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Usta OB, McCarty WJ, Bale S, Hegde M, Jindal R, Bhushan A, Golberg I, Yarmush ML. Microengineered cell and tissue systems for drug screening and toxicology applications: Evolution of in-vitro liver technologies. TECHNOLOGY 2015; 3:1-26. [PMID: 26167518 PMCID: PMC4494128 DOI: 10.1142/s2339547815300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The liver performs many key functions, the most prominent of which is serving as the metabolic hub of the body. For this reason, the liver is the focal point of many investigations aimed at understanding an organism's toxicological response to endogenous and exogenous challenges. Because so many drug failures have involved direct liver toxicity or other organ toxicity from liver generated metabolites, the pharmaceutical industry has constantly sought superior, predictive in-vitro models that can more quickly and efficiently identify problematic drug candidates before they incur major development costs, and certainly before they are released to the public. In this broad review, we present a survey and critical comparison of in-vitro liver technologies along a broad spectrum, but focus on the current renewed push to develop "organs-on-a-chip". One prominent set of conclusions from this review is that while a large body of recent work has steered the field towards an ever more comprehensive understanding of what is needed, the field remains in great need of several key advances, including establishment of standard characterization methods, enhanced technologies that mimic the in-vivo cellular environment, and better computational approaches to bridge the gap between the in-vitro and in-vivo results.
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Affiliation(s)
- O B Usta
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - W J McCarty
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - S Bale
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - M Hegde
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - R Jindal
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - A Bhushan
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - I Golberg
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - M L Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Herrnberger L, Hennig R, Kremer W, Hellerbrand C, Goepferich A, Kalbitzer HR, Tamm ER. Formation of fenestrae in murine liver sinusoids depends on plasmalemma vesicle-associated protein and is required for lipoprotein passage. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115005. [PMID: 25541982 PMCID: PMC4277272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) are characterized by the presence of fenestrations that are not bridged by a diaphragm. The molecular mechanisms that control the formation of the fenestrations are largely unclear. Here we report that mice, which are deficient in plasmalemma vesicle-associated protein (PLVAP), develop a distinct phenotype that is caused by the lack of sinusoidal fenestrations. Fenestrations with a diaphragm were not observed in mouse LSEC at three weeks of age, but were present during embryonic life starting from embryonic day 12.5. PLVAP was expressed in LSEC of wild-type mice, but not in that of Plvap-deficient littermates. Plvap-/- LSEC showed a pronounced and highly significant reduction in the number of fenestrations, a finding, which was seen both by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The lack of fenestrations was associated with an impaired passage of macromolecules such as FITC-dextran and quantum dot nanoparticles from the sinusoidal lumen into Disse's space. Plvap-deficient mice suffered from a pronounced hyperlipoproteinemia as evidenced by milky plasma and the presence of lipid granules that occluded kidney and liver capillaries. By NMR spectroscopy of plasma, the nature of hyperlipoproteinemia was identified as massive accumulation of chylomicron remnants. Plasma levels of low density lipoproteins (LDL) were also significantly increased as were those of cholesterol and triglycerides. In contrast, plasma levels of high density lipoproteins (HDL), albumin and total protein were reduced. At around three weeks of life, Plvap-deficient livers developed extensive multivesicular steatosis, steatohepatitis, and fibrosis. PLVAP is critically required for the formation of fenestrations in LSEC. Lack of fenestrations caused by PLVAP deficiency substantially impairs the passage of chylomicron remnants between liver sinusoids and hepatocytes, and finally leads to liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Herrnberger
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Robert Hennig
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Werner Kremer
- Department of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, and Centre of Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Achim Goepferich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hans Robert Kalbitzer
- Department of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, and Centre of Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ernst R. Tamm
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Bale SS, Golberg I, Jindal R, McCarty WJ, Luitje M, Hegde M, Bhushan A, Usta OB, Yarmush ML. Long-term coculture strategies for primary hepatocytes and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2014; 21:413-22. [PMID: 25233394 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2014.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes and their in vitro models are essential tools for preclinical screening studies for drugs that affect the liver. Most of the current models primarily focus on hepatocytes alone and lack the contribution of non-parenchymal cells (NPCs), which are significant through both molecular and the response of the NPCs themselves. Models that incorporate NPCs alongside hepatocytes hold the power to enable more realistic recapitulation and elucidation of cell interactions and cumulative drug response. Hepatocytes and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) account for ∼ 80% of the liver mass where the LSECs line the walls of blood vessels, and act as a barrier between hepatocytes and blood. Culturing LSECs with hepatocytes to generate multicellular physiologically relevant in vitro liver models has been a major hurdle since LSECs lose their phenotype rapidly after isolation. To this end, we describe the application of collagen gel (1) in a sandwich and (2) as an intervening extracellular matrix layer to coculture hepatocytes with LSECs for extended periods. These coculture configurations provide environments wherein hepatocyte and LSECs, through cell-cell contacts and/or secretion factors, lead to enhanced function and stability of the cocultures. Our results show that in these configurations, hepatocytes and LSECs maintained their phenotypes when cultured together as a mixture, and showed stable secretion and metabolic activity for up to 4 weeks. Immunostaining for sinusoidal endothelial 1 (SE-1) antibody demonstrated retention of LSEC phenotype during the culture period. In addition, LSECs cultured alone maintained high viability and SE-1 expression when cultured within a collagen sandwich configuration up to 4 weeks. Albumin production of the cocultures was 10-15 times higher when LSECs were cultured as a bottom layer (with an intervening collagen layer) and as a mixture in a sandwich configuration, and native CYP 1A1/2 activity was at least 20 times higher than monoculture controls. Together, these data suggest that collagen gel-based hepatocyte-LSEC cocultures are highly suitable models for stabilization and long-term culture of both cell types. In summary, these results indicate that collagen gel-based hepatocyte-LSEC coculture models are promising for in vitro toxicity testing, and liver model development studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Sundhar Bale
