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Villa C, Erratico S, Razini P, Farini A, Meregalli M, Belicchi M, Torrente Y. In VivoTracking of Stem Cell by Nanotechnologies: Future Prospects for Mouse to Human Translation. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2011; 17:1-11. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2010.0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Villa
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Università dėgli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Erratico
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Università dėgli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Razini
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Università dėgli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Farini
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Università dėgli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Mirella Meregalli
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Università dėgli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marzia Belicchi
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Università dėgli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Yvan Torrente
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Università dėgli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a pivotal role in regulating the balance between immunity and tolerance of the immune system. Recent advancements in DC biology and techniques for manipulating the function of these cells have shown their immense therapeutic potential for treating a variety of immune disorders. Theoretically, antigen-specific tolerogenic DCs can be generated in vitro and delivered to patients to correct the dysfunctional immune responses that attack their own tissues or over-react to innocuous foreign antigens. However, DCs are a heterogeneous population of cells with differences in cell surface makers, differentiation pathways and functions. Studies are needed to examine which subset of DCs can be used for what type of applications. Furthermore, most of the information on tolerogenic DCs has been obtained from animal models and translational studies are needed to examine how a DC therapeutic strategy can be implemented clinically to modulate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Hu
- Physiology and Experimental Medicine Research Program, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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MORI Y, UMEDA M, FUKUNAGA M, OGASAWARA K, YOSHIOKA Y. MR Contrast in Mouse Lymph Nodes with Subcutaneous Administration of Iron Oxide Particles: Size Dependency. Magn Reson Med Sci 2011; 10:219-27. [DOI: 10.2463/mrms.10.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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54
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Chung KH, Cho MY, Sung MH, Poo H, Lim YT. Electrostatically assembled biocompatible polymer nanoparticles for MR/optical dual-modality imaging nanoprobes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:8889-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc11922b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ottobrini L, Martelli C, Trabattoni DL, Clerici M, Lucignani G. In vivo imaging of immune cell trafficking in cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2010; 38:949-68. [PMID: 21170525 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-010-1687-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumour establishment, progression and regression can be studied in vivo using an array of imaging techniques ranging from MRI to nuclear-based and optical techniques that highlight the intrinsic behaviour of different cell populations in the physiological context. Clinical in vivo imaging techniques and preclinical specific approaches have been used to study, both at the macroscopic and microscopic level, tumour cells, their proliferation, metastasisation, death and interaction with the environment and with the immune system. Fluorescent, radioactive or paramagnetic markers were used in direct protocols to label the specific cell population and reporter genes were used for genetic, indirect labelling protocols to track the fate of a given cell subpopulation in vivo. Different protocols have been proposed to in vivo study the interaction between immune cells and tumours by different imaging techniques (intravital and whole-body imaging). In particular in this review we report several examples dealing with dendritic cells, T lymphocytes and macrophages specifically labelled for different imaging procedures both for the study of their physiological function and in the context of anti-neoplastic immunotherapies in the attempt to exploit imaging-derived information to improve and optimise anti-neoplastic immune-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Ottobrini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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56
