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Samara Z, Evers EAT, Goulas A, Uylings HBM, Rajkowska G, Ramaekers JG, Stiers P. Human orbital and anterior medial prefrontal cortex: Intrinsic connectivity parcellation and functional organization. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:2941-2960. [PMID: 28255676 PMCID: PMC5581738 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1378-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The orbital and medial prefrontal cortex (OMPFC) has been implicated in decision-making, reward and emotion processing, and psychopathology, such as depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Human and monkey anatomical studies indicate the presence of various cortical subdivisions and suggest that these are organized in two extended networks, a medial and an orbital one. Attempts have been made to replicate these neuroanatomical findings in vivo using MRI techniques for imaging connectivity. These revealed several consistencies, but also many inconsistencies between reported results. Here, we use fMRI resting-state functional connectivity (FC) and data-driven modularity optimization to parcellate the OMPFC to investigate replicability of in vivo parcellation more systematically. By collecting two resting-state data sets per participant, we were able to quantify the reliability of the observed modules and their boundaries. Results show that there was significantly more than chance overlap in modules and their boundaries at the level of individual data sets. Moreover, some of these consistent boundaries significantly co-localized across participants. Hierarchical clustering showed that the whole-brain FC profiles of the OMPFC subregions separate them in two networks, a medial and orbital one, which overlap with the organization proposed by Barbas and Pandya (J Comp Neurol 286:353-375, 1989) and Ongür and Price (Cereb Cortex 10:206-219, 2000). We conclude that in vivo resting-state FC can delineate reliable and neuroanatomically plausible subdivisions that agree with established cytoarchitectonic trends and connectivity patterns, while other subdivisions do not show the same consistency across data sets and studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Samara
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40 (East), 6229, ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth A T Evers
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40 (East), 6229, ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandros Goulas
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Max Planck Research Group: Neuroanatomy and Connectivity, Stephanstrasse 1a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Harry B M Uylings
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School Neurosciences Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Grazyna Rajkowska
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA
| | - Johannes G Ramaekers
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40 (East), 6229, ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Stiers
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40 (East), 6229, ER Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Prefrontal Neurons Represent Motion Signals from Across the Visual Field But for Memory-Guided Comparisons Depend on Neurons Providing These Signals. J Neurosci 2017; 36:9351-64. [PMID: 27605611 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0843-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Visual decisions often involve comparisons of sequential stimuli that can appear at any location in the visual field. The lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) in nonhuman primates, shown to play an important role in such comparisons, receives information about contralateral stimuli directly from sensory neurons in the same hemisphere, and about ipsilateral stimuli indirectly from neurons in the opposite hemisphere. This asymmetry of sensory inputs into the LPFC poses the question of whether and how its neurons incorporate sensory information arriving from the two hemispheres during memory-guided comparisons of visual motion. We found that, although responses of individual LPFC neurons to contralateral stimuli were stronger and emerged 40 ms earlier, they carried remarkably similar signals about motion direction in the two hemifields, with comparable direction selectivity and similar direction preferences. This similarity was also apparent around the time of the comparison between the current and remembered stimulus because both ipsilateral and contralateral responses showed similar signals reflecting the remembered direction. However, despite availability in the LPFC of motion information from across the visual field, these "comparison effects" required for the comparison stimuli to appear at the same retinal location. This strict dependence on spatial overlap of the comparison stimuli suggests participation of neurons with localized receptive fields in the comparison process. These results suggest that while LPFC incorporates many key aspects of the information arriving from sensory neurons residing in opposite hemispheres, it continues relying on the interactions with these neurons at the time of generating signals leading to successful perceptual decisions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Visual decisions often involve comparisons of sequential visual motion that can appear at any location in the visual field. We show that during such comparisons, the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) contains accurate representation of visual motion from across the visual field, supplied by motion processing neurons. However, at the time of comparison, LPFC neurons can only use this information to compute the differences between the stimuli, if stimuli appear at the same retinal location, implicating neurons with localized receptive fields in the comparison process. These findings show that sensory comparisons rely on the interactions between LPFC and sensory neurons that not only supply sensory signals but also actively participate in the comparison of these signals at the time of the decision.
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53
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Representation of Behavioral Tactics and Tactics-Action Transformation in the Primate Medial Prefrontal Cortex. J Neurosci 2017; 36:5974-87. [PMID: 27251619 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4572-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED To expedite the selection of action under a structured behavioral context, we develop an expedient to promote its efficiency: tactics for action selection. Setting up a behavioral condition for subhuman primates (Macaca fuscata) that induced the development of a behavioral tactics, we explored neuronal representation of tactics in the medial frontal cortex. Here we show that neurons in the posterior medial prefrontal cortex, but not much in the medial premotor cortex, exhibit activity representing the behavioral tactics, in advance of action-selective activity. Such activity appeared during behavioral epochs of its retrieval from instruction cues, maintenance in short-term memory, and its implementation for the achievement of action selection. At a population level, posterior medial prefrontal cortex neurons take part in transforming the tactics information into the information representing action selection. The tactics representation revealed an aspect of neural mechanisms for an adaptive behavioral control, taking place in the medial prefrontal cortex. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We studied behavioral significance of neuronal activity in the posterior medial prefrontal cortex (pmPFC) and found the representation of behavioral tactics defined as specific and efficient ways to achieve objectives of actions. Neuronal activity appeared during behavioral epochs of its retrieval from instruction cues, maintenance in short-term memory, and its use preceding the achievement of action selection. We found further that pmPFC neurons take part in transforming the tactics information into the information representing action selection. A majority of individual neurons was recruited during a limited period in each behavioral epoch, constituting, as a whole, a temporal cascade of activity. Such dynamics found in behavioral-tactics specific activity characterize the participation of pmPFC neurons in executive control of purposeful behavior.
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54
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Mendoza-Halliday D, Martinez-Trujillo JC. Neuronal population coding of perceived and memorized visual features in the lateral prefrontal cortex. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15471. [PMID: 28569756 PMCID: PMC5461493 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The primate lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) encodes visual stimulus features while they are perceived and while they are maintained in working memory. However, it remains unclear whether perceived and memorized features are encoded by the same or different neurons and population activity patterns. Here we record LPFC neuronal activity while monkeys perceive the motion direction of a stimulus that remains visually available, or memorize the direction if the stimulus disappears. We find neurons with a wide variety of combinations of coding strength for perceived and memorized directions: some neurons encode both to similar degrees while others preferentially or exclusively encode either one. Reading out the combined activity of all neurons, a machine-learning algorithm reliably decode the motion direction and determine whether it is perceived or memorized. Our results indicate that a functionally diverse population of LPFC neurons provides a substrate for discriminating between perceptual and mnemonic representations of visual features. Neurons in the lateral prefrontal cortex are known to encode visual features as well as maintain them in working memory. Here the authors report that LPFC neurons encode both perceived and memorized visual features in diverse combinations and the population activity reliably decodes as well as differentiates between these two representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Mendoza-Halliday
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.,Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1Y6
| | - Julio C Martinez-Trujillo
- Departments of Physiology, Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Robarts Research Institute, Brain and Mind Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
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Goulas A, Stiers P, Hutchison RM, Everling S, Petrides M, Margulies DS. Intrinsic functional architecture of the macaque dorsal and ventral lateral frontal cortex. J Neurophysiol 2017; 117:1084-1099. [PMID: 28003408 PMCID: PMC5340881 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00486.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigations of the cellular and connectional organization of the lateral frontal cortex (LFC) of the macaque monkey provide indispensable knowledge for generating hypotheses about the human LFC. However, despite numerous investigations, there are still debates on the organization of this brain region. In vivo neuroimaging techniques such as resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can be used to define the functional circuitry of brain areas, producing results largely consistent with gold-standard invasive tract-tracing techniques and offering the opportunity for cross-species comparisons within the same modality. Our results using resting-state fMRI from macaque monkeys to uncover the intrinsic functional architecture of the LFC corroborate previous findings and inform current debates. Specifically, within the dorsal LFC, we show that 1) the region along the midline and anterior to the superior arcuate sulcus is divided in two areas separated by the posterior supraprincipal dimple, 2) the cytoarchitectonically defined area 6DC/F2 contains two connectional divisions, and 3) a distinct area occupies the cortex around the spur of the arcuate sulcus, updating what was previously proposed to be the border between dorsal and ventral motor/premotor areas. Within the ventral LFC, the derived parcellation clearly suggests the presence of distinct areas: 1) an area with a somatomotor/orofacial connectional signature (putative area 44), 2) an area with an oculomotor connectional signature (putative frontal eye fields), and 3) premotor areas possibly hosting laryngeal and arm representations. Our results illustrate in detail the intrinsic functional architecture of the macaque LFC, thus providing valuable evidence for debates on its organization.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Resting-state functional MRI is used as a complementary method to invasive techniques to inform current debates on the organization of the macaque lateral frontal cortex. Given that the macaque cortex serves as a model for the human cortex, our results help generate more fine-tuned hypothesis for the organization of the human lateral frontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Goulas
- Max Planck Research Group Neuroanatomy and Connectivity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Peter Stiers
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Stefan Everling
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Michael Petrides
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel S Margulies
- Max Planck Research Group Neuroanatomy and Connectivity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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Computational Architecture of the Parieto-Frontal Network Underlying Cognitive-Motor Control in Monkeys. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-NWR-0306-16. [PMID: 28275714 PMCID: PMC5329620 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0306-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The statistical structure of intrinsic parietal and parieto-frontal connectivity in monkeys was studied through hierarchical cluster analysis. Based on their inputs, parietal and frontal areas were grouped into different clusters, including a variable number of areas that in most instances occupied contiguous architectonic fields. Connectivity tended to be stronger locally: that is, within areas of the same cluster. Distant frontal and parietal areas were targeted through connections that in most instances were reciprocal and often of different strength. These connections linked parietal and frontal clusters formed by areas sharing basic functional properties. This led to five different medio-laterally oriented pillar domains spanning the entire extent of the parieto-frontal system, in the posterior parietal, anterior parietal, cingulate, frontal, and prefrontal cortex. Different information processing streams could be identified thanks to inter-domain connectivity. These streams encode fast hand reaching and its control, complex visuomotor action spaces, hand grasping, action/intention recognition, oculomotor intention and visual attention, behavioral goals and strategies, and reward and decision value outcome. Most of these streams converge on the cingulate domain, the main hub of the system. All of them are embedded within a larger eye–hand coordination network, from which they can be selectively set in motion by task demands.
