51
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Norouzi M, Panfilov S, Pardee K. High-Efficiency Protection of Linear DNA in Cell-Free Extracts from Escherichia coli and Vibrio natriegens. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:1615-1624. [PMID: 34161082 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The field of cell-free synthetic biology is an emerging branch of engineered biology that allows for rapid prototyping of biological designs and, in its own right, is becoming a venue for the in vitro operation of gene circuit-based sensors and biomanufacturing. To date, the related DNA encoded tools that operate in cell-free reactions have primarily relied on plasmid DNA inputs, as linear templates are highly susceptible to degradation by exonucleases present in cell-free extracts. This incompatibility has precluded significant throughput, time and cost benefits that could be gained with the use of linear DNA in the cell-free expression workflow. Here to tackle this limitation, we report that terminal incorporation of Ter binding sites for the DNA-binding protein Tus enables highly efficient protection of linear expression templates encoding mCherry and deGFP. In Escherichia coli extracts, our method compares favorably with the previously reported GamS-mediated protection scheme. Importantly, we extend the Tus-Ter system to Vibrio natriegens extracts, and demonstrate that this simple and easily implemented method can enable an unprecedented plasmid-level expression from linear templates in this emerging chassis organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Norouzi
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Sabina Panfilov
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Keith Pardee
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
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52
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Soltani M, Hunt JP, Bundy BC. Rapid RNase inhibitor production to enable low-cost, on-demand cell-free protein synthesis biosensor use in human body fluids. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:3973-3983. [PMID: 34185319 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human body fluids contain biomarkers which are used extensively for prognostication, diagnosis, monitoring, and evaluation of different treatments for a variety of diseases and disorders. The application of biosensors based on cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) offers numerous advantages including on-demand and at-home use for fast, accurate detection of a variety of biomarkers in human fluids at an affordable price. However, current CFPS-based biosensors use commercial RNase inhibitors to inhibit different RNases present in human fluids and this reagent is approximately 90% of the expense of these biosensors. Here the flexible nature of Escherichia coli-lysate-based CFPS was used for the first time to produce murine RNase Inhibitor (m-RI) and to optimize its soluble and active production by tuning reaction temperature, reaction time, reduced potential, and addition of GroEL/ES folding chaperons. Furthermore, RNase inhibition activity of m-RI with the highest activity and stability was determined against increasing amounts of three human fluids of serum, saliva, and urine (0%-100% v/v) in lyophilized CFPS reactions. To further demonstrate the utility of the CFPS-produced m-RI, a lyophilized saliva-based glutamine biosensor was demonstrated to effectively work with saliva samples. Overall, the use of CFPS-produced m-RI reduces the total reagent costs of CFPS-based biosensors used in human body fluids approximately 90%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Soltani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - J Porter Hunt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Bradley C Bundy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
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53
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Wong M, Badri A, Gasparis C, Belfort G, Koffas M. Modular optimization in metabolic engineering. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 56:587-602. [PMID: 34180323 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2021.1937928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing demand for bioproducts produced by metabolically engineered microbes, such as pharmaceuticals, biofuels, biochemicals and other high value compounds. In order to meet this demand, modular optimization, the optimizing of subsections instead of the whole system, has been adopted to engineer cells to overproduce products. Research into modularity has focused on traditional approaches such as DNA, RNA, and protein-level modularity of intercellular machinery, by optimizing metabolic pathways for enhanced production. While research into these traditional approaches continues, limitations such as scale-up and time cost hold them back from wider use, while at the same time there is a shift to more novel methods, such as moving from episomal expression to chromosomal integration. Recently, nontraditional approaches such as co-culture systems and cell-free metabolic engineering (CFME) are being investigated for modular optimization. Co-culture modularity looks to optimally divide the metabolic burden between different hosts. CFME seeks to modularly optimize metabolic pathways in vitro, both speeding up the design of such systems and eliminating the issues associated with live hosts. In this review we will examine both traditional and nontraditional approaches for modular optimization, examining recent developments and discussing issues and emerging solutions for future research in metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Wong
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Abinaya Badri
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Christopher Gasparis
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Georges Belfort
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Mattheos Koffas
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
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54
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Meyer C, Nakamura Y, Rasor BJ, Karim AS, Jewett MC, Tan C. Analysis of the Innovation Trend in Cell-Free Synthetic Biology. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:551. [PMID: 34208358 PMCID: PMC8231175 DOI: 10.3390/life11060551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-free synthetic biology is a maturing field that aims to assemble biomolecular reactions outside cells for compelling applications in drug discovery, metabolic engineering, biomanufacturing, diagnostics, and education. Cell-free systems have several key features. They circumvent mechanisms that have evolved to facilitate species survival, bypass limitations on molecular transport across the cell wall, enable high-yielding and rapid synthesis of proteins without creating recombinant cells, and provide high tolerance towards toxic substrates or products. Here, we analyze ~750 published patents and ~2000 peer-reviewed manuscripts in the field of cell-free systems. Three hallmarks emerged. First, we found that both patent filings and manuscript publications per year are significantly increasing (five-fold and 1.5-fold over the last decade, respectively). Second, we observed that the innovation landscape has changed. Patent applications were dominated by Japan in the early 2000s before shifting to China and the USA in recent years. Finally, we discovered an increasing prevalence of biotechnology companies using cell-free systems. Our analysis has broad implications on the future development of cell-free synthetic biology for commercial and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conary Meyer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA; (C.M.); (Y.N.)
| | - Yusuke Nakamura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA; (C.M.); (Y.N.)
| | - Blake J. Rasor
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; (B.J.R.); (A.S.K.); (M.C.J.)
| | - Ashty S. Karim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; (B.J.R.); (A.S.K.); (M.C.J.)
| | - Michael C. Jewett
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; (B.J.R.); (A.S.K.); (M.C.J.)
| | - Cheemeng Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA; (C.M.); (Y.N.)
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55
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Mayeux G, Gayet L, Liguori L, Odier M, Martin DK, Cortès S, Schaack B, Lenormand JL. Cell-free expression of the outer membrane protein OprF of Pseudomonas aeruginosa for vaccine purposes. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/6/e202000958. [PMID: 33972378 PMCID: PMC8127326 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of recombinant proteoliposomes containing OprF from P. aeruginosa promotes the active open conformation of the porin exposing native epitopes. These OprF proteoliposomes were used as vaccines to protect mice against a P. aeruginosa acute pulmonary infection model. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the second-leading cause of nosocomial infections and pneumonia in hospitals. Because of its extraordinary capacity for developing resistance to antibiotics, treating infections by Pseudomonas is becoming a challenge, lengthening hospital stays, and increasing medical costs and mortality. The outer membrane protein OprF is a well-conserved and immunogenic porin playing an important role in quorum sensing and in biofilm formation. Here, we used a bacterial cell-free expression system to reconstitute OprF under its native forms in liposomes and we demonstrated that the resulting OprF proteoliposomes can be used as a fully functional recombinant vaccine against P. aeruginosa. Remarkably, we showed that our system promotes the folding of OprF into its active open oligomerized state as well as the formation of mega-pores. Our approach thus represents an easy and efficient way for producing bacterial membrane antigens exposing native epitopes for vaccine purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Mayeux
- TheREx and Synabi, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Polytechnique (INP), Translational Innovation in Medicine and Complexity (TIMC), Grenoble, France
| | - Landry Gayet
- TheREx and Synabi, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Polytechnique (INP), Translational Innovation in Medicine and Complexity (TIMC), Grenoble, France
| | - Lavinia Liguori
- TheREx and Synabi, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Polytechnique (INP), Translational Innovation in Medicine and Complexity (TIMC), Grenoble, France.,Maison Familiale Rurale Moirans, Moirans, France
| | - Marine Odier
- TheREx and Synabi, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Polytechnique (INP), Translational Innovation in Medicine and Complexity (TIMC), Grenoble, France.,Catalent Pharma Solutions, Eberbach, Germany
| | - Donald K Martin
- TheREx and Synabi, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Polytechnique (INP), Translational Innovation in Medicine and Complexity (TIMC), Grenoble, France