- 1 Center for Engineering in Medicine (CEM) at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospital for Children , Boston, Massachusetts
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Therapeutic potential of microRNA: a new target to treat intrahepatic portal hypertension? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:797898. [PMID: 24812632 DOI: 10.1155/2014/797898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intrahepatic portal hypertension accounts for most of the morbidity and mortality encountered in patients with liver cirrhosis, due to increased portal inflow and intrahepatic vascular resistance. Most treatments have focused only on portal inflow or vascular resistance. However, miRNA multitarget regulation therapy may potentially intervene in these two processes for therapeutic benefit in cirrhosis and portal hypertension. This review presents an overview of the most recent knowledge of and future possibilities for the use of miRNA therapy. The benefits of this therapeutic modality--which is poorly applied in the clinical setting--are still uncertain. Increasing the knowledge and current understanding of the roles of miRNAs in the development of intrahepatic portal hypertension and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) functions, as well as their potential as novel drug targets, is critical.
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Alfaro J, Grau M, Serrano M, Checa AI, Criado LM, Moreno E, Paz-Artal E, Mellado M, Serrano A. Blockade of endothelial G(i) protein enhances early engraftment in intraportal cell transplant to mouse liver. Cell Transplant 2013; 21:1383-96. [PMID: 22525519 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x640501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited availability of liver donors and recent progress in cell therapy technologies has centered interest on cell transplantation as a therapeutic alternative to orthotopic liver transplant for restoring liver function. Following transplant by intraportal perfusion, the main obstacle to cell integration in the parenchyma is the endothelial barrier. Transplanted cells form emboli in the portal branches, inducing ischemia and reperfusion injury, which cause disruption of endothelial impermeability and activate the immune system. Approximately 95% of transplanted cells fail to implant and die within hours by anoikis or are destroyed by the host immune system. Intravascular perfusion of Bordetella pertussis toxin (PTx) blocks endothelial G(i) proteins and acts as a reversible inducer of actin cytoskeleton reorganization, leading to interruption of cell confluence in vitro and increased vascular permeability in vivo. PTx treatment of the murine portal vascular tree 2 h before intraportal perfusion of embryonic stem cells facilitated rapid cell engraftment. By 2 h postperfusion, the number of implanted cells in treated mice was more than fivefold greater than in untreated controls, a difference that was maintained to at least 30 days posttransplant. We conclude that prior to cell transplant, PTx blockade of the G(i) protein pathway in liver endothelium promotes rapid, efficient cell implantation in liver parenchyma, and blocks chemokine receptor signaling, an essential step in early activation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Alfaro
- Cell Transplantation Unit, Department of Immunology Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
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Imaging inflammatory leukocyte recruitment in kidney, lung and liver—challenges to the multi‐step paradigm. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 91:281-9. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2012.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Fraczek J, Bolleyn J, Vanhaecke T, Rogiers V, Vinken M. Primary hepatocyte cultures for pharmaco-toxicological studies: at the busy crossroad of various anti-dedifferentiation strategies. Arch Toxicol 2012; 87:577-610. [PMID: 23242478 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0983-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Continuously increasing understanding of the molecular triggers responsible for the onset of diseases, paralleled by an equally dynamic evolution of chemical synthesis and screening methods, offers an abundance of pharmacological agents with a potential to become new successful drugs. However, before patients can benefit of newly developed pharmaceuticals, stringent safety filters need to be applied to weed out unfavourable drug candidates. Cost effectiveness and the need to identify compound liabilities, without exposing humans to unnecessary risks, has stimulated the shift of the safety studies to the earliest stages of drug discovery and development. In this regard, in vivo relevant organotypic in vitro models have high potential to revolutionize the preclinical safety testing. They can enable automation of the process, to match the requirements of high-throughput screening approaches, while satisfying ethical considerations. Cultures of primary hepatocytes became already an inherent part of the preclinical pharmaco-toxicological testing battery, yet their routine use, particularly for long-term assays, is limited by the progressive deterioration of liver-specific features. The availability of suitable hepatic and other organ-specific in vitro models is, however, of paramount importance in the light of changing European legal regulations in the field of chemical compounds of different origin, which gradually restrict the use of animal studies for safety assessment, as currently witnessed in cosmetic industry. Fortunately, research groups worldwide spare no effort to establish hepatic in vitro systems. In the present review, both classical and innovative methodologies to stabilize the in vivo-like hepatocyte phenotype in culture of primary hepatocytes are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fraczek
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium.
