrying 5-methylbenzimidazole (5-MeBza), 5-methoxybenzimidazole (5-OMeBza) or benzimidazole (Bza) as the lower base. In contrast, strain GT harboring the VcrA RDase failed to grow and dechlorinate VC to ethene in medium amended with 5-OMeBza-Cba or Bza-Cba. The amendment with DMB to inactive strain GT cultures restored the VC-to-ethene-dechlorinating phenotype and intracellular DMB-Cba was produced, demonstrating cobamide uptake and remodeling. The distinct responses of Dhc strains with BvcA versus VcrA RDases to different cobamides implicate that the lower base exerts control over Dhc reductive dechlorination rates and extents (that is, detoxification), and therefore the dynamics of Dhc strains with discrete reductive dechlorination capabilities. These findings emphasize that the role of the corrinoid/lower base synthesizing community must be understood to predict strain-specific Dhc activity and achieve efficacious contaminated site cleanup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.,Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.,Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.,Joint Institute for Biological Sciences (JIBS), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Burcu Şimşir
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.,Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Abigail T Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Meng Bi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.,Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.,Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Shawn R Campagna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Frank E Löffler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.,Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.,Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.,Joint Institute for Biological Sciences (JIBS), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder with evolving layers of complexity. It has long been characterised by the classical motor features of parkinsonism associated with Lewy bodies and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. However, the symptomatology of Parkinson's disease is now recognised as heterogeneous, with clinically significant non-motor features. Similarly, its pathology involves extensive regions of the nervous system, various neurotransmitters, and protein aggregates other than just Lewy bodies. The cause of Parkinson's disease remains unknown, but risk of developing Parkinson's disease is no longer viewed as primarily due to environmental factors. Instead, Parkinson's disease seems to result from a complicated interplay of genetic and environmental factors affecting numerous fundamental cellular processes. The complexity of Parkinson's disease is accompanied by clinical challenges, including an inability to make a definitive diagnosis at the earliest stages of the disease and difficulties in the management of symptoms at later stages. Furthermore, there are no treatments that slow the neurodegenerative process. In this Seminar, we review these complexities and challenges of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine V Kalia
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic and the Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anthony E Lang
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic and the Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Bach JP, Gold M, Mengel D, Hattesohl A, Lubbe D, Schmid S, Tackenberg B, Rieke J, Maddula S, Baumbach JI, Nell C, Boeselt T, Michelis J, Alferink J, Heneka M, Oertel W, Jessen F, Janciauskiene S, Vogelmeier C, Dodel R, Koczulla AR. Measuring Compounds in Exhaled Air to Detect Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132227. [PMID: 26168044 PMCID: PMC4500505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is diagnosed based upon medical history, neuropsychiatric examination, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, extensive laboratory analyses and cerebral imaging. Diagnosis is time consuming and labour intensive. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is mainly diagnosed on clinical grounds. Objective The primary aim of this study was to differentiate patients suffering from AD, PD and healthy controls by investigating exhaled air with the electronic nose technique. After demonstrating a difference between the three groups the secondary aim was the identification of specific substances responsible for the difference(s) using ion mobility spectroscopy. Thirdly we analysed whether amyloid beta (Aβ) in exhaled breath was causative for the observed differences between patients suffering from AD and healthy controls. Methods We employed novel pulmonary diagnostic tools (electronic nose device/ion-mobility spectrometry) for the identification of patients with neurodegenerative diseases. Specifically, we analysed breath pattern differences in exhaled air of patients with AD, those with PD and healthy controls using the electronic nose device (eNose). Using ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), we identified the compounds responsible for the observed differences in breath patterns. We applied ELISA technique to measure Aβ in exhaled breath condensates. Results The eNose was able to differentiate between AD, PD and HC correctly. Using IMS, we identified markers that could be used to differentiate healthy controls from patients with AD and PD with an accuracy of 94%. In addition, patients suffering from PD were identified with sensitivity and specificity of 100%. Altogether, 3 AD patients out of 53 participants were misclassified. Although we found Aβ in exhaled breath condensate from both AD and healthy controls, no significant differences between groups were detected. Conclusion These data may open a new field in the diagnosis of neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Further research is required to evaluate the significance of these pulmonary findings with respect to the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maike Gold