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Kobukai S, Baheza R, Cobb JG, Virostko J, Xie J, Gillman A, Koktysh D, Kerns D, Does M, Gore JC, Pham W. Magnetic nanoparticles for imaging dendritic cells. Magn Reson Med 2010; 63:1383-90. [PMID: 20432309 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We report the development of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIOs) nanoparticles and investigate the migration of SPIO-labeled dendritic cells (DCs) in a syngeneic mouse model using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The size of the dextran-coated SPIO is roughly 30 nm, and the DCs are capable of independent uptake of these particles, although not at levels comparable to particle uptake in the presence of a transfecting reagent. On average, with the assistance of polylysine, the particles were efficiently delivered inside DCs within one hour of incubation. The SPIO particles occupy approximately 0.35% of cell surface and are equivalent to 34.6 pg of iron per cell. In vivo imaging demonstrated that the labeled cells migrated from the injection site in the footpad to the corresponding popliteal lymph node. The homing of labeled cells in the lymph nodes resulted in a signal drop of up to 79%. Furthermore, labeling DCs with SPIO particles did not compromise cell function, we demonstrated that SPIO-enhanced MR imaging can be used to track the migration of DCs effectively in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saho Kobukai
- Vanderbilt University, Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2310, USA
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57
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Yewdall AW, Drutman SB, Jinwala F, Bahjat KS, Bhardwaj N. CD8+ T cell priming by dendritic cell vaccines requires antigen transfer to endogenous antigen presenting cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11144. [PMID: 20585396 PMCID: PMC2886840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapeutic strategies to stimulate anti-tumor immunity are promising approaches for cancer treatment. A major barrier to their success is the immunosuppressive microenvironment of tumors, which inhibits the functions of endogenous dendritic cells (DCs) that are necessary for the generation of anti-tumor CD8+ T cells. To overcome this problem, autologous DCs are generated ex vivo, loaded with tumor antigens, and activated in this non-suppressive environment before administration to patients. However, DC-based vaccines rarely induce tumor regression. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We examined the fate and function of these DCs following their injection using murine models, in order to better understand their interaction with the host immune system. Contrary to previous assumptions, we show that DC vaccines have an insignificant role in directly priming CD8+ T cells, but instead function primarily as vehicles for transferring antigens to endogenous antigen presenting cells, which are responsible for the subsequent activation of T cells. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This reliance on endogenous immune cells may explain the limited success of current DC vaccines to treat cancer and offers new insight into how these therapies can be improved. Future approaches should focus on creating DC vaccines that are more effective at directly priming T cells, or abrogating the tumor induced suppression of endogenous DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice W. Yewdall
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Scott B. Drutman
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Felecia Jinwala
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Keith S. Bahjat
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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58
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Conditioning of the injection site with CpG enhances the migration of adoptively transferred dendritic cells and endogenous CD8+ T-cell responses. J Immunother 2010; 33:115-25. [PMID: 20145551 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3181b8ef5f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of immunotherapy using tumor-antigen-loaded dendritic cells (DCs) is severely limited by the impaired migration of injected cells from the application site to the draining lymph nodes. As described earlier, pretreatment of the injection site with inflammatory cytokines enhances DC migration. We wanted to test whether toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands can improve migration of murine bone marrow-derived DC (BMDC) and the subsequent T-cell responses. For this purpose, we established an experimental setup closely resembling human vaccination protocols that served to investigate DC migration from the skin to the draining lymph nodes. We observed that BMDC, matured with a cytokine cocktail (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-beta, interleukin-6, prostaglandin E2), strongly expressed CCR7. The migration efficiency of adoptively transferred mature BMDCs was determined by the number of cells injected and the application site. We decided to inject DC intradermally into the ear skin and investigated the effects of pretreatment of the injection site with various TLR ligands. Conditioning of the skin site with the TLR ligands CpG and Peptidoglycan increased the number of DCs arriving in the lymph node. Mechanical stress applied to the skin, such as tape stripping of the skin was equally effective. Importantly, only pretreatment with CpG enhanced responses of endogenous CD8 T cells. Thus, conditioning of the injection site with the TLR ligand CpG could be a new promising way to improve the outcome of DC immunotherapy.