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58
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Timm F, Vollmar B. Heterogeneity of the intrahepatic portal venous blood flow: impact on hepatocyte transplantation. Microvasc Res 2012; 86:34-41. [PMID: 23220352 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The poor repopulation rate of the liver by transplanted hepatocytes markedly hampers liver cell therapy, which might be due to a limited sequestration of cells within the hepatic microvasculature. We therefore present intravital fluorescence microscopic data of transplanted hepatocytes immediately after portal venous injection demonstrating their intrahepatic distribution. METHODS Male Wistar rats were transplanted with freshly isolated, rhodamine 123 labelled, primary rat hepatocytes. Cells (10(6) in 0.5 ml) were slowly injected via a catheter in the V. lienalis over 2 min. Their distribution in the left lateral liver lobe was visualized simultaneously as well as over the following 30 min by intravital fluorescence microscopy. In a second set of animals green fluorescent microspheres exhibiting a size of 15 μm were injected and observed identically. For further analyses of portal venous blood flow distribution sodium fluorescein was injected via the V. lienalis as well as via the V. jugularis. RESULTS In vivo imaging allowed the clear detection and observation of hepatocytes flowing into the liver and forming microemboli, which are trapped particularly in small distal portal branches. To a minor extent they were trapped as solitary cells in the periportal zone of sinusoids. Most interestingly, the distribution of cells within the liver was highly heterogeneous, as wide areas of acini were found free of transplanted cells after portal venous injection, while neighbouring areas showed disproportionately high hepatocyte occurrence. To further investigate this phenomenon sodium fluorescein was injected via the V. lienalis instead and an identical heterogeneous distribution pattern with clear anatomical borders defining highly, semi, and non-portal venous perfused liver acini could be observed. In contrast, systemic injection of sodium fluorescein via the V. jugularis in the same animals resulted in a homogenous dispersion within the liver. CONCLUSION Using in vivo fluorescence microscopy and exclusive portal venous injection of a fluorescent dye, we provide evidence for the existence of liver areas, differentially supplied by portal venous blood. As a consequence, hepatocytes transplanted via the portal tract are very heterogeneously distributed within the liver. This observation forces us to reconsider our current knowledge on (i) monitoring engrafted cells, (ii) the optimal hepatocyte number to be transplanted, (iii) portal hypertension after cell injection, and last but not least (iv) the optimal transplantation route. Moreover, the established model for in vivo visualization of transplanted hepatocytes allows development of new therapeutic strategies facilitating an improved engraftment of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Timm
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
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Liu Y, Gardner CR, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Classical and alternative activation of rat hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells by inflammatory stimuli. Exp Mol Pathol 2012; 94:160-7. [PMID: 23103612 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The ability of rat hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (HSEC) to become activated in response to diverse inflammatory stimuli was analyzed. Whereas the classical macrophage activators, IFNγ and/or LPS upregulated expression of iNOS in HSEC, the alternative macrophage activators, IL-10 or IL-4+IL-13 upregulated arginase-1 and mannose receptor. Similar upregulation of iNOS and arginase-1 was observed in classically and alternatively activated Kupffer cells, respectively. Removal of inducing stimuli from the cells had no effect on expression of these markers, demonstrating that activation is persistent. Washing and incubation of IFNγ treated cells with IL-4+IL-13 resulted in decreased iNOS and increased arginase-1 expression, while washing and incubation of IL-4+IL-13 treated cells with IFNγ resulted in decreased arginase-1 and increased iNOS, indicating that classical and alternative activation of the cells is reversible. HSEC were more sensitive to phenotypic switching than Kupffer cells, suggesting greater functional plasticity. Hepatocyte viability and expression of PCNA, β-catenin and MMP-9 increased in the presence of alternatively activated HSEC. In contrast, the viability of hepatocytes pretreated for 2 h with 5 mM acetaminophen decreased in the presence of classically activated HSEC. These data demonstrate that activated HSEC can modulate hepatocyte responses following injury. The ability of hepatocytes to activate HSEC was also investigated. Co-culture of HSEC with acetaminophen-injured hepatocytes, but not control hepatocytes, increased the sensitivity of HSEC to classical and alternative activating stimuli. The capacity of HSEC to respond to phenotypic activators may represent an important mechanism by which they participate in inflammatory responses associated with hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, 160 Frelinghuysen Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Zhang L, Rowe A, Braet F, Ramzan I. Macrophage depletion ameliorates kavalactone damage in the isolated perfused rat liver. J Toxicol Sci 2012; 37:447-53. [PMID: 22467036 DOI: 10.2131/jts.37.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Liver toxicity is a side effect observed with some herbal treatments, including Piper methysticum. The possible mechanisms responsible include inflammation subsequent to activation of liver macrophages and oxidative damage. Hepatotoxicity of the pharmacologically active component of Piper methysticum (kavalactones) was tested in isolated, perfused livers from rats which were pretreated with the macrophage intoxicant gadolinium chloride. Perfusions without kavalactones in gadolinium chloride pretreated and untreated livers were included as negative controls. Serial liver lobe biopsies were collected to measure temporal changes in available (reduced) hepatic glutathione. There were no statistically significant changes in reduced glutathione over the course of perfusion in any experimental group. Liver damage was observed using electron microscopy. Hepatic sinusoids displayed extensive damage to the endothelium in kavalactone-perfused, rat livers. This damage was significantly reduced by pre-treatment with gadolinium chloride. Hence liver macrophages may be a factor in liver injury induced by Piper methysticum. Characterisation and modulation of the liver macrophage response may enable the development of strategies to avoid these hepatic side effects.
