51
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Gour N, Lajoie S, Smole U, White M, Hu D, Goddard P, Huntsman S, Eng C, Mak A, Oh S, Kim JH, Sharma A, Plante S, Salem IH, Resch Y, Xiao X, Yao N, Singh A, Vrtala S, Chakir J, Burchard EG, Lane AP, Wills-Karp M. Dysregulated invertebrate tropomyosin-dectin-1 interaction confers susceptibility to allergic diseases. Sci Immunol 2018; 3:3/20/eaam9841. [PMID: 29475849 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aam9841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The key factors underlying the development of allergic diseases-the propensity for a minority of individuals to develop dysfunctional responses to harmless environmental molecules-remain undefined. We report a pathway of immune counter-regulation that suppresses the development of aeroallergy and shrimp-induced anaphylaxis. In mice, signaling through epithelially expressed dectin-1 suppresses the development of type 2 immune responses through inhibition of interleukin-33 (IL-33) secretion and the subsequent recruitment of IL-13-producing innate lymphoid cells. Although this homeostatic pathway is functional in respiratory epithelial cells from healthy humans, it is dramatically impaired in epithelial cells from asthmatic and chronic rhinosinusitis patients, resulting in elevated IL-33 production. Moreover, we identify an association between a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the dectin-1 gene loci and reduced pulmonary function in two cohorts of asthmatics. This intronic SNP is a predicted eQTL (expression quantitative trait locus) that is associated with reduced dectin-1 expression in human tissue. We identify invertebrate tropomyosin, a ubiquitous arthropod-derived molecule, as an immunobiologically relevant dectin-1 ligand that normally serves to restrain IL-33 release and dampen type 2 immunity in healthy individuals. However, invertebrate tropomyosin presented in the context of impaired dectin-1 function, as observed in allergic individuals, leads to unrestrained IL-33 secretion and skewing of immune responses toward type 2 immunity. Collectively, we uncover a previously unrecognized mechanism of protection against allergy to a conserved recognition element omnipresent in our environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naina Gour
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.,The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Stephane Lajoie
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Ursula Smole
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Marquitta White
- Department of Medicine and Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Donglei Hu
- Department of Medicine and Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Pagé Goddard
- Department of Medicine and Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Scott Huntsman
- Department of Medicine and Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Celeste Eng
- Department of Medicine and Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Angel Mak
- Department of Medicine and Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sam Oh
- Department of Medicine and Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Annu Sharma
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sophie Plante
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Ikhlass Haj Salem
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Yvonne Resch
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nu Yao
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Anju Singh
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Susanne Vrtala
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jamila Chakir
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Esteban G Burchard
- Department of Medicine and Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Andrew P Lane
- Division of Rhinology and Sinus Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Marsha Wills-Karp
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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52
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Meijerink M, Rösch C, Taverne N, Venema K, Gruppen H, Schols HA, Wells JM. Structure Dependent-Immunomodulation by Sugar Beet Arabinans via a SYK Tyrosine Kinase-Dependent Signaling Pathway. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1972. [PMID: 30369923 PMCID: PMC6194903 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is much interest in the immunomodulatory properties of dietary fibers but their activity may be influenced by contamination with microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acids, which are difficult to remove completely from biological samples. Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) from TLR2x4 double-KO mice were shown to be a reliable approach to analyse the immunomodulatory properties of a diverse range of dietary fibers, by avoiding immune cell activation due to contaminating MAMPs. Several of the 44 tested dietary fiber preparations induced cytokine responses in BMDCs from TLR2x4 double-KO mice. The particulate fractions of linear arabinan (LA) and branched arabinan (BA) from sugar beet pectin were shown to be strongly immune stimulatory with LA being more immune stimulatory than BA. Enzymatic debranching of BA increased its immune stimulatory activity, possibly due to increased particle formation by the alignment of debranched linear arabinan. Mechanistic studies showed that the immunostimulatory activity of LA and BA was independent of the Dectin-1 recognition but Syk kinase-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein Meijerink
- Host Microbe Interactomics, Department of Animal Science, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Christiane Rösch
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Nico Taverne
- Host Microbe Interactomics, Department of Animal Science, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Koen Venema
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Centre for Healthy Eating and Food Innovation, Maastricht University, Venlo, Netherlands
- Beneficial Microbes Consultancy, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Harry Gruppen
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Henk A. Schols
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jerry M. Wells
- Host Microbe Interactomics, Department of Animal Science, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands
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53
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Castro-Bravo N, Wells JM, Margolles A, Ruas-Madiedo P. Interactions of Surface Exopolysaccharides From Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus Within the Intestinal Environment. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2426. [PMID: 30364185 PMCID: PMC6193118 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Exopolysaccharides (EPS) are surface carbohydrate polymers present in most bacteria acting as a protective surface layer but also interacting with the surrounding environment. This review discusses the roles of EPS synthesized by strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, many of them with probiotic characteristics, in the intestinal environment. Current knowledge on genetics and biosynthesis pathways of EPS in lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria, as well as the development of genetic tools, has created possibilities to elucidate the interplay between EPS and host intestinal mucosa. These include the microbiota that inhabits this ecological niche and the host cells. Several carbohydrate recognition receptors located in the intestinal epithelium could be involved in the interaction with bacterial EPS and modulation of immune response; however, little is known about the receptors recognizing EPS from lactobacilli or bifidobacteria and the triggered response. On the contrary, it has been clearly demonstrated that EPS play a relevant role in the persistence of the producing bacteria in the intestinal tract. Indeed, some authors postulate that some of the beneficial actions of EPS-producing probiotics could be related to the formation of a biofilm layer protecting the host against injury, for example by pathogens or their toxins. Nevertheless, the in vivo formation of biofilms by probiotics has not been proved to date. Finally, EPS produced by probiotic strains are also able to interact with the intestinal microbiota that populates the gut. In fact, some of these polymers can be used as carbohydrate fermentable source by some gut commensals thus being putatively involved in the release of bacterial metabolites that exert positive benefits for the host. In spite of the increasing knowledge about the role that these surface molecules play in the interaction of probiotic bacteria with the gut mucosal actors, both intestinal receptors and microbiota, the challenging issue is to demonstrate the functionality of EPS in vivo, which will open an avenue of opportunities for the application of EPS-producing probiotics to improve health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Castro-Bravo
