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Zhao B, Yang D, Wong JH, Wang J, Yin C, Zhu Y, Fan S, Ng TB, Xia J, Li Z. A Thioether-Stabilizedd-Proline-l-Proline-Induced β-Hairpin Peptide of Defensin Segment Increases Its Anti-Candida albicansAbility. Chembiochem 2016; 17:1416-20. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingchuan Zhao
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology; Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University; Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Dan Yang
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology; Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University; Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Jack Ho Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Jianpeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Cuiming Yin
- School of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Yuxia Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Peking University Shenzhen Hospital; Shenzhen 518036 China
| | - Shangrong Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Peking University Shenzhen Hospital; Shenzhen 518036 China
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Jiang Xia
- Department of Chemistry; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Zigang Li
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology; Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University; Shenzhen 518055 China
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Edwards IA, Elliott AG, Kavanagh AM, Zuegg J, Blaskovich MAT, Cooper MA. Contribution of Amphipathicity and Hydrophobicity to the Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity of β-Hairpin Peptides. ACS Infect Dis 2016; 2:442-450. [PMID: 27331141 PMCID: PMC4906375 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
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Bacteria have acquired
extensive resistance mechanisms to protect themselves against antibiotic
action. Today the bacterial membrane has become one of the “final
frontiers” in the search for new compounds acting on novel
targets to address the threat of multi-drug resistant (MDR) and XDR
bacterial pathogens. β-Hairpin antimicrobial peptides are amphipathic,
membrane-binding antibiotics that exhibit a broad range of activities
against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and fungal pathogens. However,
most members of the class also possess adverse cytotoxicity and hemolytic
activity that preclude their development as candidate antimicrobials.
We examined peptide hydrophobicity, amphipathicity, and structure
to better dissect and understand the correlation between antimicrobial
activity and toxicity, membrane binding, and membrane permeability.
The hydrophobicity, pI, net charge at physiological
pH, and amphipathic moment for the β-hairpin antimicrobial peptides
tachyplesin-1, polyphemusin-1, protegrin-1, gomesin, arenicin-3, and
thanatin were determined and correlated with key antimicrobial activity
and toxicity data. These included antimicrobial activity against five
key bacterial pathogens and two fungi, cytotoxicity against human
cell lines, and hemolytic activity in human erythrocytes. Observed
antimicrobial activity trends correlated with compound amphipathicity
and, to a lesser extent, with overall hydrophobicity. Antimicrobial
activity increased with amphipathicity, but unfortunately so did toxicity.
Of note, tachyplesin-1 was found to be 8-fold more amphipathic than
gomesin. These analyses identify tachyplesin-1 as a promising scaffold
for rational design and synthetic optimization toward an antibiotic
candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid A. Edwards
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road (Building 80), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Alysha G. Elliott
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road (Building 80), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Angela M. Kavanagh
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road (Building 80), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Johannes Zuegg
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road (Building 80), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mark A. T. Blaskovich
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road (Building 80), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew A. Cooper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road (Building 80), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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A synthetic antimicrobial peptide BTD-S expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana confers enhanced resistance to Verticillium dahliae. Mol Genet Genomics 2016; 291:1647-61. [PMID: 27138919 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-016-1209-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BTD-S is a synthetic non-cyclic θ-defensin derivative which was previously designed in our laboratory based on baboon θ-defensins (BTDs). It shows robust antimicrobial activity against economically important phytopathogen, Verticillium dahliae. Here, we deduced the coding nucleotide sequence of BTD-S and introduced the gene into wild-type (ecotype Columbia-0) Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Results demonstrated that BTD-S-transgenic lines displayed in bioassays inhibitory effects on the growth of V. dahliae in vivo and in vitro. Based on symptom severity, enhanced resistance was found in a survey of BTD-S-transgenic lines. Besides, crude protein extracts from root tissues of BTD-S-transformed plants significantly restricted the growth of fungal hyphae and the germination of conidia. Also, fungal biomass over time determined by real-time PCR demonstrated the overgrowth of V. dahliae in wild-type plants 2-3 weeks after inoculation, while almost no fungal DNA was detected in aerial tissues of their transgenic progenitors. The result suggested that fungus failed to invade and progress acropetally up to establish a systemic infection in BTD-S-transgenic plants. Moreover, the assessment of basal defense responses was performed in the leaves of WT and BTD-S-transgenic plants. The mitigated oxidative stress and low antioxidase level in BTD-S-transgenic plants revealed that BTD-S acts via permeabilizing target microbial membranes, which is in a category different from hypersensitive response-dependent defense. Taken together, our results demonstrate that BTD-S is a promising gene to be explored for transgenic engineering for plant protection against Verticillium wilt.