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59
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Wang L, Eghtesad S, Clemens PR. Migration of dendritic cells from murine skeletal muscle. Immunobiology 2010; 216:195-9. [PMID: 20580121 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2009] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the role of dendritic cells (DCs) in skeletal muscle, we investigated the migration of DCs from murine skeletal muscle and compared that to previously studied footpad (FP) DC trafficking. We adoptively transferred carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labeled mature DCs to syngeneic mice and followed them in various lymphatic tissues at different time points. Injection of DCs into the tibialis anterior muscle resulted in the peak number of CFSE(+) DCs recovered in spleen at 12h, not at 24h, when the largest number of these cells appeared in the draining lymph nodes. Interestingly, this result for adoptive transfer of DCs to skeletal muscle differs with what is previously reported for adoptive transfer to the FP, a result that we also confirmed in parallel studies. These findings could have a significant impact on (1) understanding muscle diseases with immunological complications such as muscular dystrophies and (2) the immunologic effects of treatments for muscle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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60
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Schreiber HA, Prechl J, Jiang H, Zozulya A, Fabry Z, Denes F, Sandor M. Using carbon magnetic nanoparticles to target, track, and manipulate dendritic cells. J Immunol Methods 2010; 356:47-59. [PMID: 20219468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 02/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial in the initiation of immune responses and are primary targets in vaccination. Here, we describe fluorescent, carbon magnetic nanoparticles (CMNPs) within the 20-80 nm size range that are non-toxic and preferentially endocytosed by DCs. These attributes allow for DC tracing in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo, by both fluorescence and MRI. We show that CMNPs conjugated with an array of proteins are able to induce strong immune responses in mice. The addition of TLR ligand, CpG, to the CMNPs along with protein results in both T cell activation, but also a selective IFNgamma response. The magnetism afforded by the CMNPs facilitates a simple DC enrichment ex vivo by magnetic means from both secondary lymphoid organs, and sites of chronic inflammation. The magnetic and fluorescent properties of the CMNPs allow for visualization, recovery, and potentially the facilitation of directed DC migration. These particles may support more efficient immunization protocols or new diagnostic assays to characterize functionalities of DCs from patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi A Schreiber
- University of Wisconsin Department of Pathology and Laboratory Sciences, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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61
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Farrell E, Wielopolski P, Pavljasevic P, Kops N, Weinans H, Bernsen MR, van Osch GJVM. Cell labelling with superparamagnetic iron oxide has no effect on chondrocyte behaviour. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009; 17:961-7. [PMID: 19147376 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/28/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are two rapidly advancing fields of research offering potential for effective treatment of cartilage lesions. Today, chondrocytes are the cell type of choice for use in cartilage repair approaches such as autologous chondrocyte implantation. To verify the safety and efficacy of such approaches it is necessary to determine the fate of these transplanted cells. One way of doing this is prelabelling cells before implantation and tracking them using imaging techniques. The use of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) for tracking of cells with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is ideal for this purpose. It is non-radioactive, does not require viral transfection and is already approved for clinical use as a contrast agent. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of SPIO labelling on adult human chondrocyte behaviour. METHODS Cells were culture expanded and dedifferentiated for two passages and then labelled with SPIO. Effect on cell proliferation was tested. Furthermore, cells were cultured for 21 days in alginate beads in redifferentiation medium. Following this period, cells were analysed for expression of cartilage-related genes, proteoglycan production and collagen protein expression. RESULTS SPIO labelling did not significantly affect any of these parameters relative to unlabelled controls. We also demonstrated SPIO retention within the cells for the full duration of the experiment. CONCLUSIONS This paper demonstrates for the first time the effects of SPIO labelling on chondrocyte behaviour, illustrating its potential for in vivo tracking of implanted chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Farrell
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
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62
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Creusot RJ, Yaghoubi SS, Chang P, Chia J, Contag CH, Gambhir SS, Fathman CG. Lymphoid-tissue-specific homing of bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells. Blood 2009; 113:6638-47. [PMID: 19363220 PMCID: PMC2710920 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-02-204321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of their potent immunoregulatory capacity, dendritic cells (DCs) have been exploited as therapeutic tools to boost immune responses against tumors or pathogens, or dampen autoimmune or allergic responses. Murine bone marrow-derived DCs (BM-DCs) are the closest known equivalent of the blood monocyte-derived DCs that have been used for human therapy. Current imaging methods have proven unable to properly address the migration of injected DCs to small and deep tissues in mice and humans. This study presents the first extensive analysis of BM-DC homing to lymph nodes (and other selected tissues) after intravenous and intraperitoneal inoculation. After intravenous delivery, DCs accumulated in the spleen, and preferentially in the pancreatic and lung-draining lymph nodes. In contrast, DCs injected intraperitoneally were found predominantly in peritoneal lymph nodes (pancreatic in particular), and in omentum-associated lymphoid tissue. This uneven distribution of BM-DCs, independent of the mouse strain and also observed within pancreatic lymph nodes, resulted in the uneven induction of immune response in different lymphoid tissues. These data have important implications for the design of systemic cellular therapy with DCs, and in particular underlie a previously unsuspected potential for specific treatment of diseases such as autoimmune diabetes and pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi J Creusot
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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63
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Human plasmacytoid dendritic cells are unresponsive to bacterial stimulation and require a novel type of cooperation with myeloid dendritic cells for maturation. Blood 2009; 113:4232-9. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-10-186890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) populations play unique and essential roles in the detection of pathogens, but information on how different DC types work together is limited. In this study, 2 major DC populations of human blood, myeloid (mDCs) and plasmacytoid (pDCs), were cultured alone or together in the presence of pathogens or their products. We show that pDCs do not respond to whole bacteria when cultured alone, but mature in the presence of mDCs. Using purified stimuli, we dissect this cross-talk and demonstrate that mDCs and pDCs activate each other in response to specific induction of only one of the cell types. When stimuli for one or both populations are limited, they synergize to reach optimal activation. The cross-talk is limited to enhanced antigen presentation by the nonresponsive population with no detectable changes in the quantity and range of cytokines produced. We propose that each population can be a follower or leader in immune responses against pathogen infections, depending on their ability to respond to infectious agents. In addition, our results indicate that pDCs play a secondary role to induce immunity against human bacterial infections, which has implications for more efficient targeting of DC populations with improved vaccines and therapeutics.