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - David Mengel
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Akira Hattesohl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Lubbe
- Department of Psychology, Division of Methodology and Statistics of the University of Giessen, 35394 Giessen, Germany
| | - Severin Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Björn Tackenberg
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rieke
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sasidhar Maddula
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry, Reutlingen University, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Ingo Baumbach
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry, Reutlingen University, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Nell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Boeselt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Joan Michelis
- Clinical Neuroscience Unit, Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Judith Alferink
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Heneka
- Clinical Neuroscience Unit, Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Disease (DZNE), 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Oertel
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Frank Jessen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Disease (DZNE), 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sabina Janciauskiene
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Claus Vogelmeier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Richard Dodel
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Andreas Rembert Koczulla
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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Lai CY, Chou MC, Lin CL, Kao CH. Increased risk of Parkinson disease in patients with carbon monoxide intoxication: a population-based cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e869. [PMID: 25984676 PMCID: PMC4602584 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the association of carbon monoxide intoxication (COI) with Parkinson disease (PD).A total of 9012 adults newly diagnosed with COI were enrolled in this study as the COI cohort. The control (non-COI) cohort, comprising 36,048 participants, was matched for each COI patient according to age, sex, and the year of hospitalization. We calculated the hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals by using a Cox proportional hazards regression model.The overall incidence of PD (per 10,000 person-year) in the COI and non-COI cohorts was 27.4 and 2.53, respectively. After adjustment for age, sex, and comorbidities, the COI patients exhibited a 9.08-fold increased risk for PD. The COI patients without comorbidity exhibited a significantly higher risk of PD (adjusted HR = 15.8) than did the COI patients without comorbidity (adjusted HR = 4.15). Patients with COI and receiving hyperbaric oxygen therapy exhibited a 14.3-fold increased risk of PD; the adjusted HR of patients who did not receive hyperbaric oxygen treatment was increased 7.97-fold.The risk of PD increased in the COI patients and the significance increased in young people. COI is a crucial factor leading to PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yuan Lai
- From the Department of Emergency Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung (C-YL); Department of Radiology, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung (M-CC); Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital (C-LL); College of Medicine, China Medical University (C-LL); Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science and School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University (C-HK); Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (C-HK)
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Chin-Chan M, Navarro-Yepes J, Quintanilla-Vega B. Environmental pollutants as risk factors for neurodegenerative disorders: Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:124. [PMID: 25914621 PMCID: PMC4392704 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer (AD) and Parkinson (PD) have attracted attention in last decades due to their high incidence worldwide. The etiology of these diseases is still unclear; however the role of the environment as a putative risk factor has gained importance. More worryingly is the evidence that pre- and post-natal exposures to environmental factors predispose to the onset of neurodegenerative diseases in later life. Neurotoxic metals such as lead, mercury, aluminum, cadmium and arsenic, as well as some pesticides and metal-based nanoparticles have been involved in AD due to their ability to increase beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptide and the phosphorylation of Tau protein (P-Tau), causing senile/amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) characteristic of AD. The exposure to lead, manganese, solvents and some pesticides has been related to hallmarks of PD such as mitochondrial dysfunction, alterations in metal homeostasis and aggregation of proteins such as α-synuclein (α-syn), which is a key constituent of Lewy bodies (LB), a crucial factor in PD pathogenesis. Common mechanisms of environmental pollutants to increase Aβ, P-Tau, α-syn and neuronal death have been reported, including the oxidative stress mainly involved in the increase of Aβ and α-syn, and the reduced activity/protein levels of Aβ degrading enzyme (IDE)s such as neprilysin or insulin IDE. In addition, epigenetic mechanisms by maternal nutrient supplementation and exposure to heavy metals and pesticides have been proposed to lead phenotypic diversity and susceptibility to neurodegenerative diseases. This review discusses data from epidemiological and experimental studies about the role of environmental factors in the development of idiopathic AD and PD, and their mechanisms of action.