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Schwierz N, Krysiak S, Hugel T, Zacharias M. Mechanism of Reversible Peptide-Bilayer Attachment: Combined Simulation and Experimental Single-Molecule Study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:810-821. [PMID: 26717083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The binding of peptides and proteins to lipid membrane surfaces is of fundamental importance for many membrane-mediated cellular processes. Using closely matched molecular dynamics simulations and atomic force microscopy experiments, we study the force-induced desorption of single peptide chains from phospholipid bilayers to gain microscopic insight into the mechanism of reversible attachment. This approach allows quantification of desorption forces and decomposition of peptide-membrane interactions into energetic and entropic contributions. In both simulations and experiments, the desorption forces of peptides with charged and polar side chains are much smaller than those for hydrophobic peptides. The adsorption of charged/polar peptides to the membrane surface is disfavored by the energetic components, requires breaking of hydrogen bonds involving the peptides, and is favored only slightly by entropy. By contrast, the stronger adsorption of hydrophobic peptides is favored both by energy and by entropy and the desorption forces increase with increasing side-chain hydrophobicity. Interestingly, the calculated net adsorption free energies per residue correlate with experimental results of single residues, indicating that side-chain free energy contributions are largely additive. This observation can help in the design of peptides with tailored adsorption properties and in the estimation of membrane binding properties of peripheral membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Schwierz
- Chemistry Department, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - Thorsten Hugel
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg , 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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55
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Zheng Y, Zhai L, Zhao Y, Wu C. Orthogonal Cysteine–Penicillamine Disulfide Pairing for Directing the Oxidative Folding of Peptides. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:15094-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b10779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiwu Zheng
- The MOE Key Laboratory of
Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Linxiang Zhai
- The MOE Key Laboratory of
Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yibing Zhao
- The MOE Key Laboratory of
Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Chuanliu Wu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of
Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
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56
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Chen Y, Yang C, Li T, Zhang M, Liu Y, Gauthier MA, Zhao Y, Wu C. The Interplay of Disulfide Bonds, α-Helicity, and Hydrophobic Interactions Leads to Ultrahigh Proteolytic Stability of Peptides. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:2347-55. [PMID: 26156023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of noncovalent interactions to the stability of naturally occurring peptides and proteins has been generally acknowledged, though how these can be rationally manipulated to improve the proteolytic stability of synthetic peptides remains to be explored. In this study, a platform to enhance the proteolytic stability of peptides was developed by controllably dimerizing them into α-helical dimers, connected by two disulfide bonds. This platform not only directs peptides toward an α-helical conformation but permits control of the interfacial hydrophobic interactions between the peptides of the dimer. Using two model dimeric systems constructed from the N-terminal α-helix of RNase A and known inhibitors for the E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2 (and its homologue MDMX), a deeper understanding into the interplay of disulfide bonds, α-helicity, and hydrophobic interactions on enhanced proteolytic stability was sought out. Results reveal that all three parameters play an important role on attaining ultrahigh proteolytic resistance, a concept that can be exploited for the development of future peptide therapeutics. The understanding gained through this study will enable this strategy to be tailored to new peptides because the proposed strategy displays substantial tolerance to sequence permutation. It thus appears promising for conveniently creating prodrugs composed entirely of the therapeutic peptide itself (i.e., in the form of a dimer).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Chen
- †The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoqiong Yang
- †The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Li
- †The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Zhang
- †The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- †The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Marc A Gauthier
- ‡Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), EMT Research Center, 1650 boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Yibing Zhao
- †The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanliu Wu
- †The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