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64
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Pham W, Kobukai S, Hotta C, Gore JC. Dendritic cells: therapy and imaging. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2009; 9:539-64. [DOI: 10.1517/14712590902867739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wellington Pham
- Vanderbilt University, Institute of Imaging Science, 1161 21st Avenue South, AA. 1105 MCN, Nashville, TN 37232-2310, USA
| | - Saho Kobukai
- Vanderbilt University, Institute of Imaging Science, 1161 21st Avenue South, AA. 1105 MCN, Nashville, TN 37232-2310, USA
- *These individuals contributed equally to this work
| | - Chie Hotta
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Center for Neurologic Diseases, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, HIM 780, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- *These individuals contributed equally to this work
| | - John C Gore
- Vanderbilt University, Institute of Imaging Science, 1161 21st Avenue South, AA. 1105 MCN, Nashville, TN 37232-2310, USA
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66
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Long CM, van Laarhoven HWM, Bulte JWM, Levitsky HI. Magnetovaccination as a novel method to assess and quantify dendritic cell tumor antigen capture and delivery to lymph nodes. Cancer Res 2009; 69:3180-7. [PMID: 19276358 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A major parameter limiting immune responses to vaccination is the number of activated antigen-presenting cells (APC) that capture antigen and migrate to draining lymph nodes (LN). Currently, a quantitative noninvasive technique for monitoring in vivo antigen capture and delivery is lacking. The use of cellular magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (MRI) is a promising approach for this purpose; however, cellular imaging currently requires ex vivo prelabeling of cells with contrast agents followed by reintroduction of cells into the subject being monitored. Here, we describe an in vivo labeling method, which relies upon cell-to-cell transfer of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) from tumor cells to endogenous APCs, in situ, to quantify APC delivery to LNs in a tumor vaccine model. Mice were immunized with a tumor cell-based vaccine that was irradiated and labeled with SPIO. APCs that had captured SPIO were imaged over time as they accumulated in LNs. We show here that MRI is capable of monitoring, in vivo, the trafficking of magnetically labeled APCs inducing a tumor-specific immune response, and that these cells can be magnetically recovered ex vivo. Excellent correlation was observed between in vivo and ex vivo quantification of APCs, with resolution sufficient to detect increased APC trafficking elicited by an adjuvant. This study shows the potential of magnetovaccination and MRI cell tracking to systematically evaluate a key parameter relevant to the optimization of vaccine therapies through noninvasive MRI-based quantification of APC numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Long
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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67
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The success of many cell-based therapies is highly dependent on the accurate delivery, dosing and trafficking of the cellular therapeutic. In vivo magnetic resonance (MR) cell tracking provides a means to non-invasively and longitudinally evaluate these parameters for cellular therapy. OBJECTIVE To provide an overview of MR cell tracking and how cellular therapeutics might be improved by utilizing this technology. METHODS We focused on the technologies utilized for stem cell and immunotherapies in preclinical models of disease. RESULTS/CONCLUSION New technologies in MR cell tracking will soon take the field beyond preclinical studies and begin to show benefits in clinical trials of novel experimental cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeff WM Bulte
- The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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68
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Arbab AS, Janic B, Haller J, Pawelczyk E, Liu W, Frank JA. In Vivo Cellular Imaging for Translational Medical Research. Curr Med Imaging 2009; 5:19-38. [PMID: 19768136 DOI: 10.2174/157340509787354697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Personalized treatment using stem, modified or genetically engineered, cells is becoming a reality in the field of medicine, in which allogenic or autologous cells can be used for treatment and possibly for early diagnosis of diseases. Hematopoietic, stromal and organ specific stem cells are under evaluation for cell-based therapies for cardiac, neurological, autoimmune and other disorders. Cytotoxic or genetically altered T-cells are under clinical trial for the treatment of hematopoietic or other malignant diseases. Before using stem cells in clinical trials, translational research in experimental animal models are essential, with a critical emphasis on developing noninvasive methods for tracking the temporal and spatial homing of these cells to target tissues. Moreover, it is necessary to determine the transplanted