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74
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van der Mark M, Vermeulen R, Nijssen PCG, Mulleners WM, Sas AMG, van Laar T, Huss A, Kromhout H. Occupational exposure to solvents, metals and welding fumes and risk of Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2015; 21:635-9. [PMID: 25903042 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the potential association between occupational exposure to solvents, metals and/or welding fumes and risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS Data of a hospital based case-control study including 444 PD patients and 876 age and sex matched controls was used. Occupational histories and lifestyle information of cases and controls were collected in a structured telephone interview. Exposures to aromatic solvents, chlorinated solvents and metals were estimated by linking the ALOHA+ job-exposure matrix to the occupational histories. Exposure to welding fumes was estimated using self-reported information on welding activities. RESULTS No statistically significant associations with any of the studied metal and solvent exposures were found. However, for self-reported welding activities we observed non-statistically significant reduced risk estimates (third tertile cumulative exposure: OR = 0.51 (95% CI: 0.21-1.24)). CONCLUSIONS The results of our study did not provide support for an increased chance on developing PD after occupational exposure to aromatic solvents, chlorinated solvents or exposure to metals. The results showed reduced risk estimates for welding, which is in line with previous research, but no clear explanation for these findings is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne van der Mark
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter C G Nijssen
- St Elisabeth Hospital, P.O. Box 90151, 5000 LC Tilburg, The Netherlands; TweeSteden Hospital, P.O. Box 90107, 5000 LA Tilburg, The Netherlands.
| | - Wim M Mulleners
- Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, P.O. Box 9015, 6500 GS Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Antonetta M G Sas
- Vlietland Hospital, P.O. Box 215, 3100 AE Schiedam, The Netherlands.
| | - Teus van Laar
- University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Anke Huss
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Palin O, Herd C, Morrison KE, Jagielski AC, Wheatley K, Thomas GN, Clarke CE. Systematic review and meta-analysis of hydrocarbon exposure and the risk of Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2015; 21:243-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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76
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Genuis SJ, Kelln KL. Toxicant exposure and bioaccumulation: a common and potentially reversible cause of cognitive dysfunction and dementia. Behav Neurol 2015; 2015:620143. [PMID: 25722540 PMCID: PMC4334623 DOI: 10.1155/2015/620143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Juxtaposed alongside the ongoing rise in the incidence and prevalence of dementia, is the surge of recent research confirming widespread exposure and bioaccumulation of chemical toxicants. Evidence from sources such as the Centers for Disease Control reveals that most people have accrued varying degrees of assorted toxic pollutants including heavy metals, flame retardants, and pesticide residues within their bodies. It has been well established that many of these toxicants have neurodegenerative as well as neurodevelopmental impact as a result of various pathophysiologic mechanisms including neuronal mitochondrial toxicity and disruption of neurotransmitter regulation. Elimination of stockpiled toxicants from the body may diminish adverse toxicant impact on human biology and allow restoration of normal physiological function. Incorporating a review of medical literature on toxicant exposure and dementia with a case history of a lead-exposed individual diagnosed with dementia, this paper will discuss a much overlooked and potentially widespread cause of declining brain function and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Genuis
- Faculty of Medicine at the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Kasie L. Kelln
- Faculty of Medicine at the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5E5
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Abstract
In recent years, the contribution of exposure to environmental toxicants has been recognized as a significant contributor to the etiopathogenesis of parkinsonism. Of these toxicants, exposure to pesticides, metals, solvents used in manufacturing processes, as well as flame-retardant chemicals used in consumer and commercial products, has received the greatest attention as possible risk factors. Related to this, individuals who are exposed to these compounds at high concentrations or for prolonged periods of time in an occupational setting appear to be one of the more vulnerable populations to these effects. Our understanding of which compounds are involved and the potential molecular pathways that are susceptible to these chemicals and may underlie the pathogenesis has greatly improved. However, there are still hundreds of chemicals that we are exposed to in the environment for which we do not have any information on their potential neurotoxicity on the nigrostriatal dopamine system. Thus, using our past accomplishments as a blueprint, future endeavors should focus on elaborating upon these initial findings in order to identify specific and relevant chemical toxicants in our environment that can impact the risk of parkinsonism and work towards a means to attenuate or abolish their effects on the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Michael Caudle