- Microhealth Group, Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain.,Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Animal Science Department, Wageningen University and Research (WUR), Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jerry M Wells
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Animal Science Department, Wageningen University and Research (WUR), Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Abelardo Margolles
- Microhealth Group, Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Patricia Ruas-Madiedo
- Microhealth Group, Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
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54
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The Intestinal Epithelium: Central Coordinator of Mucosal Immunity. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:677-696. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Ebner F, Kuhring M, Radonić A, Midha A, Renard BY, Hartmann S. Silent Witness: Dual-Species Transcriptomics Reveals Epithelial Immunological Quiescence to Helminth Larval Encounter and Fostered Larval Development. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1868. [PMID: 30158930 PMCID: PMC6104121 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes are among the most prevalent parasites infecting humans and livestock worldwide. Infective larvae of the soil-transmitted nematode Ascaris spp. enter the host and start tissue migration by crossing the intestinal epithelial barrier. The initial interaction of the intestinal epithelium with the parasite, however, has received little attention. In a time-resolved interaction model of porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) and infective Ascaris suum larvae, we addressed the early transcriptional changes occurring simultaneously in both organisms using dual-species RNA-Seq. Functional analysis of the host response revealed an overall induction of metabolic activity, without induction of immune responsive genes or immune signaling pathways and showing suppression of chemotactic genes like CXCL8/IL-8 or CHI3L1. Ascaris larvae, when getting in contact with the epithelium, showed induction of genes that orchestrate motor activity and larval development, such as myosin, troponin, myoglobin, and protein disulfide isomerase 2 (PDI-2). In addition, excretory-secretory products that likely facilitate parasite invasion were increased, among them, aspartic protease 6 or hyaluronidase. Integration of host and pathogen data in an interspecies gene co-expression network indicated links between nematode fatty acid biosynthesis and host ribosome assembly/protein synthesis. In summary, our study provides new molecular insights into the early factors of parasite invasion, while at the same time revealing host immunological unresponsiveness. Reproducible software for dual RNA-Seq analysis of non-model organisms is available at https://gitlab.com/mkuhring/project_asuum and can be applied to similar studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Ebner
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias Kuhring
- Bioinformatics Unit (MF1), Department for Methods Development and Research Infrastructure, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Core Unit Bioinformatics, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health Metabolomics Platform, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,Max Delbrück Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aleksandar Radonić
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens: Highly Pathogenic Viruses (ZBS 1), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ankur Midha
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Y Renard
- Bioinformatics Unit (MF1), Department for Methods Development and Research Infrastructure, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Hartmann
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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56
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Goyal S, Castrillón-Betancur JC, Klaile E, Slevogt H. The Interaction of Human Pathogenic Fungi With C-Type Lectin Receptors. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1261. [PMID: 29915598 PMCID: PMC5994417 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi, usually present as commensals, are a major cause of opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients. Such infections, if not diagnosed or treated properly, can prove fatal. However, in most cases healthy individuals are able to avert the fungal attacks by mounting proper antifungal immune responses. Among the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are the major players in antifungal immunity. CLRs can recognize carbohydrate ligands, such as β-glucans and mannans, which are mainly found on fungal cell surfaces. They induce proinflammatory immune reactions, including phagocytosis, oxidative burst, cytokine, and chemokine production from innate effector cells, as well as activation of adaptive immunity via Th17 responses. CLRs such as Dectin-1, Dectin-2, Mincle, mannose receptor (MR), and DC-SIGN can recognize many disease-causing fungi and also collaborate with each other as well as other PRRs in mounting a fungi-specific immune response. Mutations in these receptors affect the host response and have been linked to a higher risk in contracting fungal infections. This review focuses on how CLRs on various immune cells orchestrate the antifungal response and on the contribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms in these receptors toward the risk of developing such infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surabhi Goyal
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Juan Camilo Castrillón-Betancur
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,International Leibniz Research School for Microbial and Biomolecular Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology/Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Esther Klaile
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Hortense Slevogt
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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57
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Salazar F, Brown GD. Antifungal Innate Immunity: A Perspective from the Last 10 Years. J Innate Immun 2018; 10:373-397. [PMID: 29768268 DOI: 10.1159/000488539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens can rarely cause diseases in immunocompetent individuals. However, commensal and normally nonpathogenic environmental fungi can cause life-threatening infections in immunocompromised individuals. Over the last few decades, there has been a huge increase in the incidence of invasive opportunistic fungal infections along with a worrying increase in antifungal drug resistance. As a consequence, research focused on understanding the molecular and cellular basis of antifungal immunity has expanded tremendously in the last few years. This review will provide an overview of the most exciting recent advances in innate antifungal immunity, discoveries that are helping to pave the way for the development of new strategies that are desperately needed to combat these devastating diseases.