cell's engraftment efficiency and functional capability. Various in vivo imaging modalities are in use to track the movement and incorporation of administered cells. Tagging cells with reporter genes, fluorescent dyes or different contrast agents transforms them into cellular probes or imaging agents. Recent reports have shown that magnetically labeled cells can be used as cellular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probes, demonstrating the cell trafficking to target tissues. In this review, we will discuss the methods to transform cells into probes for in vivo imaging, along with their advantages and disadvantages as well as the future clinical applicability of cellular imaging method and corresponding imaging modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali S Arbab
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
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69
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Lim YT, Noh YW, Kwon JN, Chung BH. Multifunctional perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions for 19F-based magnetic resonance and near-infrared optical imaging of dendritic cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:6952-4. [DOI: 10.1039/b914006a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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70
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Lim YT, Noh YW, Han JH, Cai QY, Yoon KH, Chung BH. Biocompatible polymer-nanoparticle-based bimodal imaging contrast agents for the labeling and tracking of dendritic cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2008; 4:1640-1645. [PMID: 18819168 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200800582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Taik Lim
- BioNanotechnology Research Center Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology P.O. Box 115, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-333, Korea
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71
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Akins EJ, Dubey P. Noninvasive imaging of cell-mediated therapy for treatment of cancer. J Nucl Med 2008; 49 Suppl 2:180S-95S. [PMID: 18523073 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.107.045971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-mediated therapy (immunotherapy) for the treatment of cancer is an active area of investigation in animal models and clinical trials. Despite many advances, objective responses to immunotherapy are observed in a small number of cases, for certain tumor types. To better understand differences in outcomes, it is critical to develop assays for tracking effector cell localization and function in situ. The fairly recent use of molecular imaging techniques to track cell populations has presented researchers and clinicians with a powerful diagnostic tool for determining the efficacy of cell-mediated therapy for the treatment of cancer. This review highlights the application of whole-body noninvasive radioisotopic, magnetic, and optical imaging methods for monitoring effector cells in vivo. Issues that affect sensitivity of detection, such as methods of cell marking, efficiency of cell labeling, toxicity, and limits of detection of imaging modalities, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Akins
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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72
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Noh YW, Lim YT, Chung BH. Noninvasive imaging of dendritic cell migration into lymph nodes using near-infrared fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals. FASEB J 2008; 22:3908-18. [PMID: 18682573 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-112896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Effective tracking of immunotherapeutic cells is essential for monitoring the migration of injected cells to the target tissue. Here we report the use of near-infrared (NIR) -emitting fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals, called quantum dots (QDs), for noninvasive in vivo tracking of dendritic cell (DC) migration into lymph nodes. The effect of QDs on DC viability and maturation was systematically investigated using MTT assays and FACS analysis. We found that the labeling of DCs with QDs had no effect on DC phenotype or maturation potential. Cytokine and migration assays revealed that there were no significant changes in either cytokine production or chemokine-dependent migration of QD-labeled DCs relative to unlabeled cells; in both labeled and unlabeled cells, cytokine production and migratory capacity was increased by stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. Furthermore, QDs did not influence allogenic naive T cell activation or uptake of exogenous antigens. Notably, we also demonstrated that it was possible to track QD-labeled DCs injected into the footpad into popliteal and inguinal lymph nodes using NIR fluorescence. Taken together, our protocols establish the potential of noninvasive in vivo imaging of NIR-emitting QDs for tracking immunotherapeutic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Woock Noh
- BioNanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 115, Yuseong, Daejeon, 305-333, South Korea.