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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van Hout M, Hageman G, van Valen E. Pitfalls in clinical assessment of neurotoxic diseases: Negative effects of repeated diagnostic evaluation, illustrated by a clinical case. Neurotoxicology 2014; 45:247-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gatz M, Harris JR, Kaprio J, McGue M, Smith NL, Snieder H, Spiro A, Butler DA. Cohort Profile: The National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council Twin Registry (NAS-NRC Twin Registry). Int J Epidemiol 2014; 44:819-25. [PMID: 25183748 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyu181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council Twin Registry (NAS-NRC Twin Registry) is a comprehensive registry of White male twin pairs born in the USA between 1917 and 1927, both of the twins having served in the military. The purpose was medical research and ultimately improved clinical care. The cohort was assembled in the early 1960s with identification of approximately 16,000 twin pairs, review of service records, a brief mailed questionnaire assessing zygosity, and a health survey largely comparable to questionnaires used at that time with Scandinavian twin registries. Subsequent large-scale data collection occurred in 1974, 1985 and 1998, repeating the health survey and including information on education, employment history and earnings. Self-reported data have been supplemented with mortality, disability and medical data through record linkage. Potential collaborators should access the study website [http://www.iom.edu/Activities/Veterans/TwinsStudy.aspx] or e-mail the Medical Follow-up Agency at [Twins@nas.edu]. Questionnaire data are being prepared for future archiving with the National Archive of Computerized Data on Aging (NACDA) at the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR), University of Michigan, MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Gatz
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,
| | - Jennifer R Harris
- Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health and Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nicholas L Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA, VA Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Avron Spiro
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, MA, USA, Boston University Schools of Public Health and Medicine, Boston, MA, USA and
| | - David A Butler
- Medical Follow-Up Agency, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
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80
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The disease intersection of susceptibility and exposure: Chemical exposures and neurodegenerative disease risk. Alzheimers Dement 2014; 10:S213-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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81
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Silver SR, Pinkerton LE, Fleming DA, Jones JH, Allee S, Luo L, Bertke SJ. Retrospective cohort study of a microelectronics and business machine facility. Am J Ind Med 2014; 57:412-24. [PMID: 24375784 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined health outcomes among 34,494 workers employed at a microelectronics and business machine facility 1969-2001. METHODS Standardized mortality ratio (SMR) and standardized incidence ratios were used to evaluate health outcomes in the cohort and Cox regression modeling to evaluate relations between scores for occupational exposures and outcomes of a priori interest. RESULTS Just over 17% of the cohort (5,966 people) had died through 2009. All cause, all cancer, and many cause-specific SMRs showed statistically significant deficits. In hourly males, SMRs were significantly elevated for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and rectal cancer. Salaried males had excess testicular cancer incidence. Pleural cancer and mesothelioma excesses were observed in workers hired before 1969, but no available records substantiate use of asbestos in manufacturing processes. A positive, statistically significant relation was observed between exposure scores for tetrachloroethylene and nervous system diseases. CONCLUSIONS Few significant exposure-outcome relations were observed, but risks from occupational exposures cannot be ruled out due to data limitations and the relative youth of the cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon R. Silver
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Assessment and Field Studies; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Lynne E. Pinkerton
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Assessment and Field Studies; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Donald A. Fleming
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Assessment and Field Studies; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Cincinnati Ohio
| | | | | | - Lian Luo
- Emergint Technologies; Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Stephen J. Bertke
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Assessment and Field Studies; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Cincinnati Ohio
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Guyton KZ, Hogan KA, Scott CS, Cooper GS, Bale AS, Kopylev L, Barone S, Makris SL, Glenn B, Subramaniam RP, Gwinn MR, Dzubow RC, Chiu WA. Human health effects of tetrachloroethylene: key findings and scientific issues. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014; 122:325-34. [PMID: 24531164 PMCID: PMC3984230 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1307359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) completed a toxicological review of tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene, PCE) in February 2012 in support of the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). OBJECTIVES We reviewed key findings and scientific issues regarding the human health effects of PCE described in the U.S. EPA's Toxicological Review of Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene). METHODS The updated assessment of PCE synthesized and characterized a substantial database of epidemiological, experimental animal, and mechanistic studies. Key scientific issues were addressed through modeling of PCE toxicokinetics, synthesis of evidence from neurological studies, and analyses of toxicokinetic, mechanistic, and other factors (tumor latency, severity, and background rate) in interpreting experimental animal cancer findings. Considerations in evaluating epidemiological studies included the quality (e.g., specificity) of the exposure assessment methods and other essential design features, and the potential for alternative explanations for observed associations (e.g., bias or confounding). DISCUSSION Toxicokinetic modeling aided in characterizing the complex metabolism and multiple metabolites that contribute to PCE toxicity. The exposure assessment approach-a key evaluation factor for epidemiological studies of bladder cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and multiple myeloma-provided suggestive evidence of carcinogenicity. Bioassay data provided conclusive evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. Neurotoxicity was identified as a sensitive noncancer health effect, occurring at low exposures: a conclusion supported by multiple studies. Evidence was integrated from human, experimental animal, and mechanistic data sets in assessing adverse health effects of PCE. CONCLUSIONS PCE is likely to be carcinogenic to humans. Neurotoxicity is a sensitive adverse health effect of PCE.