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58
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Hayen SM, Otten HG, Overbeek SA, Knulst AC, Garssen J, Willemsen LEM. Exposure of Intestinal Epithelial Cells to Short- and Long-Chain Fructo-Oligosaccharides and CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides Enhances Peanut-Specific T Helper 1 Polarization. Front Immunol 2018; 9:923. [PMID: 29867934 PMCID: PMC5958185 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-digestible oligosaccharides promote colonization of beneficial gut bacteria and have direct immunomodulatory effects. Apical exposure of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) to short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scGOS/lcFOS) in a transwell co-culture model enhanced the CpG-induced (TLR-9 ligand) T helper 1 (Th1) phenotype and regulatory IL-10 response of underlying peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy donors. scGOS is derived from lactose and may pose risks in severe cow's milk allergic patients, and scFOS/lcFOS may be an alternative. The goal of this study was to determine the immunomodulatory effects of scGOS/lcFOS and scFOS/lcFOS in an allergen-specific transwell co-culture model using PBMCs from peanut-allergic patients. Methods IECs cultured on transwell filters were apically exposed to CpG, either or not in combination with oligosaccharides. These IECs were co-cultured with basolateral PBMCs of peanut-allergic patients that were either activated with aCD3/28 or peanut extract. Basolateral cytokine production and T-cell polarization were measured and the contribution of galectin-9 and the dectin-1 receptor in immune modulation were assessed. Results IECs exposed to CpG increased IFN-γ, IL-10, and galectin-9 production by aCD3/28-stimulated PBMCs, whereas IL-13 decreased. Both scGOS/lcFOS and scFOS/lcFOS further enhanced IFN-γ and IL-10, while suppressing IL-13 and TNF-α. In the peanut-specific model, only scFOS/lcFOS further increased IFN-γ and IL-10 production, coinciding with enhanced Th1-frequency. Expression of CRTH2 reduced after CpG exposure, and was further reduced by scFOS/lcFOS. Galectin-9 inhibitor TIM-3-Fc abrogated the additional effect of scFOS/lcFOS on peanut-specific IFN-γ production, while neutralization of the dectin-1 receptor was not effective. Conclusion Epithelial exposure to scFOS/lcFOS enhanced the CpG-induced Th1 and regulatory IL-10 response in a peanut-specific co-culture model. These effects suggest scFOS/lcFOS as candidate for dietary adjunct in allergen-specific immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone M Hayen
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Henny G Otten
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Saskia A Overbeek
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Immunology Platform, Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - André C Knulst
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Immunology Platform, Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Linette E M Willemsen
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Brauner A, Alvendal C, Chromek M, Stopsack KH, Ehrström S, Schröder JM, Bohm-Starke N. Psoriasin, a novel anti-Candida albicans adhesin. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 96:537-545. [PMID: 29736603 PMCID: PMC5988767 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1637-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Candida albicans belongs to the normal microbial flora on epithelial surfaces of humans. However, under certain, still not fully understood conditions, it can become pathogenic and cause a spectrum of diseases, from local infections to life-threatening septicemia. We investigated a panel of antimicrobial proteins and peptides (AMPs), potentially involved in mucosal immunity against this pathogen. Out of six studied AMPs, psoriasin was most up-regulated during a mucosal infection, an acute episode of recurrent Candida vulvovaginitis, although candidacidal activity has not been demonstrated. We here show that psoriasin binds to β-glucan, a basic component of the C. albicans cell wall, and thereby inhibits adhesion of the pathogen to surfaces and increases IL-8 production by mucosal epithelial cells. In conclusion, we show a novel mechanism of action of psoriasin. By inhibiting C. albicans adhesion and by enhancing cytokine production, psoriasin contributes to the immune response against C. albicans. Key messages The antimicrobial peptide psoriasin is highly up-regulated during a local mucosal infection, Candida albicans vulvovaginitis. Psoriasin binds to β-glucan in the Candida albicans cell wall and thereby inhibits adhesion of the pathogen. Binding of psoriasin to Candida albicans induces an immune response by mucosal epithelial cells.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00109-018-1637-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelie Brauner
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Cathrin Alvendal
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Danderyd Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Milan Chromek
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Pediatrics, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Konrad H Stopsack
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophia Ehrström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Danderyd Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jens M Schröder
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nina Bohm-Starke
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Danderyd Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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60
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Shih YL, Hsueh SC, Chen YL, Chou JS, Chung HY, Liu KL, Jair HW, Chuang YY, Lu HF, Liu JY, Chung JG. Laminarin Promotes Immune Responses and Reduces Lactate Dehydrogenase But Increases Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase in Normal Mice In Vivo. In Vivo 2018; 32:523-529. [PMID: 29695555 PMCID: PMC6000794 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Laminarin, a typical component of fungal cell walls, has been shown to induce immune responses in both adult and larval locusts. We investigated the effects of laminarin on immune response and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in normal mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-six normal BALB/c mice were randomly divided into four groups and treatments were provided by gavage. Group I mice acted as normal control; mice of groups II-IV received laminarin at different doses (100 μl at 1, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/mouse in double-distilled water, respectively). All animals were treated for 14 days and were weighed, blood was collected for determination of cell markers, liver and spleen samples were weighed. Spleens were used for phagocytosis and determination of natural killer (NK) cell activity and cell proliferation by flow cytometric assay. RESULTS Laminarin reduced the body weights and weights of liver and spleen. Laminarin increased CD3, CD19 and Mac-3 cell populations at 2.5 and 5 mg/mouse, however, these did not affect CD11b marker levels. Laminarin (1 and 5 mg/mouse) reduced macrophage phagocytosis from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, but did not affect phagocytosis by macrophages from the peritoneal cavity. At an effector:target ratio of 50:1, laminarin reduced NK cell cytotoxic activity at all levels, but at a ratio of 25:1, only at 1 mg treatment. Laminarin did not affect T-cell and B-cell proliferation. Laminarin increased the level of GPT and reduced that of LDH at all doses, indicating laminarin can protect against liver injury. Laminarin is worthy of investigation in future experiments on improving immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Luen Shih
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shu-Ching Hsueh