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57
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Oh J, Chun JW, Kim E, Park HJ, Lee B, Kim JJ. Aberrant neural networks for the recognition memory of socially relevant information in patients with schizophrenia. Brain Behav 2017; 7:e00602. [PMID: 28127520 PMCID: PMC5256185 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with schizophrenia exhibit several cognitive deficits, including memory impairment. Problems with recognition memory can hinder socially adaptive behavior. Previous investigations have suggested that altered activation of the frontotemporal area plays an important role in recognition memory impairment. However, the cerebral networks related to these deficits are not known. The aim of this study was to elucidate the brain networks required for recognizing socially relevant information in patients with schizophrenia performing an old-new recognition task. METHODS Sixteen patients with schizophrenia and 16 controls participated in this study. First, the subjects performed the theme-identification task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. In this task, pictures depicting social situations were presented with three words, and the subjects were asked to select the best theme word for each picture. The subjects then performed an old-new recognition task in which they were asked to discriminate whether the presented words were old or new. Task performance and neural responses in the old-new recognition task were compared between the subject groups. An independent component analysis of the functional connectivity was performed. RESULTS The patients with schizophrenia exhibited decreased discriminability and increased activation of the right superior temporal gyrus compared with the controls during correct responses. Furthermore, aberrant network activities were found in the frontopolar and language comprehension networks in the patients. CONCLUSIONS The functional connectivity analysis showed aberrant connectivity in the frontopolar and language comprehension networks in the patients with schizophrenia, and these aberrations possibly contribute to their low recognition performance and social dysfunction. These results suggest that the frontopolar and language comprehension networks are potential therapeutic targets in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooyoung Oh
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering (BMSE) Institute of Integrated Technology (IIT) Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) Gwangju Korea
| | - Ji-Won Chun
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Eunseong Kim
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Hae-Jeong Park
- Department of Nuclear Medicine Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Boreom Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering (BMSE) Institute of Integrated Technology (IIT) Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) Gwangju Korea
| | - Jae-Jin Kim
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea; Department of Psychiatry Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
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Bykanov AE, Pitskhelauri DI, Batalov AI, Pronin IN, Shkarubo MA, Dobrovol'sky GF, Kobyakov GL, Buklina SB, Puchkov VL, Zakharova NE, Smirnov AS, Sanikidze AZ, Gol'bin DA, Pogosbekyan EL, Kudieva ES, Shkatova AM, Potapov AA. [Surgical anatomy of the peri-insular association tracts. Part I.The superior longitudinal fascicle system]. ZHURNAL VOPROSY NEIROKHIRURGII IMENI N. N. BURDENKO 2017; 81:26-38. [PMID: 28291211 DOI: 10.17116/neiro201780726-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM To study the peri-insular association tract anatomy and define the permissible anatomical boundaries for resection of glial insular tumors with allowance for the surgical anatomy of the peri-insular association tracts. MATERIAL AND METHODS In an anatomic study of the superior longitudinal fascicle system (SLF I, SLF II, SLF III, arcuate fascicle), we used 12 anatomical specimens (6 left and 6 right hemispheres) prepared according to the Klingler's fiber dissection technique. To confirm the dissection data, we used MR tractography (HARDI-CSD-tractography) of the conduction tracts, which was performed in two healthy volunteers. RESULTS Except the SLF I (identified in 7 hemispheres by fiber dissection), all fascicles of the SLF system were found in all investigated hemispheres by both fiber dissection and MR tractography. The transcortical approach to the insula through the frontal and (or) parietal operculum is associated with a significant risk of transverse transection of the SLF III fibers passing in the frontal and parietal opercula. The most optimal area for the transcortical approach to the insula is the anterior third of the superior temporal gyrus that lacks important association tracts and, consequently, a risk of their injury. The superior peri-insular sulcus is an intraoperative landmark for the transsylvian approach, which enables identification of the SLF II and arcuate fascicle in the surgical wound. CONCLUSION Detailed knowledge of the peri-insular association tract anatomy is the prerequisite for neurosurgery in the insular region. Our findings facilitate correct identification of both the site for cerebral operculum dissection upon the transcortical approach and the intraoperative landmarks for locating the association tracts in the surgical wound upon the transsylvian approach to the insula.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Bykanov
- Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - A I Batalov
- Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - I N Pronin
- Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - M A Shkarubo
- Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - G L Kobyakov
- Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - S B Buklina
- Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - V L Puchkov
- Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - A S Smirnov
- Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - D A Gol'bin
- Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - E S Kudieva
- Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - A M Shkatova
- Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Potapov
- Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute, Moscow, Russia
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Tsutsui KI, Oyama K, Nakamura S, Iijima T. Comparative Overview of Visuospatial Working Memory in Monkeys and Rats. Front Syst Neurosci 2016; 10:99. [PMID: 28018186 PMCID: PMC5159432 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2016.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural mechanisms of working memory, particularly its visuospatial aspect, have long been studied in non-human primates. On the other hand, rodents are becoming more important in systems neuroscience, as many of the innovative research methods have become available for them. There has been a question on whether primates and rodents have similar neural backgrounds for working memory. In this article, we carried out a comparative overview of the neural mechanisms of visuospatial working memory in monkeys and rats. In monkeys, a number of lesion studies indicate that the brain region most responsible for visuospatial working memory is the ventral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (vDLPFC), as the performance in the standard tests for visuospatial working memory, such as delayed response and delayed alternation tasks, are impaired by lesions in this region. Single-unit studies revealed a characteristic firing pattern in neurons in this area, a sustained delay activity. Further studies indicated that the information maintained in the working memory, such as cue location and response direction in a delayed response, is coded in the sustained delay activity. In rats, an area comparable to the monkey vDLPFC was found to be the dorsal part of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), as the delayed alternation in a T-maze is impaired by its lesion. Recently, the sustained delay activity similar to that found in monkeys has been found in the dorsal mPFC of rats performing the delayed response task. Furthermore, anatomical studies indicate that the vDLPFC in monkeys and the dorsal mPFC in rats have much in common, such as that they are both the major targets of parieto-frontal projections. Thus lines of evidence indicate that in both monkeys and rodents, the PFC plays a critical role in working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Tsutsui
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku UniversitySendai, Japan
| | - Kei Oyama
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku UniversitySendai, Japan
| | - Shinya Nakamura
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku UniversitySendai, Japan
| | - Toshio Iijima
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku UniversitySendai, Japan
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Nitschke K, Köstering L, Finkel L, Weiller C, Kaller CP. A Meta-analysis on the neural basis of planning: Activation likelihood estimation of functional brain imaging results in the Tower of London task. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 38:396-413. [PMID: 27627877 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to mentally design and evaluate series of future actions has often been studied in terms of planning abilities, commonly using well-structured laboratory tasks like the Tower of London (ToL). Despite a wealth of studies, findings on the specific localization of planning processes within prefrontal cortex (PFC) and on the hemispheric lateralization are equivocal. Here, we address this issue by integrating evidence from two different sources of data: First, we provide a systematic overview of the existing lesion data on planning in the ToL (10 studies, 211 patients) which does not indicate any evidence for a general lateralization of planning processes in (pre)frontal cortex. Second, we report a quantitative meta-analysis with activation likelihood estimation based on 31 functional neuroimaging datasets on the ToL. Separate meta-analyses of the activation patterns reported for Overall Planning (537 participants) and for Planning Complexity (182 participants) congruently show bilateral contributions of mid-dorsolateral PFC, frontal eye fields, supplementary motor area, precuneus, caudate, anterior insula, and inferior parietal cortex in addition to a left-lateralized involvement of rostrolateral PFC. In contrast to previous attributions of planning-related brain activity to the entire dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and either its left or right homolog derived from single studies on the ToL, the present meta-analyses stress the pivotal role specifically of the mid-dorsolateral part of PFC (mid-dlPFC), presumably corresponding to Brodmann Areas 46 and 9/46, and strongly argue for a bilateral rather than lateralized involvement of the dlPFC in planning in the ToL. Hum Brain Mapp 38:396-413, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Nitschke