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Pasarín M, La Mura V, Gracia-Sancho J, García-Calderó H, Rodríguez-Vilarrupla A, García-Pagán JC, Bosch J, Abraldes JG. Sinusoidal endothelial dysfunction precedes inflammation and fibrosis in a model of NAFLD. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 22509248 DOI: 10.1371/journal,pone.0032785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. Most morbidity associated with the metabolic syndrome is related to vascular complications, in which endothelial dysfunction is a major pathogenic factor. However, whether NAFLD is associated with endothelial dysfunction within the hepatic vasculature is unknown. The aims of this study were to explore, in a model of diet-induced overweight that expresses most features of the metabolic syndrome, whether early NAFLD is associated with liver endothelial dysfunction. Wistar Kyoto rats were fed a cafeteria diet (CafD; 65% of fat, mostly saturated) or a control diet (CD) for 1 month. CafD rats developed features of the metabolic syndrome (overweight, arterial hypertension, hypertryglyceridemia, hyperglucemia and insulin resistance) and liver steatosis without inflammation or fibrosis. CafD rats had a significantly higher in vivo hepatic vascular resistance than CD. In liver perfusion livers from CafD rats had an increased portal perfusion pressure and decreased endothelium-dependent vasodilation. This was associated with a decreased Akt-dependent eNOS phosphorylation and NOS activity. In summary, we demonstrate in a rat model of the metabolic syndrome that shows features of NAFLD, that liver endothelial dysfunction occurs before the development of fibrosis or inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Pasarín
- Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, CIBERrehd, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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da Rosa EJF, da Silva MH, Carvalho NR, Bridi JC, da Rocha JB, Carbajo-Pescador S, Mauriz JL, González-Gallego J, Soares FAA. Reduction of acute hepatic damage induced by acetaminophen after treatment with diphenyl diselenide in mice. Toxicol Pathol 2012; 40:605-13. [PMID: 22301948 DOI: 10.1177/0192623311436179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the authors evaluated the ability of diphenyl diselenide (PhSe)(2) to reverse acute hepatic failure induced by acetaminophen (APAP) in mice. The animals received an APAP dose of 600 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.), and then 1 hour later, they received 15.6 mg/kg i.p. of (PhSe)(2). Three hours after (PhSe)(2) administration, the animals were sacrificed and blood and liver samples were collected for analysis. The serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were measured. The levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DFC), catalase activity (CAT), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were determined in the liver. A methyl-tetrazolium reduction (MTT) assay was also performed on the liver. Histopathological studies were conducted in all groups. Exposure of animals to APAP induced oxidative stress, increased lipid peroxidation (LPO), and the generation of reactive species, reduced the levels of GSH, and caused an increase in the MPO activity. Treatment with (PhSe)(2) reduced LPO and the formation of reactive species and inhibited the processes of inflammation, reducing the hepatic damage induced by APAP. The results of this study show that (PhSe)(2) is a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of acute hepatic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edovando J F da Rosa
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
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63
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Pasarín M, La Mura V, Gracia-Sancho J, García-Calderó H, Rodríguez-Vilarrupla A, García-Pagán JC, Bosch J, Abraldes JG. Sinusoidal endothelial dysfunction precedes inflammation and fibrosis in a model of NAFLD. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32785. [PMID: 22509248 PMCID: PMC3317918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. Most morbidity associated with the metabolic syndrome is related to vascular complications, in which endothelial dysfunction is a major pathogenic factor. However, whether NAFLD is associated with endothelial dysfunction within the hepatic vasculature is unknown. The aims of this study were to explore, in a model of diet-induced overweight that expresses most features of the metabolic syndrome, whether early NAFLD is associated with liver endothelial dysfunction. Wistar Kyoto rats were fed a cafeteria diet (CafD; 65% of fat, mostly saturated) or a control diet (CD) for 1 month. CafD rats developed features of the metabolic syndrome (overweight, arterial hypertension, hypertryglyceridemia, hyperglucemia and insulin resistance) and liver steatosis without inflammation or fibrosis. CafD rats had a significantly higher in vivo hepatic vascular resistance than CD. In liver perfusion livers from CafD rats had an increased portal perfusion pressure and decreased endothelium-dependent vasodilation. This was associated with a decreased Akt-dependent eNOS phosphorylation and NOS activity. In summary, we demonstrate in a rat model of the metabolic syndrome that shows features of NAFLD, that liver endothelial dysfunction occurs before the development of fibrosis or inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Pasarín
- Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, CIBERrehd, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vincenzo La Mura
- Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, CIBERrehd, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Gracia-Sancho
- Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, CIBERrehd, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Héctor García-Calderó
- Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, CIBERrehd, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aina Rodríguez-Vilarrupla
- Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, CIBERrehd, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos García-Pagán
- Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, CIBERrehd, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaime Bosch
- Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, CIBERrehd, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan G. Abraldes
- Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, CIBERrehd, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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64
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Affiliation(s)
- George A. Parker
- WIL Research Laboratories, LLC, Hillsborough, North Carolina, USA
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65
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Castilho-Fernandes A, de Almeida DC, Fontes AM, Melo FUF, Picanço-Castro V, Freitas MC, Orellana MD, Palma PVB, Hackett PB, Friedman SL, Covas DT. Human hepatic stellate cell line (LX-2) exhibits characteristics of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Exp Mol Pathol 2011; 91:664-72. [PMID: 21930125 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The LX-2 cell line has characteristics of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which are considered pericytes of the hepatic microcirculatory system. Recent studies have suggested that HSCs might have mesenchymal origin. We have performed an extensive characterization of the LX-2 cells and have compared their features with those of mesenchymal cells. Our data show that LX-2 cells have a phenotype resembling activated HSCs as well as bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs). Our immunophenotypic analysis showed that LX-2 cells are positive for activated HSC markers (αSMA, GFAP, nestin and CD271) and classical mesenchymal makers (CD105, CD44, CD29, CD13, CD90, HLA class-I, CD73, CD49e, CD166 and CD146) but negative for the endothelial marker CD31 and endothelial progenitor cell marker CD133 as well as hematopoietic markers (CD45 and CD34). LX-2 cells also express the same transcripts found in immortalized and primary BM-MSCs (vimentin, annexin 5, collagen 1A, NG2 and CD140b), although at different levels. We show that LX-2 cells are capable to differentiate into multilineage mesenchymal cells in vitro and can stimulate new blood vessel formation in vivo. LX-2 cells appear not to possess tumorigenic potential. Thus, the LX-2 cell line behaves as a multipotent cell line with similarity to BM-MSCs. This line should be useful for further studies to elucidate liver regeneration mechanisms and be the foundation for development of hepatic cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrielle Castilho-Fernandes
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 (6° andar do HC) Ribeirão Preto 14048-900, Brazil.
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66
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Nussler AK, Zeilinger K, Schyschka L, Ehnert S, Gerlach JC, Yan X, Lee SML, Ilowski M, Thasler WE, Weiss TS. Cell therapeutic options in liver diseases: cell types, medical devices and regulatory issues. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2011; 22:1087-1099. [PMID: 21461918 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-011-4306-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Although significant progress has been made in the field of orthotopic liver transplantation, cell-based therapies seem to be a promising alternative to whole-organ transplantation. The reasons are manifold but organ shortage is the main cause for this approach. However, many problems such as the question which cell type should be used or which application site is best for transplantation have been raised. In addition, some clinicians have had success by cultivating liver cells in bioreactors for temporary life support. Besides answering the question which cell type, which injection site or even which culture form should be used for liver support recent international harmonization of legal requirements is needed to be addressed by clinicians, scientists and companies dealing with cellular therapies. We here briefly summarize the possible cell types used to partially or temporarily correct liver diseases, the most recent development of bioreactor technology and important regulatory issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas K Nussler
- Department of Traumatology, MRI, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
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67
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Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity and HIF-1α induction in acetaminophen toxicity in mice occurs without hypoxia. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 252:211-20. [PMID: 21316383 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
HIF-1α is a nuclear factor important in the transcription of genes controlling angiogenesis including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Both hypoxia and oxidative stress are known mechanisms for the induction of HIF-1α. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) are mechanistically important in acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity in the mouse. MPT may occur as a result of oxidative stress and leads to a large increase in oxidative stress. We previously reported the induction of HIF-1α in mice with APAP toxicity and have shown that VEGF is important in hepatocyte regeneration following APAP toxicity. The following study was performed to examine the relative contribution of hypoxia versus oxidative stress to the induction of HIF-1α in APAP toxicity in the mouse. Time course studies using the hypoxia marker pimonidazole showed no staining for pimonidazole at 1 or 2h in B6C3F1 mice treated with APAP. Staining for pimonidazole was present in the midzonal to periportal regions at 4, 8, 24 and 48h and no staining was observed in centrilobular hepatocytes, the sites of the toxicity. Subsequent studies with the MPT inhibitor cyclosporine A showed that cyclosporine A (CYC; 10mg/kg) reduced HIF-1α induction in APAP treated mice at 1 and 4h and did not inhibit the metabolism of APAP (depletion of hepatic non-protein sulfhydryls and hepatic protein adduct levels). The data suggest that HIF-1α induction in the early stages of APAP toxicity is secondary to oxidative stress via a mechanism involving MPT. In addition, APAP toxicity is not mediated by a hypoxia mechanism.
