51
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Okamoto R, Izumi M, Kajihara Y. Decoration of proteins with sugar chains: recent advances in glycoprotein synthesis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 22:92-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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52
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Mitchell DE, Lilliman M, Spain SG, Gibson MI. Quantitative study on the antifreeze protein mimetic ice growth inhibition properties of poly(ampholytes) derived from vinyl-based polymers. Biomater Sci 2014; 2:1787-1795. [PMID: 32481956 DOI: 10.1039/c4bm00153b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Antifreeze (glyco) proteins (AF(G)Ps) from the blood of polar fish species are extremely potent ice recrystallization inhibitors (IRI), but are difficult to synthesise or extract from natural sources. Despite this challenge, materials which display IRI are appealing due to their ability to enhance cellular cryopreservation, for applications including regenerative and transplantation medicine. Here, poly(ampholytes), which contain a mixture of cationic and anionic side chains are quantitatively evaluated for their IRI activity. Poly(aminoethyl methacrylate), obtained by RAFT polymerization, is functionalised with succinic anhydride to generate the poly(ampholytes). The charge balance of the side chains is shown to be crucial, with only 50 : 50 mixtures having strong IRI activity, which also scales with molecular weight. This is the first example of a non-hydroxylated synthetic polymer with quantifiable IRI activity and raises questions about the mechanism of IRI, as the polymers have no obvious ice-binding motif. The ampholytic structure is shown to be transferable to carbohydrate-centred polymers with activity retained, but poly(betaines) are shown to be inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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53
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Mallajosyula SS, Vanommeslaeghe K, MacKerell AD. Perturbation of long-range water dynamics as the mechanism for the antifreeze activity of antifreeze glycoprotein. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:11696-706. [PMID: 25137353 PMCID: PMC4191590 DOI: 10.1021/jp508128d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Very little is known about the mechanism of antifreeze action of antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs) present in Antarctic teleost fish. Recent NMR and CD studies assisted with total synthesis of synthetic AFGP variants have provided insight into the structure of short AFGP glycopeptides, though the observations did not yield information on the antifreeze mechanism of action. In this study, we use Hamiltonian replica exchange (HREX) molecular dynamics simulations to probe the structure and surrounding aqueous environments of both the natural (AFGP8) and synthetic (s-AFGP4) AFGPs. AFGPs can adopt both amphiphilic and pseudoamphiphilic conformations, the preference of which is related to the proline content of the peptide. The arrangement of carbohydrates allows the hydroxyl groups on terminal galactose units to form stable water bridges which in turn influence the hydrogen-bond network, structure, and dynamics of the surrounding solvent. Interestingly, these local effects lead to the perturbation of the tetrahedral environment for water molecules in hydration layers far (10.0-12.0 Å) from the AFGPs. This structure-induced alteration of long-range hydration dynamics is proposed to be the major contributor to antifreeze activity, a conclusion that is in line with terahertz spectroscopy experiments. The detailed structure-mechanism correlation provided in this study could lead to the design of better synthetic AFGP variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sairam S Mallajosyula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland , 20 Penn Street HSF II, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
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54
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Santhakumar G, Payne RJ. Total Synthesis of Polydiscamides B, C, and D via a Convergent Native Chemical Ligation–Oxidation Strategy. Org Lett 2014; 16:4500-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol502045u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gajan Santhakumar
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Richard J. Payne
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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55
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Ghobadloo SM, Balcerzak AK, Gargaun A, Muharemagic D, Mironov GG, Capicciotti CJ, Briard JG, Ben RN, Berezovski MV. Carbohydrate-based ice recrystallization inhibitors increase infectivity and thermostability of viral vectors. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5903. [PMID: 25078058 PMCID: PMC4116624 DOI: 10.1038/srep05903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The inability of vaccines to retain sufficient thermostability has been an obstacle to global vaccination programs. To address this major limitation, we utilized carbohydrate-based ice recrystallization inhibitors (IRIs) to eliminate the cold chain and stabilize the potency of Vaccinia virus (VV), Vesicular Stomatitis virus (VSV) and Herpes virus-1 (HSV-1). The impact of these IRIs was tested on the potency of the viral vectors using a plaque forming unit assay following room temperature storage, cryopreservation with successive freeze-thaw cycles and lyophilization. Viral potency after storage with all three conditions demonstrated that N-octyl-gluconamide (NOGlc) recovered the infectivity of shelf stored VV, 5.6 Log10 PFU mL−1 during 40 days, and HSV-1, 2.7 Log10 PFU mL−1 during 9 days. Carbon-linked antifreeze glycoprotein analogue ornithine-glycine-glycine-galactose (OGG-Gal) increases the recovery of VV and VSV more than 1 Log10 PFU mL−1 after 10 freeze-thaw cycles. In VSV, cryostorage with OGG-Gal maintains high infectivity and reduces temperature-induced aggregation of viral particles by 2 times that of the control. In total, OGG-Gal and NOGlc preserve virus potency during cryostorage. Remarkably, NOGlc has potential to eliminate the cold chain and permit room temperature storage of viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna K Balcerzak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Ana Gargaun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Darija Muharemagic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Gleb G Mironov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | | | - Jennie G Briard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Robert N Ben
