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Roberts JG, Mitchell EC, Dunaway LE, McCarty GS, Sombers LA. Carbon-Fiber Nanoelectrodes for Real-Time Discrimination of Vesicle Cargo in the Native Cellular Environment. ACS NANO 2020; 14:2917-2926. [PMID: 32058693 PMCID: PMC7336535 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b07318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-fiber microelectrodes have proven to be an indispensable tool for monitoring exocytosis events using amperometry. When positioned adjacent to a cell, a traditional microdisc electrode is well suited for quantification of discrete exocytotic release events. However, the size of the electrode does not allow for intracellular electrochemical measurements, and the amperometric approach cannot distinguish between the catecholamines that are released. In this work, carbon nanoelectrodes were developed to permit selective electrochemical sampling of nanoscale vesicles in the cell cytosol. Classical voltammetric techniques and electron microscopy were used to characterize the nanoelectrodes, which were ∼5 μm long and sharpened to a nanometer-scale tip that could be wholly inserted into individual neuroendocrine cells. The nanoelectrodes were coupled with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry to distinguish secretory granules containing epinephrine from other catecholamine-containing granules encountered in the native cellular environment. Both vesicle subtypes were encountered in most cells, despite prior demonstration of populations of chromaffin cells that preferentially release one of these catecholamines. There was substantial cell-to-cell variability in relative epinephrine content, and vesicles containing epinephrine generally stored more catecholamine than the other vesicles. The carbon nanoelectrode technology thus enabled analysis of picoliter-scale biological volumes, revealing key differences between chromaffin cells at the level of the dense-core granule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Min Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yue-Yi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Lun Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Tao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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Philipsen MH, Phan NTN, Fletcher JS, Ewing AG. Interplay between Cocaine, Drug Removal, and Methylphenidate Reversal on Phospholipid Alterations in Drosophila Brain Determined by Imaging Mass Spectrometry. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:806-813. [PMID: 32045198 PMCID: PMC7077924 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine dependence displays a broad impairment in cognitive performance including attention, learning, and memory. To obtain a better understanding of the action of cocaine in the nervous system, and the relation between phospholipids and memory, we have investigated whether phospholipids recover in the brain following cocaine removal using the fly model, Drosophila melanogaster. In addition, the effects of methylphenidate, a substitute medication for cocaine dependence, on fly brain lipids after cocaine abuse are also determined to see if it can rescue the lipid changes caused by cocaine. Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry with a (CO2)6000+ gas cluster ion beam was used to detect intact phospholipids. We show that cocaine has persistent effects, both increasing and decreasing the levels of specific phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylinositols. These changes remain after cocaine withdrawal and are not rescued by methylphenidate. Cocaine is again shown to generally increase the levels of phosphatidylcholines in the fly brain; however, after drug withdrawal, the abundance of these lipids returns to the original level and methylphenidate treatment of the flies following cocaine exposure enhances the reversal of the lipid level reducing them below the original control. The study provides insight into the molecular effects of cocaine and methylphenidate on brain lipids. We suggest that phosphatidylcholines could be a potential target for the treatment of cocaine abuse as well as be a significant hallmark of cognition and memory loss with cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Hoang Philipsen
- The Gothenburg Imaging Mass Spectrometry (Go:IMS) Platform, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nhu T. N. Phan
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
- The Gothenburg Imaging Mass Spectrometry (Go:IMS) Platform, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - John Stephen Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
- The Gothenburg Imaging Mass Spectrometry (Go:IMS) Platform, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew G. Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
- The Gothenburg Imaging Mass Spectrometry (Go:IMS) Platform, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Larsson A, Majdi S, Oleinick A, Svir I, Dunevall J, Amatore C, Ewing AG. Intracellular Electrochemical Nanomeasurements Reveal that Exocytosis of Molecules at Living Neurons is Subquantal and Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6711-6714. [PMID: 31967714 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Since the early work of Bernard Katz, the process of cellular chemical communication through exocytosis, quantal release, has been considered to be all or none. Recent evidence has shown exocytosis to be partial or "subquantal" at single-cell model systems, but there is a need to understand this at communicating nerve cells. Partial release allows nerve cells to control the signal at the site of release during individual events, for which the smaller the fraction released, the greater the range of regulation. Herein, we show that the fraction of the vesicular octopamine content released from a living Drosophila larval neuromuscular neuron is very small. The percentage of released molecules was found to be only 4.5 % for simple events and 10.7 % for complex (i.e., oscillating or flickering) events. This large content, combined with partial release controlled by fluctuations of the fusion pore, offers presynaptic plasticity that can be widely regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Larsson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Soodabeh Majdi
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alexander Oleinick
- CNRS, Ecole Normale Superieure-PSL research University, Sorbonne University UMR 8640 "PASTEUR", Departement de Chimie, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Irina Svir
- CNRS, Ecole Normale Superieure-PSL research University, Sorbonne University UMR 8640 "PASTEUR", Departement de Chimie, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Johan Dunevall
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christian Amatore
- CNRS, Ecole Normale Superieure-PSL research University, Sorbonne University UMR 8640 "PASTEUR", Departement de Chimie, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Andrew G Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
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56
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Ren L, Oleinick A, Svir I, Amatore C, Ewing AG. Amperometric Measurements and Dynamic Models Reveal a Mechanism for How Zinc Alters Neurotransmitter Release. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:3083-3087. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ren
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Gothenburg Kemivägen 10 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Alexander Oleinick
- CNRS—École Normale SupérieurePSL Research University—Sorbonne UniversityUMR 8640 “PASTEUR”Département de Chimie 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
| | - Irina Svir
- CNRS—École Normale SupérieurePSL Research University—Sorbonne UniversityUMR 8640 “PASTEUR”Département de Chimie 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
| | - Christian Amatore
- CNRS—École Normale SupérieurePSL Research University—Sorbonne UniversityUMR 8640 “PASTEUR”Département de Chimie 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University 361005 Xiamen China
