51
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Ratzka A, Baron O, Stachowiak MK, Grothe C. Fibroblast growth factor 2 regulates dopaminergic neuron development in vivo. J Neurochem 2012; 122:94-105. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07768.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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52
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Thau N, Jungnickel J, Knippenberg S, Ratzka A, Dengler R, Petri S, Grothe C. Prolonged survival and milder impairment of motor function in the SOD1 ALS mouse model devoid of fibroblast growth factor 2. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 47:248-57. [PMID: 22542539 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by selective motoneuron loss in brain and spinal cord. Mutations in the superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1 gene account for 10-20% of familial ALS patients. The ALS-mouse model over-expressing a mutant human SOD1 (G93A) gene closely mimics human ALS disease. The cause for the selective death of motoneurons is still unclear, but among several pathomechanisms discussed, loss of neurotrophic factors is one possibility. Basic fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) plays a prominent role in the motor system. In order to evaluate a role of FGF-2 in ALS pathogenesis, double mouse mutants transgenic for the human SOD1 mutation and lacking the endogenous FGF-2 gene were generated. Both heterozygous and homozygous FGF-2 deficient mutant SOD1 mice showed a significant delay in disease onset and less impaired motor performance in comparison to mutant SOD1 mice with normal FGF-2 levels. Survival of the double mouse mutants was significantly prolonged for two weeks. Motoneuron numbers were significantly higher in the double mutants and astrocytosis was diminished at disease endstage. While one would initially have expected that FGF-2 deficiency deteriorates the phenotype of mutant SOD1 animals, our results revealed a protective effect of FGF-2 reduction. In search of the underlying mechanisms, we could show up-regulation of other neurotrophic factors with proven protective effects in the ALS mouse model, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in muscle and spinal cord tissue of double mutant animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Thau
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Neurology, Hannover, Germany.
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53
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Christalla P, Hudson JE, Zimmermann WH. The cardiogenic niche as a fundamental building block of engineered myocardium. Cells Tissues Organs 2011; 195:82-93. [PMID: 21996934 DOI: 10.1159/000331407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac muscle engineering is evolving rapidly, aiming at the provision of innovative models for drug development and therapeutic myocardium. The progress in this field will depend crucially on the proper exploitation of stem cell technologies. Understanding the processes governing stem cell differentiation towards a desired phenotype and subsequent maturation in an organotypic manner will be key to ultimately providing realistic tissue models or therapeutics. Cardiogenesis is controlled by milieu factors that collectively constitute a so-called cardiogenic niche. The components of the cardiogenic niche are not yet fully defined but include paracrine factors and instructive extracellular matrix. Both are provided by supportive stromal cells under strict spatial and temporal control. Detailed knowledge on the exact composition and functionality of the dynamic cardiogenic niche during development will likely be instrumental to further advance cardiac muscle engineering. This review will discuss the concept of myocardial tissue engineering from the stem cell/developmental biology perspective and put forward the hypothesis of the cardiogenic niche as a fundamental building block of tissue-engineered myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Christalla
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen and Heart Research Center Göttingen, Germany
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54
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Takeda N, Manabe I. Cellular Interplay between Cardiomyocytes and Nonmyocytes in Cardiac Remodeling. Int J Inflam 2011; 2011:535241. [PMID: 21941677 PMCID: PMC3175723 DOI: 10.4061/2011/535241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy
entails complex structural remodeling involving
rearrangement of muscle fibers, interstitial
fibrosis, accumulation of extracellular matrix,
and angiogenesis. Many of the processes
underlying cardiac remodeling have features in
common with chronic inflammatory processes.
During these processes, nonmyocytes, such as
endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells,
residing in or infiltrating into the myocardial
interstitium play active roles. This paper
mainly addresses the functional roles of
nonmyocytes during cardiac remodeling. In
particular, we focus on the communication
between cardiomyocytes and nonmyocytes through
direct cell-cell interactions and
autocrine/paracrine-mediated
pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norifumi Takeda
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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55
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Korf-Klingebiel M, Kempf T, Schlüter KD, Willenbockel C, Brod T, Heineke J, Schmidt VJ, Jantzen F, Brandes RP, Sugden PH, Drexler H, Molkentin JD, Wollert KC. Conditional transgenic expression of fibroblast growth factor 9 in the adult mouse heart reduces heart failure mortality after myocardial infarction. Circulation 2011; 123:504-14. [PMID: 21262993 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.989665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) is secreted from bone marrow cells, which have been shown to improve systolic function after myocardial infarction (MI) in a clinical trial. FGF9 promotes cardiac vascularization during embryonic development but is only weakly expressed in the adult heart. METHODS AND RESULTS We used a tetracycline-responsive binary transgene system based on the α-myosin heavy chain promoter to test whether conditional expression of FGF9 in the adult myocardium supports adaptation after MI. In sham-operated mice, transgenic FGF9 stimulated left ventricular hypertrophy with microvessel expansion and preserved systolic and diastolic function. After coronary artery ligation, transgenic FGF9 enhanced hypertrophy of the noninfarcted left ventricular myocardium with increased microvessel density, reduced interstitial fibrosis, attenuated fetal gene expression, and improved systolic function. Heart failure mortality after MI was markedly reduced by transgenic FGF9, whereas rupture rates were not affected. Adenoviral FGF9 gene transfer after MI similarly promoted left ventricular hypertrophy with improved systolic function and reduced heart failure mortality. Mechanistically, FGF9 stimulated proliferation and network formation of endothelial cells but induced no direct hypertrophic effects in neonatal or adult rat cardiomyocytes in vitro. FGF9-stimulated endothelial cell supernatants, however, induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy via paracrine release of bone morphogenetic protein 6. In accord with this observation, expression of bone morphogenetic protein 6 and phosphorylation of its downstream targets SMAD1/5 were increased in the myocardium of FGF9 transgenic mice. CONCLUSIONS Conditional expression of FGF9 promotes myocardial vascularization and hypertrophy with enhanced systolic function and reduced heart failure mortality after MI. These observations suggest a previously unrecognized therapeutic potential for FGF9 after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mortimer Korf-Klingebiel