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Maxim V Berezovski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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56
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Ding F, Ji L, William R, Chai H, Liu XW. Design and synthesis of multivalent neoglycoconjugates by click conjugations. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:1325-32. [PMID: 24991285 PMCID: PMC4077470 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A highly stereoselective BF3∙OEt2-promoted tandem hydroamination/glycosylation on glycal scaffolds has been developed to form propargyl 3-tosylamino-2,3-dideoxysugars in a one-pot manner. Subsequent construction of multivalent 3-tosylamino-2,3-dideoxyneoglycoconjugates with potential biochemical applications was presented herein involving click conjugations as the key reaction step. The copper-catalyzed regioselective click reaction was tremendously accelerated with assistance of microwave irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiqing Ding
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Li Ji
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Ronny William
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Hua Chai
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Xue-Wei Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
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57
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Thompson RE, Liu X, Alonso-García N, Pereira PJB, Jolliffe KA, Payne RJ. Trifluoroethanethiol: an additive for efficient one-pot peptide ligation-desulfurization chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:8161-4. [PMID: 24873761 DOI: 10.1021/ja502806r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Native chemical ligation followed by desulfurization is a powerful strategy for the assembly of proteins. Here we describe the development of a high-yielding, one-pot ligation-desulfurization protocol that uses trifluoroethanethiol (TFET) as a novel thiol additive. The synthetic utility of this TFET-enabled methodology is demonstrated by the efficient multi-step one-pot syntheses of two tick-derived proteins, chimadanin and madanin-1, without the need for any intermediary purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Thompson
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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58
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Hsieh YSY, Wijeyewickrema LC, Wilkinson BL, Pike RN, Payne RJ. Total Synthesis of Homogeneous Variants of Hirudin P6: A Post-Translationally Modified Anti-Thrombotic Leech-Derived Protein. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:3947-51. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201310777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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59
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Hsieh YSY, Wijeyewickrema LC, Wilkinson BL, Pike RN, Payne RJ. Total Synthesis of Homogeneous Variants of Hirudin P6: A Post-Translationally Modified Anti-Thrombotic Leech-Derived Protein. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201310777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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60
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Deller RC, Vatish M, Mitchell DA, Gibson MI. Synthetic polymers enable non-vitreous cellular cryopreservation by reducing ice crystal growth during thawing. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3244. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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61
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Verzele D, Madder A. Patchwork protein chemistry: a practitioner's treatise on the advances in synthetic peptide stitchery. Chembiochem 2014; 14:1032-48. [PMID: 23775826 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
With the study of peptides and proteins at the heart of many scientific endeavors, the omics era heralded a multitude of opportunities for chemists and biologists alike. Across the interface with life sciences, peptide chemistry plays an indispensable role, and progress made over the past decades now allows proteins to be treated as molecular patchworks stitched together through synthetic tailoring. The continuous elaboration of sophisticated strategies notwithstanding, Merrifield's solid-phase methodology remains a cornerstone of chemical protein design. Although the non-practitioner might misjudge peptide synthesis as trivial, routine, or dull given its long history, we comment here on its many advances, obstacles, and prospects from a practitioner's point of view. While sharing our perspectives through thematic highlights across the literature, this treatise provides an interpretive overview as a guide to novices, and a recap for specialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Verzele
- Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S4), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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62
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Venkatakrishnan V, Packer NH, Thaysen-Andersen M. Host mucin glycosylation plays a role in bacterial adhesion in lungs of individuals with cystic fibrosis. Expert Rev Respir Med 2014; 7:553-76. [DOI: 10.1586/17476348.2013.837752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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63
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Vázquez O, Seitz O. Templated native chemical ligation: peptide chemistry beyond protein synthesis. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:78-86. [PMID: 24395765 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Native chemical ligation (NCL) is a powerful method for the convergent synthesis of proteins and peptides. In its original format, NCL between a peptide containing a C-terminal thioester and another peptide offering an N-terminal cysteine has been used to enable protein synthesis of unprotected peptide fragments. However, the applications of NCL extend beyond the scope of protein synthesis. For instance, NCL can be put under the control of template molecules. In such a scenario, NCL enables the design of conditional reaction systems in which, peptide bond formation occurs only when a specific third party molecule is present. In this review, we will show how templates can be used to control the reactivity and chemoselectivity of NCL reactions. We highlight peptide and nucleic-acid-templated NCL reactions and discuss potential applications in nucleic acid diagnosis, origin-of-life studies and gene-expression-specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olalla Vázquez