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Thompson I. The role of technology in achieving water security. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2013; 371:20120418. [PMID: 24080627 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2012.0418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Thompson
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, , Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive, disabling neurodegenerative disorder that begins in mid to late life and is characterized by motor impairment, autonomic dysfunction, and, in many, psychological and cognitive changes. Recent advances have helped delineate pathogenetic mechanisms, yet the cause of PD in most individuals is unknown. Although at least 15 genes and genetic loci have been associated with PD, identified genetic causes are responsible for only a few percent of cases. Epidemiologic studies have found increased risk of PD associated with exposure to environmental toxicants such as pesticides, solvents, metals, and other pollutants, and many of these compounds recapitulate PD pathology in animal models. This review summarizes the environmental toxicology of PD, highlighting the consistency of observations across cellular, animal, and human studies of PD pathogenesis.
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85
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Valeriana officinalis attenuates the rotenone-induced toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster. Neurotoxicology 2013; 37:118-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Antony PMA, Diederich NJ, Krüger R, Balling R. The hallmarks of Parkinson's disease. FEBS J 2013; 280:5981-93. [PMID: 23663200 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of dopamine as a neurotransmitter in the 1950s, Parkinson's disease (PD) research has generated a rich and complex body of knowledge, revealing PD to be an age-related multifactorial disease, influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The tremendous complexity of the disease is increased by a nonlinear progression of the pathogenesis between molecular, cellular and organic systems. In this minireview, we explore the complexity of PD and propose a systems-based approach, organizing the available information around cellular disease hallmarks. We encourage our peers to adopt this cell-based view with the aim of improving communication in interdisciplinary research endeavors targeting the molecular events, modulatory cell-to-cell signaling pathways and emerging clinical phenotypes related to PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M A Antony
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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87
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Searles Nielsen S, Bammler TK, Gallagher LG, Farin FM, Longstreth WT, Franklin GM, Swanson PD, Checkoway H. Genotype and age at Parkinson disease diagnosis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENETICS 2013; 4:61-69. [PMID: 23565323 PMCID: PMC3612455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a degenerative movement disorder that results from the destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain substantia nigra. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to PD risk, and likely to age at diagnosis. Among 258 newly diagnosed non-Hispanic Caucasian cases from Group Health Cooperative in western Washington State, we assessed whether diagnosis age was associated with 1,327 single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes related to central nervous system function, oxidative stress, inflammation or metal transport. We conducted linear regression to assess the age difference per variant allele while adjusting for sex and smoking. Of the polymorphisms associated with PD diagnosis age (ptrend<0.05), three demonstrated similar associations among 64 PD cases from the University of Washington Neurology Clinic, were not similarly associated (pinteraction<0.05) with age in general among 436 unrelated non-Hispanic Caucasian controls from the source population, and were predicted to be functional according to a public National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences polymorphism database. The most robust association was for rs10889162, a polymorphism in a predicted transcription factor binding site -582 bp from CYP2J2 arachidonic acid epoxygenase. Each variant allele was associated with 5.04 years older diagnosis age (95% confidence interval 2.28-7.80, p=0.0003). This association did not vary by sex or smoking history. Polymorphisms in predicted microRNA binding sites in GSTM5 and SLC11A2 were also associated with >2-year differences in diagnosis age. These results await confirmation in other series of incident cases, but suggest that selected genes and environmental exposures may influence PD diagnosis age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Searles Nielsen
- University of Washington, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health SciencesSeattle, WA, USA
| | - Theo K Bammler
- University of Washington, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health SciencesSeattle, WA, USA
| | - Lisa G Gallagher
- University of Washington, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health SciencesSeattle, WA, USA
| | - Federico M Farin
- University of Washington, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health SciencesSeattle, WA, USA
| | - WT Longstreth
- University of Washington, Department of NeurologySeattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington, Department of EpidemiologySeattle, WA, USA
| | - Gary M Franklin
- University of Washington, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health SciencesSeattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Harvey Checkoway
- University of Washington, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health SciencesSeattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington, Department of EpidemiologySeattle, WA, USA
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An assessment of the intestinal lumen as a site for intervention in reducing body burdens of organochlorine compounds. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:205621. [PMID: 23476122 PMCID: PMC3582106 DOI: 10.1155/2013/205621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many individuals maintain a persistent body burden of organochlorine compounds (OCs) as well as other lipophilic compounds, largely as a result of airborne and dietary exposures. Ingested OCs are typically absorbed from the small intestine along with dietary lipids. Once in the body, stored OCs can mobilize from adipose tissue storage sites and, along with circulating OCs, are delivered into the small intestine via hepatic processing and biliary transport. Retained OCs are also transported into both the large and small intestinal lumen via non-biliary mechanisms involving both secretion and desquamation from enterocytes. OCs and some other toxicants can be reabsorbed from the intestine, however, they take part in enterohepatic circulation(EHC). While dietary fat facilitates the absorption of OCs from the small intestine, it has little effect on OCs within the large intestine. Non-absorbable dietary fats and fat absorption inhibitors, however, can reduce the re-absorption of OCs and other lipophiles involved in EHC and may enhance the secretion of these compounds into the large intestine—thereby hastening their elimination. Clinical studies are currently underway to determine the efficacy of using non-absorbable fats and inhibitors of fat absorption in facilitating the elimination of persistent body burdens of OCs and other lipophilic human contaminants.