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Warren A, Benseler V, Cogger VC, Bertolino P, Le Couteur DG. The impact of poloxamer 407 on the ultrastructure of the liver and evidence for clearance by extensive endothelial and kupffer cell endocytosis. Toxicol Pathol 2011; 39:390-7. [PMID: 21257999 DOI: 10.1177/0192623310394212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Poloxamer 407 (P407) is a non-ionic detergent that is used widely in pharmaceutical formulations and personal care products. In animals, P407 causes hyperlipidaemia. P407 is taken up by the liver and causes loss of fenestrations in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC), which contributes to the pathogenesis of hyperlipidaemia. Here the short-term (1-15 days) effects of P407 on all liver cells were investigated in mice using electron and light microscopy. As expected, P407 was associated with hyperlipidaemia. Kupffer cells became massively engorged with vacuoles and took on a marked honeycomb morphology. LSECs also became engorged with vacuoles and endocytosis was activated. The diameter of lipoproteins in the space of Disse was less than those in the lumen, consistent with a filtering effect of fenestrations. Defenestration of the LSEC was noted. Hepatocyte endocytosis of lipoproteins and P407 particles was also noted; however, hepatocyte steatosis was not evident. Hepatic stellate cells did not appear to be abnormal. In conclusion, P407 is taken up by the liver mostly through endocytosis by LSECs and Kupffer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Warren
- Centre for Education and Research on Ageing and the ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney and Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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69
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Leinonen MR, Raekallio MR, Vainio OM, Ruohoniemi MO, Biller DS, O'Brien RT. Quantitative contrast-enhanced ultrasonographic analysis of perfusion in the kidneys, liver, pancreas, small intestine, and mesenteric lymph nodes in healthy cats. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71:1305-11. [PMID: 21034321 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.71.11.1305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate perfusion of abdominal organs in healthy cats by use of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. ANIMALS 10 young healthy anesthetized cats. PROCEDURES Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of the liver, left kidney, pancreas, small intestine, and mesenteric lymph nodes was performed on anesthetized cats. RESULTS Typical perfusion patterns were found for each of the studied organs. Differences in perfusion among organs were associated with specific physiologic features. The liver was enhanced gradually and had a more heterogeneous perfusion pattern because of its dual blood supply and close proximity to the diaphragm, compared with other organs. An obvious and significant difference in perfusion was detected between the renal cortex and medulla. No significant differences in perfusion were detected among the pancreas, small intestine, and mesenteric lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that contrast-enhanced ultrasonography can be used in cats to estimate organ perfusion as in other species. Observed differences in perfusion variables can be mostly explained by physiologic differences in vascularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merja R Leinonen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Milesi-Hallé A, Abdel-Rahman SM, Brown A, McCullough SS, Letzig L, Hinson JA, James LP. Indocyanine green clearance varies as a function of N-acetylcysteine treatment in a murine model of acetaminophen toxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 189:222-9. [PMID: 21145883 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Standard assays to assess acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity in animal models include determination of ALT (alanine aminotransferase) levels and examination of histopathology of liver sections. However, these assays do not reflect the functional capacity of the injured liver. To examine a functional marker of liver injury, the pharmacokinetics of indocyanine green (ICG) were examined in mice treated with APAP, saline, or APAP followed by N-acetylcysteine (NAC) treatment.Male B6C3F1 mice were administered APAP (200 mg/kg IP) or saline. Two additional groups of mice received APAP followed by NAC at 1 or 4 h after APAP. At 24 h, mice were injected with ICG (10 mg/kg IV) and serial blood samples (0, 2, 10, 30, 50 and 75 min) were obtained for determination of serum ICG concentrations and ALT. Mouse livers were removed for measurement of APAP protein adducts and examination of histopathology. Toxicity (ALT values and histology) was significantly increased above saline treated mice in the APAP and APAP/NAC 4 h mice. Mice treated with APAP/NAC 1 h had complete protection from toxicity. APAP protein adducts were increased in all APAP treated groups and were highest in the APAP/NAC 1 h group. Pharmacokinetic analysis of ICG demonstrated that the total body clearance (Cl(T)) of ICG was significantly decreased and the mean residence time (MRT) was significantly increased in the APAP mice compared to the saline mice. Mice treated with NAC at 1 h had Cl(T) and MRT values similar to those of saline treated mice. Conversely, mice that received NAC at 4 h had a similar ICG pharmacokinetic profile to that of the APAP only mice. Prompt treatment with NAC prevented loss of functional activity while late treatment with NAC offered no improvement in ICG clearance at 24 h. ICG clearance in mice with APAP toxicity can be utilized in future studies testing the effects of novel treatments for APAP toxicity.
