51
|
Aroso M, Ferreira R, Freitas A, Vitorino R, Gomez-Lazaro M. New insights on the mitochondrial proteome plasticity in Parkinson's disease. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 10:416-29. [PMID: 26749507 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201500092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases whose relentless progression results in severe disability. Although PD aetiology is unknown, growing evidences point to the mitochondrial involvement in the pathobiology of this disorder. So, it seems imperative to understand the means by which the molecular pathways harboured in this organelle are regulated. With the advances in MS-based proteomics, there is a substantial expectation in the increased knowledge of mitochondrial protein dynamics. Still, few studies have been performed on mitochondrial protein profiling in the context of PD. In order to integrate data from these studies, network analyses were performed taking into consideration variables such as model of PD, cell line, or tissue origin. Overall, data retrieved from these analyses highlighted the modulation of the biological processes related with "generation of energy," "cellular metabolism," and "mitochondrial transport" in PD. However, it was noted that the impact of sample type and/or PD model on the biological processes was modulated by the disease. Moreover, technical considerations related to protein characterization using gel-based or gel-free MS approaches should be considered in data comparison among different studies. Data from the present review will help to envisage future studies targeting these mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Aroso
- Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, QOPNA, Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Freitas
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Vitorino
- Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry, QOPNA, Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Gomez-Lazaro
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Qu D, Hage A, Don-Carolis K, Huang E, Joselin A, Safarpour F, Marcogliese PC, Rousseaux MWC, Hewitt SJ, Huang T, Im DS, Callaghan S, Dewar-Darch D, Figeys D, Slack RS, Park DS. BAG2 Gene-mediated Regulation of PINK1 Protein Is Critical for Mitochondrial Translocation of PARKIN and Neuronal Survival. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:30441-52. [PMID: 26538564 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.677815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence has demonstrated a growing genetic component in Parkinson disease (PD). For instance, loss-of-function mutations in PINK1 or PARKIN can cause autosomal recessive PD. Recently, PINK1 and PARKIN have been implicated in the same signaling pathway to regulate mitochondrial clearance through recruitment of PARKIN by stabilization of PINK1 on the outer membrane of depolarized mitochondria. The precise mechanisms that govern this process remain enigmatic. In this study, we identify Bcl2-associated athanogene 2 (BAG2) as a factor that promotes mitophagy. BAG2 inhibits PINK1 degradation by blocking the ubiquitination pathway. Stabilization of PINK1 by BAG2 triggers PARKIN-mediated mitophagy and protects neurons against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced oxidative stress in an in vitro cell model of PD. Collectively, our findings support the notion that BAG2 is an upstream regulator of the PINK1/PARKIN signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dianbo Qu
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, and
| | - Ali Hage
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, and
| | - Katie Don-Carolis
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, and
| | - En Huang
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, and
| | - Alvin Joselin
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, and
| | - Farzaneh Safarpour
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, and
| | - Paul C Marcogliese
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, and
| | - Maxime W C Rousseaux
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, and
| | - Sarah J Hewitt
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, and
| | - Tianwen Huang
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, and
| | - Doo-Soon Im
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, and
| | - Steve Callaghan
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, and
| | - Danielle Dewar-Darch
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, and Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Figeys
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, and Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ruth S Slack
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, and
| | - David S Park
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, and
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
van der Merwe C, Jalali Sefid Dashti Z, Christoffels A, Loos B, Bardien S. Evidence for a common biological pathway linking three Parkinson's disease-causing genes: parkin, PINK1 and DJ-1. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 41:1113-25. [PMID: 25761903 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterised by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. Autosomal recessive, early-onset cases of PD are predominantly caused by mutations in the parkin, PINK1 and DJ-1 genes. Animal and cellular models have verified a direct link between parkin and PINK1, whereby PINK1 phosphorylates and activates parkin at the outer mitochondrial membrane, resulting in removal of dysfunctional mitochondria via mitophagy. Despite the overwhelming evidence for this interaction, few studies have been able to identify a link for DJ-1 with parkin or PINK1. The aim of this review is to summarise the functions of these three proteins, and to analyse the existing evidence for direct and indirect interactions between them. DJ-1 is able to rescue the phenotype of PINK1-knockout Drosophila models, but not of parkin-knockouts, suggesting that DJ-1 may act in a parallel pathway to that of the PINK1/parkin pathway. To further elucidate a commonality between these three proteins, bioinformatics analysis established that Miro (RHOT1) interacts with parkin and PINK1, and HSPA4 interacts with all three proteins. Furthermore, 30 transcription factors were found to be common amongst all three proteins, with many of them being involved in transcriptional regulation. Interestingly, expression of these proteins and their associated transcription factors are found to be significantly down-regulated in PD patients compared to healthy controls. In summary, this review provides insight into common pathways linking three PD-causing genes and highlights some key questions, the answers to which may provide critical insight into the disease process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celia van der Merwe
- Division of Molecular Biology & Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Cape Town, 7505, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
Trudler D, Nash Y, Frenkel D. New insights on Parkinson’s disease genes: the link between mitochondria impairment and neuroinflammation. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2015; 122:1409-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-015-1399-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
55
|
Matenia D, Mandelkow EM. Emerging modes of PINK1 signaling: another task for MARK2. Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 7:37. [PMID: 24847206 PMCID: PMC4021145 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) acts at multiple levels to promote mitochondrial health, including regulatory influence on ATP-synthesis, protein quality control, apoptosis, mitochondrial transport, and destiny. PINK1 mutations are linked to Parkinson disease (PD) and mostly result in loss of kinase activity. But the molecular events responsible for neuronal death as well as the physiological targets and regulators of PINK1 are still a matter of debate. This review highlights the recent progress evolving the cellular functions of the cytosolic pool of PINK1 in mitochondrial trafficking and neuronal differentiation. Regulation of PINK1 signaling occurs by mitochondrial processing to truncated forms of PINK1, differentially targeted to several subcellular compartments. The first identified activating kinase of PINK1 is MAP/microtubule affinity regulating kinase 2 (MARK2), which phosphorylates T313, a frequent mutation site linked to PD. Kinases of the MARK2 family perform diverse functions in neuronal polarity, transport, migration, and neurodegeneration such as Alzheimer disease (AD). This new protein kinase signaling axis might provide a link between neurodegenerative processes in AD and PD diseases and opens novel possibilities in targeting pathological signaling processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorthe Matenia
- Max-Planck-Institute for Neurological Research Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva M Mandelkow
- Max-Planck-Institute for Neurological Research Hamburg, Germany ; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Center of Advanced European Studies and Research Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Deas E, Piipari K, Machhada A, Li A, Gutierrez-del-Arroyo A, Withers DJ, Wood NW, Abramov AY. PINK1 deficiency in β-cells increases basal insulin secretion and improves glucose tolerance in mice. Open Biol 2014; 4:140051. [PMID: 24806840 PMCID: PMC4042854 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.140051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Parkinson's disease (PD) gene, PARK6, encodes the PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) mitochondrial kinase, which provides protection against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Given the link between glucose metabolism, mitochondrial function and insulin secretion in β-cells, and the reported association of PD with type 2 diabetes, we investigated the response of PINK1-deficient β-cells to glucose stimuli to determine whether loss of PINK1 affected their function. We find that loss of PINK1 significantly impairs the ability of mouse pancreatic β-cells (MIN6 cells) and primary intact islets to take up glucose. This was accompanied by higher basal levels of intracellular calcium leading to increased basal levels of insulin secretion under low glucose conditions. Finally, we investigated the effect of PINK1 deficiency in vivo and find that PINK1 knockout mice have improved glucose tolerance. For the first time, these combined results demonstrate that loss of PINK1 function appears to disrupt glucose-sensing leading to enhanced insulin release, which is uncoupled from glucose uptake, and suggest a key role for PINK1 in β-cell function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Deas