- Department of Neurology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Brain Imaging Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Biological and Personality Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lena Köstering
- Department of Neurology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Brain Imaging Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Finkel
- Department of Neurology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Motor Cognition Group, Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Cornelius Weiller
- Department of Neurology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Brain Imaging Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph P Kaller
- Department of Neurology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Brain Imaging Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Naro A, Leo A, Filoni S, Bramanti P, Calabrò RS. Visuo-motor integration in unresponsive wakefulness syndrome: A piece of the puzzle towards consciousness detection? Restor Neurol Neurosci 2016; 33:447-60. [PMID: 26409404 PMCID: PMC4923741 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-150525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS) is characterized by either a profound unawareness or an impairment of large-scale cortico/subcortical connectivity. Nevertheless, some individuals with UWS could show residual markers of consciousness and cognition. In this study, we applied an electrophysiological approach aimed to identify the residual visuomotor connectivity patterns that are thought to be linked to awareness, in patients with chronic disorder of consciousness (DOC). METHODS We measured some markers of visuomotor and premotor-motor integration in 14 patients affected by DOC, before and after the application of transcranial direct current stimulation, delivered over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the parieto-occipital area, paired to transorbital alterning current stimulation. RESULTS Our protocol induced a potentiation of the electrophysiological markers of visuomotor and premotor-motor connectivity, paired to a clinical improvement, in all of the patients with minimally conscious state and in one individual affected by UWS. CONCLUSIONS Our protocol could be a promising approach to potentiate the functional connectivity within large-scale visuomotor networks, thus allowing identifying the patients suffering from a functional locked-in syndrome (i.e. individuals showing an extreme behavioral motor dysfunction although with somehow preserved cognitive functions that can be identified only through para-clinical tests) within individuals with UWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Naro
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo" Messina, S.S, Contrada Casazza, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Leo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo" Messina, S.S, Contrada Casazza, Messina, Italy
| | - Serena Filoni
- Fondazione Centri di Riabilitazione Padre Pio Onlus, Viale Cappuccini, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Placido Bramanti
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo" Messina, S.S, Contrada Casazza, Messina, Italy
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Ostry DJ, Gribble PL. Sensory Plasticity in Human Motor Learning. Trends Neurosci 2016; 39:114-123. [PMID: 26774345 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence from behavioral, neurophysiological, and neuroimaging studies that the acquisition of motor skills involves both perceptual and motor learning. Perceptual learning alters movements, motor learning, and motor networks of the brain. Motor learning changes perceptual function and the sensory circuits of the brain. Here, we review studies of both human limb movement and speech that indicate that plasticity in sensory and motor systems is reciprocally linked. Taken together, this points to an approach to motor learning in which perceptual learning and sensory plasticity have a fundamental role.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Ostry
- McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Paul L Gribble
- Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT, USA; University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Yagmurlu K, Middlebrooks EH, Tanriover N, Rhoton AL. Fiber tracts of the dorsal language stream in the human brain. J Neurosurg 2015; 124:1396-405. [PMID: 26587654 DOI: 10.3171/2015.5.jns15455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECT The aim of this study was to examine the arcuate (AF) and superior longitudinal fasciculi (SLF), which together form the dorsal language stream, using fiber dissection and diffusion imaging techniques in the human brain. METHODS Twenty-five formalin-fixed brains (50 hemispheres) and 3 adult cadaveric heads, prepared according to the Klingler method, were examined by the fiber dissection technique. The authors' findings were supported with MR tractography provided by the Human Connectome Project, WU-Minn Consortium. The frequencies of gyral distributions were calculated in segments of the AF and SLF in the cadaveric specimens. RESULTS The AF has ventral and dorsal segments, and the SLF has 3 segments: SLF I (dorsal pathway), II (middle pathway), and III (ventral pathway). The AF ventral segment connects the middle (88%; all percentages represent the area of the named structure that is connected to the tract) and posterior (100%) parts of the superior temporal gyri and the middle part (92%) of the middle temporal gyrus to the posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus (96% in pars opercularis, 40% in pars triangularis) and the ventral premotor cortex (84%) by passing deep to the lower part of the supramarginal gyrus (100%). The AF dorsal segment connects the posterior part of the middle (100%) and inferior temporal gyri (76%) to the posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus (96% in pars opercularis), ventral premotor cortex (72%), and posterior part of the middle frontal gyrus (56%) by passing deep to the lower part of the angular gyrus (100%). CONCLUSIONS This study depicts the distinct subdivision of the AF and SLF, based on cadaveric fiber dissection and diffusion imaging techniques, to clarify the complicated language processing pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Necmettin Tanriover
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey
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Yagmurlu K, Vlasak AL, Rhoton AL. Three-dimensional topographic fiber tract anatomy of the cerebrum. Neurosurgery 2015; 11 Suppl 2:274-305; discussion 305. [PMID: 25950888 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000000704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fiber tracts of the cerebrum may be a more important determinant of resection limits than the cortex. Better knowledge of the 3-dimensional (3-D) anatomic organization of the fiber pathways is important in planning safe and accurate surgery for lesions within the cerebrum. OBJECTIVE To examine the topographic anatomy of fiber tracts and subcortical gray matter of the human cerebrum and their relationships with consistent cortical, ventricular, and nuclear landmarks. METHODS Twenty-five formalin-fixed human brains and 4 whole cadaveric heads were examined by fiber dissection technique and ×6 to ×40 magnification. The fiber tracts and central core structures, including the insula and basal ganglia, were examined and their relationships captured in 3-D photography. The depth between the surface of the cortical gyri and selected fiber tracts was measured. RESULTS The topographic relationships of the important association, projection, and commissural fasciculi within the cerebrum and superficial cortical landmarks were identified. Important landmarks with consistent relationships to the fiber tracts were the cortical gyri and sulci, limiting sulci of the insula, nuclear masses in the central core, and lateral ventricles. The fiber tracts were also organized in a consistent pattern in relation to each other. The anatomic findings are briefly compared with functional data from clinicoradiological analysis and intraoperative stimulation of fiber tracts. CONCLUSION An understanding of the 3-D anatomic organization of the fiber tracts of the brain is essential in planning safe and accurate cerebral surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaan Yagmurlu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
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Structural Variability within Frontoparietal Networks and Individual Differences in Attentional Functions: An Approach Using the Theory of Visual Attention. J Neurosci 2015. [PMID: 26224851 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0210-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Visuospatial attention allows us to select and act upon a subset of behaviorally relevant visual stimuli while ignoring distraction. Bundesen's theory of visual attention (TVA) (Bundesen, 1990) offers a quantitative analysis of the different facets of attention within a unitary model and provides a powerful analytic framework for understanding individual differences in attentional functions. Visuospatial attention is contingent upon large networks, distributed across both hemispheres, consisting of several cortical areas interconnected by long-association frontoparietal pathways, including three branches of the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF I-III) and the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF). Here we examine whether structural variability within human frontoparietal networks mediates differences in attention abilities as assessed by the TVA. Structural measures were based on spherical deconvolution and tractography-derived indices of tract volume and hindrance-modulated orientational anisotropy (HMOA). Individual differences in visual short-term memory (VSTM) were linked to variability in the microstructure (HMOA) of SLF II, SLF III, and IFOF within the right hemisphere. Moreover, VSTM and speed of information processing were linked to hemispheric lateralization within the IFOF. Differences in spatial bias were mediated by both variability in microstructure and volume of the right SLF II. Our data indicate that the microstructural and macrostrucutral organization of white matter pathways differentially contributes to both the anatomical lateralization of frontoparietal attentional networks and to individual differences in attentional functions. We conclude that individual differences in VSTM capacity, processing speed, and spatial bias, as assessed by TVA, link to variability in structural organization within frontoparietal pathways.