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Medicine, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yung-Liang Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jiann-Shang Chou
- Anatomic Pathology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsueh-Yu Chung
- Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ko-Lin Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Herng-Woei Jair
- Clinical Pathology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ying-Ying Chuang
- Clinical Pathology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsu-Feng Lu
- Clinical Pathology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jia-You Liu
- Clinical Pathology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Pollard DJ, Berger CN, So EC, Yu L, Hadavizadeh K, Jennings P, Tate EW, Choudhary JS, Frankel G. Broad-Spectrum Regulation of Nonreceptor Tyrosine Kinases by the Bacterial ADP-Ribosyltransferase EspJ. mBio 2018; 9:e00170-18. [PMID: 29636436 PMCID: PMC5893879 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00170-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation is key for signal transduction from exogenous stimuli, including the defense against pathogens. Conversely, pathogens can subvert protein phosphorylation to control host immune responses and facilitate invasion and dissemination. The bacterial effectors EspJ and SeoC are injected into host cells through a type III secretion system by enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EPEC and EHEC, respectively), Citrobacter rodentium, and Salmonella enterica, where they inhibit Src kinase by coupled amidation and ADP-ribosylation. C. rodentium, which is used to model EPEC and EHEC infections in humans, is a mouse pathogen triggering colonic crypt hyperplasia (CCH) and colitis. Enumeration of bacterial shedding and CCH confirmed that EspJ affects neither tolerance nor resistance to infection. However, comparison of the proteomes of intestinal epithelial cells isolated from mice infected with wild-type C. rodentium or C. rodentium encoding catalytically inactive EspJ revealed that EspJ-induced ADP-ribosylation regulates multiple nonreceptor tyrosine kinases in vivo Investigation of the substrate repertoire of EspJ revealed that in HeLa and A549 cells, Src and Csk were significantly targeted; in polarized Caco2 cells, EspJ targeted Src and Csk and the Src family kinase (SFK) Yes1, while in differentiated Thp1 cells, EspJ modified Csk, the SFKs Hck and Lyn, the Tec family kinases Tec and Btk, and the adapter tyrosine kinase Syk. Furthermore, Abl (HeLa and Caco2) and Lyn (Caco2) were enriched specifically in the EspJ-containing samples. Biochemical assays revealed that EspJ, the only bacterial ADP-ribosyltransferase that targets mammalian kinases, controls immune responses and the Src/Csk signaling axis.IMPORTANCE Enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EPEC and EHEC, respectively) strains cause significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. Citrobacter rodentium is a mouse pathogen used to model EPEC and EHEC pathogenesis in vivo Diarrheal disease is triggered following injection of bacterial effectors, via a type III secretion system (T3SS), into intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). While insights into the role of the effectors were historically obtained from pathological, immunologic, or cell culture phenotypes, subtle roles of individual effectors in vivo are often masked. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role and specificity of the ADP-ribosyltransferase effector EspJ. For the first time, we show that the in vivo processes affected by a T3SS effector can be studied by comparing the proteomes of IECs extracted from mice infected with wild-type C. rodentium or an espJ catalytic mutant. We show that EspJ, the only bacterial ADP-ribosyltransferase that targets mammalian kinases, regulates the host immune response in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J Pollard
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London United Kingdom, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cedric N Berger
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London United Kingdom, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ernest C So
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London United Kingdom, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lu Yu
- Functional Proteomics Group, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Hadavizadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College, London United Kingdom, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College, London United Kingdom, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jyoti S Choudhary
- Functional Proteomics Group, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gad Frankel
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London United Kingdom, London, United Kingdom
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62
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Pardo-Camacho C, González-Castro AM, Rodiño-Janeiro BK, Pigrau M, Vicario M. Epithelial immunity: priming defensive responses in the intestinal mucosa. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 314:G247-G255. [PMID: 29146676 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00215.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
As the largest interface between the outside and internal milieu, the intestinal epithelium constitutes the first structural component facing potential luminal threats to homeostasis. This single-cell layer is the epicenter of a tightly regulated communication network between external and internal factors that converge to prime defensive responses aimed at limiting antigen penetration and the maintenance of intestinal barrier function. The defensive role developed by intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) relies largely on the variety of receptors they express at both extracellular (apical and basolateral) and intracellular compartments, and the capacity of IEC to communicate with immune and nervous systems. IEC recognize pathogen-associated molecules by innate receptors that promote the production of mucus, antimicrobial substances, and immune mediators. Epithelial cells are key to oral tolerance maintenance and also participate in adaptive immunity through the expression of immunoglobulin (Ig) receptors and by promoting local Ig class switch recombination. In IEC, different types of antigens can be sensed by multiple immune receptors that share signaling pathways to assure effective responses. Regulated defensive activity maintains intestinal homeostasis, whereas a breakdown in the control of epithelial immunity can increase the intestinal passage of luminal content and microbial invasion, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. In this review, we provide an updated overview of the type of immune receptors present in the human intestinal epithelium and the responses generated to promote effective barrier function and maintain mucosal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pardo-Camacho
- Laboratory of Translational Mucosal Immunology, Digestive Diseases Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca , Barcelona , Spain.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron , Barcelona , Spain.,Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Ana M González-Castro
- Laboratory of Translational Mucosal Immunology, Digestive Diseases Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca , Barcelona , Spain.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron , Barcelona , Spain.,Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Bruno K Rodiño-Janeiro
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology Group, Digestive Diseases Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca , Barcelona , Spain.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron , Barcelona , Spain.,Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Marc Pigrau