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Shin DI, Oh YJ. Tumor Necrosis Factor-Associated Protein 1 (TRAP1) is Released from the Mitochondria Following 6-hydroxydopamine Treatment. Exp Neurobiol 2014; 23:65-76. [PMID: 24737941 PMCID: PMC3984958 DOI: 10.5607/en.2014.23.1.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Most cases are sporadic and its etiology is incompletely understood. However, increasing evidence suggests that oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction may be involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in mitochondrial protein profiles during dopaminergic neuronal cell death using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in conjunction with mass spectrometry. Several protein spots were found to be significantly altered following treatment of MN9D dopaminergic neuronal cells with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Among several identified candidates, TNF receptor-associated protein 1 (TRAP1), a mitochondrial molecular chaperone, was released from the mitochondria into the cytosol in MN9D cells as well as primary cultures of dopaminergic neurons following 6-OHDA treatment. This event was drug-specific in that such apoptotic inducers as staurosporine and etoposide did not cause translocation of TRAP1 into the cytosol. To our knowledge, the present study is the first to demonstrate the drug-induced subcellular translocation of TRAP1 during neurodegeneration. Further studies delineating cellular mechanism associated with this phenomenon and its functional consequence may provide better understanding of dopaminergic neurodegeneration that underlies PD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ik Shin
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young J Oh
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Oxidative Stress-Induced Signaling Pathways Implicated in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson’s Disease. Neuromolecular Med 2014; 16:217-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-014-8294-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
59
|
Tufi R, Gandhi S, de Castro IP, Lehmann S, Angelova PR, Dinsdale D, Deas E, Plun-Favreau H, Nicotera P, Abramov AY, Willis AE, Mallucci GR, Loh SHY, Martins LM. Enhancing nucleotide metabolism protects against mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration in a PINK1 model of Parkinson's disease. Nat Cell Biol 2014; 16:157-66. [PMID: 24441527 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in PINK1 cause early-onset Parkinson's disease (PD). Studies in Drosophila melanogaster have highlighted mitochondrial dysfunction on loss of Pink1 as a central mechanism of PD pathogenesis. Here we show that global analysis of transcriptional changes in Drosophila pink1 mutants reveals an upregulation of genes involved in nucleotide metabolism, critical for neuronal mitochondrial DNA synthesis. These key transcriptional changes were also detected in brains of PD patients harbouring PINK1 mutations. We demonstrate that genetic enhancement of the nucleotide salvage pathway in neurons of pink1 mutant flies rescues mitochondrial impairment. In addition, pharmacological approaches enhancing nucleotide pools reduce mitochondrial dysfunction caused by Pink1 deficiency. We conclude that loss of Pink1 evokes the activation of a previously unidentified metabolic reprogramming pathway to increase nucleotide pools and promote mitochondrial biogenesis. We propose that targeting strategies enhancing nucleotide synthesis pathways may reverse mitochondrial dysfunction and rescue neurodegeneration in PD and, potentially, other diseases linked to mitochondrial impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Tufi
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Sonia Gandhi
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | | | - Susann Lehmann
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Plamena R Angelova
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - David Dinsdale
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Emma Deas
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Hélène Plun-Favreau
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Pierluigi Nicotera
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrey Y Abramov
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Anne E Willis
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Moisoi N, Fedele V, Edwards J, Martins LM. Loss of PINK1 enhances neurodegeneration in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease triggered by mitochondrial stress. Neuropharmacology 2013; 77:350-7. [PMID: 24161480 PMCID: PMC3878764 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) shows a complex etiology, where both genetic and environmental factors contribute to initiation and advance of pathology. Mitochondrial dysfunction and mutation of genes implicated in mitochondria quality control are recognized contributors to etiopathology and progression of PD. Here we report the development and characterization of a genetic mouse model of PD with a combined etiology comprising: 1) induction of mitochondrial stress achieved through the expression of a mitochondrial matrix protein that accumulates in an unfolded state and 2) deletion of PINK1 gene. Using this model we address the role of PINK1 in mitochondrial quality control and disease progression. To induce mitochondrial stress specifically in catecholaminergic neurons we generated transgenic animals where the conditional expression of mitochondrial unfolded ornithine transcarbamylase (dOTC) is achieved under the tyrosine hydroxylase (Th) promoter. The mice were characterized in terms of survival, growth and motor behaviour. The characterization was followed by analysis of cell death induced in dopaminergic neurons and responsiveness to l-dopa. We demonstrate that accumulation of dOTC in dopaminergic neurons causes neurodegeneration and motor behaviour impairment that illustrates a parkinsonian phenotype. This associates with l-dopa responsiveness validating the model as a model of PD. The combined transgenic model where dOTC is overexpressed in PINK1 KO background presents increased neurodegeneration as compared to dOTC transgenic in wild-type background. Moreover, this combined model does not show responsiveness to l-dopa. Our in vivo data show that loss of PINK1 accelerates neurodegenerative phenotypes induced by mitochondrial stress triggered by the expression of an unfolded protein in this organelle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta Moisoi
- Cell Physiology and Pharmacology Department, University of Leicester, Maurice Shock Building, University Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK.