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Humphreys GW, Chechlacz M. A Neural Decomposition of Visual Search Using Voxel-based Morphometry. J Cogn Neurosci 2015; 27:1854-69. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The ability to search efficiently for visual targets among distractors can break down after a variety of brain lesions, but the specific processes affected by the lesions are unclear. We examined search over space (conjunction search) and over time plus space (preview search) in a consecutive series of patients with acquired brain lesions. We also assessed performance on standard neuropsychological measures of visuospatial short-term memory (Corsi Block), sustained attention and memory updating (the contrast between forward and backward digit span), and visual neglect. Voxel-based morphometry analyses revealed regions in the occipital (middle occipital gyrus), posterior parietal (angular gyrus), and temporal cortices (superior and middle temporal gyri extending to the insula), along with underlying white matter pathways, associated with poor search. Going beyond standard voxel-based morphometry analyses, we then report correlation measures of structural damage in these regions and the independent neuropsychological measures of other cognitive functions. We find distinct patterns of correlation in areas linked to poor search, suggesting that the areas play functionally different roles in search. We conclude that neuropsychological disorders of search can be linked to necessary and distinct cognitive functions, according to the site of lesion.
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Unilateral prefrontal lesions impair memory-guided comparisons of contralateral visual motion. J Neurosci 2015; 35:7095-105. [PMID: 25948260 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5265-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) to working memory is the topic of active debate. On the one hand, it has been argued that the persistent delay activity in LPFC recorded during some working memory tasks is a reflection of sensory storage, the notion supported by some lesion studies. On the other hand, there is emerging evidence that the LPFC plays a key role in the maintenance of sensory information not by storing relevant visual signals but by allocating visual attention to such stimuli. In this study, we addressed this question by examining the effects of unilateral LPFC lesions during a working memory task requiring monkeys to compare directions of two moving stimuli, separated by a delay. The lesions resulted in impaired thresholds for contralesional stimuli at longer delays, and these deficits were most dramatic when the task required rapid reallocation of spatial attention. In addition, these effects were equally pronounced when the remembered stimuli were at threshold or moved coherently. The contralesional nature of the deficits points to the importance of the interactions between the LPFC and the motion processing neurons residing in extrastriate area MT. Delay-specificity of the deficit supports LPFC involvement in the maintenance stage of the comparison task. However, because this deficit was independent of stimulus features giving rise to the remembered direction and was most pronounced during rapid shifts of attention, its role is more likely to be attending and accessing the preserved motion signals rather than their storage.
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Granek JA, Sergio LE. Evidence for distinct brain networks in the control of rule-based motor behavior. J Neurophysiol 2015; 114:1298-309. [PMID: 26133796 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00233.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reach guidance when the spatial location of the viewed target and hand movement are incongruent (i.e., decoupled) necessitates use of explicit cognitive rules (strategic control) or implicit recalibration of gaze and limb position (sensorimotor recalibration). In a patient with optic ataxia (OA) and bilateral superior parietal lobule damage, we recently demonstrated an increased reliance on strategic control when the patient performed a decoupled reach (Granek JA, Pisella L, Stemberger J, Vighetto A, Rossetti Y, Sergio LE. PLoS One 8: e86138, 2013). To more generally understand the fundamental mechanisms of decoupled visuomotor control and to more specifically test whether we could distinguish these two modes of movement control, we tested healthy participants in a cognitively demanding dual task. Participants continuously counted backward while simultaneously reaching toward horizontal (left or right) or diagonal (equivalent to top-left or top-right) targets with either veridical or rotated (90°) cursor feedback. By increasing the overall neural load and selectively compromising potentially overlapping neural circuits responsible for strategic control, the complex dual task served as a noninvasive means to disrupt the integration of a cognitive rule into a motor action. Complementary to our previous results observed in patients with optic ataxia, here our dual task led to greater performance deficits during movements that required an explicit rule, implying a selective disruption of strategic control in decoupled reaching. Our results suggest that distinct neural processing is required to control these different types of reaching because in considering the current results and previous patient results together, the two classes of movement could be differentiated depending on the type of interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Granek
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren E Sergio
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Vandermosten M, Vanderauwera J, Theys C, De Vos A, Vanvooren S, Sunaert S, Wouters J, Ghesquière P. A DTI tractography study in pre-readers at risk for dyslexia. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2015; 14:8-15. [PMID: 26048528 PMCID: PMC6989819 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In adults and school-aged children, phonological aspects of reading seem to be sustained by left dorsal regions, while ventral regions seem to be involved in orthographic word recognition. Yet, given that the brain reorganises during reading acquisition, it is unknown when and how these reading routes emerge and whether neural deficits in dyslexia predate reading onset. Using diffusion MRI in 36 pre-readers with a family risk for dyslexia (FRD(+)) and 35 well matched pre-readers without a family risk (FRD(-)), our results show that phonological predictors of reading are sustained bilaterally by both ventral and dorsal tracts. This suggests that a dorsal and left-hemispheric specialisation for phonological aspects of reading, as observed in adults, is presumably gradually formed throughout reading development. Second, our results indicate that FRD(+) pre-readers display mainly white matter differences in left ventral tracts. This suggests that atypical white matter organisation previously found in dyslexic adults may be causal rather than resulting from a lifetime of reading difficulties, and that the location of such a deficit may vary throughout development. While this study forms an important starting point, longitudinal follow-up of these children will allow further investigation of the dynamics between emerging literacy development and white matter connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Vandermosten
- Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, KU Leuven, L. Vanderkelenstraat 32, PO Box 3765, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Experimental ORL, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jolijn Vanderauwera
- Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, KU Leuven, L. Vanderkelenstraat 32, PO Box 3765, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Experimental ORL, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Catherine Theys
- Laboratory for Experimental ORL, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Astrid De Vos
- Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, KU Leuven, L. Vanderkelenstraat 32, PO Box 3765, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Experimental ORL, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sophie Vanvooren
- Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, KU Leuven, L. Vanderkelenstraat 32, PO Box 3765, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Experimental ORL, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Sunaert
- Department of Translational MRI, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Wouters
- Laboratory for Experimental ORL, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pol Ghesquière
- Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, KU Leuven, L. Vanderkelenstraat 32, PO Box 3765, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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O'Conaill CR, Malisza KL, Buss JL, Bolster RB, Clancy C, de Gervai PD, Chudley AE, Longstaffe S. Visual search for feature conjunctions: an fMRI study comparing alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) to ADHD. J Neurodev Disord 2015; 7:10. [PMID: 25750685 PMCID: PMC4351830 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-015-9106-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) falls under the umbrella of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Diagnosis of ARND is difficult because individuals do not demonstrate the characteristic facial features associated with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). While attentional problems in ARND are similar to those found in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the underlying impairment in attention pathways may be different. METHODS Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was conducted at 3 T. Sixty-three children aged 10 to 14 years diagnosed with ARND, ADHD, and typically developing (TD) controls performed a single-feature and a feature-conjunction visual search task. RESULTS Dorsal and ventral attention pathways were activated during both attention tasks in all groups. Significantly greater activation was observed in ARND subjects during a single-feature search as compared to TD and ADHD groups, suggesting ARND subjects require greater neural recruitment to perform this simple task. ARND subjects appear unable to effectively use the very efficient automatic perceptual 'pop-out' mechanism employed by TD and ADHD groups during presentation of the disjunction array. By comparison, activation was lower in ARND compared to TD and ADHD subjects during the more difficult conjunction search task as compared to the single-feature search. Analysis of DTI data using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) showed areas of significantly lower fractional anisotropy (FA) and higher mean diffusivity (MD) in the right inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF) in ARND compared to TD subjects. Damage to the white matter of the ILF may compromise the ventral attention pathway and may require subjects to use the dorsal attention pathway, which is associated with effortful top-down processing, for tasks that should be automatic. Decreased functional activity in the right temporoparietal junction (TPJ) of ARND subjects may be due to a reduction in the white matter tract's ability to efficiently convey information critical to performance of the attention tasks. CONCLUSIONS Limited activation patterns in ARND suggest problems in information processing along the ventral frontoparietal attention pathway. Poor integrity of the ILF, which connects the functional components of the ventral attention network, in ARND subjects may contribute to the attention deficits characteristic of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie R O'Conaill
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, 432 Basic Medical Sciences Bldg, 745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9 Canada
| | - Krisztina L Malisza
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, 432 Basic Medical Sciences Bldg, 745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9 Canada ; Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, P404 Duff Roblin Bldg, 190 Dysart Rd, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2 Canada ; National Research Council of Canada - Institute for Biodiagnostics, 435 Ellice Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3T 1Y6 Canada
| | - Joan L Buss
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, 432 Basic Medical Sciences Bldg, 745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9 Canada
| | - R Bruce Bolster
- Department of Psychology, University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Ave, Winnipeg, R3B 2E9 Canada
| | - Christine Clancy
- Division of Rehabilitation Psychology, Seattle Children's Hospital, 4800 Sand Point Way, Seattle, WA 98105 USA
| | - Patricia Dreessen de Gervai
- National Research Council of Canada - Institute for Biodiagnostics, 435 Ellice Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3T 1Y6 Canada
| | - Albert E Chudley
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Manitoba, 336 Basic Medical Sciences Bldg, 745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3E OJ9 Canada ; Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, 336 Basic Medical Sciences Bldg, 745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3E OJ9 Canada
| | - Sally Longstaffe
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, CE-203 Children's Hospital, Health Sciences Centre, 840 Sherbrook Street, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1S1 Canada
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Abstract
A large number of neuroimaging studies have investigated imagined sensory processing and motor behaviours. These studies have reported neural activation patterns for imagined processes that resemble those of real sensory and motor events. The widespread use of such methods has raised questions about the extent to which imagined sensorimotor events mimic their overt counterparts, including their ability to elicit sensorimotor interactions. Direct behavioural evidence of imagery-induced multisensory interactions has been found recently in tasks involving auditory and visual processing. An influence of sensory imagery on the control of motor action, however, has not been investigated previously. Here, we show that both real and imagined moving sounds induce involuntary ocular movement in a nonvisual tracking task. The present data build on the results of previous studies of sensory imagery by showing that such conditions activate sensory neural areas. Moreover, we show an engagement of functional sensorimotor networks for imagined stimuli in a manner similar to the processing of real auditory stimuli.