| | | | - Béatrice Schaack
- TheREx and Synabi, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Polytechnique (INP), Translational Innovation in Medicine and Complexity (TIMC), Grenoble, France.,University Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Luc Lenormand
- TheREx and Synabi, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Polytechnique (INP), Translational Innovation in Medicine and Complexity (TIMC), Grenoble, France
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56
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Anderluh M, Berti F, Bzducha-Wróbel A, Chiodo F, Colombo C, Compostella F, Durlik K, Ferhati X, Holmdahl R, Jovanovic D, Kaca W, Lay L, Marinovic-Cincovic M, Marradi M, Ozil M, Polito L, Reina JJ, Reis CA, Sackstein R, Silipo A, Švajger U, Vaněk O, Yamamoto F, Richichi B, van Vliet SJ. Recent advances on smart glycoconjugate vaccines in infections and cancer. FEBS J 2021; 289:4251-4303. [PMID: 33934527 PMCID: PMC9542079 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the greatest achievements in biomedical research preventing death and morbidity in many infectious diseases through the induction of pathogen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. Currently, no effective vaccines are available for pathogens with a highly variable antigenic load, such as the human immunodeficiency virus or to induce cellular T-cell immunity in the fight against cancer. The recent SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has reinforced the relevance of designing smart therapeutic vaccine modalities to ensure public health. Indeed, academic and private companies have ongoing joint efforts to develop novel vaccine prototypes for this virus. Many pathogens are covered by a dense glycan-coat, which form an attractive target for vaccine development. Moreover, many tumor types are characterized by altered glycosylation profiles that are known as "tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens". Unfortunately, glycans do not provoke a vigorous immune response and generally serve as T-cell-independent antigens, not eliciting protective immunoglobulin G responses nor inducing immunological memory. A close and continuous crosstalk between glycochemists and glycoimmunologists is essential for the successful development of efficient immune modulators. It is clear that this is a key point for the discovery of novel approaches, which could significantly improve our understanding of the immune system. In this review, we discuss the latest advancements in development of vaccines against glycan epitopes to gain selective immune responses and to provide an overview on the role of different immunogenic constructs in improving glycovaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Anderluh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Anna Bzducha-Wróbel
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Fabrizio Chiodo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Cinzia Colombo
- Department of Chemistry and CRC Materiali Polimerici (LaMPo), University of Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Compostella
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Katarzyna Durlik
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Xhenti Ferhati
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dragana Jovanovic
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Wieslaw Kaca
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Luigi Lay
- Department of Chemistry and CRC Materiali Polimerici (LaMPo), University of Milan, Italy
| | - Milena Marinovic-Cincovic
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marco Marradi
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Musa Ozil
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Laura Polito
- National Research Council, CNR-SCITEC, Milan, Italy
| | - Josè Juan Reina
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA, Spain.,Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, Málaga, Spain
| | - Celso A Reis
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Robert Sackstein
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Napoli, Italy
| | - Urban Švajger
- Blood Transfusion Center of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ondřej Vaněk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Fumiichiro Yamamoto
- Immunohematology & Glycobiology Laboratory, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Barbara Richichi
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Sandra J van Vliet
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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57
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Hershewe JM, Warfel KF, Iyer SM, Peruzzi JA, Sullivan CJ, Roth EW, DeLisa MP, Kamat NP, Jewett MC. Improving cell-free glycoprotein synthesis by characterizing and enriching native membrane vesicles. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2363. [PMID: 33888690 PMCID: PMC8062659 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22329-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-free gene expression (CFE) systems from crude cellular extracts have attracted much attention for biomanufacturing and synthetic biology. However, activating membrane-dependent functionality of cell-derived vesicles in bacterial CFE systems has been limited. Here, we address this limitation by characterizing native membrane vesicles in Escherichia coli-based CFE extracts and describing methods to enrich vesicles with heterologous, membrane-bound machinery. As a model, we focus on bacterial glycoengineering. We first use multiple, orthogonal techniques to characterize vesicles and show how extract processing methods can be used to increase concentrations of membrane vesicles in CFE systems. Then, we show that extracts enriched in vesicle number also display enhanced concentrations of heterologous membrane protein cargo. Finally, we apply our methods to enrich membrane-bound oligosaccharyltransferases and lipid-linked oligosaccharides for improving cell-free N-linked and O-linked glycoprotein synthesis. We anticipate that these methods will facilitate on-demand glycoprotein production and enable new CFE systems with membrane-associated activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine M Hershewe
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Technological Institute E136, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Technological Institute E136, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Katherine F Warfel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Technological Institute E136, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Technological Institute E136, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Shaelyn M Iyer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Technological Institute E136, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Justin A Peruzzi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Technological Institute E136, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Technological Institute E136, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Claretta J Sullivan
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Eric W Roth
- Northwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization and Experimentation (NUANCE) Center, Tech Institute A/B Wing A173, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Matthew P DeLisa
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Biomedical and Biological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Neha P Kamat
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Technological Institute E136, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Technological Institute E310, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Michael C Jewett
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Technological Institute E136, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Technological Institute E136, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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58
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Tamiev BD, Dopp JL, Reuel NF. Anaerobic Conditioning of E. coli Cell Lysate for Enhanced In Vitro Protein Synthesis. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:716-723. [PMID: 33760595 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cell-free protein expression (CFPS) from E. coli cell lysate is an established chemical biology technique. Common efforts to improve synthesis capacity, such as strain engineering and process improvements, have overlooked the opportunity to increase productivity by reducing the dependence on limited, dissolved oxygen. Here we demonstrate conditioning E. coli cells for anaerobic respiration which increases the initial protein expression rate up to 4-fold and increases titer by 50% as compared to traditional aerobic cell lysate when using sfGFP as a reporter protein in CFPS reactions run at atmospheric conditions. This enhancement is even more significant when run in an oxygen-depleted environment, where anaerobic respiration preconditioned cells increase yield when supplemented with nitrite as a terminal electron acceptor (TEA). Furthermore, we test knockout mutants to determine key proteins responsible for enhancing the anaerobically prepared CFPS lysate. Further improvements could be made in preconditioning cells by increasing expression levels of critical pathway enzymes or by screening other TEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- By Denis Tamiev
- Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Jared L. Dopp
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Nigel F. Reuel
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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59
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The Nonribosomal Peptide Valinomycin: From Discovery to Bioactivity and Biosynthesis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040780. [PMID: 33917912 PMCID: PMC8068249 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Valinomycin is a nonribosomal peptide that was discovered from Streptomyces in 1955. Over the past more than six decades, it has received continuous attention due to its special chemical structure and broad biological activities. Although many research papers have been published on valinomycin, there has not yet been a comprehensive review that summarizes the diverse studies ranging from structural characterization, biogenesis, and bioactivity to the identification of biosynthetic gene clusters and heterologous biosynthesis. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of valinomycin to address this gap, covering from 1955 to 2020. First, we introduce the chemical structure of valinomycin together with its chemical properties. Then, we summarize the broad spectrum of bioactivities of valinomycin. Finally, we describe the valinomycin biosynthetic gene cluster and reconstituted biosynthesis of valinomycin. With that, we discuss possible opportunities for the future research and development of valinomycin.