| | - Valentina Fedele
- Cell Death Regulation Laboratory, MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Jennifer Edwards
- Cell Death Regulation Laboratory, MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - L Miguel Martins
- Cell Death Regulation Laboratory, MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Genetic analysis of PARK2 and PINK1 genes in Brazilian patients with early-onset Parkinson's disease. DISEASE MARKERS 2013; 35:181-5. [PMID: 24167364 PMCID: PMC3774967 DOI: 10.1155/2013/597158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the second most frequent neurodegenerative disorder in the world, affecting 1-2% of individuals over the age of 65. The etiology of Parkinson's disease is complex, with the involvement of gene-environment interactions. Although it is considered a disease of late manifestation, early-onset forms of parkinsonism contribute to 5-10% of all cases. In the present study, we screened mutations in coding regions of PARK2 and PINK1 genes in 136 unrelated Brazilian patients with early-onset Parkinson's disease through automatic sequencing. We identified six missense variants in PARK2 gene: one known pathogenic mutation, two variants of uncertain role, and three nonpathogenic changes. No pathogenic mutation was identified in PINK1 gene, only benign polymorphisms. All putative pathogenic variants found in this study were in heterozygous state. Our data show that PARK2 point mutations are more common in Brazilian early-onset Parkinson's disease patients (2.9%) than PINK1 missense variants (0%), corroborating other studies worldwide.
Collapse
|
62
|
Song S, Jang S, Park J, Bang S, Choi S, Kwon KY, Zhuang X, Kim E, Chung J. Characterization of PINK1 (PTEN-induced putative kinase 1) mutations associated with Parkinson disease in mammalian cells and Drosophila. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:5660-72. [PMID: 23303188 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.430801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in PINK1 (PTEN-induced putative kinase 1) are tightly linked to autosomal recessive Parkinson disease (PD). Although more than 50 mutations in PINK1 have been discovered, the role of these mutations in PD pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Here, we characterized 17 representative PINK1 pathogenic mutations in both mammalian cells and Drosophila. These mutations did not affect the typical cleavage patterns and subcellular localization of PINK1 under both normal and damaged mitochondria conditions in mammalian cells. However, PINK1 mutations in the kinase domain failed to translocate Parkin to mitochondria and to induce mitochondrial aggregation. Consistent with the mammalian data, Drosophila PINK1 mutants with mutations in the kinase domain (G426D and L464P) did not genetically interact with Parkin. Furthermore, PINK1-null flies expressing the transgenic G426D mutant displayed defective phenotypes with increasing age, whereas L464P mutant-expressing flies exhibited the phenotypes at an earlier age. Collectively, these results strongly support the hypothesis that the kinase activity of PINK1 is essential for its function and for regulating downstream Parkin functions in mitochondria. We believe that this study provides the basis for understanding the molecular and physiological functions of various PINK1 mutations and provides insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of PINK1-linked PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saera Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Parkinson's Disease in a Dish: What Patient Specific-Reprogrammed Somatic Cells Can Tell Us about Parkinson's Disease, If Anything? Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:926147. [PMID: 23316244 PMCID: PMC3539381 DOI: 10.1155/2012/926147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Technologies allowing for the derivation of patient-specific neurons from somatic cells are emerging as powerful in vitro tools to investigate the intrinsic cellular pathological behaviours of the diseases that affect these patients. While the use of patient-derived neurons to model Parkinson's disease (PD) has only just begun, these approaches have allowed us to begin investigating disease pathogenesis in a unique way. In this paper, we discuss the advances made in the field of cellular reprogramming to model PD and discuss the pros and cons associated with the use of such cells.