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Chechlacz M, Rotshtein P, Humphreys GW. Neuronal substrates of Corsi Block span: Lesion symptom mapping analyses in relation to attentional competition and spatial bias. Neuropsychologia 2014; 64:240-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Leow LA, Parrott T, Grahn JA. Individual differences in beat perception affect gait responses to low- and high-groove music. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:811. [PMID: 25374521 PMCID: PMC4205839 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Slowed gait in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) can be improved when patients synchronize footsteps to isochronous metronome cues, but limited retention of such improvements suggest that permanent cueing regimes are needed for long-term improvements. If so, music might make permanent cueing regimes more pleasant, improving adherence; however, music cueing requires patients to synchronize movements to the "beat," which might be difficult for patients with PD who tend to show weak beat perception. One solution may be to use high-groove music, which has high beat salience that may facilitate synchronization, and affective properties, which may improve motivation to move. As a first step to understanding how beat perception affects gait in complex neurological disorders, we examined how beat perception ability affected gait in neurotypical adults. Synchronization performance and gait parameters were assessed as healthy young adults with strong or weak beat perception synchronized to low-groove music, high-groove music, and metronome cues. High-groove music was predicted to elicit better synchronization than low-groove music, due to its higher beat salience. Two musical tempi, or rates, were used: (1) preferred tempo: beat rate matched to preferred step rate and (2) faster tempo: beat rate adjusted to 22.5% faster than preferred step rate. For both strong and weak beat-perceivers, synchronization performance was best with metronome cues, followed by high-groove music, and worst with low-groove music. In addition, high-groove music elicited longer and faster steps than low-groove music, both at preferred tempo and at faster tempo. Low-groove music was particularly detrimental to gait in weak beat-perceivers, who showed slower and shorter steps compared to uncued walking. The findings show that individual differences in beat perception affect gait when synchronizing footsteps to music, and have implications for using music in gait rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ann Leow
- The Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario , London, ON , Canada
| | - Taylor Parrott
- The Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario , London, ON , Canada
| | - Jessica A Grahn
- The Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario , London, ON , Canada
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Abstract
The role of the superior temporal sulcus (STs) in action execution and action observation remains unsettled. In an attempt to shed more light on the matter, we used the quantitative method of (14)C-deoxyglucose to reveal changes in activity, in the cortex of STs and adjacent inferior and superior temporal convexities of monkeys, elicited by reaching-to-grasp in the light or in the dark and by observation of the same action executed by an external agent. We found that observation of reaching-to-grasp activated the components of the superior temporal polysensory area [STP; including temporo-parieto-occipital association area (TPO), PGa, and IPa], the motion complex [including medial superior temporal area (MST), fundus of superior temporal area (FST), and dorsal and ventral parts of the middle temporal area (MTd and MTv, respectively)], and area TS2. A significant part of most of these activations was associated with observation of the goal-directed action, and a smaller part with the perception of arm-motion. Execution of reaching-to-grasp in the light-activated areas TS2, STP partially and marginally, and MT compared with the fixation but not to the arm-motion control. Consequently, MT-activation is associated with the arm-motion and not with the purposeful action. Finally, reaching-to-grasp in complete darkness activated all components of the motion complex. Conclusively, lack of visibility of our own actions involves the motion complex, whereas observation of others' actions engages area STP and the motion complex. Our previous and present findings together suggest that sensory effects are interweaved with motor commands in integrated action codes, and observation of an action or its execution in complete darkness triggers the retrieval of the visual representation of the action.
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Choi K, Torres EB. Intentional signal in prefrontal cortex generalizes across different sensory modalities. J Neurophysiol 2014; 112:61-80. [PMID: 24259543 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00505.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofeedback-EEG training to learn the mental control of an external device (e.g., a cursor on the screen) has been an important paradigm to attempt to understand the involvements of various areas of the brain in the volitional control and the modulation of intentional thought processes. Often the areas to adapt and to monitor progress are selected a priori. Less explored, however, has been the notion of automatically emerging activation in a particular area or subregions within that area recruited above and beyond the rest of the brain. Likewise, the notion of evoking such a signal as an amodal, abstract one remaining robust across different sensory modalities could afford some exploration. Here we develop a simple binary control task in the context of brain-computer interface (BCI) and use a Bayesian sparse probit classification algorithm to automatically uncover brain regional activity that maximizes task performance. We trained and tested 19 participants using the visual modality for instructions and feedback. Across training blocks we quantified coupling of the frontoparietal nodes and selective involvement of visual and auditory regions as a function of the real-time sensory feedback. The testing phase under both forms of sensory feedback revealed automatic recruitment of the prefrontal cortex with a parcellation of higher strength levels in Brodmann's areas 9, 10, and 11 significantly above those in other brain areas. We propose that the prefrontal signal may be a neural correlate of externally driven intended direction and discuss our results in the context of various aspects involved in the cognitive control of our thoughts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuwan Choi
- Psychology Department, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey; Center for Computational Biomedicine Imaging and Modeling, Computer Science Department, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey; and Rutgers Center for Cognitive Science, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Elizabeth B Torres
- Psychology Department, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey; Center for Computational Biomedicine Imaging and Modeling, Computer Science Department, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey; and
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Mismatch negativity to acoustical illusion of beat: how and where the change detection takes place? Neuroimage 2014; 100:337-46. [PMID: 24945673 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In case of binaural presentation of two tones with slightly different frequencies the structures of brainstem can no longer follow the interaural time differences (ITD) resulting in an illusionary perception of beat corresponding to frequency difference between the two prime tones. Hence, the beat-frequency does not exist in the prime tones presented to either ear. This study used binaural beats to explore the nature of acoustic deviance detection in humans by means of magnetoencephalography (MEG). Recent research suggests that the auditory change detection is a multistage process. To test this, we employed 26 Hz-binaural beats in a classical oddball paradigm. However, the prime tones (250 Hz and 276 Hz) were switched between the ears in the case of the deviant-beat. Consequently, when the deviant is presented, the cochleae and auditory nerves receive a "new afferent", although the standards and the deviants are heard identical (26 Hz-beats). This allowed us to explore the contribution of auditory periphery to change detection process, and furthermore, to evaluate its influence on beats-related auditory steady-state responses (ASSRs). LORETA-source current density estimates of the evoked fields in a typical mismatch negativity time-window (MMN) and the subsequent difference-ASSRs were determined and compared. The results revealed an MMN generated by a complex neural network including the right parietal lobe and the left middle frontal gyrus. Furthermore, difference-ASSR was generated in the paracentral gyrus. Additionally, psychophysical measures showed no perceptual difference between the standard- and deviant-beats when isolated by noise. These results suggest that the auditory periphery has an important contribution to novelty detection already at sub-cortical level. Overall, the present findings support the notion of hierarchically organized acoustic novelty detection system.