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology Group, Digestive Diseases Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca , Barcelona , Spain.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron , Barcelona , Spain.,Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - María Vicario
- Laboratory of Translational Mucosal Immunology, Digestive Diseases Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca , Barcelona , Spain.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron , Barcelona , Spain.,Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas , Madrid , Spain
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63
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Triantis V, Bode L, van Neerven RJJ. Immunological Effects of Human Milk Oligosaccharides. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:190. [PMID: 30013961 PMCID: PMC6036705 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) comprise a group of structurally complex, unconjugated glycans that are highly abundant in human milk. HMOs are minimally digested in the gastrointestinal tract and reach the colon intact, where they shape the microbiota. A small fraction of HMOs is absorbed, reaches the systemic circulation, and is excreted in urine. HMOs can bind to cell surface receptors expressed on epithelial cells and cells of the immune system and thus modulate neonatal immunity in the infant gut, and possibly also sites throughout the body. In addition, they have been shown to act as soluble decoy receptors to block the attachment of various microbial pathogens to cells. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the effects HMOs can have on infections, allergies, auto-immune diseases and inflammation, and will focus on the role of HMOs in altering immune responses through binding to immune-related receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lars Bode
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - R J Joost van Neerven
- FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, Netherlands.,Wageningen University and Research, Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen, Netherlands
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64
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Hara H, Kume S, Iizuka T, Fujimoto Y, Kimura A. Enzymatically synthesized megalo-type isomaltosaccharides enhance the barrier function of the tight junction in the intestinal epithelium. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 82:629-635. [PMID: 29173029 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1398065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Megalo-type isomaltosaccharides are an enzymatically synthesized foodstuff produced by transglucosylation from maltodextrin, and they contain a mid-chain length polymer of D-glucose with α-1,6-glycoside linkages. The injection of a solution of megalo-type isomaltosaccharides (1-4%(w/v), average DP = 12.6), but not oligo-type isomaltosaccharides (average DP = 3.3), into the intestinal lumen dose-dependently reduced the transport rates of tight junction permeable markers in a ligated loop of the anesthetized rat jejunum. Application of the megalosaccharide also suppressed the transport of tight junction markers and enhanced transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Cholesterol sequestration by methyl-β-cyclodextrin in the Caco-2 monolayers abolished the effect of megalosaccharide. Treatment with anti-caveolin-1 and a caveolae inhibitor, but not clathrin-dependent endocytosis and macropinocytosis inhibitors, suppressed the increase in TEER. These results indicate that isomaltosaccharides promote the barrier function of tight junctions in the intestinal epithelium in a chain-length dependent manner and that caveolae play a role in the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Hara
- a Research Faculty of Agriculture , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kume
- a Research Faculty of Agriculture , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | | | | | - Atsuo Kimura
- a Research Faculty of Agriculture , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
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65
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Yang L, Wang L, Zhu C, Wu J, Yuan Y, Yu L, Xu Y, Xu J, Wang T, Liao Z, Wang S, Zhu X, Gao P, Zhang Y, Wang X, Jiang Q, Shu G. Laminarin counteracts diet-induced obesity associated with glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion. Oncotarget 2017; 8:99470-99481. [PMID: 29245916 PMCID: PMC5725107 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Laminarin, a type of β-glucan isolated from brown seaweeds, exhibits verity of physiological activities, which include immunology modulation and antitumor function. To investigate the effect of laminarin on energy homeostasis, mice were orally administrated with laminarin to test food intake, fat deposition, and glucose homeostasis. Chronically, laminarin treatment significantly decreases high-fat-diet-induced body weight gain and fat deposition and reduces blood glucose level and glucose tolerance. Acutely, laminarin enhances serum glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) content and the mRNA expression level of proglucagon and prohormone convertase 1 in ileum. Subsequently, laminarin suppresses the food intake of mice, the hypothalamic AgRP neuron activity, and AgRP expression but activates pancreatic function. Furthermore, laminarin-induced appetite reduction was totally blocked by Exendin (9-39), a specific competitive inhibitor of GLP-1 receptor. Then, STC-1 cells were adopted to address the underlying mechanism, by which laminarin promoted GLP-1 secretion in vitro. Results showed that laminarin dose-dependently promoted GLP-1 secretion and c-Fos protein expression in STC-1 cells, which were independent of Dectin-1 and CD18. Interestingly, BAPTA-AM, a calcium-chelating agent, potently attenuated laminarin-induced [Ca2+]i elevation, c-Fos expression, and GLP-1 secretion. In summary, our data support that laminarin counteracts diet-induced obesity and stimulates GLP-1 secretion via [Ca2+]i; this finding provides an experimental basis for laminarin application to treat obesity and maintain glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liusong Yang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Canjun Zhu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Junguo Wu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Yexian Yuan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Lulu Yu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Yaqiong Xu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Jingren Xu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Zhengrui Liao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Songbo Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.,South China Observation Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Ping Gao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Xiuqi Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.,South China Observation Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Qingyan Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.,South China Observation Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Gang Shu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.,South China Observation Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
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66