Collapse
|
64
|
Walden H, Martinez-Torres RJ. Regulation of Parkin E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:3053-67. [PMID: 22527713 PMCID: PMC11115052 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-0978-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Parkin is an E3 ubiquitin ligase mutated in autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinson's disease. In addition, it is a putative tumour suppressor, and has roles outside its enzymatic activity. It is critical for mitochondrial clearance through mitophagy, and is an essential protein in most eukaryotes. As such, it is a tightly controlled protein, regulated through an array of external interactions with multiple proteins, posttranslational modifications including phosphorylation and S-nitrosylation, and self-regulation through internal associations. In this review, we highlight some of the recent studies into Parkin regulation and discuss future challenges for gaining a full molecular understanding of the regulation of Parkin E3 ligase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Walden
- Protein Structure and Function Laboratory, London Research Institute of Cancer Research UK, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Wilhelmus MMM, Nijland PG, Drukarch B, de Vries HE, van Horssen J. Involvement and interplay of Parkin, PINK1, and DJ1 in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:983-92. [PMID: 22687462 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of parkin, PINK1, and DJ1 in mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative injury, and impaired functioning of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) has been intensively investigated in light of Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. However, these pathological mechanisms are not restricted to PD, but are common denominators of various neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders. It is therefore conceivable that parkin, PINK1, and DJ1 are also linked to the pathogenesis of other neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis (MS). The importance of these proteins in mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration is reflected by the neuroprotective properties of parkin, DJ1, and PINK1 in counteracting oxidative stress and improvement of mitochondrial and UPS functioning. This review provides a concise overview on the cellular functions of the E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin, the mitochondrial kinase PINK1, and the cytoprotective protein DJ1 and their involvement and interplay in processes underlying neurodegeneration in common neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micha M M Wilhelmus
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Oxidative stress in genetic mouse models of Parkinson's disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:624925. [PMID: 22829959 PMCID: PMC3399377 DOI: 10.1155/2012/624925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is extensive evidence in Parkinson's disease of a link between oxidative stress and some of the monogenically inherited Parkinson's disease-associated genes. This paper focuses on the importance of this link and potential impact on neuronal function. Basic mechanisms of oxidative stress, the cellular antioxidant machinery, and the main sources of cellular oxidative stress are reviewed. Moreover, attention is given to the complex interaction between oxidative stress and other prominent pathogenic pathways in Parkinson's disease, such as mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation. Furthermore, an overview of the existing genetic mouse models of Parkinson's disease is given and the evidence of oxidative stress in these models highlighted. Taken into consideration the importance of ageing and environmental factors as a risk for developing Parkinson's disease, gene-environment interactions in genetically engineered mouse models of Parkinson's disease are also discussed, highlighting the role of oxidative damage in the interplay between genetic makeup, environmental stress, and ageing in Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
|
67
|
Zhou Y, Luo X, Li F, Tian X, Zhu L, Yang Y, Ren Y, Pang H. Association of Parkinson’s disease with six single nucleotide polymorphisms located in four PARK genes in the northern Han Chinese population. J Clin Neurosci 2012; 19:1011-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2011.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
68
|
Mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: molecular mechanisms and pathophysiological consequences. EMBO J 2012; 31:3038-62. [PMID: 22735187 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2012.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are critically dependent on mitochondrial integrity based on specific morphological, biochemical, and physiological features. They are characterized by high rates of metabolic activity and need to respond promptly to activity-dependent fluctuations in bioenergetic demand. The dimensions and polarity of neurons require efficient transport of mitochondria to hot spots of energy consumption, such as presynaptic and postsynaptic sites. Moreover, the postmitotic state of neurons in combination with their exposure to intrinsic and extrinsic neuronal stress factors call for a high fidelity of mitochondrial quality control systems. Consequently, it is not surprising that mitochondrial alterations can promote neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. In particular, mitochondrial dysfunction has long been implicated in the etiopathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), based on the observation that mitochondrial toxins can cause parkinsonism in humans and animal models. Substantial progress towards understanding the role of mitochondria in the disease process has been made by the identification and characterization of genes causing familial variants of PD. Studies on the function and dysfunction of these genes revealed that various aspects of mitochondrial biology appear to be affected in PD, comprising mitochondrial biogenesis, bioenergetics, dynamics, transport, and quality control.