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60
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Fogeron ML, Lecoq L, Cole L, Harbers M, Böckmann A. Easy Synthesis of Complex Biomolecular Assemblies: Wheat Germ Cell-Free Protein Expression in Structural Biology. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:639587. [PMID: 33842544 PMCID: PMC8027086 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.639587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) systems are gaining more importance as universal tools for basic research, applied sciences, and product development with new technologies emerging for their application. Huge progress was made in the field of synthetic biology using CFPS to develop new proteins for technical applications and therapy. Out of the available CFPS systems, wheat germ cell-free protein synthesis (WG-CFPS) merges the highest yields with the use of a eukaryotic ribosome, making it an excellent approach for the synthesis of complex eukaryotic proteins including, for example, protein complexes and membrane proteins. Separating the translation reaction from other cellular processes, CFPS offers a flexible means to adapt translation reactions to protein needs. There is a large demand for such potent, easy-to-use, rapid protein expression systems, which are optimally serving protein requirements to drive biochemical and structural biology research. We summarize here a general workflow for a wheat germ system providing examples from the literature, as well as applications used for our own studies in structural biology. With this review, we want to highlight the tremendous potential of the rapidly evolving and highly versatile CFPS systems, making them more widely used as common tools to recombinantly prepare particularly challenging recombinant eukaryotic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Fogeron
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Lauriane Lecoq
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Laura Cole
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Matthias Harbers
- CellFree Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Anja Böckmann
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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61
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Duran‐Villalobos CA, Ogonah O, Melinek B, Bracewell DG, Hallam T, Lennox B. Multivariate statistical data analysis of cell‐free protein synthesis toward monitoring and control. AIChE J 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Olotu Ogonah
- Department of Biochemical Engineering University College London London UK
| | - Beatrice Melinek
- Department of Biochemical Engineering University College London London UK
| | | | - Trevor Hallam
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc. South San Francisco California USA
| | - Barry Lennox
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering The University of Manchester Manchester UK
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62
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Feng J, Yang C, Zhao Z, Xu J, Li J, Li P. Application of Cell-Free Protein Synthesis System for the Biosynthesis of l-Theanine. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:620-631. [PMID: 33719397 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
l-Theanine, as an active component of the leaves of the tea plant, possesses many health benefits and broad applications. Chemical synthesis of l-theanine is possible; however, this method generates chiral compounds and needs further isolation of the pure l-isoform. Heterologous biosynthesis is an alternative strategy, but one main limitation is the toxicity of the substrate ethylamine on microbial host cells. In this study, we introduced a cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) system for l-theanine production. The CFPS expressed l-theanine synthetase 2 from Camellia sinensis (CsTS2) could produce l-theanine at a concentration of 11.31 μM after 32 h of the synthesis reaction. In addition, three isozymes from microorganisms were expressed in CFPS for l-theanine biosynthesis. The γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase from Escherichia coli could produce l-theanine at the highest concentration of 302.96 μM after 24 h of reaction. Furthermore, CFPS was used to validate a hypothetical two-step l-theanine biosynthetic pathway consisting of the l-alanine decarboxylase from C. sinensis (CsAD) and multiple l-theanine synthases. Among them, the combination of CsAD and the l-glutamine synthetase from Pseudomonas taetrolens (PtGS) could synthesize l-theanine at the highest concentration of 13.42 μM. Then, we constructed an engineered E. coli strain overexpressed CsAD and PtGS to further confirm the l-theanine biosynthesis ability in living cells. This engineered E. coli strain could convert l-alanine and l-glutamate in the medium to l-theanine at a concentration of 3.82 mM after 72 h of fermentation. Taken together, these results demonstrated that the CFPS system can be used to produce the l-theanine through the two-step l-theanine biosynthesis pathway, indicating the potential application of CFPS for the biosynthesis of other active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchen Feng
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chen Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhehao Zhao
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Junjian Xu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ping Li
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Site-specific antigen-adjuvant conjugation using cell-free protein synthesis enhances antigen presentation and CD8 + T-cell response. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6267. [PMID: 33737644 PMCID: PMC7973483 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85709-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-adjuvant conjugation is known to enhance antigen-specific T-cell production in vaccine models, but scalable methods are required to generate site-specific conjugation for clinical translation of this technique. We report the use of the cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) platform as a rapid method to produce large quantities (> 100 mg/L) of a model antigen, ovalbumin (OVA), with site-specific incorporation of p-azidomethyl-l-phenylalanine (pAMF) at two solvent-exposed sites away from immunodominant epitopes. Using copper-free click chemistry, we conjugated CpG oligodeoxynucleotide toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonists to the pAMF sites on the mutant OVA protein. The OVA-CpG conjugates demonstrate enhanced antigen presentation in vitro and increased antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell production in vivo. Moreover, OVA-CpG conjugation reduced the dose of CpG needed to invoke antigen-specific T-cell production tenfold. These results highlight how site-specific conjugation and CFPS technology can be implemented to produce large quantities of covalently-linked antigen-adjuvant conjugates for use in clinical vaccines.
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64
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El-Baky NA, Elkhawaga MA, Abdelkhalek ES, Sharaf MM, Redwan EM, Kholef HR. De novo expression and antibacterial potential of four lactoferricin peptides in cell-free protein synthesis system. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 29:e00583. [PMID: 33425692 PMCID: PMC7779732 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, we produced four lactoferricin (LFcin) peptides by a cell-free (in vitro) method. These short antimicrobial peptides were expressed in an E. coli cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) system and the bioactivity of the produced peptides was demonstrated. Additionally, we designed a novel synthetic consensus peptide (ConLFcin). The genes of bovine Lfcin (bLFcin), human Lfcin (hLFcin), camel Lfcin (cLFcin), and ConLFcin were cloned into pET101/D-TOPO vector then peptides were synthesized in vitro by E. coli CFPS system. The antibacterial activity of these synthesized peptides was evaluated against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The four cell-free synthesized peptides showed significant antibacterial potency at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values between 1.25 and 10 μg/mL. cLFcin and ConLFcin showed higher antibacterial effects than bLFcin and hLFcin. Thus, cell-free expression system is an ideal system for rapid expression of functionally active short bioactive peptides.
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Key Words
- 3D, three dimensional structures
- Antimicrobial
- Bioactive peptides
- CAMH, cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth
- CFPS, cell-free protein synthesis
- ConLFcin, consensus lactoferricin
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- HSV, herpes simplex virus
- In vitro protein synthesis
- LC50, concentration lethal to 50 % of the cells
- LFcin, lactoferricin
- Lactoferricin
- Lactoferrin
- Lf, lactoferrin
- MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration
- MICs, minimum inhibitory concentrations
- MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- SD, Shine-Dalgarno sequence
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- bLFcin, bovine lactoferricin
- cLFcin, camel lactoferricin
- cLf, camel lactoferrin
- hLFcin, human lactoferricin
- hLf, human lactoferrin
- p-NPP, p-Nitrophenyl phosphate
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal Abd El-Baky
- Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg EL-Arab, 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Maie Ahmed Elkhawaga
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Mona Mohammed Sharaf
- Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg EL-Arab, 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Elrashdy Mustafa Redwan
- Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg EL-Arab, 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hoda Reda Kholef
- Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg EL-Arab, 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
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Batista AC, Soudier P, Kushwaha M, Faulon J. Optimising protein synthesis in cell‐free systems, a review. ENGINEERING BIOLOGY 2021; 5:10-19. [PMID: 36968650 PMCID: PMC9996726 DOI: 10.1049/enb2.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, cell-free systems have been extensively used for in vitro protein expression. A vast range of protocols and cellular sources varying from prokaryotes and eukaryotes are now available for cell-free technology. However, exploiting the maximum capacity of cell free systems is not achieved by using traditional protocols. Here, what are the strategies and choices one can apply to optimise cell-free protein synthesis have been reviewed. These strategies provide robust and informative improvements regarding transcription, translation and protein folding which can later be used for the establishment of individual best cell-free reactions per lysate batch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo C. Batista
- Université Paris‐Saclay INRAE AgroParisTech Micalis Institute Jouy‐en‐Josas France
| | - Paul Soudier
- Université Paris‐Saclay INRAE AgroParisTech Micalis Institute Jouy‐en‐Josas France
| | - Manish Kushwaha
- Université Paris‐Saclay INRAE AgroParisTech Micalis Institute Jouy‐en‐Josas France
| | - Jean‐Loup Faulon
- Université Paris‐Saclay INRAE AgroParisTech Micalis Institute Jouy‐en‐Josas France
- SYNBIOCHEM Center School of Chemistry Manchester Institute of Biotechnology The University of Manchester Manchester UK
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Moore SJ, Lai HE, Chee SM, Toh M, Coode S, Chengan K, Capel P, Corre C, de los Santos ELC, Freemont PS. A Streptomyces venezuelae Cell-Free Toolkit for Synthetic Biology. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:402-411. [PMID: 33497199 PMCID: PMC7901020 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Prokaryotic
cell-free coupled transcription–translation
(TX-TL) systems are emerging as a powerful tool to examine natural
product biosynthetic pathways in a test tube. The key advantages of
this approach are the reduced experimental time scales and controlled
reaction conditions. To realize this potential, it is essential to
develop specialized cell-free systems in organisms enriched for biosynthetic
gene clusters. This requires strong protein production and well-characterized
synthetic biology tools. The Streptomyces genus is
a major source of natural products. To study enzymes and pathways
from Streptomyces, we originally developed a homologous Streptomyces cell-free system to provide a native protein
folding environment, a high G+C (%) tRNA pool, and an active background
metabolism. However, our initial yields were low (36 μg/mL)
and showed a high level of batch-to-batch variation. Here, we present
an updated high-yield and robust Streptomyces TX-TL
protocol, reaching up to yields of 266 μg/mL of expressed recombinant
protein. To complement this, we rapidly characterize a range of DNA
parts with different reporters, express high G+C (%) biosynthetic
genes, and demonstrate an initial proof of concept for combined transcription,
translation, and biosynthesis of Streptomyces metabolic
pathways in a single “one-pot” reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J. Moore
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Department Section of Structural and Synthetic Biology, Department of Infectious Disease; Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, U.K
| | - Hung-En Lai
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Department Section of Structural and Synthetic Biology, Department of Infectious Disease; Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Soo-Mei Chee