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Abstract
In vivo applications of cells for the monitoring of their cell dynamics increasingly use non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging. This imaging modality allows in particular to follow the migrational activity of stem cells intended for cell therapy strategies. All these approaches require the prior labeling of the cells under investigation for excellent contrast against the host tissue background in the imaging modality. The present review discusses the various routes of cell labeling and describes the potential to observe both cell localization and their cell-specific function in vivo. Possibilities for labeling strategies, pros and cons of various contrast agents are pointed out while potential ambiguities or problems of labeling strategies are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Himmelreich
- In-vivo-NMR-Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany
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74
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Manfredi AA, Capobianco A, Esposito A, De Cobelli F, Canu T, Monno A, Raucci A, Sanvito F, Doglioni C, Nawroth PP, Bierhaus A, Bianchi ME, Rovere-Querini P, Del Maschio A. Maturing dendritic cells depend on RAGE for in vivo homing to lymph nodes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:2270-5. [PMID: 18250435 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.4.2270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mobilization of dendritic cells (DCs) from peripheral tissues is critical for the establishment of T cell-dependent immune responses or tolerance, because the physical interaction of DCs with naive T cells takes place in the T cell areas of lymph nodes. The autocrine/paracrine release of the high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) nuclear protein by DCs controls the outcome of the DC-T cell interaction, influencing the priming/Th1 polarization of naive T cells. We herein present evidence that the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), a multiligand member of the Ig superfamily of cell-surface molecules that acts as a receptor for HMGB1, plays a nonredundant role in DC homing to lymph nodes. We used noninvasive imaging by magnetic resonance and immunohistochemistry to track DCs after s.c. injection in the footpad of wild-type(+/+) or RAGE(-/-) mice. Maturing DCs expressing RAGE effectively migrated in both conditions. In contrast, RAGE(-/-) DCs failed to reach the draining popliteal lymph nodes of +/+ and -/- mice, indicating that the integrity of RAGE is required for DC mobilization. Thus the HMGB1-RAGE pathway is a checkpoint in DC maturation and function and a candidate for targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo A Manfredi
- Clinical Immunology Unit, H. San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 48, Milan, Italy.
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75
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Arbab AS, Rad AM, Iskander ASM, Jafari-Khouzani K, Brown SL, Churchman JL, Ding G, Jiang Q, Frank JA, Soltanian-Zadeh H, Peck DJ. Magnetically-labeled sensitized splenocytes to identify glioma by MRI: a preliminary study. Magn Reson Med 2007; 58:519-26. [PMID: 17763342 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the feasibility of imaging the migration and incorporation of magnetically-labeled sensitized splenocytes in an experimental 9L glioma brain tumor model. Splenocytes collected from tumor-bearing (sensitized splenocytes) or control (nonsensitized splenocytes) host rats were analyzed to determine the population of different cells, labeled with ferumoxides-protamine sulfate (FePro) and injected intravenously to recipient rats (N=4, for each group) bearing intracranial 9L tumors. Day 3 postinjection of splenocytes multiecho T2*-weighted and three-dimensional (3D) gradient echo MRI were obtained using a 7 Tesla MR system. R2* (1/T2*) maps were created from the T2*-weighted images. Signal intensities (SIs) and R2* values in the tumors and contralateral brain were determined by hand drawn regions of interest (ROIs). Brain sections were stained for the evidence of administered cells. Both 3D and T2*-weighted MRI showed low signal intensity areas in and around the tumors in rats that received labeled sensitized splenocytes. Prussian blue (PB), CD45- and CD8-positive cells were present in areas at the corresponding sites of low signal intensities seen on MRI. Rats that received labeled nonsensitized splenocytes did not show low signal intensity areas or PB positive cells in or around the implanted tumors. In conclusion, the immunogenic reaction can be exploited to delineate recurrent glioma using MRI following systemically delivered magnetically labeled sensitized splenocytes or T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali S Arbab
- Department of Radiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA, and National Institutes of Health, University of Tehran, Iran.