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Oh YT, Tran D, Buchanan TA, Selsted ME, Youn JH. θ-Defensin RTD-1 improves insulin action and normalizes plasma glucose and FFA levels in diet-induced obese rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E154-60. [PMID: 25991648 PMCID: PMC4504933 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00131.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is implicated in metabolic abnormalities in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Because θ-defensins have anti-inflammatory activities, we tested whether RTD-1, a θ-defensin, improves metabolic conditions in diet-induced obesity (DIO). DIO was induced by high-fat feeding in obese-prone CD rats from 4 wk of age. Starting at age 10 wk, the DIO rats were treated with saline or RTD-1 for 4 or 8 wk. DIO rats gained more weight than low-fat-fed controls. RTD-1 treatment did not alter body weight or calorie intake in DIO rats. Plasma glucose, FFA, triglyceride (TG), and insulin levels increased in DIO rats; RTD-1 normalized plasma glucose and FFA levels and showed tendencies to lower plasma insulin and TG levels. Hepatic and skeletal muscle TG contents increased in DIO rats; RTD-1 decreased muscle, but not hepatic, TG content. Insulin sensitivity, estimated using homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and the glucose clamp technique, decreased in DIO rats, but this change was markedly reversed by RTD-1. RTD-1 had no significant effects on plasma cytokine/chemokine levels or IL-1β and TNF-α expression in liver or adipose tissues. RTD-1 treatment decreased hepatic expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase, suggesting that the effect of RTD-1 on plasma glucose (or insulin action) might be mediated by its effect to decrease hepatic gluconeogenesis. Thus, RTD-1 ameliorated insulin resistance and normalized plasma glucose and FFA levels in DIO rats, supporting the potential of RTD-1 as a novel therapeutic agent for insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, or type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Taek Oh
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dat Tran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Thomas A Buchanan
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Michael E Selsted
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jang H Youn
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California;
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58
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Böcker JK, Friedel K, Matern JCJ, Bachmann AL, Mootz HD. Generation of a Genetically Encoded, Photoactivatable Intein for the Controlled Production of Cyclic Peptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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59
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Böcker JK, Friedel K, Matern JCJ, Bachmann AL, Mootz HD. Generation of a Genetically Encoded, Photoactivatable Intein for the Controlled Production of Cyclic Peptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:2116-20. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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60
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Conibear AC, Wang CK, Bi T, Rosengren KJ, Camarero JA, Craik DJ. Insights into the molecular flexibility of θ-defensins by NMR relaxation analysis. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:14257-66. [PMID: 25375365 PMCID: PMC5811197 DOI: 10.1021/jp507754c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
θ-Defensins are mammalian cyclic peptides that have antimicrobial activity and show potential as stable scaffolds for peptide-based drug design. The cyclic cystine ladder structural motif of θ-defensins has been characterized using NMR spectroscopy and is important for their structure and stability. However, the effect of the pronounced elongated topology of θ-defensins on their molecular motion is not yet understood. Studies of molecular motion by NMR relaxation measurements have been facilitated by the recent development of a semirecombinant method for producing cyclic peptides that allows for isotopic labeling. Here we have undertaken a multifield (15)N NMR relaxation analysis of the anti-HIV θ-defensin, HTD-2, and interpreted the experimental data using various models of overall and internal molecular motion. We found that it was necessary to apply a model that includes internal motion to account for the variations in the experimental T1 and NOE data at different backbone amide sites in the peptide. Although an isotropic model with internal motion was the simplest model that provided a satisfactory fit with the experimental data, we cannot exclude the possibility that overall motion is anisotropic, especially considering the strikingly elongated topology of θ-defensins. The presence of flexible side chains, self-association, interactions with solvent, and internal motions are all potential contributors to the observed relaxation data. Internal motion consistent with the constraints imposed by the cyclic cystine ladder was observed in that the order parameters, S(2), show that residues in the turns are more flexible than those in the β-sheet. This study provides insights into the dynamics of θ-defensins and information that might be useful in their application as scaffolds in drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C. Conibear
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Conan K. Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Tao Bi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, PSC 616, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - K. Johan Rosengren
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Julio A. Camarero
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, PSC 616, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Chemistry, College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA9033, USA
| | - David J. Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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