- Department Section of Structural and Synthetic Biology, Department of Infectious Disease; Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
- The London Biofoundry, Imperial College Translation & Innovation Hub, White City Campus, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Ming Toh
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Department Section of Structural and Synthetic Biology, Department of Infectious Disease; Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Seth Coode
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, U.K
| | - Kameshwari Chengan
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, U.K
| | - Patrick Capel
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Christophe Corre
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Emmanuel LC de los Santos
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Paul S. Freemont
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Department Section of Structural and Synthetic Biology, Department of Infectious Disease; Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
- The London Biofoundry, Imperial College Translation & Innovation Hub, White City Campus, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
- UK Dementia Research Institute Care Research and Technology Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0N, U.K
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Stamatis C, Farid SS. Process economics evaluation of cell-free synthesis for the commercial manufacture of antibody drug conjugates. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2000238. [PMID: 33231912 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Continuous improvements of cell-free synthesis (CFS) systems have generated interest in adopting the technology for the manufacture of biologics. This paper provides an evaluation of the manufacturing cost-effectiveness of CFS for the commercial production of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). The evaluation was performed using an advanced techno-economic engine (TEE) built in Python. The TEE is programmed in an object-oriented environment capable of simulating a plethora of process flowsheets and predicting size and cost metrics for the process and the facility. A case study was formulated to compare the economics of whole bioprocesses based on either a CFS system or a mammalian cell system (CHO) for the manufacture of an ADC at a range of product demands. The analysis demonstrated the potential of CFS for the commercial manufacture of biologics and identified key cost drivers related to the system. The CFS system showed an approximately 80% increase in the cost of goods compared to CHO with a significant cost attributed to the in-house manufacture of the bacterial cell extract, necessary for the CFS reaction step in the process. A sensitivity and target analysis highlighted the need for further process improvements especially in the titer for the CFS process to become more competitive against well-established systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Stamatis
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Suzanne S Farid
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
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68
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Chiba CH, Knirsch MC, Azzoni AR, Moreira AR, Stephano MA. Cell-free protein synthesis: advances on production process for biopharmaceuticals and immunobiological products. Biotechniques 2021; 70:126-133. [PMID: 33467890 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2020-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopharmaceutical products are of great importance in the treatment or prevention of many diseases and represent a growing share of the global pharmaceutical market. The usual technology for protein synthesis (cell-based expression) faces certain obstacles, especially with 'difficult-to-express' proteins. Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) can overcome the main bottlenecks of cell-based expression. This review aims to present recent advances in the production process of biologic products by CFPS. First, key aspects of CFPS systems are summarized. A description of several biologic products that have been successfully produced using the CFPS system is provided. Finally, the CFPS system's ability to scale up and scale down, its main limitations and its application for biologics production are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Hiromi Chiba
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Camargo Knirsch
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriano Rodrigues Azzoni
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio R Moreira
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marco Antonio Stephano
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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69
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Toward sustainable, cell-free biomanufacturing. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 69:136-144. [PMID: 33453438 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Industrial biotechnology is an attractive approach to address the need for low-cost fuels and products from sustainable resources. Unfortunately, cells impose inherent limitations on the effective synthesis and release of target products. One key constraint is that cellular survival objectives often work against the production objectives of biochemical engineers. Additionally, industrial strains release CO2 and struggle to utilize sustainable, potentially profitable feedstocks. Cell-free biotechnology, which uses biological machinery harvested from cells, can address these challenges with advantages including: (i) shorter development times, (ii) higher volumetric production rates, and (iii) tolerance to otherwise toxic molecules. In this review, we highlight recent advances in cell-free technologies toward the production of non-protein products beyond lab-scale demonstrations and describe guiding principles for designing cell-free systems. Specifically, we discuss carbon and energy sources, reaction homeostasis, and scale-up. Expanding the scope of cell-free biomanufacturing practice could enable innovative approaches for the industrial production of green chemicals.
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70
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Marroquín-Fandiño JE, Ramírez-Acosta CM, Luna-Wandurraga HJ, Valderrama-Rincón JA, Cruz JC, Reyes LH, Valderrama-Rincon JD. Novel external-loop-airlift milliliter scale bioreactors for cell growth studies: Low cost design, CFD analysis and experimental characterization. J Biotechnol 2020; 324:71-82. [PMID: 32991936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Many researchers have limited access to fully equipped laboratory-scale batch bioreactors and chemostats due to their relatively high cost. This becomes particularly prohibitive when multiple replicas of the same experiment are required, but not enough bioreactors are available to operate simultaneously. Additionally, experiments using shaken flasks are common but show significant limitations in terms of maintaining homogeneous conditions in liquid cultures or installing instrumentation for monitoring. Here, we proposed to tackle this significant hurdle by providing a route to make available the manufacture of low-cost, milliliter-scale bioreactors. This approach seems plausible for enabling proof-of-concept experiments before moving to a larger scale without significant investments. The conceptually designed systems were based on external-loop bioreactors due to their flexibility, simplicity, and ease of assembling and testing. Designs were initially evaluated in silico with the aid of COMSOL Multiphysics. The successfully evaluated systems were then constructed via additive manufacturing and assembled for hydrodynamics testing via tracer methods. This was enabled by a newly home-made optical absorbance sensor (OAS) for in-line and real-time measurements. Both the in silico and experimental results indicated close to ideal mixing conditions and low shear stress. Cell growth curves were prepared by culturing Escherichia coli and following its cell density in real-time. Our cell growth rate and maximum cell density were similar to those previously obtained in closely related systems. Therefore, the proposed bioreactors are an affordable alternative for batch and continuous cell growth studies rapidly and inexpensively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Manuel Ramírez-Acosta
- Grupo de Diseño de Productos y Procesos (GDPP), Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, 110311, Colombia
| | | | | | - Juan C Cruz
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, 110311, Colombia
| | - Luis H Reyes
- Grupo de Diseño de Productos y Procesos (GDPP), Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, 110311, Colombia
| | - Juan D Valderrama-Rincon
- Grupo GRESIA, Department of Environmental Engineering, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, 110231, Colombia.
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71
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Cole SD, Miklos AE, Chiao AC, Sun ZZ, Lux MW. Methodologies for preparation of prokaryotic extracts for cell-free expression systems. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2020; 5:252-267. [PMID: 32775710 PMCID: PMC7398980 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-free systems that mimic essential cell functions, such as gene expression, have dramatically expanded in recent years, both in terms of applications and widespread adoption. Here we provide a review of cell-extract methods, with a specific focus on prokaryotic systems. Firstly, we describe the diversity of Escherichia coli genetic strains available and their corresponding utility. We then trace the history of cell-extract methodology over the past 20 years, showing key improvements that lower the entry level for new researchers. Next, we survey the rise of new prokaryotic cell-free systems, with associated methods, and the opportunities provided. Finally, we use this historical perspective to comment on the role of methodology improvements and highlight where further improvements may be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie D. Cole
- US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical Biological Center, 8567 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21010, USA
| | - Aleksandr E. Miklos
- US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical Biological Center, 8567 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21010, USA
| | - Abel C. Chiao
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Synvitrobio Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zachary Z. Sun
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Synvitrobio Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew W. Lux
- US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical Biological Center, 8567 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21010, USA
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72
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Dopp JL, Reuel NF. Simple, functional, inexpensive cell extract for in vitro prototyping of proteins with disulfide bonds. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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73
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Mohr B, Giannone RJ, Hettich RL, Doktycz MJ. Targeted Growth Medium Dropouts Promote Aromatic Compound Synthesis in Crude E. coli Cell-Free Systems. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:2986-2997. [PMID: 33044063 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Progress in cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) has spurred resurgent interest in engineering complex biological metabolism outside of the cell. Unlike purified enzyme systems, crude cell-free systems can be prepared for a fraction of the cost and contain endogenous cellular pathways that can be activated for biosynthesis. Endogenous activity performs essential functions in cell-free systems including substrate biosynthesis and energy regeneration; however, use of crude cell-free systems for bioproduction has been hampered by the under-described complexity of the metabolic networks inherent to a crude lysate. Physical and chemical cultivation parameters influence the endogenous activity of the resulting lysate, but targeted efforts to engineer this activity by manipulation of these nongenetic factors has been limited. Here growth medium composition was manipulated to improve the one-pot in vitro biosynthesis of phenol from glucose via the expression of Pasteurella multocida phenol-tyrosine lyase in crude E. coli lysates. Crude cell lysate metabolic activity was focused toward the limiting precursor tyrosine by targeted growth medium dropouts guided by proteomics. The result is the activation of a 25-step enzymatic reaction cascade involving at least three endogenous E. coli metabolic pathways. Additional modification of this system, through CFPS of feedback intolerant AroG improves yield. This effort demonstrates the ability to activate a long, complex pathway in vitro and provides a framework for harnessing the metabolic potential of diverse organisms for cell-free metabolic engineering. The more than 6-fold increase in phenol yield with limited genetic manipulation demonstrates the benefits of optimizing growth medium for crude cell-free extract production and illustrates the advantages of a systems approach to cell-free metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Mohr
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Richard J. Giannone
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Robert L. Hettich