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76
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Wu YJ, Muldoon LL, Varallyay C, Markwardt S, Jones RE, Neuwelt EA. In vivo leukocyte labeling with intravenous ferumoxides/protamine sulfate complex and in vitro characterization for cellular magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 293:C1698-708. [PMID: 17898131 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00215.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cellular labeling with ferumoxides (Feridex IV) superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles can be used to monitor cells in vivo by MRI. The objective of this study was to use histology and MRI to evaluate an in vivo, as opposed to in vitro, technique for labeling of mononuclear leukocytes as a means of tracking inflammatory processes in the brain. Long-Evans rats were intravenously injected with 20 mg/kg ferumoxides, ferumoxtran-10, or ferumoxytol with or without protamine sulfate. Leukocytes and splenocytes were evaluated by cell sorting and iron histochemistry or were implanted into the brain for MRI. Injection of ferumoxides/protamine sulfate complex IV resulted in iron labeling of leukocytes (ranging from 7.4 ± 0.5% to 12.5 ± 0.9% with average 9.2 ± 0.8%) compared with ferumoxides (ranging from 3.9 ± 0.4% to 6.3 ± 0.5% with average 5.0 ± 0.5%) or protamine sulfate alone (ranging from 0% to 0.9 ± 0.7% with average 0.3 ± 0.3%). Cell sorting analysis indicated that iron-labeled cells were enriched for cell types positive for the myelomonocytic marker (CD11b/c) and the B lymphocyte marker (CD45RA) and depleted in the T cell marker (CD3). Neither ferumoxtran-10 nor ferumoxytol with protamine sulfate labeled leukocytes. In vivo ferumoxides/protamine sulfate-loaded leukocytes and splenocytes were detected by MRI after intracerebral injection. Ferumoxides/protamine complex labeled CD45RA-positive and CD11b/c-positive leukocytes in vivo without immediate toxicity. The dose of feumoxides in this report is much higher than the approved human dose, so additional animal studies are required before this approach could be translated to the clinic. These results might provide useful information for monitoring leukocyte trafficking into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Jeffrey Wu
- Research Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
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77
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Arya M, Ahmed H, Silhi N, Williamson M, Patel HRH. Clinical importance and therapeutic implications of the pivotal CXCL12-CXCR4 (chemokine ligand-receptor) interaction in cancer cell migration. Tumour Biol 2007; 28:123-31. [PMID: 17510563 DOI: 10.1159/000102979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are small, secreted proteins and are now the largest known cytokine family. They mediate their effects through a family of G-protein-coupled receptors and were initially recognized for their ability to act as chemo-attractants and activators of specific types of leucocytes in a variety of immune and inflammatory responses. However, during the past 5 years there has been a chemokine revolution in cancer and all scientists and clinicians in oncology-related fields are now aware of their crucial role at all stages of neoplastic transformation and progression. The most important chemokine ligand-receptor interaction is that of the CXCL12 (stromal cell-derived factor-1, SDF-1) ligand with its exclusive receptor CXCR4; this interaction has a pivotal role in the directional migration of cancer cells during the metastatic process. This has been demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo experiments in addition to retrospective clinical studies. These findings have exciting implications in the field of cancer therapeutics, with several small molecule CXCR4 antagonists having been developed, which may provide clinical benefit in the therapy of cancer metastasis. Interestingly, it is likely that the effect of the anti-HER2 antibody [trastuzumab (Herceptin] in breast cancer involves downregulation of the CXCR4 receptor. Unfortunately, a major problem is that chemokine receptors are expressed in other cells within the body, particularly those of the immune system and it is not clear what effects long-term CXCR4 antagonism could have on innate and adaptive immunity. However, there is little doubt that the great strides made in elucidating the complex relationship between chemokines and their role in cancer will soon translate into significant survival benefits for patients.
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