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, D-12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Seitz
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, D-12489, Berlin, Germany
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64
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Bello C, Farbiarz K, Möller JF, Becker CFW, Schwientek T. A quantitative and site-specific chemoenzymatic glycosylation approach for PEGylated MUC1 peptides. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc52641k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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65
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Balcerzak AK, Capicciotti CJ, Briard JG, Ben RN. Designing ice recrystallization inhibitors: from antifreeze (glyco)proteins to small molecules. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra06893a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ice recrystallization occurs during cryopreservation and is correlated with reduced cell viability after thawing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Robert N. Ben
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ottawa
- Ottawa, Canada
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66
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Ma J, Zeng J, Wan Q. Postligation-Desulfurization: A General Approach for Chemical Protein Synthesis. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2014; 363:57-101. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2014_594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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67
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Thompson RE, Collin F, Maxwell A, Jolliffe KA, Payne RJ. Synthesis of full length and truncated microcin B17 analogues as DNA gyrase poisons. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:1570-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob42516a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using a combination of solid-phase peptide synthesis and fragment assembly strategies a library of full-length and truncated analogues of the antibacterial post-translationally modified peptide microcin B17 have been synthesised. Both antibacterial and DNA gyrase poisoning activities are also described for the synthetic analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frédéric Collin
- Department of Biological Chemistry
- John Innes Centre
- Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Anthony Maxwell
- Department of Biological Chemistry
- John Innes Centre
- Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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68
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van der Wal S, Capicciotti CJ, Rontogianni S, Ben RN, Liskamp RMJ. Synthesis and evaluation of linear CuAAC-oligomerized antifreeze neo-glycopeptides. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00013g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An azido/alkyne-containing glycopeptide monomer was synthesized and CuAAC-oligomerized to obtain a triazole-containing antifreeze glycopeptide analogue with moderate antifreeze activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen van der Wal
- Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS)
- University Utrecht
- Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | | | - Stamatia Rontogianni
- Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS)
- University Utrecht
- Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Robert N. Ben
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ottawa
- Ottawa
- Canada
| | - Rob M. J. Liskamp
- Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS)
- University Utrecht
- Utrecht
- The Netherlands
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69
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Modern Extensions of Native Chemical Ligation for Chemical Protein Synthesis. PROTEIN LIGATION AND TOTAL SYNTHESIS I 2014; 362:27-87. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2014_584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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70
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Malins LR, Mitchell NJ, Payne RJ. Peptide ligation chemistry at selenol amino acids. J Pept Sci 2013; 20:64-77. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lara R. Malins
- School of Chemistry; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | | | - Richard J. Payne
- School of Chemistry; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
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71
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Zhu X, Shi Y, Mao H, Cheng Y, Zhu C. Tetraethylammonium Bromide‐Catalyzed Oxidative Thioesterification of Aldehydes and Alcohols. Adv Synth Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuebin Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093,People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093,People's Republic of China
| | - Haibin Mao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093,People's Republic of China
| | - Yixiang Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093,People's Republic of China
| | - Chengjian Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093,People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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72
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Guan X, Drake MR, Tan Z. Total Synthesis of Human Galanin-Like Peptide through an Aspartic Acid Ligation. Org Lett 2013; 15:6128-31. [DOI: 10.1021/ol402984r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Guan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Matthew R. Drake
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Zhongping Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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73