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Mitchel J. Doktycz
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
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Cho E, Lu Y. Compartmentalizing Cell-Free Systems: Toward Creating Life-Like Artificial Cells and Beyond. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:2881-2901. [PMID: 33095011 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Building an artificial cell is a research area that is rigorously studied in the field of synthetic biology. It has brought about much attention with the aim of ultimately constructing a natural cell-like structure. In particular, with the more mature cell-free platforms and various compartmentalization methods becoming available, achieving this aim seems not far away. In this review, we discuss the various types of artificial cells capable of hosting several cellular functions. Different compartmental boundaries and the mature and evolving technologies that are used for compartmentalization are examined, and exciting recent advances that overcome or have the potential to address current challenges are discussed. Ultimately, we show how compartmentalization and cell-free systems have, and will, come together to fulfill the goal to assemble a fully synthetic cell that displays functionality and complexity as advanced as that in nature. The development of such artificial cell systems will offer insight into the fundamental study of evolutionary biology and the sea of applications as a result. Although several challenges remain, emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence also appear to help pave the way to address them and achieve the ultimate goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhee Cho
- Key Lab of Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuan Lu
- Key Lab of Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Kim J, Copeland CE, Seki K, Vögeli B, Kwon YC. Tuning the Cell-Free Protein Synthesis System for Biomanufacturing of Monomeric Human Filaggrin. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:590341. [PMID: 33195157 PMCID: PMC7658397 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.590341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The modern cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) system is expanding the opportunity of cell-free biomanufacturing as a versatile platform for synthesizing various therapeutic proteins. However, synthesizing human protein in the bacterial CFPS system remains challenging due to the low expression level, protein misfolding, inactivity, and more. These challenges limit the use of a bacterial CFPS system for human therapeutic protein synthesis. In this study, we demonstrated the improved performance of a customized CFPS platform for human therapeutic protein production by investigating the factors that limit cell-free transcription-translation. The improvement of the CFPS platform has been made in three ways. First, the cell extract was prepared from the rare tRNA expressed host strain, and CFPS was performed with a codon-optimized gene for Escherichia coli codon usage bias. The soluble protein yield was 15.2 times greater with the rare tRNA overexpressing host strain as cell extract and codon-optimized gene in the CFPS system. Next, we identify and prioritize the critical biomanufacturing factors for highly active crude cell lysate for human protein synthesis. Lastly, we engineer the CFPS reaction conditions to enhance protein yield. In this model, the therapeutic protein filaggrin expression was significantly improved by up to 23-fold, presenting 28 ± 5 μM of soluble protein yield. The customized CFPS system for filaggrin biomanufacturing described here demonstrates the potential of the CFPS system to be adapted for studying therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeehye Kim
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Caroline E Copeland
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Kosuke Seki
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States.,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Bastian Vögeli
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Yong-Chan Kwon
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States.,Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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76
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Wüstenhagen DA, Lukas P, Müller C, Aubele SA, Hildebrandt JP, Kubick S. Cell-free synthesis of the hirudin variant 1 of the blood-sucking leech Hirudo medicinalis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19818. [PMID: 33188246 PMCID: PMC7666225 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76715-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis and purification of peptide drugs for medical applications is a challenging task. The leech-derived factor hirudin is in clinical use as an alternative to heparin in anticoagulatory therapies. So far, recombinant hirudin is mainly produced in bacterial or yeast expression systems. We describe the successful development and application of an alternative protocol for the synthesis of active hirudin based on a cell-free protein synthesis approach. Three different cell lysates were compared, and the effects of two different signal peptide sequences on the synthesis of mature hirudin were determined. The combination of K562 cell lysates and the endogenous wild-type signal peptide sequence was most effective. Cell-free synthesized hirudin showed a considerably higher anti-thrombin activity compared to recombinant hirudin produced in bacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen A Wüstenhagen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses Potsdam-Golm (IZI-BB), 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Phil Lukas
- Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Müller
- Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Simone A Aubele
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses Potsdam-Golm (IZI-BB), 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jan-Peter Hildebrandt
- Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Kubick
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses Potsdam-Golm (IZI-BB), 14476, Potsdam, Germany. .,Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus - Senftenberg, The Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and the University of Potsdam, 16816, Neuruppin, Germany.
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77
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Hershewe J, Kightlinger W, Jewett MC. Cell-free systems for accelerating glycoprotein expression and biomanufacturing. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 47:977-991. [PMID: 33090335 PMCID: PMC7578589 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-020-02321-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation, the enzymatic modification of amino acid sidechains with sugar moieties, plays critical roles in cellular function, human health, and biotechnology. However, studying and producing defined glycoproteins remains challenging. Cell-free glycoprotein synthesis systems, in which protein synthesis and glycosylation are performed in crude cell extracts, offer new approaches to address these challenges. Here, we review versatile, state-of-the-art systems for biomanufacturing glycoproteins in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell-free systems with natural and synthetic N-linked glycosylation pathways. We discuss existing challenges and future opportunities in the use of cell-free systems for the design, manufacture, and study of glycoprotein biomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Hershewe
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Technological Institute E136, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208-3120, USA.,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2170 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208-3120, USA.,Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Technological Institute E136, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208-3120, USA
| | - Weston Kightlinger
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Technological Institute E136, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208-3120, USA.,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2170 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208-3120, USA.,Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Technological Institute E136, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208-3120, USA
| | - Michael C Jewett
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Technological Institute E136, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208-3120, USA. .,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2170 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208-3120, USA. .,Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Technological Institute E136, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208-3120, USA. .,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, 676 North Saint Clair Street, Suite 1200, Chicago, IL, 60611-3068, USA. .,Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Street, Suite 11-131, Chicago, IL, 60611-2875, USA.
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78
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Levine MZ, So B, Mullin AC, Fanter R, Dillard K, Watts KR, La Frano MR, Oza JP. Activation of Energy Metabolism through Growth Media Reformulation Enables a 24-Hour Workflow for Cell-Free Expression. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:2765-2774. [PMID: 32835484 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) platforms have undergone numerous workflow improvements to enable diverse applications in research, biomanufacturing, and education. The Escherichia coli cell extract-based platform has been broadly adopted due to its affordability and versatility. The upstream processing of cells to generate crude cell lysate remains time-intensive and technically nuanced, representing one of the largest sources of cost associated with the biotechnology. To overcome these limitations, we have improved the processes by developing a long-lasting autoinduction media formulation for CFPS that obviates human intervention between inoculation and harvest. The cell-free autoinduction (CFAI) media supports the production of robust cell extracts from high cell density cultures nearing the stationary phase of growth. As a result, the total mass of cells and the resulting extract volume obtained increases by 400% while maintaining robust reaction yields of reporter protein, sfGFP (>1 mg/mL). Notably, the CFAI workflow allows users to go from cells on a streak plate to completing CFPS reactions within 24 h. The CFAI workflow uniquely enabled us to elucidate the metabolic limits in CFPS associated with cells grown to stationary phase in the traditional 2× YTPG media. Metabolomics analysis demonstrates that CFAI-based extracts overcome these limits due to improved energy metabolism and redox balance. The advances reported here shed new light on the metabolism associated with highly active CFPS reactions and inform future efforts to tune the metabolism in CFPS systems. Additionally, we anticipate that the improvements in the time and cost-efficiency of CFPS will increase the simplicity and reproducibility, reducing the barriers for new researchers interested in implementing CFPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Z. Levine
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
- Center for Application in Biotechnology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
| | - Byungcheol So
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
- Center for Application in Biotechnology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
| | - Alissa C. Mullin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
- Center for Application in Biotechnology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
| | - Rob Fanter
- College of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
| | - Kayla Dillard
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
| | - Katharine R. Watts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
- Center for Application in Biotechnology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
| | - Michael R. La Frano
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
- Center for Health Research, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
| | - Javin P. Oza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
- Center for Application in Biotechnology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
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79
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Designing peptide nanoparticles for efficient brain delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 160:52-77. [PMID: 33031897 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The targeted delivery of therapeutic compounds to the brain is arguably the most significant open problem in drug delivery today. Nanoparticles (NPs) based on peptides and designed using the emerging principles of molecular engineering show enormous promise in overcoming many of the barriers to brain delivery faced by NPs made of more traditional materials. However, shortcomings in our understanding of peptide self-assembly and blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport mechanisms pose significant obstacles to progress in this area. In this review, we discuss recent work in engineering peptide nanocarriers for the delivery of therapeutic compounds to the brain: from synthesis, to self-assembly, to in vivo studies, as well as discussing in detail the biological hurdles that a nanoparticle must overcome to reach the brain.