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90
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Lock EA, Zhang J, Checkoway H. Solvents and Parkinson disease: a systematic review of toxicological and epidemiological evidence. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 266:345-55. [PMID: 23220449 PMCID: PMC3621032 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative motor disorder, with its motor symptoms largely attributable to loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The causes of PD remain poorly understood, although environmental toxicants may play etiologic roles. Solvents are widespread neurotoxicants present in the workplace and ambient environment. Case reports of parkinsonism, including PD, have been associated with exposures to various solvents, most notably trichloroethylene (TCE). Animal toxicology studies have been conducted on various organic solvents, with some, including TCE, demonstrating potential for inducing nigral system damage. However, a confirmed animal model of solvent-induced PD has not been developed. Numerous epidemiologic studies have investigated potential links between solvents and PD, yielding mostly null or weak associations. An exception is a recent study of twins indicating possible etiologic relations with TCE and other chlorinated solvents, although findings were based on small numbers, and dose-response gradients were not observed. At present, there is no consistent evidence from either the toxicological or epidemiologic perspective that any specific solvent or class of solvents is a cause of PD. Future toxicological research that addresses mechanisms of nigral damage from TCE and its metabolites, with exposure routes and doses relevant to human exposures, is recommended. Improvements in epidemiologic research, especially with regard to quantitative characterization of long-term exposures to specific solvents, are needed to advance scientific knowledge on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Lock
- Liverpool John Moores University, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Byrom Street, Liverpool, UK.
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Parrish ML, Gardner RE. Is living downwind of a golf course a risk factor for parkinsonism? Ann Neurol 2013; 72:984. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.23782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Duncan GW, Yarnall AJ, Marrinan S, Burn DJ. New horizons in the pathogenesis, assessment and management of movement disorders. Age Ageing 2013; 42:2-10. [PMID: 22908205 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afs103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we shall outline recent advances in our understanding of the movement disorders which geriatricians encounter in their clinical practice. Many of these diseases are no longer simply considered disorders of movement: carefully conducted longitudinal studies have shown that concomitant cognitive dysfunction, neuropsychiatric disturbance and behavioural issues are frequent and exert a heavy burden on the individual and their carers. Great progress has been made in understanding the molecular and cellular processes that drive the pathological changes in these conditions, as have advances in neuroimaging and preclinical drug discovery programmes. Unfortunately, this is yet to translate into disease-modifying therapies for these progressive disorders. Advances have been also made in non-pharmacological interventions such as tailored physiotherapy and speech therapy programmes. The important contribution of palliative care has been recognised and increasingly incorporated into the multidisciplinary approach. The UK is at the forefront of research into these conditions and geriatricians are well placed to contribute to research through recruiting patients to observational studies or therapeutic trials, particularly with the support of agencies such as the National Institute for Health Research-Dementias & Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Network (NIHR-DeNDRoN).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon W Duncan
- Institute of Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK.