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Campbell JSW, Pike GB. Potential and limitations of diffusion MRI tractography for the study of language. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2014; 131:65-73. [PMID: 23910928 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a tremendously promising tool for imaging tissue microstructure, and for inferring large scale structural connectivity in vivo. However, the sensitivity of the technique is highly dependent on methodological details. Acquisition parameters, pre-processing steps, reconstruction models, and statistical analysis all affect the final sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of a study. In the case of fiber pathway reconstruction in the central nervous system, termed tractography, false positive and false negative results abound, and interpretation of results must take into account the potential shortcomings of the techniques used. This article will review the strengths and limitations of different types of diffusion MRI tractography analysis, and highlight what one can realistically hope to learn from such imaging studies of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G Bruce Pike
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Saleem KS, Miller B, Price JL. Subdivisions and connectional networks of the lateral prefrontal cortex in the macaque monkey. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:1641-90. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kadharbatcha S. Saleem
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology; Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis Missouri 63110
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology; National Institute of Mental Health; National Institute of Health; Bethesda Maryland 20892
| | - Brad Miller
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology; Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis Missouri 63110
| | - Joseph L. Price
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology; Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis Missouri 63110
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79
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Cai X, Padoa-Schioppa C. Contributions of orbitofrontal and lateral prefrontal cortices to economic choice and the good-to-action transformation. Neuron 2014; 81:1140-1151. [PMID: 24529981 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous work indicates that economic decisions can be made independently of the visuomotor contingencies of the choice task (space of goods). However, the neuronal mechanisms through which the choice outcome (the chosen good) is transformed into a suitable action plan remain poorly understood. Here we show that neurons in lateral prefrontal cortex reflect the early stages of this good-to-action transformation. Monkeys chose between different juices. The experimental design dissociated in space and time the presentation of the offers and the saccade targets associated with them. We recorded from the orbital, ventrolateral, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (OFC, LPFCv, and LPFCd, respectively). Prior to target presentation, neurons in both LPFCv and LPFCd encoded the choice outcome in goods space. After target presentation, they gradually came to encode the location of the targets and the upcoming action plan. Consistent with the anatomical connectivity, all spatial and action-related signals emerged in LPFCv before LPFCd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Cai
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Camillo Padoa-Schioppa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Economics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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80
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Usefulness of cube copying in evaluating clinical profiles of patients with Parkinson disease. Cogn Behav Neurol 2014; 26:140-5. [PMID: 24077573 DOI: 10.1097/wnn.0000000000000006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify the relationship between the quantitatively assessed cube-copying test (CCT) and clinical profiles of cognitive and motor ability in Chinese patients with Parkinson disease (PD). METHODS We gave the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), which includes the CCT, to evaluate the cognitive function of 102 outpatients with PD. We also gave the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) II and III and the Hoehn-Yahr scale to evaluate the patients' motor function and disease severity, respectively. We used Maeshima's method for quantitative assessment of the CCT, and calculated CCT errors by adding incomplete connections and plane-drawing errors. We divided the patients into 2 groups based on normal (no errors) versus abnormal (≥1 errors) CCT scores. RESULTS We found 34 patients with normal scores and 68 with abnormal scores. The 2 groups had significant differences in age of onset, MoCA score, UPDRS II and III scores, and cognitive deterioration rate. CCT errors correlated inversely with cognitive domains except for orientation. Executive function was most commonly affected in both groups. We found correlations between numbers of CCT errors and left-limb movement, fine hand movement, postural instability and gait disorders, UPDRS II and III scores, and cognitive and motor deterioration rates. CONCLUSIONS The quantitatively assessed CCT may be useful in estimating cognitive and motor dysfunction in patients with PD, and in monitoring disease progression.
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81
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Bahlmann J, Blumenfeld RS, D'Esposito M. The Rostro-Caudal Axis of Frontal Cortex Is Sensitive to the Domain of Stimulus Information. Cereb Cortex 2014; 25:1815-26. [PMID: 24451658 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that lateral frontal cortex implements cognitive control processing along its rostro-caudal axis, yet other evidence supports a dorsal-ventral functional organization for processes engaged by different stimulus domains (e.g., spatial vs. nonspatial). This functional magnetic resonance imaging study investigated whether separable dorsolateral and ventrolateral rostro-caudal gradients exist in humans, while participants performed tasks requiring cognitive control at 3 levels of abstraction with language or spatial stimuli. Abstraction was manipulated by using 3 different task sets that varied in relational complexity. Relational complexity refers to the process of manipulating the relationship between task components (e.g., to associate a particular cue with a task) and drawing inferences about that relationship. Tasks using different stimulus domains engaged distinct posterior regions, but within the lateral frontal cortex, we found evidence for a single rostro-caudal gradient that was organized according to the level of abstraction and was independent of processing of the stimulus domain. However, a pattern of dorsal/ventral segregation of processing engaged by domain-specific information was evident in each separable frontal region only within the most rostral region recruited by task demands. These results suggest that increasingly abstract information is represented in the frontal cortex along distinct rostro-caudal gradients that also segregate along a dorsal-ventral axis dependent on task demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Bahlmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Robert S Blumenfeld
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Mark D'Esposito
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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82
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Apps MAJ, Lockwood PL, Balsters JH. The role of the midcingulate cortex in monitoring others' decisions. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:251. [PMID: 24391534 PMCID: PMC3868891 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A plethora of research has implicated the cingulate cortex in the processing of social information (i.e., processing elicited by, about, and directed toward others) and reward-related information that guides decision-making. However, it is often overlooked that there is variability in the cytoarchitectonic properties and anatomical connections across the cingulate cortex, which is indicative of functional variability. Here we review evidence from lesion, single-unit recording and functional imaging studies. Taken together, these support the claim that the processing of information that has the greatest influence on social behavior can be localized to the gyral surface of the midcingulate cortex (MCCg). We propose that the MCCg is engaged when predicting and monitoring the outcomes of decisions during social interactions. In particular, the MCCg processes statistical information that tracks the extent to which the outcomes of decisions meet goals when interacting with others. We provide a novel framework for the computational mechanisms that underpin such social information processing in the MCCg. This framework provides testable hypotheses for the social deficits displayed in autism spectrum disorders and psychopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A J Apps
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital Oxford, UK ; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford Oxford, UK ; Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London London, UK
| | - Patricia L Lockwood
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London London, UK
| | - Joshua H Balsters
- Neural Control of Movement Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich Zurich, Switzerland ; Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
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83
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Strenziok M, Greenwood PM, Santa Cruz SA, Thompson JC, Parasuraman R. Differential contributions of dorso-ventral and rostro-caudal prefrontal white matter tracts to cognitive control in healthy older adults. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81410. [PMID: 24312550 PMCID: PMC3846728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Prefrontal cortex mediates cognitive control by means of circuitry organized along dorso-ventral and rostro-caudal axes. Along the dorso-ventral axis, ventrolateral PFC controls semantic information, whereas dorsolateral PFC encodes task rules. Along the rostro-caudal axis, anterior prefrontal cortex encodes complex rules and relationships between stimuli, whereas posterior prefrontal cortex encodes simple relationships between stimuli and behavior. Evidence of these gradients of prefrontal cortex organization has been well documented in fMRI studies, but their functional correlates have not been examined with regard to integrity of underlying white matter tracts. We hypothesized that (a) the integrity of specific white matter tracts is related to cognitive functioning in a manner consistent with the dorso-ventral and rostro-caudal organization of the prefrontal cortex, and (b) this would be particularly evident in healthy older adults. We assessed three cognitive processes that recruit the prefrontal cortex and can distinguish white matter tracts along the dorso-ventral and rostro-caudal dimensions -episodic memory, working memory, and reasoning. Correlations between cognition and fractional anisotropy as well as fiber tractography revealed: (a) Episodic memory was related to ventral prefrontal cortex-thalamo-hippocampal fiber integrity; (b) Working memory was related to integrity of corpus callosum body fibers subserving dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; and (c) Reasoning was related to integrity of corpus callosum body fibers subserving rostral and caudal dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. These findings confirm the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex's role in semantic control and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex's role in rule-based processing, in accordance with the dorso-ventral prefrontal cortex gradient. Reasoning-related rostral and caudal superior frontal white matter may facilitate different levels of task rule complexity. This study is the first to demonstrate dorso-ventral and rostro-caudal prefrontal cortex processing gradients in white matter integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Strenziok
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Pamela M. Greenwood
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Sophia A. Santa Cruz
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - James C. Thompson
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Raja Parasuraman
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
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84