Collapse
|
69
|
Gandhi S, Vaarmann A, Yao Z, Duchen MR, Wood NW, Abramov AY. Dopamine induced neurodegeneration in a PINK1 model of Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37564. [PMID: 22662171 PMCID: PMC3360782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disease characterised by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons, leading to dopamine depletion in the striatum. Mutations in the PINK1 gene cause an autosomal recessive form of Parkinson's disease. Loss of PINK1 function causes mitochondrial dysfunction, increased reactive oxygen species production and calcium dysregulation, which increases susceptibility to neuronal death in Parkinson's disease. The basis of neuronal vulnerability to dopamine in Parkinson's disease is not well understood. METHODOLOGY We investigated the mechanism of dopamine induced cell death in transgenic PINK1 knockout mouse neurons. We show that dopamine results in mitochondrial depolarisation caused by mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening. Dopamine-induced mPTP opening is dependent on a complex of reactive oxygen species production and calcium signalling. Dopamine-induced mPTP opening, and dopamine-induced cell death, could be prevented by inhibition of reactive oxygen species production, by provision of respiratory chain substrates, and by alteration in calcium signalling. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate the mechanism of dopamine toxicity in PINK1 deficient neurons, and suggest potential therapeutic strategies for neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Gandhi
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
70
|
Becker D, Richter J, Tocilescu MA, Przedborski S, Voos W. Pink1 kinase and its membrane potential (Deltaψ)-dependent cleavage product both localize to outer mitochondrial membrane by unique targeting mode. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:22969-87. [PMID: 22547060 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.365700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Parkinson disease-associated kinase Pink1 is targeted to mitochondria where it is thought to regulate mitochondrial quality control by promoting the selective autophagic removal of dysfunctional mitochondria. Nevertheless, the targeting mode of Pink1 and its submitochondrial localization are still not conclusively resolved. The aim of this study was to dissect the mitochondrial import pathway of Pink1 by use of a highly sensitive in vitro assay. Mutational analysis of the Pink1 sequence revealed that its N terminus acts as a genuine matrix localization sequence that mediates the initial membrane potential (Δψ)-dependent targeting of the Pink1 precursor to the inner mitochondrial membrane, but it is dispensable for Pink1 import or processing. A hydrophobic segment downstream of the signal sequence impeded complete translocation of Pink1 across the mitochondrial inner membrane. Additionally, the C-terminal end of the protein promoted the retention of Pink1 at the outer membrane. Thus, multiple targeting signals featured by the Pink1 sequence result in the final localization of both the full-length protein and its major Δψ-dependent cleavage product to the cytosolic face of the outer mitochondrial membrane. Full-length Pink1 and deletion constructs resembling the natural Pink1 processing product were found to assemble into membrane potential-sensitive high molecular weight protein complexes at the mitochondrial surface and displayed similar cytoprotective effects when expressed in vivo, indicating that both species are functionally relevant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Becker
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie (IBMB), Universität Bonn, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
Mitochondrial dynamics: functional link with apoptosis. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:821676. [PMID: 22536251 PMCID: PMC3320010 DOI: 10.1155/2012/821676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria participate in a variety of physiologic processes, such as ATP production, lipid metabolism, iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis, and calcium buffering. The morphology of mitochondria changes dynamically due to their frequent fusion and division in response to cellular conditions, and these dynamics are an important constituent of apoptosis. The discovery of large GTPase family proteins that regulate mitochondrial dynamics, together with novel insights into the role of mitochondrial fusion and fission in apoptosis, has provided important clues to understanding the molecular mechanisms of cellular apoptosis. In this paper, we briefly summarize current knowledge of the role of mitochondrial dynamics in apoptosis and cell pathophysiology in mammalian cells.