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Aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibition as a pathogenic mechanism in Parkinson disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 110:636-41. [PMID: 23267077 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1220399110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder particularly characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Pesticide exposure has been associated with PD occurrence, and we previously reported that the fungicide benomyl interferes with several cellular processes potentially relevant to PD pathogenesis. Here we propose that benomyl, via its bioactivated thiocarbamate sulfoxide metabolite, inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), leading to accumulation of the reactive dopamine metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL), preferential degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, and development of PD. This hypothesis is supported by multiple lines of evidence. (i) We previously showed in mice the metabolism of benomyl to S-methyl N-butylthiocarbamate sulfoxide, which inhibits ALDH at nanomolar levels. We report here that benomyl exposure in primary mesencephalic neurons (ii) inhibits ALDH and (iii) alters dopamine homeostasis. It induces selective dopaminergic neuronal damage (iv) in vitro in primary mesencephalic cultures and (v) in vivo in a zebrafish system. (vi) In vitro cell loss was attenuated by reducing DOPAL formation. (vii) In our epidemiology study, higher exposure to benomyl was associated with increased PD risk. This ALDH model for PD etiology may help explain the selective vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons in PD and provide a potential mechanism through which environmental toxicants contribute to PD pathogenesis.
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94
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Neta G, Stewart PA, Rajaraman P, Hein MJ, Waters MA, Purdue MP, Samanic C, Coble JB, Linet MS, Inskip PD. Occupational exposure to chlorinated solvents and risks of glioma and meningioma in adults. Occup Environ Med 2012; 69:793-801. [PMID: 22864249 PMCID: PMC3850418 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2012-100742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chlorinated solvents are classified as probable or possible carcinogens. It is unknown whether exposure to these agents increases the risk of malignant or benign brain tumours. Our objective was to evaluate associations of brain tumour risk with occupational exposure to six chlorinated solvents (i.e., dichloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene). METHODS 489 glioma cases, 197 meningioma cases and 799 controls were enrolled in a hospital-based case-control study conducted at three U.S.A. hospitals in Arizona, Massachusetts and Pennsylvania. Information about occupational history was obtained through a detailed inperson interview that included job-specific modules of questions such that the interview was tailored to each individual's particular work history. An industrial hygienist assessed potential solvent exposure based on this information and an exhaustive review of the relevant industrial hygiene literature. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to calculate OR and 95% CI for each solvent for ever/never, duration, cumulative, average weekly and highest exposure. RESULTS Overall, we found no consistent evidence of an increased risk of glioma or meningioma related to occupational exposure to the six chlorinated solvents evaluated. There was some suggestion of an association between carbon tetrachloride and glioma in analyses restricted to exposed subjects, with average weekly exposure above the median associated with increased risk compared with below the median exposure (OR = 7.1, 95% CI 1.1 to 45.2). CONCLUSIONS We found no consistent evidence for increased brain tumour risk related to chlorinated solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gila Neta
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, EPS, Room 7092, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Bethesda, MD 20852-7244, USA.
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Kieburtz K, Wunderle KB. Parkinson's disease: Evidence for environmental risk factors. Mov Disord 2012; 28:8-13. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.25150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Kieburtz
- Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics; University of Rochester Medical Center; Rochester; New York; USA
| | - Kathryn B. Wunderle
- Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics; University of Rochester Medical Center; Rochester; New York; USA
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Abstract
Here, we synthesize research behind the emerging hypothesis that inflammation--which can result, for example, from viral infections--can initiate and propagate chronic neuronal dysfunction, an event that precedes the clinical onset of many neurodegenerative diseases. Therapeutic approaches that target immunological pathways in the prodromal phase of diseases might decrease the incidence of neurodegenerative disorders and increase the therapeutic window for neuroprotection.
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97
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Industrial toxicants and Parkinson's disease. Neurotoxicology 2012; 33:178-88. [PMID: 22309908 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The exposure of the human population to environmental contaminants is recognized as a significant contributing factor for the development of Parkinson's disease (PD) and other forms of parkinsonism. While pesticides have repeatedly been identified as risk factors for PD, these compounds represent only a subset of environmental toxicants that we are exposed to on a regular basis. Thus, non-pesticide contaminants, such as metals, solvents, and other organohalogen compounds have also been implicated in the clinical and pathological manifestations of these movement disorders and it is these non-pesticide compounds that are the subject of this review. As toxic exposures to these classes of compounds can result in a spectrum of PD or PD-related disorders, it is imperative to appreciate shared clinico-pathological characteristics or mechanisms of action of these compounds in order to further delineate the resultant disorders as well as identify improved preventive strategies or therapeutic interventions.
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98
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Kingwell K. Parkinson disease: Twin study identifies an association between exposure to a solvent and risk of Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2011; 8:2. [PMID: 22143365 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2011.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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