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Ge H, Yin X, Xu J, Tang Y, Han Y, Xu W, Pang Z, Meng H, Liu S. Fiber pathways of attention subnetworks revealed with tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) and probabilistic tractography. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78831. [PMID: 24223852 PMCID: PMC3817088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been widely accepted that attention can be divided into three subnetworks - alerting, orienting and executive control (EC), and the subnetworks of attention are linked to distinct brain regions. However, the association between specific white matter fibers and the subnetworks of attention is not clear enough. Using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), the white matter connectivity related to the performance of attention was assessed by attention network test (ANT) in 85 healthy adolescents. Tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) and probabilistic diffusion tractography analysis demonstrated that cerebellothalamic tract was involved in alerting, while orienting depended upon the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF). In addition, EC was under the control of anterior corona radiata (ACR). Our findings suggest that different fiber pathways are involved in the three distinct subnetworks of attention. The current study will yield more precise information about the structural substrates of attention function and may aid the efforts to understand the neurophysiology of several attention disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Ge
- Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xuntao Yin
- Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Junhai Xu
- Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuchun Tang
- Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Han
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjian Xu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zengchang Pang
- Department of Epidemiology, Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Haiwei Meng
- Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shuwei Liu
- Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- * E-mail:
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85
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Axer H, Klingner CM, Prescher A. Fiber anatomy of dorsal and ventral language streams. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2013; 127:192-204. [PMID: 22632814 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2012.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in neuroimaging have led to new insights into the organization of language related networks. Increasing evidence supports the model of dorsal and ventral streams of information flow between language-related areas. Therefore, a review of the descriptions of language-related fiber anatomy in the human and monkey brain was performed. In addition, case studies of macroscopical fiber dissection and polarized light imaging (PLI) with special focus on the ventral stream were done. Several fiber structures can be identified to play a role in language, i.e. the arcuate fasciculus as a part of the superior longitudinal fasciculus, the middle longitudinal fasciculus, the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, and extreme and external capsules. Substantial differences between human and monkey fiber architecture have been identified. Despite inconsistencies based on different terminologies used, there can be no doubt that dorsal and ventral language streams have a clear correlation in the structure of white matter tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubertus Axer
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
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86
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Cloutman LL. Interaction between dorsal and ventral processing streams: where, when and how? BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2013; 127:251-263. [PMID: 22968092 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The execution of complex visual, auditory, and linguistic behaviors requires a dynamic interplay between spatial ('where/how') and non-spatial ('what') information processed along the dorsal and ventral processing streams. However, while it is acknowledged that there must be some degree of interaction between the two processing networks, how they interact, both anatomically and functionally, is a question which remains little explored. The current review examines the anatomical, temporal, and behavioral evidence regarding three potential models of dual stream interaction: (1) computations along the two pathways proceed independently and in parallel, reintegrating within shared target brain regions; (2) processing along the separate pathways is modulated by the existence of recurrent feedback loops; and (3) information is transferred directly between the two pathways at multiple stages and locations along their trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L Cloutman
- Neuroscience and Aphasia Research Unit (NARU), Zochonis Building, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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87
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Bray S, Arnold AE, Iaria G, MacQueen G. Structural connectivity of visuotopic intraparietal sulcus. Neuroimage 2013; 82:137-45. [PMID: 23721725 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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88
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Marinovic W, Tresilian JR, de Rugy A, Sidhu S, Riek S. Corticospinal modulation induced by sounds depends on action preparedness. J Physiol 2013; 592:153-69. [PMID: 24081157 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.254581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A loud acoustic stimulus (LAS) presented during movement preparation can induce an early release of the prepared action. Because loud sound has been found to have an inhibitory effect on motor cortex excitability, it is possible that the motor cortex plays little role in the early release of prepared responses. We sought to shed new light on this suggestion by probing changes in corticospinal excitability after LAS presentation during preparation for an anticipatory action. Unexpectedly, we show that the changes in corticospinal excitability after LAS presentation are not fixed. Based on the magnitude of motor-evoked potentials elicited by transcranial magnetic and electric stimulation of the motor cortex, we demonstrate that the effects of auditory stimuli on corticospinal excitability depend on the level of readiness for action: inhibition in early preparation and facilitation close to movement onset. We also show that auditory stimuli can regulate intracortical excitability by increasing intracortical facilitation and reducing short-interval intracortical inhibition. Together, these findings indicate that, at least in part, the early release of motor responses by auditory stimuli involves the motor cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Welber Marinovic
- W. Marinovic: School of Psychology, McElwain Building, St Lucia 4072, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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89
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Zikopoulos B, Barbas H. Altered neural connectivity in excitatory and inhibitory cortical circuits in autism. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:609. [PMID: 24098278 PMCID: PMC3784686 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Converging evidence from diverse studies suggests that atypical brain connectivity in autism affects in distinct ways short- and long-range cortical pathways, disrupting neural communication and the balance of excitation and inhibition. This hypothesis is based mostly on functional non-invasive studies that show atypical synchronization and connectivity patterns between cortical areas in children and adults with autism. Indirect methods to study the course and integrity of major brain pathways at low resolution show changes in fractional anisotropy (FA) or diffusivity of the white matter in autism. Findings in post-mortem brains of adults with autism provide evidence of changes in the fine structure of axons below prefrontal cortices, which communicate over short- or long-range pathways with other cortices and subcortical structures. Here we focus on evidence of cellular and axon features that likely underlie the changes in short- and long-range communication in autism. We review recent findings of changes in the shape, thickness, and volume of brain areas, cytoarchitecture, neuronal morphology, cellular elements, and structural and neurochemical features of individual axons in the white matter, where pathology is evident even in gross images. We relate cellular and molecular features to imaging and genetic studies that highlight a variety of polymorphisms and epigenetic factors that primarily affect neurite growth and synapse formation and function in autism. We report preliminary findings of changes in autism in the ratio of distinct types of inhibitory neurons in prefrontal cortex, known to shape network dynamics and the balance of excitation and inhibition. Finally we present a model that synthesizes diverse findings by relating them to developmental events, with a goal to identify common processes that perturb development in autism and affect neural communication, reflected in altered patterns of attention, social interactions, and language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basilis Zikopoulos
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University Boston, MA, USA
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90
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Suppa A, Li Voti P, Rocchi L, Papazachariadis O, Berardelli A. Early Visuomotor Integration Processes Induce LTP/LTD-Like Plasticity in the Human Motor Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2013; 25:703-12. [PMID: 24057659 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Suppa
- IRCCS Neuromed Institute, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - P Li Voti
- IRCCS Neuromed Institute, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - L Rocchi
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry
| | - O Papazachariadis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - A Berardelli
- IRCCS Neuromed Institute, Pozzilli (IS), Italy Department of Neurology and Psychiatry
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91
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Abstract
In the 1990s, seminal work from Newsome and colleagues made it possible to study the neuronal mechanisms of simple perceptual decisions. The key strength of this work was the clear and direct link between neuronal activity and choice processes. Since then, a great deal of research has extended these initial discoveries to more complex forms of decision making, with the goal of bringing the same strength of linkage between neural and psychological processes. Here, we discuss the progress of two such research programs, namely our own, that are aimed at understanding memory-guided decisions and reward-guided decisions. These problems differ in the relevant brain areas, in the progress that has been achieved, and in the extent of broader understanding achieved so far. However, they are unified by the use of theoretical insights about how to link neuronal activity to decisions.
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92
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A new field in monkey's frontal cortex: Premotor ear-eye field (PEEF). Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1434-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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93
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Jerde TA, Curtis CE. Maps of space in human frontoparietal cortex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 107:510-6. [PMID: 23603831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Prefrontal cortex (PFC) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC) are neural substrates for spatial cognition. We here review studies in which we tested the hypothesis that human frontoparietal cortex may function as a priority map. According to priority map theory, objects or locations in the visual world are represented by neural activity that is proportional to their attentional priority. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we first identified topographic maps in PFC and PPC as candidate priority maps of space. We then measured fMRI activity in candidate priority maps during the delay periods of a covert attention task, a spatial working memory task, and a motor planning task to test whether the activity depended on the particular spatial cognition. Our hypothesis was that some, but not all, candidate priority maps in PFC and PPC would be agnostic with regard to what was being prioritized, in that their activity would reflect the location in space across tasks rather than a particular kind of spatial cognition (e.g., covert attention). To test whether patterns of delay period activity were interchangeable during the spatial cognitive tasks, we used multivariate classifiers. We found that decoders trained to predict the locations on one task (e.g., working memory) cross-predicted the locations on the other tasks (e.g., covert attention and motor planning) in superior precentral sulcus (sPCS) and in a region of intraparietal sulcus (IPS2), suggesting that these patterns of maintenance activity may be interchangeable across the tasks. Such properties make sPCS in frontal cortex and IPS2 in parietal cortex viable priority map candidates, and suggest that these areas may be the human homologs of the monkey frontal eye field (FEF) and lateral intraparietal area (LIP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Trenton A Jerde
- Center for Cognitive Sciences, University of Minnesota, 75 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0366, USA.