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80
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Cui Z, Johnston WA, Alexandrov K. Cell-Free Approach for Non-canonical Amino Acids Incorporation Into Polypeptides. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:1031. [PMID: 33117774 PMCID: PMC7550873 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic biology holds promise to revolutionize the life sciences and biomedicine via expansion of macromolecular diversity outside the natural chemical space. Use of non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) via codon reassignment has found diverse applications in protein structure and interaction analysis, introduction of post-translational modifications, production of constrained peptides, antibody-drug conjugates, and novel enzymes. However, simultaneously encoding multiple ncAAs in vivo requires complex engineering and is sometimes restricted by the cell's poor uptake of ncAAs. In contrast the open nature of cell-free protein synthesis systems offers much greater freedom for manipulation and repurposing of the biosynthetic machinery by controlling the level and identity of translational components and reagents, and allows simultaneous incorporation of multiple ncAAs with non-canonical side chains and even backbones (N-methyl, D-, β-amino acids, α-hydroxy acids etc.). This review focuses on the two most used Escherichia coli-based cell-free protein synthesis systems; cell extract- and PURE-based systems. The former is a biological mixture with >500 proteins, while the latter consists of 38 individually purified biomolecules. We delineate compositions of these two systems and discuss their respective advantages and applications. Also, we dissect the translational components required for ncAA incorporation and compile lists of ncAAs that can be incorporated into polypeptides via different acylation approaches. We highlight the recent progress in using unnatural nucleobase pairs to increase the repertoire of orthogonal codons, as well as using tRNA-specific ribozymes for in situ acylation. We summarize advances in engineering of translational machinery such as tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, elongation factors, and ribosomes to achieve efficient incorporation of structurally challenging ncAAs. We note that, many engineered components of biosynthetic machinery are developed for the use in vivo but are equally applicable to the in vitro systems. These are included in the review to provide a comprehensive overview for ncAA incorporation and offer new insights for the future development in cell-free systems. Finally, we highlight the exciting progress in the genomic engineering, resulting in E. coli strains free of amber and some redundant sense codons. These strains can be used for preparation of cell extracts offering multiple reassignment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenling Cui
- Synthetic Biology Laboratory, School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Wayne A Johnston
- Synthetic Biology Laboratory, School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kirill Alexandrov
- Synthetic Biology Laboratory, School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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81
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Cell-free styrene biosynthesis at high titers. Metab Eng 2020; 61:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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82
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Spice AJ, Aw R, Bracewell DG, Polizzi KM. Improving the reaction mix of a Pichia pastoris cell-free system using a design of experiments approach to minimise experimental effort. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2020; 5:137-144. [PMID: 32637667 PMCID: PMC7320237 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A renaissance in cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) is underway, enabled by the acceleration and adoption of synthetic biology methods. CFPS has emerged as a powerful platform technology for synthetic gene network design, biosensing and on-demand biomanufacturing. Whilst primarily of bacterial origin, cell-free extracts derived from a variety of host organisms have been explored, aiming to capitalise on cellular diversity and the advantageous properties associated with those organisms. However, cell-free extracts produced from eukaryotes are often overlooked due to their relatively low yields, despite the potential for improved protein folding and posttranslational modifications. Here we describe further development of a Pichia pastoris cell-free platform, a widely used expression host in both academia and the biopharmaceutical industry. Using a minimised Design of Experiments (DOE) approach, we were able to increase the productivity of the system by improving the composition of the complex reaction mixture. This was achieved in a minimal number of experimental runs, within the constraints of the design and without the need for liquid-handling robots. In doing so, we were able to estimate the main effects impacting productivity in the system and increased the protein synthesis of firefly luciferase and the biopharmaceutical HSA by 4.8-fold and 3.5-fold, respectively. This study highlights the P. pastoris-based cell-free system as a highly productive eukaryotic platform and displays the value of minimised DOE designs.
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Key Words
- AB, Albumin Blue
- CFPS, cell-free protein synthesis
- CHO, Chinese hamster ovary cells
- Cell-free protein synthesis
- DOE, design of Experiments
- DSD, definitive screening design
- Design of experiments (DOE)
- HSA, human serum albumin
- IRES, internal ribosome entry site
- Pichia pastoris
- RRL, rabbit reticulocyte lysate
- Synthetic biology
- VLP, virus-like particles
- WGE, wheat-germ etract
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Spice
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Rochelle Aw
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Daniel G. Bracewell
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Karen M. Polizzi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, UK
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83
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Kögler LM, Stichel J, Beck-Sickinger AG. Structural investigations of cell-free expressed G protein-coupled receptors. Biol Chem 2020; 401:97-116. [PMID: 31539345 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are of great pharmaceutical interest and about 35% of the commercial drugs target these proteins. Still there is huge potential left in finding molecules that target new GPCRs or that modulate GPCRs differentially. For a rational drug design, it is important to understand the structure, binding and activation of the protein of interest. Structural investigations of GPCRs remain challenging, although huge progress has been made in the last 20 years, especially in the generation of crystal structures of GPCRs. This is mostly caused by issues with the expression yield, purity or labeling. Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) is an efficient alternative for recombinant expression systems that can potentially address many of these problems. In this article the use of CFPS for structural investigations of GPCRs is reviewed. We compare different CFPS systems, including the cellular basis and reaction configurations, and strategies for an efficient solubilization. Next, we highlight recent advances in the structural investigation of cell-free expressed GPCRs, with special emphasis on the role of photo-crosslinking approaches to investigate ligand binding sites on GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Maria Kögler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Stichel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annette G Beck-Sickinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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84
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Colant N, Melinek B, Teneb J, Goldrick S, Rosenberg W, Frank S, Bracewell DG. A rational approach to improving titer in Escherichia coli-based cell-free protein synthesis reactions. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 37:e3062. [PMID: 32761750 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) is an established method for rapid recombinant protein production. Advantages like short synthesis times and an open reaction environment make CFPS a desirable platform for new and difficult-to-express products. Most recently, interest has grown in using the technology to make larger amounts of material. This has been driven through a variety of reasons from making site specific antibody drug conjugates, to emergency response, to the safe manufacture of toxic biological products. We therefore need robust methods to determine the appropriate reaction conditions for product expression in CFPS. Here we propose a process development strategy for Escherichia coli lysate-based CFPS reactions that can be completed in as little as 48 hr. We observed the most dramatic increases in titer were due to the E. coli strain for the cell extract. Therefore, we recommend identifying a high-producing cell extract for the product of interest as a first step. Next, we manipulated the plasmid concentration, amount of extract, temperature, concentrated reaction mix pH levels, and length of reaction. The influence of these process parameters on titer was evaluated through multivariate data analysis. The process parameters with the highest impact on titer were subsequently included in a design of experiments to determine the conditions that increased titer the most in the design space. This proposed process development strategy resulted in superfolder green fluorescent protein titers of 0.686 g/L, a 38% improvement on the standard operating conditions, and hepatitis B core antigen titers of 0.386 g/L, a 190% improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle Colant
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Beatrice Melinek
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jaime Teneb
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen Goldrick
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - William Rosenberg
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Stefanie Frank
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel G Bracewell
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
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85
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Jaroentomeechai T, Taw MN, Li M, Aquino A, Agashe N, Chung S, Jewett MC, DeLisa MP. Cell-Free Synthetic Glycobiology: Designing and Engineering Glycomolecules Outside of Living Cells. Front Chem 2020; 8:645. [PMID: 32850660 PMCID: PMC7403607 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans and glycosylated biomolecules are directly involved in almost every biological process as well as the etiology of most major diseases. Hence, glycoscience knowledge is essential to efforts aimed at addressing fundamental challenges in understanding and improving human health, protecting the environment and enhancing energy security, and developing renewable and sustainable resources that can serve as the source of next-generation materials. While much progress has been made, there remains an urgent need for new tools that can overexpress structurally uniform glycans and glycoconjugates in the quantities needed for characterization and that can be used to mechanistically dissect the enzymatic reactions and multi-enzyme assembly lines that promote their construction. To address this technology gap, cell-free synthetic glycobiology has emerged as a simplified and highly modular framework to investigate, prototype, and engineer pathways for glycan biosynthesis and biomolecule glycosylation outside the confines of living cells. From nucleotide sugars to complex glycoproteins, we summarize here recent efforts that harness the power of cell-free approaches to design, build, test, and utilize glyco-enzyme reaction networks that produce desired glycomolecules in a predictable and controllable manner. We also highlight novel cell-free methods for shedding light on poorly understood aspects of diverse glycosylation processes and engineering these processes toward desired outcomes. Taken together, cell-free synthetic glycobiology represents a promising set of tools and techniques for accelerating basic glycoscience research (e.g., deciphering the "glycan code") and its application (e.g., biomanufacturing high-value glycomolecules on demand).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thapakorn Jaroentomeechai
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - May N. Taw
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Mingji Li
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Alicia Aquino
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Ninad Agashe
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Sean Chung
- Graduate Field of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Michael C. Jewett
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Matthew P. DeLisa
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Graduate Field of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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86
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Cell-Free Protein Synthesis of Small Intrinsically Disordered Proteins for NMR Spectroscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2020. [PMID: 32696360 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0524-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) is an established method to produce recombinant proteins and has been used in a wide variety of applications. The use of CFPS has almost from the onset been favorably linked to the production of isotopically labelled proteins for NMR spectroscopy as the resulting labelling of the produced protein is defined by the chosen amino acids during reaction setup. Here we describe how to set up production and isotopic labelling of small intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) for NMR spectroscopy applications using an E. coli-based CFPS system in batch mode.