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Kato T, Ito Y, Hosono K, Suzuki T, Tamaki H, Minamino T, Kato S, Sakagami H, Shibuya M, Majima M. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 signaling promotes liver repair through restoration of liver microvasculature after acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Sci 2010; 120:218-29. [PMID: 21135413 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors promote liver regeneration. The objective of the present study was to examine the role of VEGF receptor 1 (VEGFR1) signaling in hepatic tissue repair after acetaminophen (N-acetyl-para-aminophenol) (APAP)-induced liver injury. To do this, we treated VEGFR1 tyrosine kinase knockout (VEGFR1 TK(-/-)) and wild-type (WT) mice with APAP (300 mg/kg, ip). In WT mice, serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and the necrotic area peaked between 8 and 24 h and then declined. In VEGFR1 TK(-/-) mice, ALT levels remained high at 48 h and extensive hepatic necrosis and hemorrhage were observed, as well as high mortality. Downregulation of hepatic messenger RNA expression of VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 was also noted in VEGFR1 TK(-/-) mice. VEGFR1 TK(-/-) mice displayed lower expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and of growth factors including hepatocyte growth factor, CD31, and basic fibroblast growth factor than WT. The hepatic microvasculature in VEGFR1 TK(-/-) was compromised as evidenced by impaired sinusoidal perfusion, suppressed endocytosis in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), and the formation of large gaps in LSECs. In WT mice, immunofluorescence revealed that recruited VEGFR1(+) cells in the necrotic area were positive for CD11b. VEGFR1 TK(-/-) exhibited fewer VEGFR1(+) and VEGFR2(+) cells. These results suggest that VEGFR1 signaling facilitates liver recovery from APAP hepatotoxicity by preventing excessive hemorrhage and reconstituting the sinusoids through recruitment of VEGFR1-expressing macrophages to the injured area and also through affecting expression of genes including hepatotrophic and pro-angiogenic growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuki Kato
- Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan
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Davidson AJ, Ellis MJ, Chaudhuri JB. A theoretical method to improve and optimize the design of bioartificial livers. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 106:980-8. [PMID: 20506230 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Bioartificial livers (BALs) are a potentially effective countermeasure against liver failure, particularly in cases of acute or fulminant liver failure. It is hoped these devices can sustain a patient's liver function until recovery or transplant. However, no large-scale clinical trial has yet proven that BALs are particularly effective and evidently design issues remain to be addressed. One aspect of BAL design that must be considered is the mass transfer of adequate oxygen to the hepatocytes within the device. We present here a mathematical modeling approach to oxygen mass transport in a BAL. A mathematical model based upon Krogh cylinders is outlined to describe a diffusion-limited hollow fiber bioreactor. In addition, operating constraints are defined on the system--cells should not experience hypoxia and the cell population should be of adequate size. By combining modeling results with these operating constraints and presenting the results graphically, "operating region" charts can be constructed for the hollow fiber BAL (HF-BAL). The effects of varying various operating parameters on the BAL are then established. It is found that smaller radii and short, thin walled fibers are generally advantageous while cell populations in excess of 10 billion could be supported in the BAL with a plasma flow rate of 200 mL/min. For fibers of intermediate length and lumen radius, the minimum number of fibers required to produce a viable design ranges approximately from 7,000-10,000. In theory, this may be enough to support patients with failing livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Davidson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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Simon-Santamaria J, Malovic I, Warren A, Oteiza A, Le Couteur D, Smedsrød B, McCourt P, Sørensen KK. Age-related changes in scavenger receptor-mediated endocytosis in rat liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2010; 65:951-60. [PMID: 20576648 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glq108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) play an essential role in systemic waste clearance by effective endocytosis of blood-borne waste macromolecules. We aimed to study LSECs' scavenger function during aging, and whether age-related morphological changes (eg, defenestration) affect this function, in F344/BN F1 rats. Endocytosis of the scavenger receptor ligand formaldehyde-treated serum albumin was significantly reduced in LSECs from old rats. Ligand degradation, LSEC protein expression of the major scavenger receptors for formaldehyde-treated serum albumin endocytosis, stabilin-1 and stabilin-2, and their staining patterns along liver sinusoids, was similar at young and old age, suggesting that other parts of the endocytic machinery are affected by aging. Formaldehyde-treated serum albumin uptake per cell, and cell porosity evaluated by electron microscopy, was not correlated, indicating that LSEC defenestration is not linked to impaired endocytosis. We report a significantly reduced LSEC endocytic capacity at old age, which may be especially important in situations with increased circulatory waste loads.