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Van Hung T, Suzuki T. Guar gum fiber increases suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 expression via toll-like receptor 2 and dectin-1 pathways, regulating inflammatory response in small intestinal epithelial cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28608623 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Direct regulation of intestinal inflammation by intact dietary fibers is still unclear. Here, the anti-inflammatory regulation by intact guar gum (GG) was investigated using mice and human intestinal Caco-2 cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Administration of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) increased myeloperoxidase activity and CXC motif chemokine ligand2 (an IL-8 homolog) expression in the small intestines of mice, while supplemental GG reduced these increases. Stimulation of Caco-2 cells with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α induced IL-8 expression through nuclear factor kappa B p65, spleen tyrosine kinase, and mitogen-activated protein kinases pathways. Pre-treatment of cells with GG reduced the TNF-α-induced IL-8 expression and cellular signaling. GG increased the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-1 expression in Caco-2 cells, suggesting that this is one of the probable mechanisms involved in GG-mediated anti-inflammatory regulation. The anti-inflammatory regulation and SOCS-1 expression induced by GG were sensitive to neutralization of toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and dectin-1, and to inhibition of Janus kinase (JAK) and tyrosine kinase cSrc pathways. Finally, supplemental GG increased SOCS-1 expression in the small intestines of both DSS-administered and normal mice. CONCLUSION Intact GG activates TLR2 and dectin-1, and increases SOCS-1 expression via JAK and cSrc pathways, resulting in anti-inflammatory regulation in intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran Van Hung
- Department of Biofunctional Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University
| | - Takuya Suzuki
- Department of Biofunctional Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University
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67
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Martínez-Álvarez JA, Pérez-García LA, Mellado-Mojica E, López MG, Martínez-Duncker I, Lópes-Bezerra LM, Mora-Montes HM. Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto and Sporothrix brasiliensis Are Differentially Recognized by Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:843. [PMID: 28539922 PMCID: PMC5423980 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto and S. brasiliensis are usually associated to sporotrichosis, a subcutaneous mycosis worldwide distributed. Comparative analyses between these two species indicate they contain genetic and physiological differences that are likely to impact the interaction with host cells. Here, we study the composition of the cell wall from conidia, yeast-like cells and germlings of both species and found they contained the same sugar composition. The carbohydrate proportion in the S. schenckii sensu stricto wall was similar across the three cell morphologies, with exception in the chitin content, which was significantly different in the three morphologies. The cell wall from germlings showed lower rhamnose content and higher glucose levels than other cell morphologies. In S. brasiliensis, the wall sugars were constant in the three morphologies, but glucose was lower in yeast-like cells. In S. schenckii sensu stricto cells most of chitin and β1,3-glucan were underneath wall components, but in S. brasiliensis germlings, chitin was exposed at the cell surface, and β1,3-glucan was found in the outer part of the conidia wall. We also compared the ability of these cells to stimulate cytokine production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The three S. schenckii sensu stricto morphologies stimulated increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, when compared to S. brasiliensis cells; while the latter, with exception of conidia, stimulated higher IL-10 levels. Dectin-1 was a key receptor for cytokine production during stimulation with the three morphologies of S. schenckii sensu stricto, but dispensable for cytokine production stimulated by S. brasiliensis germlings. TLR2 and TLR4 were also involved in the sensing of Sporothrix cells, with a major role for the former during cytokine stimulation. Mannose receptor had a minor contribution during cytokine stimulation by S. schenckii sensu stricto yeast-like cells and germlings, but S. schenckii sensu stricto conidia and S. brasiliensis yeast-like cells stimulated pro-inflammatory cytokines via this receptor. In conclusion, S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii sensu stricto, have similar wall composition, which undergoes changes depending on the cell morphology. These differences in the cell wall composition, are likely to influence the contribution of immune receptors during cytokine stimulation by human monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Martínez-Álvarez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de GuanajuatoGuanajuato, Mexico
| | - Luis A Pérez-García
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de GuanajuatoGuanajuato, Mexico
| | - Erika Mellado-Mojica
- Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico NacionalIrapuato, Mexico
| | - Mercedes G López
- Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico NacionalIrapuato, Mexico
| | - Iván Martínez-Duncker
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de MorelosCuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Leila M Lópes-Bezerra
- Laboratory of Cellular Mycology and Proteomics, Biology Institute, University of Rio de Janeiro StateRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de GuanajuatoGuanajuato, Mexico
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68
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Michalski C, Kan B, Lavoie PM. Antifungal Immunological Defenses in Newborns. Front Immunol 2017; 8:281. [PMID: 28360910 PMCID: PMC5350100 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborns are prone to fungal infections, largely due to Candida species. The immunological basis for this vulnerability is not yet fully understood. However, useful insights can be gained from the knowledge of the maturation of immune pathways during ontogeny, particularly when placed in context with how rare genetic mutations in humans predispose to fungal diseases. In this article, we review these most current data on immune functions in human newborns, highlighting pathways most relevant to the response to Candida. While discussing these data, we propose a framework of why deficiencies in these pathways make newborns particularly vulnerable to this opportunistic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Michalski
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bernard Kan
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pascal M Lavoie
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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69
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Tong Y, Tang J. Candida albicans infection and intestinal immunity. Microbiol Res 2017; 198:27-35. [PMID: 28285659 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections cause high rates of morbidity and mortality in intensive care and immunocompromised patients, and can represent a life-threatening disease. As a microorganism commonly found in the intestine, Candida albicans (C. albicans) can invade the gut epithelium barrier via microfold cells and enter the bloodstream. The defensive potential of the intestinal barrier against invasive C. albicans is dependent on innate and adaptive immune responses which enable the host to eliminate pathogenic fungi. The lamina propria layer of the intestine contains numerous immune cells capable of inducing an innate cellular immune response against invasive fungi. This review focuses on the immune response triggered by a C. albicans infection in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Tong
- Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Jianguo Tang
- Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai 200240, PR China.