| | - Andrew G. Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Gothenburg Kemivägen 10 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
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Ren L, Oleinick A, Svir I, Amatore C, Ewing AG. Amperometric Measurements and Dynamic Models Reveal a Mechanism for How Zinc Alters Neurotransmitter Release. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ren
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology University of Gothenburg Kemivägen 10 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Alexander Oleinick
- CNRS—École Normale Supérieure PSL Research University—Sorbonne University UMR 8640 “PASTEUR” Département de Chimie 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
| | - Irina Svir
- CNRS—École Normale Supérieure PSL Research University—Sorbonne University UMR 8640 “PASTEUR” Département de Chimie 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
| | - Christian Amatore
- CNRS—École Normale Supérieure PSL Research University—Sorbonne University UMR 8640 “PASTEUR” Département de Chimie 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University 361005 Xiamen China
| | - Andrew G. Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology University of Gothenburg Kemivägen 10 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
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Larsson A, Majdi S, Borges R, Ewing A. Vesicular Transmitter Content in Chromaffin Cells Can Be Regulated via Extracellular ATP. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:4735-4740. [PMID: 31637911 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The energy carrying molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has been implicated for its role in modulation of chemical signaling for some time. Despite this, the precise effects and mechanisms of action of ATP on secretory cells are not well-known. Here, bovine chromaffin cells have been used as a model system to study the effects of extracellular ATP in combination with the catecholamine transmitter norepinephrine (NE). Both transmitter storage and exocytotic release were quantified using complementary amperometric techniques. Although incubation with NE alone did not cause any changes to either transmitter storage or release, coincubation with NE and ATP resulted in a significant increase that was concentration dependent. To probe the potential mechanisms of action, a slowly hydrolyzable version of ATP, ATP-γ-S, was used either alone or together with NE. The result implicates two different behaviors of ATP acting on both the purinergic autoreceptors and as a source of the energy needed to load chromaffin cell vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Larsson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Soodabeh Majdi
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ricardo Borges
- Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Andrew Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Jiang H, Zhang XW, Liao QL, Wu WT, Liu YL, Huang WH. Electrochemical Monitoring of Paclitaxel-Induced ROS Release from Mitochondria inside Single Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1901787. [PMID: 31183973 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201901787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are believed to be the major source of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, in situ, real-time and quantitative monitoring of ROS release from mitochondria that are present in their cytosolic environment remains a great challenge. In this work, a platinized SiC@C nanowire electrode is placed into a single cell for in situ detection of ROS signals from intracellular mitochondria, and antineoplastic agent (paclitaxel) induced ROS production is successfully recorded. Further investigations indicate that complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase, COX) is the principal site for ROS generation, and significantly more ROS are generated from mitochondria in cancer cells than that from normal cells. This work provides an effective approach to directly monitor intracellular mitochondria by nanowire electrodes, and consequently obtains important physiological evidence on antineoplastic agent-induced ROS generation, which will be of great benefit for better understanding of chemotherapy at subcellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xin-Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Quan-Lan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Wen-Tao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yan-Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Wei-Hua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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60
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Plasticity in exocytosis revealed through the effects of repetitive stimuli affect the content of nanometer vesicles and the fraction of transmitter released. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:21409-21415. [PMID: 31570594 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1910859116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical techniques with disk and nano-tip electrodes, together with calcium imaging, were used to examine the effect of short-interval repetitive stimuli on both exocytosis and vesicular content in a model cell line. We show that the number of events decreases markedly with repeated stimuli suggesting a depletion of exocytosis machinery. However, repetitive stimuli induce a more stable fusion pore, leading to an increased amount of neurotransmitter release. In contrast, the total neurotransmitter content inside the vesicles decreases after repetitive stimuli, resulting in a higher average release fraction from each event. We suggest a possible mechanism regarding a link between activity-induced plasticity and fraction of release.
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61
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Zhu W, Gu C, Dunevall J, Ren L, Zhou X, Ewing AG. Combined Amperometry and Electrochemical Cytometry Reveal Differential Effects of Cocaine and Methylphenidate on Exocytosis and the Fraction of Chemical Release. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:4238-4242. [PMID: 30688389 PMCID: PMC6519382 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Amperometry with nanotip electrodes has been applied to show cocaine and methylphenidate not only trigger declines in vesicle content and exocytotic catecholamine release in a model cell line but also differentially change the fraction of transmitter released from each individual vesicle. In addition, cocaine accelerates exocytotic release dynamics while they remain unchanged after methylphenidate treatment. The parameters from pre-spike feet for the two drugs are also in opposition, suggesting this aspect of release is affected differentially. As cocaine and methylphenidate are psychostimulants with similar pharmacologic action but have opposite effects on cognition, these results might provide a missing link between the regulation of exocytosis and vesicles and the effect of this regulation on cognition, learning, and memory. A speculative chemical mechanism of the effect of these drugs on vesicle content and exocytosis is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of GothenburgKemivägen 1041296GothenburgSweden
- School of PharmacyNanjing Medical UniversityLongmian Avenue 101Nanjing210029China
| | - Chaoyi Gu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of GothenburgKemivägen 1041296GothenburgSweden
| | - Johan Dunevall
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyKemivägen 1041296GothenburgSweden
| | - Lin Ren
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyKemivägen 1041296GothenburgSweden
| | - Xuemin Zhou
- School of PharmacyNanjing Medical UniversityLongmian Avenue 101Nanjing210029China
| | - Andrew G. Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of GothenburgKemivägen 1041296GothenburgSweden
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