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87
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Liu D, Yang Z, Zhang L, Wei M, Lu Y. Cell-free biology using remote-controlled digital microfluidics for individual droplet control. RSC Adv 2020; 10:26972-26981. [PMID: 35515808 PMCID: PMC9055536 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04588h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-free biology for diverse protein expression and biodetection in vitro has developed rapidly in recent years because of its more open and controllable reaction environment. However, complex liquid handling schemes are troublesome, especially when scaling up to perform multiple different reactions simultaneously. Digital microfluidic (DMF) technology can operate a single droplet by controlling its movement, mixing, separation, and some other actions, and is a suitable scaffold for cell-free reactions with higher efficiency. In this paper, a commercial DMF board, OpenDrop, was used, and DMF technology via remote real-time control inspired by the Internet of Things (IoT) was developed for detecting glucose enzyme catalytic cell-free reactions and verifying the feasibility of programmed cell-free protein expression. A cell-free biological reaction process which can be remote-controlled visually with excellent interactivity, controllability and flexibility was achieved. As proof-of-concept research, this work proposed a new control interface for single-drop cell-free biological reactions. It is much like the "droplet operation desktop" concept, used for remote-controllable operations and distributions of cell-free biology for efficient biological screening and protein synthesis in complex reaction networks, with expanded operability and less artificial interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Zhenghuan Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Luyang Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Minglun Wei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yuan Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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88
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Abstract
Cell-free systems are a widely used research tool in systems and synthetic biology and a promising platform for manufacturing of proteins and chemicals. In the past, cell-free biology was primarily used to better understand fundamental biochemical processes. Notably, E. coli cell-free extracts were used in the 1960s to decipher the sequencing of the genetic code. Since then, the transcription and translation capabilities of cell-free systems have been repeatedly optimized to improve energy efficiency and product yield. Today, cell-free systems, in combination with the rise of synthetic biology, have taken on a new role as a promising technology for just-in-time manufacturing of therapeutically important biologics and high-value small molecules. They have also been implemented at an industrial scale for the production of antibodies and cytokines. In this review, we discuss the evolution of cell-free technologies, in particular advancements in extract preparation, cell-free protein synthesis, and cell-free metabolic engineering applications. We then conclude with a discussion of the mathematical modeling of cell-free systems. Mathematical modeling of cell-free processes could be critical to addressing performance bottlenecks and estimating the costs of cell-free manufactured products.
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89
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Abstract
Proteins are the main source of drug targets and some of them possess therapeutic potential themselves. Among them, membrane proteins constitute approximately 50% of the major drug targets. In the drug discovery pipeline, rapid methods for producing different classes of proteins in a simple manner with high quality are important for structural and functional analysis. Cell-free systems are emerging as an attractive alternative for the production of proteins due to their flexible nature without any cell membrane constraints. In a bioproduction context, open systems based on cell lysates derived from different sources, and with batch-to-batch consistency, have acted as a catalyst for cell-free synthesis of target proteins. Most importantly, proteins can be processed for downstream applications like purification and functional analysis without the necessity of transfection, selection, and expansion of clones. In the last 5 years, there has been an increased availability of new cell-free lysates derived from multiple organisms, and their use for the synthesis of a diverse range of proteins. Despite this progress, major challenges still exist in terms of scalability, cost effectiveness, protein folding, and functionality. In this review, we present an overview of different cell-free systems derived from diverse sources and their application in the production of a wide spectrum of proteins. Further, this article discusses some recent progress in cell-free systems derived from Chinese hamster ovary and Sf21 lysates containing endogenous translocationally active microsomes for the synthesis of membrane proteins. We particularly highlight the usage of internal ribosomal entry site sequences for more efficient protein production, and also the significance of site-specific incorporation of non-canonical amino acids for labeling applications and creation of antibody drug conjugates using cell-free systems. We also discuss strategies to overcome the major challenges involved in commercializing cell-free platforms from a laboratory level for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srujan Kumar Dondapati
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Marlitt Stech
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Anne Zemella
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stefan Kubick
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, The Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and the University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
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90
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Kelwick RJR, Webb AJ, Freemont PS. Biological Materials: The Next Frontier for Cell-Free Synthetic Biology. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:399. [PMID: 32478045 PMCID: PMC7235315 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancements in cell-free synthetic biology are enabling innovations in sustainable biomanufacturing, that may ultimately shift the global manufacturing paradigm toward localized and ecologically harmonized production processes. Cell-free synthetic biology strategies have been developed for the bioproduction of fine chemicals, biofuels and biological materials. Cell-free workflows typically utilize combinations of purified enzymes, cell extracts for biotransformation or cell-free protein synthesis reactions, to assemble and characterize biosynthetic pathways. Importantly, cell-free reactions can combine the advantages of chemical engineering with metabolic engineering, through the direct addition of co-factors, substrates and chemicals -including those that are cytotoxic. Cell-free synthetic biology is also amenable to automatable design cycles through which an array of biological materials and their underpinning biosynthetic pathways can be tested and optimized in parallel. Whilst challenges still remain, recent convergences between the materials sciences and these advancements in cell-free synthetic biology enable new frontiers for materials research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. R. Kelwick
- Section of Structural and Synthetic Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J. Webb
- Section of Structural and Synthetic Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul S. Freemont
- Section of Structural and Synthetic Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- The London Biofoundry, Imperial College Translation & Innovation Hub, London, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute Care Research and Technology Centre, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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91
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Gregorio NE, Kao WY, Williams LC, Hight CM, Patel P, Watts KR, Oza JP. Unlocking Applications of Cell-Free Biotechnology through Enhanced Shelf Life and Productivity of E. coli Extracts. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:766-778. [PMID: 32083847 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) is a platform biotechnology that enables a breadth of applications. However, field applications remain limited due to the poor shelf-stability of aqueous cell extracts required for CFPS. Lyophilization of E. coli extracts improves shelf life but remains insufficient for extended storage at room temperature. To address this limitation, we mapped the chemical space of ten low-cost additives with four distinct mechanisms of action in a combinatorial manner to identify formulations capable of stabilizing lyophilized cell extract. We report three key findings: (1) unique additive formulations that maintain full productivity of cell extracts stored at 4 °C and 23 °C; (2) additive formulations that enhance extract productivity by nearly 2-fold; (3) a machine learning algorithm that provides predictive capacity for the stabilizing effects of additive formulations that were not tested experimentally. These findings provide a simple and low-cost advance toward making CFPS field-ready and cost-competitive for biomanufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E. Gregorio
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
- Center for Applications in Biotechnology, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
| | - Wesley Y. Kao
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
- Center for Applications in Biotechnology, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
| | - Layne C. Williams
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
- Center for Applications in Biotechnology, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
| | - Christopher M. Hight
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
- Center for Applications in Biotechnology, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
| | - Pratish Patel
- Department of Finance, Orfalea College of Business, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
| | - Katharine R. Watts
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
- Center for Applications in Biotechnology, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
| | - Javin P. Oza
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
- Center for Applications in Biotechnology, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
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92
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Techno-Economic Assessment of Cell-Free Synthesis of Monoclonal Antibodies Using CHO Cell Extracts. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8040454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) is an emerging tool for the rapid production of difficult-to-express proteins as well as for identifying protein synthesis bottlenecks. In CFPS, the biotic phase is substituted by extracts of living cells devoid of any of their own genetic material. The main advantage is that these systems delineate cell growth from recombinant protein production, enabling the expression of targets that would otherwise place too big a burden on living cells. We have conducted a techno-economic analysis of a CFPS system to produce monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) using extracts of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. We compare the performance of the CFPS system with two alternative production strategies: stable and transient gene expression in CHO cells. Our assessment shows that the viability of CFPS for mAb production requires a significant increase in the product yield and the recycling of high-cost components such as DNA. Nevertheless, CFPS shows significant promise for personalized medicine applications, providing a platform for on-demand production and simplified supply chains.