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94
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Common rules guide comparisons of speed and direction of motion in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 2013; 33:972-86. [PMID: 23325236 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4075-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
When a monkey needs to decide whether motion direction of one stimulus is the same or different as that of another held in working memory, neurons in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) faithfully represent the motion directions being evaluated and contribute to their comparison. Here, we examined whether DLPFC neurons are more generally involved in other types of sensory comparisons. Such involvement would support the existence of generalized sensory comparison mechanisms within DLPFC, shedding light on top-down influences this region is likely to provide to the upstream sensory neurons during comparison tasks. We recorded activity of individual neurons in the DLPFC while monkeys performed a memory-guided decision task in which the important dimension was the speed of two sequentially presented moving random-dot stimuli. We found that many neurons, both narrow-spiking putative local interneurons and broad-spiking putative pyramidal output cells, were speed-selective, with tuning reminiscent of that observed in the motion processing middle temporal (MT) cortical area. Throughout the delay, broad-spiking neurons were more active, showing anticipatory rate modulation and transient periods of speed selectivity. During the comparison stimulus, responses of both cell types were modulated by the speed of the first stimulus, and their activity was highly predictive of the animals' behavioral report. These results are similar to those found for comparisons of motion direction, suggesting the existence of generalized neural mechanisms in the DLPFC subserving the comparison of sensory signals.
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95
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Matsuzaka Y, Akiyama T, Mushiake H. Neuronal representation of task performance in the medial frontal cortex undergoes dynamic alterations dependent upon the demand for volitional control of action. Exp Brain Res 2013; 229:395-405. [PMID: 23479139 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3454-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neural network contributing to forelimb task performance in the frontal cortex is dynamically reorganized by the necessity for volitional control of action. Neurons in the posterior medial prefrontal cortex (pmPFC) exhibit clear activity modulation when monkeys volitionally select the correct response tactic from multiple choices, but such activity disappears if selection of a tactic is unnecessary. Prompted by these results, we studied how the requirement to select an appropriate tactic affects the neural representation of action in downstream cortical areas. Two monkeys performed a spatial arm-reaching task with either left or right targets. The task required the monkeys to reach either toward (concordant trials) or away from (discordant trials) an illuminated target. Under the dual-tactic condition, concordant and discordant trials were randomly intermixed, requiring the selection of a response tactic. Under the single-tactic condition, only concordant trials were presented, allowing the monkeys to use the same tactic. Neurons in the pmPFC exhibited clear activity related to task performance under the former condition, but such activity disappeared under the latter condition. In contrast, neurons related to task performance were present under both conditions in supplementary motor area (SMA) and presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA). However, the efficacy of action representation by SMA but not pre-SMA neurons dramatically improved under the single-tactic condition. These results suggest that selection of the appropriate response tactic reorganizes neural circuits in specific motor areas in the medial frontal cortex, in addition to the pmPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiya Matsuzaka
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba ward, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
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96
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Abstract
Priority maps are theorized to be composed of large populations of neurons organized topographically into a map of gaze-centered space whose activity spatially tags salient and behaviorally relevant information. Here, we identified four priority map candidates along human posterior intraparietal sulcus (IPS0-IPS3) and two along the precentral sulcus (PCS) that contained reliable retinotopically organized maps of contralateral visual space. Persistent activity increased from posterior-to-anterior IPS areas and from inferior-to-superior PCS areas during the maintenance of a working memory representation, the maintenance of covert attention, and the maintenance of a saccade plan. Moreover, decoders trained to predict the locations on one task (e.g., working memory) cross-predicted the locations on other tasks (e.g., attention) in superior PCS and IPS2, suggesting that these patterns of maintenance activity may be interchangeable across the tasks. Such properties make these two areas in frontal and parietal cortex viable priority map candidates.
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97
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Apps MAJ, Tsakiris M. The free-energy self: a predictive coding account of self-recognition. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 41:85-97. [PMID: 23416066 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Recognising and representing one's self as distinct from others is a fundamental component of self-awareness. However, current theories of self-recognition are not embedded within global theories of cortical function and therefore fail to provide a compelling explanation of how the self is processed. We present a theoretical account of the neural and computational basis of self-recognition that is embedded within the free-energy account of cortical function. In this account one's body is processed in a Bayesian manner as the most likely to be "me". Such probabilistic representation arises through the integration of information from hierarchically organised unimodal systems in higher-level multimodal areas. This information takes the form of bottom-up "surprise" signals from unimodal sensory systems that are explained away by top-down processes that minimise the level of surprise across the brain. We present evidence that this theoretical perspective may account for the findings of psychological and neuroimaging investigations into self-recognition and particularly evidence that representations of the self are malleable, rather than fixed as previous accounts of self-recognition might suggest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A J Apps
- Laboratory of Action and Body, Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, UK.
| | - Manos Tsakiris
- Laboratory of Action and Body, Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, UK.
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98
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Chechlacz M, Rotshtein P, Hansen PC, Deb S, Riddoch MJ, Humphreys GW. The central role of the temporo-parietal junction and the superior longitudinal fasciculus in supporting multi-item competition: Evidence from lesion-symptom mapping of extinction. Cortex 2013; 49:487-506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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99
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Distinct subdivisions of the cingulum bundle revealed by diffusion MRI fibre tracking: implications for neuropsychological investigations. Neuropsychologia 2012. [PMID: 23178227 PMCID: PMC3611599 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The cingulum is a prominent white matter tract that supports prefrontal, parietal, and temporal lobe interactions. Despite being composed of both short and long association fibres, many MRI-based reconstructions (tractography) of the cingulum depict an essentially uniform tract that almost encircles the corpus callosum. The present study tested the validity of dividing this tract into subdivisions corresponding to the ‘parahippocampal’, ‘retrosplenial’, and ‘subgenual’ portions of the cingulum. These three cingulum subdivisions occupied different medial–lateral locations, producing a topographic arrangement of cingulum fibres. Other comparisons based on these different reconstructions indicate that only a small proportion of the total white matter in the cingulum traverses the length of the tract. In addition, both the radial diffusivity and fractional anisotropy of the subgenual subdivision differed from that of the retrosplenial subdivision which, in turn, differed from that of the parahippocampal subdivision. The extent to which the radial diffusivity scores and the fractional anisotropy scores correlated between the various cingulum subdivisions proved variable, illustrating how one subdivision may not act as a proxy for other cingulum subdivisions. Attempts to relate the status of the cingulum, as measured by MRI-based fibre tracking, with cognitive or affective measures will, therefore, depend greatly on how and where the cingulum is reconstructed. The present study provides a new framework for subdividing the cingulum, based both on its known connectivity and MRI-based properties.
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100
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Chechlacz M, Rotshtein P, Roberts KL, Bickerton WL, Lau JKL, Humphreys GW. The prognosis of allocentric and egocentric neglect: evidence from clinical scans. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47821. [PMID: 23133604 PMCID: PMC3486857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We contrasted the neuroanatomical substrates of sub-acute and chronic visuospatial deficits associated with different aspects of unilateral neglect using computed tomography scans acquired as part of routine clinical diagnosis. Voxel-wise statistical analyses were conducted on a group of 160 stroke patients scanned at a sub-acute stage. Lesion-deficit relationships were assessed across the whole brain, separately for grey and white matter. We assessed lesions that were associated with behavioural performance (i) at a sub-acute stage (within 3 months of the stroke) and (ii) at a chronic stage (after 9 months post stroke). Allocentric and egocentric neglect symptoms at the sub-acute stage were associated with lesions to dissociated regions within the frontal lobe, amongst other regions. However the frontal lesions were not associated with neglect at the chronic stage. On the other hand, lesions in the angular gyrus were associated with persistent allocentric neglect. In contrast, lesions within the superior temporal gyrus extending into the supramarginal gyrus, as well as lesions within the basal ganglia and insula, were associated with persistent egocentric neglect. Damage within the temporo-parietal junction was associated with both types of neglect at the sub-acute stage and 9 months later. Furthermore, white matter disconnections resulting from damage along the superior longitudinal fasciculus were associated with both types of neglect and critically related to both sub-acute and chronic deficits. Finally, there was a significant difference in the lesion volume between patients who recovered from neglect and patients with chronic deficits. The findings presented provide evidence that (i) the lesion location and lesion size can be used to successfully predict the outcome of neglect based on clinical CT scans, (ii) lesion location alone can serve as a critical predictor for persistent neglect symptoms, (iii) wide spread lesions are associated with neglect symptoms at the sub-acute stage but only some of these are critical for predicting whether neglect will become a chronic disorder and (iv) the severity of behavioural symptoms can be a useful predictor of recovery in the absence of neuroimaging findings on clinical scans. We discuss the implications for understanding the symptoms of the neglect syndrome, the recovery of function and the use of clinical scans to predict outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Chechlacz
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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