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Nandakumar S, Kannanganat S, Dobos KM, Lucas M, Spencer JS, Fang S, McDonald MA, Pohl J, Birkness K, Chamcha V, Ramirez MV, Plikaytis BB, Posey JE, Amara RR, Sable SB. O-mannosylation of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis adhesin Apa is crucial for T cell antigenicity during infection but is expendable for protection. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003705. [PMID: 24130497 PMCID: PMC3795050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is the most abundant post-translational polypeptide chain modification in nature. Although carbohydrate modification of protein antigens from many microbial pathogens constitutes important components of B cell epitopes, the role in T cell immunity is not completely understood. Here, using ELISPOT and polychromatic flow cytometry, we show that O-mannosylation of the adhesin, Apa, of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is crucial for its T cell antigenicity in humans and mice after infection. However, subunit vaccination with both mannosylated and non-mannosylated Apa induced a comparable magnitude and quality of T cell response and imparted similar levels of protection against Mtb challenge in mice. Both forms equally improved waning BCG vaccine-induced protection in elderly mice after subunit boosting. Thus, O-mannosylation of Apa is required for antigenicity but appears to be dispensable for its immunogenicity and protective efficacy in mice. These results have implications for the development of subunit vaccines using post-translationally modified proteins such as glycoproteins against infectious diseases like tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadra Nandakumar
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sunil Kannanganat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Karen M. Dobos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Megan Lucas
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - John S. Spencer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sunan Fang
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Melissa A. McDonald
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jan Pohl
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kristin Birkness
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Venkateswarlu Chamcha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Melissa V. Ramirez
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Bonnie B. Plikaytis
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - James E. Posey
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rama Rao Amara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Suraj B. Sable
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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74
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Thompson RE, Chan B, Radom L, Jolliffe KA, Payne RJ. Chemoselective peptide ligation-desulfurization at aspartate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:9723-7. [PMID: 23893778 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201304793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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75
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Thompson RE, Chan B, Radom L, Jolliffe KA, Payne RJ. Chemoselective Peptide Ligation-Desulfurization at Aspartate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201304793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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76
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Wilson RM, Dong S, Wang P, Danishefsky SJ. The winding pathway to erythropoietin along the chemistry-biology frontier: a success at last. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:7646-65. [PMID: 23775885 PMCID: PMC4729195 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201301666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The total synthesis of a homogeneous erythropoietin (EPO), possessing the native amino acid sequence and chitobiose glycans at each of the three wild-type sites of N glycosylation, has been accomplished in our laboratory. We provide herein an account of our decade-long research effort en route to this formidable target compound. The optimization of the synergy of the two bedrock sciences we now call biology and chemistry was central to the success of the synthesis of EPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Wilson
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Suwei Dong
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Ping Wang
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Samuel J. Danishefsky
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Havemeyer Hall, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY 10027
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77
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Wilson RM, Dong S, Wang P, Danishefsky SJ. Der gewundene Pfad zum Erythropoietin entlang der Grenze von Chemie und Biologie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201301666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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78
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Bang JK, Lee JH, Murugan RN, Lee SG, Do H, Koh HY, Shim HE, Kim HC, Kim HJ. Antifreeze peptides and glycopeptides, and their derivatives: potential uses in biotechnology. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:2013-41. [PMID: 23752356 PMCID: PMC3721219 DOI: 10.3390/md11062013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) and glycoproteins (AFGPs), collectively called AF(G)Ps, constitute a diverse class of proteins found in various Arctic and Antarctic fish, as well as in amphibians, plants, and insects. These compounds possess the ability to inhibit the formation of ice and are therefore essential to the survival of many marine teleost fishes that routinely encounter sub-zero temperatures. Owing to this property, AF(G)Ps have potential applications in many areas such as storage of cells or tissues at low temperature, ice slurries for refrigeration systems, and food storage. In contrast to AFGPs, which are composed of repeated tripeptide units (Ala-Ala-Thr)n with minor sequence variations, AFPs possess very different primary, secondary, and tertiary structures. The isolation and purification of AFGPs is laborious, costly, and often results in mixtures, making characterization difficult. Recent structural investigations into the mechanism by which linear and cyclic AFGPs inhibit ice crystallization have led to significant progress toward the synthesis and assessment of several synthetic mimics of AFGPs. This review article will summarize synthetic AFGP mimics as well as current challenges in designing compounds capable of mimicking AFGPs. It will also cover our recent efforts in exploring whether peptoid mimics can serve as structural and functional mimics of native AFGPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Kyu Bang
- Division of Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Scienc Institute, Chungbuk 363-833, Korea; E-Mails: (J.K.B.); (R.N.M.)
| | - Jun Hyuck Lee
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, Korea; E-Mails: (J.H.L.); (S.G.L.); (H.D.); (H.Y.K.); (H.-E.S.)
- Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Incheon 406-840, Korea
| | - Ravichandran N. Murugan
- Division of Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Scienc Institute, Chungbuk 363-833, Korea; E-Mails: (J.K.B.); (R.N.M.)
| | - Sung Gu Lee
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, Korea; E-Mails: (J.H.L.); (S.G.L.); (H.D.); (H.Y.K.); (H.-E.S.)
- Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Incheon 406-840, Korea
| | - Hackwon Do
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, Korea; E-Mails: (J.H.L.); (S.G.L.); (H.D.); (H.Y.K.); (H.-E.S.)
- Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Incheon 406-840, Korea
| | - Hye Yeon Koh
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, Korea; E-Mails: (J.H.L.); (S.G.L.); (H.D.); (H.Y.K.); (H.-E.S.)
| | - Hye-Eun Shim
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, Korea; E-Mails: (J.H.L.); (S.G.L.); (H.D.); (H.Y.K.); (H.-E.S.)
| | - Hyun-Cheol Kim
- Division of Polar Climate Research, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Hak Jun Kim
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, Korea; E-Mails: (J.H.L.); (S.G.L.); (H.D.); (H.Y.K.); (H.-E.S.)
- Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Incheon 406-840, Korea
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +82-32-760-5550; Fax: +82-32-760-5598
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79
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Corcilius L, Santhakumar G, Stone RS, Capicciotti CJ, Joseph S, Matthews JM, Ben RN, Payne RJ. Synthesis of peptides and glycopeptides with polyproline II helical topology as potential antifreeze molecules. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:3569-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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80
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Zhang Y, Xu C, Lam HY, Lee CL, Li X. Protein chemical synthesis by serine and threonine ligation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:6657-62. [PMID: 23569249 PMCID: PMC3637748 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1221012110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient method has been developed for the salicylaldehyde ester-mediated ligation of unprotected peptides at serine (Ser) or threonine (Thr) residues. The utility of this peptide ligation approach has been demonstrated through the convergent syntheses of two therapeutic peptides--ovine-corticoliberin and Forteo--and the human erythrocyte acylphosphatase protein (∼11 kDa). The requisite peptide salicylaldehyde ester precursor is prepared in an epimerization-free manner via Fmoc-solid-phase peptide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinfeng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ci Xu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hiu Yung Lam
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Lung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuechen Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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81
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Congdon T, Notman R, Gibson MI. Antifreeze (glyco)protein mimetic behavior of poly(vinyl alcohol): detailed structure ice recrystallization inhibition activity study. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:1578-86. [PMID: 23534826 DOI: 10.1021/bm400217j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript reports a detailed study on the ability of poly(vinyl alcohol) to act as a biomimetic surrogate for antifreeze(glyco)proteins, with a focus on the specific property of ice-recrystallization inhibition (IRI). Despite over 40 years of study, the underlying mechanisms that govern the action of biological antifreezes are still poorly understood, which is in part due to their limited availability and challenging synthesis. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) has been shown to display remarkable ice recrystallization inhibition activity despite its major structural differences to native antifreeze proteins. Here, controlled radical polymerization is used to synthesize well-defined PVA, which has enabled us to obtain the first quantitative structure-activity relationships, to probe the role of molecular weight and comonomers on IRI activity. Crucially, it was found that IRI activity is "switched on" when the polymer chain length increases from 10 and 20 repeat units. Substitution of the polymer side chains with hydrophilic or hydrophobic units was found to diminish activity. Hydrophobic modifications to the backbone were slightly more tolerated than side chain modifications, which implies an unbroken sequence of hydroxyl units is necessary for activity. These results highlight that, although hydrophobic domains are key components of IRI activity, the random inclusion of addition hydrophobic units does not guarantee an increase in activity and that the actual polymer conformation is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Congdon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, United Kingdom, CV4 7AL
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82
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Abstract
Post-translational modifications of proteins can have dramatic effect on the function of proteins. Significant research effort has gone into understanding the effect of particular modifications on protein parameters. In the present paper, I review some of the recently developed tools for the synthesis of proteins modified with single post-translational modifications at specific sites in the protein, such as amber codon suppression technologies, tag and modify, and native chemical ligation.