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93
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Hammerling MJ, Krüger A, Jewett MC. Strategies for in vitro engineering of the translation machinery. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:1068-1083. [PMID: 31777928 PMCID: PMC7026604 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Engineering the process of molecular translation, or protein biosynthesis, has emerged as a major opportunity in synthetic and chemical biology to generate novel biological insights and enable new applications (e.g. designer protein therapeutics). Here, we review methods for engineering the process of translation in vitro. We discuss the advantages and drawbacks of the two major strategies-purified and extract-based systems-and how they may be used to manipulate and study translation. Techniques to engineer each component of the translation machinery are covered in turn, including transfer RNAs, translation factors, and the ribosome. Finally, future directions and enabling technological advances for the field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hammerling
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Antje Krüger
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Michael C Jewett
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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94
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Cui J, Wu D, Sun Q, Yang X, Wang D, Zhuang M, Zhang Y, Gan M, Luo D. A PEGDA/DNA Hybrid Hydrogel for Cell-Free Protein Synthesis. Front Chem 2020; 8:28. [PMID: 32133338 PMCID: PMC7039859 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) has the advantage of rapid expression of proteins and has been widely implemented in synthetic biology and protein engineering. However, the critical problem limiting CFPS industrial application is its relatively high cost, which partly attributes to the overexpense of single-use DNA templates. Hydrogels provide a possible solution because they can preserve and reutilize the DNA templates in CFPS and have great potential in elevating the protein production yield of the CFPS. Here, we presented a low-cost hybrid hydrogel simply prepared with polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) and DNA, which is capable of high-efficient and repeated protein synthesis in CFPS. Parameters governing protein production specific to hybrid hydrogels were optimized. Structures and physical properties of the hybrid hydrogel were characterized. Transcription and expression kinetics of solution phase system and gel phased systems were investigated. The results showed that PEGDA/DNA hydrogel can enhance the protein expression of the CFPS system and enable a repeated protein production for tens of times. This PEGDA/DNA hybrid hydrogel can serve as a recyclable gene carrier for either batch or continuous protein expression, and paves a path toward more powerful, scalable protein production and cell-free synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Dan Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China.,School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Qian Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Dandan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | | | - Yiheng Zhang
- Central Laboratory, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingzhe Gan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China.,School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.,Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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95
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Karaçağlar E, Akgün AN, Müderrisoğlu IH, Haberal M. Coronary Angiography for Follow-up of Heart Transplant Recipients: Usefulness of the Gensini Score. EXP CLIN TRANSPLANT 2020; 18:99-104. [PMID: 32008508 DOI: 10.6002/ect.tond-tdtd2019.p37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Posttransplant cardiac allograft vasculo-pathy affects long-term survival after heart transplant. Because cardiac transplant recipients do not feel angina pectoris as a result of denervation of the transplanted heart graft, early diagnosis is difficult. The Gensini score, a widely used and simple scoring system, can determine the severity of coronary artery disease by angiography. Although this system has been widely used to evaluate natural coronary atherosclerosis, its use in heart transplant recipients has not been studied. Here, we evaluated cardiac allograft vasculo-pathy using the Gensini score. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 105 heart transplant patients seen between February 2004 and April 2018, including their immunosuppressive therapies. The Gensini score was calculated to determine severity score for each coronary stenosis according to degree of luminal narrowing and location. RESULTS Of 105 heart transplant patients, 21 were diagnosed with cardiac allograft vasculopathy. Most patients received tacrolimus, prednisolone, and mycophenolate mofetil as standard therapy. Of 63 included patients, 21 (33.3%) showed cardiac allograft vasculopathy on coronary angiography. In accordance with the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation rating system, 42 of 63 patients (66.6%) were rated as 0 (no detectable angiographic lesions). Mean Gensini score was 34.8 ± 26. In the 21 patients with cardiac allograft vasculopathy, Gensini score showed mild cardiac allograft vas-culopathy (score ≤ 10) in 8 patients (38%), moderate (score > 10 and ≤ 40) in 6 patients (28.5%), and severe (score > 40) in 7 patients (33.3%). Angiographic coronary artery disease burden using Gensini was strongly correlated with cardiac allograft vasculopathy severity. CONCLUSIONS The Gensini score could provide valid assessment of cardiac allograft vasculopathy burden for use in clinical practice. However, more research is needed to identify and treat cardiac allograft vasculopathy for successful long-term survival of heart transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emir Karaçağlar
- From the Department of Cardiology, Ankara Hospital, Başkent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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96
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Escherichia coli Extract-Based Cell-Free Expression System as an Alternative for Difficult-to-Obtain Protein Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030928. [PMID: 32023820 PMCID: PMC7037961 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Before utilization in biomedical diagnosis, therapeutic treatment, and biotechnology, the diverse variety of peptides and proteins must be preliminarily purified and thoroughly characterized. The recombinant DNA technology and heterologous protein expression have helped simplify the isolation of targeted polypeptides at high purity and their structure-function examinations. Recombinant protein expression in Escherichia coli, the most-established heterologous host organism, has been widely used to produce proteins of commercial and fundamental research interests. Nonetheless, many peptides/proteins are still difficult to express due to their ability to slow down cell growth or disrupt cellular metabolism. Besides, special modifications are often required for proper folding and activity of targeted proteins. The cell-free (CF) or in vitro recombinant protein synthesis system enables the production of such difficult-to-obtain molecules since it is possible to adjust reaction medium and there is no need to support cellular metabolism and viability. Here, we describe E. coli-based CF systems, the optimization steps done toward the development of highly productive and cost-effective CF methodology, and the modification of an in vitro approach required for difficult-to-obtain protein production.
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97
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Joubert S, Dodelet V, Béliard R, Durocher Y. [Biomanufacturing of monoclonal antibodies]. Med Sci (Paris) 2020; 35:1153-1159. [PMID: 31903930 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2019219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-based drugs are an increasingly important part of the therapeutic arsenal against a wide variety of medical conditions. As the number of commercial products and pipeline candidates grows, a crucial issue facing the industry is the current and future state of biomanufacturing. The productivity of the protein expression platforms, along with the performance of the technologies impacting upstream and downstream bioprocessing, are critical factors affecting the cost and time of therapeutic antibody development and commercialization. Cell engineering strategies are being used to improve the production of antibodies and to better control their quality in terms of posttranslational modifications, in particular with regards to their glycosylation state, as this can influence their therapeutic activity. Additionally, the advance of "omics" technologies have recently given rise to new possibilities in improving these expression platforms. We review here the various advances in biomanufacturing essential to the continued growth of the therapeutic antibody market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Joubert
- Centre de recherche sur les thérapeutiques en santé humaine, Conseil national de recherche du Canada, Montréal, Québec H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Vincent Dodelet
- Centre de recherche sur les thérapeutiques en santé humaine, Conseil national de recherche du Canada, Montréal, Québec H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Roland Béliard
- Laboratoires français du fractionnement et des biotechnologies, Les Ulis, Courtaboeuf Cedex, France
| | - Yves Durocher
- Centre de recherche sur les thérapeutiques en santé humaine, Conseil national de recherche du Canada, Montréal, Québec H4P 2R2, Canada - Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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98
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Zhou C, Lin X, Lu Y, Zhang J. Flexible on-demand cell-free protein synthesis platform based on a tube-in-tube reactor. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00394k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A flexible on-demand cell-free protein synthesis platform using a tube-in-tube reactor is established for continuous synthesis of different protein drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caijin Zhou
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Xiaomei Lin
- Key Lab of Industrial Biocatalysis
- Ministry of Education
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
| | - Yuan Lu
- Key Lab of Industrial Biocatalysis
- Ministry of Education
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
| | - Jisong Zhang
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
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99
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Köhler T, Heida T, Hoefgen S, Weigel N, Valiante V, Thiele J. Cell-free protein synthesis and in situ immobilization of deGFP-MatB in polymer microgels for malonate-to-malonyl CoA conversion. RSC Adv 2020; 10:40588-40596. [PMID: 35520868 PMCID: PMC9057574 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06702d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a bottom-up approach towards functional enzymes utilizing microgels as carriers for genetic information that enable cell-free protein synthesis, in situ immobilization, and utilization of functional deGFP-MatB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Köhler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Thomas Heida
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Sandra Hoefgen
- Biobricks of Microbial Natural Product Syntheses
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Niclas Weigel
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Vito Valiante
- Biobricks of Microbial Natural Product Syntheses
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Julian Thiele
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
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100
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Heida T, Köhler T, Kaufmann A, Männel MJ, Thiele J. Cell‐Free Protein Synthesis in Bifunctional Hyaluronan Microgels: A Strategy for In Situ Immobilization and Purification of His‐Tagged Proteins. CHEMSYSTEMSCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/syst.201900058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Heida
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer PhysicsLeibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Tony Köhler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer PhysicsLeibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Anika Kaufmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer PhysicsLeibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Max J. Männel
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer PhysicsLeibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Julian Thiele
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer PhysicsLeibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
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