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70
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Rösch C, Taverne N, Venema K, Gruppen H, Wells JM, Schols HA. Effects ofin vitrofermentation of barley β-glucan and sugar beet pectin using human fecal inocula on cytokine expression by dendritic cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Rösch
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry; Wageningen University; Wageningen the Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition; Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Nico Taverne
- Host Microbe Interactomics; Wageningen University; Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Koen Venema
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition; Wageningen the Netherlands
- Beneficial Microbes Consultancy; Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Harry Gruppen
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry; Wageningen University; Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Jerry M. Wells
- Host Microbe Interactomics; Wageningen University; Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Henk A. Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry; Wageningen University; Wageningen the Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition; Wageningen the Netherlands
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71
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Tanino Y, Hashimoto T, Ojima T, Mizuno M. F-fucoidan from Saccharina japonica is a novel inducer of galectin-9 and exhibits anti-allergic activity. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2016; 59:25-30. [PMID: 27499575 PMCID: PMC4933687 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.15-144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fucoidan is a sulfated polysaccharide from brown sea algae. In the present study, it was demonstrated that oral administration of F-fucoidan from Saccharina japonica possessed anti-allergic effects using the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction, but not by intraperitoneal administration. The inhibitory mechanism was dependent on galectin-9, which belongs to a soluble lectin family that recognizes β-galactoside and prevents IgE binding to mast cells. The anti-allergy properties of F-fucoidan were cancelled by an intravenous dose of anti-galectin-9 antibody or lactose, which bind competitively with galectin-9 before the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction. F-fucoidan increased the expression level of galectin-9 mRNA in intestinal epithelial cells and serum galectin-9 levels. Oral treatment with F-fucoidan suppressed allergic symptoms through the induction of galectin-9. This is the first report that F-fucoidan can induce the secretion of galectin-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Tanino
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takao Ojima
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate 041-8611, Japan
| | - Masashi Mizuno
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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Estrada-Mata E, Navarro-Arias MJ, Pérez-García LA, Mellado-Mojica E, López MG, Csonka K, Gacser A, Mora-Montes HM. Members of the Candida parapsilosis Complex and Candida albicans are Differentially Recognized by Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Front Microbiol 2016; 6:1527. [PMID: 26793173 PMCID: PMC4710749 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The systemic infections caused by members of the Candida parapsilosis complex are currently associated to high morbility and mortality rates, and are considered as relevant as those caused by Candida albicans. Since the fungal cell wall is the first point of contact with the host cells, here we performed a comparison of this organelle in members of the C. parapsilosis complex, and its relevance during interaction with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We found that the wall of the C. parapsilosis complex members is similar in composition, but differs to that from C. albicans, with less mannan content and more β-glucan and porosity levels. Furthermore, lectin-based analysis showed increased chitin and β1,3-glucan exposure at the surface of C. parapsilosis sensu lato when compared to C. albicans. Yeast cells of members of the C. parapsilosis complex stimulated more cytokine production by human PBMCs than C. albicans cells; and this significantly changed upon removal of O-linked mannans, indicating this wall component plays a significant role in cytokine stimulation by C. parapsilosis sensu lato. When inner wall components were exposed on the wall surface, C. parapsilosis sensu stricto and C. metapsilosis, but not C. orthopsilosis, stimulated higher cytokine production. Moreover, we found a strong dependency on β1,3-glucan recognition for the members of the C. parapsilosis complex, but not for live C. albicans cells; whereas TLR4 was required for TNFα production by the three members of the complex, and stimulation of IL-6 by C. orthopsilosis. Mannose receptor had a significant role during TNFα and IL-1β stimulation by members of the complex. Finally, we demonstrated that purified N- and O-mannans from either C. parapsilosis sensu lato or C. albicans are capable to block the recognition of these pathogens by human PBMCs. Together; our results suggest that the innate immune recognition of the members of the C. parapsilosis complex is differential of that reported for C. albicans. In addition, we propose that purified cell wall mannans can be used as antagonist to block specific receptors on innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eine Estrada-Mata
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato Guanajuato, México
| | - María J Navarro-Arias
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato Guanajuato, México
| | - Luis A Pérez-García
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato Guanajuato, México
| | - Erika Mellado-Mojica
- Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Irapuato, México
| | - Mercedes G López
- Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Irapuato, México
| | - Katalin Csonka
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Gacser
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato Guanajuato, México