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83
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Malins LR, Cergol KM, Payne RJ. Peptide Ligation-Desulfurization Chemistry at Arginine. Chembiochem 2013; 14:559-63. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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84
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Izumi R, Matsushita T, Fujitani N, Naruchi K, Shimizu H, Tsuda S, Hinou H, Nishimura SI. Microwave-Assisted Solid-Phase Synthesis of Antifreeze Glycopeptides. Chemistry 2013; 19:3913-20. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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85
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Haridas V, Naik S. Natural macromolecular antifreeze agents to synthetic antifreeze agents. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra00081h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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86
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Deller RC, Congdon T, Sahid MA, Morgan M, Vatish M, Mitchell DA, Notman R, Gibson MI. Ice recrystallisation inhibition by polyols: comparison of molecular and macromolecular inhibitors and role of hydrophobic units. Biomater Sci 2013; 1:478-485. [DOI: 10.1039/c3bm00194f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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87
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Palmisano G, Larsen MR, Packer NH, Thaysen-Andersen M. Structural analysis of glycoprotein sialylation – part II: LC-MS based detection. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42969e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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88
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Trant JF, Biggs RA, Capicciotti CJ, Ben RN. Developing highly active small molecule ice recrystallization inhibitors based upon C-linked antifreeze glycoprotein analogues. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43835j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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89
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Al Sheikha D, Wilkinson BL, Santhakumar G, Thaysen-Andersen M, Payne RJ. Synthesis of homogeneous MUC1 oligomers via a bi-directional ligation strategy. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:6090-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41363b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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90
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Abstract
Because of the importance of carbohydrate-protein interactions in biological processes, the development of glycoclusters and glycodendrimers capable of mimicking the multivalent display of carbohydrates at the cell surface has become a major field of research over the last decade. Among the large variety of scaffolds that are now available, peptides and cyclopeptides are widely used for the multivalent presentation of glycans. This review will provide an overview of the most recent advances in the preparation and utilization of linear glycopeptides and glycocyclopeptides in glycobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen Galan
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
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91
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Chalker JM. Prospects in the Total Synthesis of Protein Therapeutics. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 81:122-35. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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92
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Wang P, Dong S, Brailsford JA, Iyer K, Townsend SD, Zhang Q, Hendrickson RC, Shieh J, Moore MAS, Danishefsky SJ. At last: erythropoietin as a single glycoform. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:11576-84. [PMID: 23012228 PMCID: PMC3500780 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201206090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (USA)
| | - Suwei Dong
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (USA)
| | - John A. Brailsford
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (USA)
| | - Karthik Iyer
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (USA)
| | - Steven D. Townsend
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (USA)
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (USA)
| | - Ronald C. Hendrickson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (USA)
| | - JaeHung Shieh
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (USA)
| | - Malcolm A. S. Moore
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (USA)
| | - Samuel J. Danishefsky
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (USA). Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY 10027
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93
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Wilkinson BL, Day S, Chapman R, Perrier S, Apostolopoulos V, Payne RJ. Synthesis and Immunological Evaluation of Self-Assembling and Self-Adjuvanting Tricomponent Glycopeptide Cancer-Vaccine Candidates. Chemistry 2012; 18:16540-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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94
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Wang P, Dong S, Brailsford JA, Iyer K, Townsend SD, Zhang Q, Hendrickson RC, Shieh J, Moore MAS, Danishefsky SJ. At Last: Erythropoietin as a Single Glycoform. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201206090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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95
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Zhang Y, Muthana SM, Barchi JJ, Gildersleeve JC. Divergent behavior of glycosylated threonine and serine derivatives in solid phase peptide synthesis. Org Lett 2012; 14:3958-61. [PMID: 22817697 PMCID: PMC3417326 DOI: 10.1021/ol301723e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Solid phase peptide coupling of glycosylated threonine derivatives was systematically evaluated. In contrast to glycosylated serine derivatives which are highly prone to epimerization, glycosylated threonine derivatives produce only negligible amounts of epimerization. Under forcing conditions, glycosylated threonine analogs undergo β-elimination, rather than epimerization. Mechanistic studies and molecular modeling were used to understand the origin of the differences in reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalong Zhang
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, 376 Boyles Street, Building 376, Frederick, Maryland, 21702
| | - Saddam M. Muthana
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, 376 Boyles Street, Building 376, Frederick, Maryland, 21702
| | - Joseph J. Barchi
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, 376 Boyles Street, Building 376, Frederick, Maryland, 21702
| | - Jeffrey C. Gildersleeve
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, 376 Boyles Street, Building 376, Frederick, Maryland, 21702
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96
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Ito Y. Elaborate Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules. Chembiochem 2012; 13:1100-2. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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