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, Hannover, Germany
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56
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Tang W, Wei Y, Le K, Li Z, Bao Y, Gao J, Zhang F, Cheng S, Liu P. Mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK 1/2- and p38-GATA4 pathways mediate the Ang II-induced activation of FGF2 gene in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 81:518-25. [PMID: 21108934 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 11/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Several genes, including fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), are up-regulated in the hypertrophic heart. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced activation of FGF2 in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy are largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the signaling cascades underlying the Ang II-induced transcriptional activation of FGF2 in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot showed that Ang II upregulates FGF2 expression and that these effects were attenuated by U0126 or SB203580, but not by SP600125. Deletion analyses revealed that the region between -845 and -666 is essential for Ang II-induced FGF2 promoter activity. The existence of an atypical GATA4-binding motif, located at position -752, was identified using electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Using both EMSA and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analyses, we also showed that Ang II increases binding of GATA4 to DNA, and that this effect is attenuated in the presence of U0126 or SB203580, but not in the presence of SP600125. GATA4 siRNA significantly reduced Ang II-induced FGF2 mRNA levels. Together, these results indicate that binding of GATA4 to DNA is increased by Ang II via extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) and p38 kinase, which increases FGF2 gene expression in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Tang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
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57
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Santiago JJ, Ma X, McNaughton LJ, Nickel BE, Bestvater BP, Yu L, Fandrich RR, Netticadan T, Kardami E. Preferential accumulation and export of high molecular weight FGF-2 by rat cardiac non-myocytes. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 89:139-47. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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58
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Ahmadie R, Santiago JJ, Walker J, Fang T, Le K, Zhao Z, Azordegan N, Bage S, Lytwyn M, Rattan S, Dixon IMC, Kardami E, Moghadasian MH, Jassal DS. A high-lipid diet potentiates left ventricular dysfunction in nitric oxide synthase 3-deficient mice after chronic pressure overload. J Nutr 2010; 140:1438-44. [PMID: 20554900 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.123091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-lipid diet (HLD) may lead to adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling and endothelial dysfunction in conditions of hemodynamic stress. Although congenital absence of nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) leads to adverse LV remodeling after transverse aortic constriction (TAC), the effects of a HLD in this state remains unknown. Wild-type (WT) and NOS3 knockout mice (NOS3(-/-)) were randomized into the following 4 groups: 1) WT + low-lipid diet (LLD) (10% of energy); 2) WT + HLD (60% of energy); 3) NOS3(-/-) + LLD; and 4) NOS3(-/-) + HLD for a total of 12 wk. After 1 wk of randomization, TAC was performed on all groups. Serial echocardiography revealed a decrease in LV ejection fraction (LVEF) in WT and NOS3(-/-) mice fed the HLD compared with those fed the LLD diet at 12 wk post-TAC. Mice fed the NOS3(-/-) + HLD diet had a lower LVEF compared with mice in the other 3 groups (P < 0.05). There was greater myocyte hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis, and percentage change in plasma cholesterol concentrations in the NOS3(-/-) + HLD group 12 wk post-TAC compared with the other 3 groups. Although high molecular weight fibroblast growth factor-2, a marker of cardiac hypertrophy, was more upregulated in the NOS3(-/-) + HLD group than in the other groups, markers of the renin-angiotensin system did not differ among them. A HLD potentiates LV dysfunction in NOS3(-/-) mice in a chronic pressure overload state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roien Ahmadie
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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59
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Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts are emerging as key components of normal cardiac function, as well as the response to stressors and injury. These most numerous cells of the heart interact with myocytes via paracrine mechanisms, alterations in extracellular matrix homeostasis, and direct cell-cell interactions. It is possible that they are a contributor to the inability of adult myocytes to proliferate and may influence cardiac progenitor biology. Furthering our understanding of how cardiac fibroblasts and myocytes interact may provide an avenue to novel treatments for heart failure prevention. This review discusses the most recent concepts in cardiac fibroblast-myocyte communication and areas of potential future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kakkar
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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60
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2009; 21:656-65. [PMID: 20009876 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e3283328098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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61
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Azhar M, Yin M, Zhou M, Li H, Mustafa M, Nusayr E, Keenan JB, Chen H, Pawlosky S, Gard C, Grisham C, Sanford LP, Doetschman T. Gene targeted ablation of high molecular weight fibroblast growth factor-2. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:351-7. [PMID: 19105223 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) is produced as high molecular weight isoforms (HMW) and a low molecular weight isoform (LMW) by means of alternative usage of translation start sites in a single Fgf2 mRNA. Although the physiological function of FGF2 and FGF2 LMW has been investigated in myocardial capillarogenesis during normal cardiac growth, the role of FGF2 HMW has not been determined. Here, we report the generation of FGF2 HMW-deficient mice in which FGF2 HMW isoforms are ablated by the Tag-and-Exchange gene targeting technique. These mice are normal and fertile with normal fecundity, and have a normal life span. Histological, immunohistochemical, and morphometric analyses indicate normal myocardial architecture, blood vessel, and cardiac capillary density in young adult FGF2 HMW-deficient mice. These mice along with the FGF2- and FGF2 LMW-deficient mice that we have generated previously will be very useful for elucidating the differential functions of FGF2 isoforms in pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Azhar
- BIO5 Institute, and Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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