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75
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Donahower BC, McCullough SS, Hennings L, Simpson PM, Stowe CD, Saad AG, Kurten RC, Hinson JA, James LP. Human recombinant vascular endothelial growth factor reduces necrosis and enhances hepatocyte regeneration in a mouse model of acetaminophen toxicity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 334:33-43. [PMID: 20363854 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.163840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported previously that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was increased in acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity in mice and treatment with a VEGF receptor inhibitor reduced hepatocyte regeneration. The effect of human recombinant VEGF (hrVEGF) on APAP toxicity in the mouse was examined. In early toxicity studies, B6C3F1 mice received hrVEGF (50 microg s.c.) or vehicle 30 min before receiving APAP (200 mg/kg i.p.) and were sacrificed at 2, 4, and 8 h. Toxicity was comparable at 2 and 4 h, but reduced in the APAP/hrVEGF mice at 8 h (p < 0.05) compared with the APAP/vehicle mice. Hepatic glutathione (GSH) and APAP protein adduct levels were comparable between the two groups of mice, with the exception that GSH was higher at 8 h in the hrVEGF-treated mice. Subsequently, mice received two doses (before and 10 h) or three doses (before and 10 and 24 h) of hrVEGF; alanine aminotransferase values and necrosis were reduced at 24 and 36 h, respectively, in the APAP/hrVEGF mice (p < 0.05) compared with the APAP/vehicle mice. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression was enhanced, and interleukin-6 expression was reduced in the mice that received hrVEGF (p < 0.05) compared with the APAP/vehicle mice. In addition, treatment with hrVEGF lowered plasma hyaluronic acid levels and neutrophil counts at 36 h. Cumulatively, the data show that treatment with hrVEGF reduced toxicity and increased hepatocyte regeneration in APAP toxicity in the mouse. Attenuation of sinusoidal cell endothelial dysfunction and changes in neutrophil dynamics may be operant mechanisms in the hepatoprotection mediated by hrVEGF in APAP toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Donahower
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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Baracho NCDV, Vicente BBV, Arruda GDS, Sanches BCF, Brito JD. Study of acute hepatotoxicity of Equisetum arvense L. in rats. Acta Cir Bras 2009; 24:449-53. [PMID: 20011829 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502009000600005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the acute hepatotoxicity of Equisentum arvense L. in rats. METHODS Fifty Wistar rats were used, these being divided in four groups, one being the control (receiving only water) and the other groups receiving graded doses of Equisentum arvense L. (30, 50, and 100mg/kg respectively) for 14 days. Blood samples were obtained to determine TGO, TGP, FA, DHL and GT-gamma activities. After that, hepatic tissue samples were collected for the anatomopathologic analysis. RESULTS The anatomopathologic exam of the hepatic tissue showed organ with preserved lobular structure. In the same way, there was no significant change in the seric activities of the hepatic enzymes when compared to control group. CONCLUSION The oral treatment with graded doses of Equisentum arvense L. was not able to produce hepatic changes. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the chronic hepatotoxicity of Equisentum arvense L. in rats.
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Alfaro F, Grau M, Ramírez E, Cevey M, Mellado M, Castro M, Meneu J, Abradelo M, Camañas C, Moreno E, Morales P, Paz-Artal E, Serrano A. An In Vitro Model of Cell Transplantation for Evaluation of Cell Engraftment Enhancers. Transplant Proc 2009; 41:2487-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Smedsrød B, Le Couteur D, Ikejima K, Jaeschke H, Kawada N, Naito M, Knolle P, Nagy L, Senoo H, Vidal-Vanaclocha F, Yamaguchi N. Hepatic sinusoidal cells in health and disease: update from the 14th International Symposium. Liver Int 2009; 29:490-501. [PMID: 19210626 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2009.01979.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to give an update of the field of the hepatic sinusoid, supported by references to presentations given at the 14th International Symposium on Cells of the Hepatic Sinusoid (ISCHS2008), which was held in Tromsø, Norway, August 31-September 4, 2008. The subtitle of the symposium, 'Integrating basic and clinical hepatology', signified the inclusion of both basal and applied clinical results of importance in the field of liver sinusoidal physiology and pathophysiology. Of nearly 50 oral presentations, nine were invited tutorial lectures. The authors of the review have avoided writing a 'flat summary' of the presentations given at ISCHS2008, and instead focused on important novel information. The tutorial presentations have served as a particularly important basis in the preparation of this update. In this review, we have also included references to recent literature that may not have been covered by the ISCHS2008 programme. The sections of this review reflect the scientific programme of the symposium (http://www.ub.uit.no/munin/bitstream/10037/1654/1/book.pdf): 1. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. 2. Kupffer cells. 3. Hepatic stellate cells. 4. Immunology. 5. Tumor/metastasis. Symposium abstracts are referred to by a number preceded by the letter A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bård Smedsrød
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.
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