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Can G, Ayvaz S, Can H, Demirtas S, Aksit H, Yilmaz B, Korkmaz U, Kurt M, Karaca T. The Syk Inhibitor Fostamatinib Decreases the Severity of Colonic Mucosal Damage in a Rodent Model of Colitis. J Crohns Colitis 2015; 9:907-17. [PMID: 26116555 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjv114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal system. In some cases, current medications used for inflammatory bowel disease may not be enough for remission, creating a need for more potent and reliable medications. There is no study showing the efficacy of fostamatinib, with proven effects on some inflammatory diseases, on ulcerative colitis. In our study we planned to research the efficacy of fostamatinib, a spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor, on acetic acid-induced colitis. METHODS The study included 28 male Sprague-Dawley rats, randomly divided into control group, fostamatinib group, colitis group and fostamatinib + colitis group, each containing seven rats. Colitis induction was performed with 4% acetic acid. Colonic inflammation was assessed with disease activity index, macroscopic and histological damage scores, colonic myeloperoxidase, malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase activity, and tumour necrosis factor alpha [TNFα], CD3, Syk, and phospho-Syk expression. RESULTS There was a significant difference between the colitis and control groups in terms of all parameters. The disease activity index, macroscopic and microscopic damage scores, immunohistochemical TNFα, CD3, Syk, and phospho-Syk expression, and tissue myeloperoxidase activity were found to be significantly lower in the colitis + fostamatinib group compared with the colitis group. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde activity. CONCLUSIONS Fostamatinib reduced the inflammatory damage in the experimental colitis. This effect may be due to suppression of TNFα, T-lymphocytes, and neutrophils in colonic mucosa via suppression of Syk. Fostamatinib may be an appropriate treatment alternative for ulcerative colitis. Further clinical studies are required to support this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guray Can
- Department of Gastroenterology, Abant İzzet Baysal University, Faculty of Medicine, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Ayvaz
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Hatice Can
- Department of Internal Medicine, Abant İzzet Baysal University, Faculty of Medicine, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Selim Demirtas
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Hasan Aksit
- Department of Biochemistry, Balıkesir University Faculty of Veterinary, Balıkesir, Turkey
| | - Bulent Yilmaz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Bolu İzzet Baysal State Hospital, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Ugur Korkmaz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Bolu İzzet Baysal State Hospital, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Mevlut Kurt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Abant İzzet Baysal University, Faculty of Medicine, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Turan Karaca
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
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Systems Level Dissection of Candida Recognition by Dectins: A Matter of Fungal Morphology and Site of Infection. Pathogens 2015; 4:639-61. [PMID: 26308062 PMCID: PMC4584279 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens4030639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an ubiquitous fungal commensal of human skin and mucosal surfaces, and at the same time a major life-threatening human fungal pathogen in immunocompromised individuals. Host defense mechanisms rely on the capacity of professional phagocytes to recognize Candida cell wall antigens. During the past decade, the host immune response to Candida was dissected in depth, highlighting the essential role of C-type lectin receptors, especially regarding the power of the Dectins’ family in discriminating between the tolerated yeast-like form of Candida and its invading counterpart, the hyphae. This review focuses on the immuno-modulatory properties of the Candida morphologies and their specific interactions with the host innate immune system in different body surfaces.
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Peng XD, Zhao GQ, Lin J, Jiang N, Xu Q, Zhu CC, Qu JQ, Cong L, Li H. Fungus induces the release of IL-8 in human corneal epithelial cells, via Dectin-1-mediated protein kinase C pathways. Int J Ophthalmol 2015; 8:441-7. [PMID: 26085988 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2015.03.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To identify whether Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) hyphae antigens induced the release of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in anti-fungal innate immunity of cultured human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) and determine the involvement of intracellular signalling pathways. METHODS HCECs were treated with A. fumigatus hyphae antigens with different concentrations and time. The cytoplasmic calcium of HCECs were assessed by fluorescence imaging. Western blot was used to detect the expression of Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinase C (PKC). The IL-8 levels were determined by specific human IL-8 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Using a series of pharmacological inhibitors, we examined the upstream signalling pathway responsible for IL-8 expression in response to A. fumigatus hyphae antigens. RESULTS Cells exposed to A. fumigatus hyphae antigens showed higher level of IL-8 mRNA expression and protein production. We demonstrated here that stimulation of HCECs with A. fumigatus hyphae triggers an intracellular Ca(2+) flux and results in the activation of Ca(2+)-dependent PKC (α, βI and βII) which can be attenuated by pre-treatment of cells with laminarin, suggesting that Dectin-1 signals pathway induced cytoplasmic calcium and influence the activation of PKC in HCECs. Inhibitors of Ca(2+)-dependent PKC (Ro-31-8220 and Go6976) significantly abolished hyphae-induced expression of IL-8. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that A. fumigatus hyphae-induced IL-8 expression was regulated by the activation of Dectin-1-mediated Ca(2+)-dependent PKC in HCECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Dong Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Gui-Qiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jian-Qiu Qu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lin Cong
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
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