Collapse
|
72
|
Parkin, PINK1 and mitochondrial integrity: emerging concepts of mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2012; 123:173-88. [PMID: 22057787 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-011-0902-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles which are essential for many cellular processes, such as ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation, lipid metabolism, assembly of iron sulfur clusters, regulation of calcium homeostasis, and cell death pathways. The dynamic changes in mitochondrial morphology, connectivity, and subcellular distribution are critically dependent on a highly regulated fusion and fission machinery. Mitochondrial function, dynamics, and quality control are vital for the maintenance of neuronal integrity. Indeed, there is mounting evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in several neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, the identification of genes linked to rare familial variants of Parkinson's disease has fueled research on mitochondrial aspects of the disease etiopathogenesis. Studies on the function of parkin and PINK1, which are associated with autosomal recessive parkinsonism, provided compelling evidence that these proteins can functionally interact to maintain mitochondrial integrity and to promote clearance of damaged and dysfunctional mitochondria. In this review we will summarize current knowledge about the impact of parkin and PINK1 on mitochondria.
Collapse
|
73
|
Matenia D, Hempp C, Timm T, Eikhof A, Mandelkow EM. Microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 2 (MARK2) turns on phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) at Thr-313, a mutation site in Parkinson disease: effects on mitochondrial transport. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:8174-86. [PMID: 22238344 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.262287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The kinase MARK2/Par-1 plays key roles in several cell processes, including neurodegeneration such as Alzheimer disease by phosphorylating tau and detaching it from microtubules. In search of interaction partners of MARK2, we identified phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), which is important for the survival of neurons and whose mutations are linked to familial Parkinson disease (PD). MARK2 phosphorylated and activated the cleaved form of PINK1 (ΔN-PINK1; amino acids 156-581). Thr-313 was the primary phosphorylation site, a residue mutated to a non-phosphorylatable form (T313M) in a frequent variant of PD. Mutation of Thr-313 to Met or Glu in PINK1 showed toxic effects with abnormal mitochondrial distribution in neurons. MARK2 and PINK1 were found to colocalize with mitochondria and regulate their transport. ΔN-PINK1 promoted anterograde transport and increased the fraction of stationary mitochondria, whereas full-length PINK1 promoted retrograde transport. In both cases, MARK2 enhanced the effects. The results identify MARK2 as an upstream regulator of PINK1 and ΔN-PINK1 and provide insights into the regulation of mitochondrial trafficking in neurons and neurodegeneration in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorthe Matenia
- Max Planck Unit for Structural Molecular Biology, c/o Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
74
|
Corti O, Lesage S, Brice A. What genetics tells us about the causes and mechanisms of Parkinson's disease. Physiol Rev 2011; 91:1161-218. [PMID: 22013209 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00022.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common motor disorder of mysterious etiology. It is due to the progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra and is accompanied by the appearance of intraneuronal inclusions enriched in α-synuclein, the Lewy bodies. It is becoming increasingly clear that genetic factors contribute to its complex pathogenesis. Over the past decade, the genetic basis of rare PD forms with Mendelian inheritance, representing no more than 10% of the cases, has been investigated. More than 16 loci and 11 associated genes have been identified so far; genome-wide association studies have provided convincing evidence that polymorphic variants in these genes contribute to sporadic PD. The knowledge acquired of the functions of their protein products has revealed pathways of neurodegeneration that may be shared between inherited and sporadic PD. An impressive set of data in different model systems strongly suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in clinically similar, early-onset autosomal recessive PD forms caused by parkin and PINK1, and possibly DJ-1 gene mutations. In contrast, α-synuclein accumulation in Lewy bodies defines a spectrum of disorders ranging from typical late-onset PD to PD dementia and including sporadic and autosomal dominant PD forms due to mutations in SCNA and LRRK2. However, the pathological role of Lewy bodies remains uncertain, as they may or may not be present in PD forms with one and the same LRRK2 mutation. Impairment of autophagy-based protein/organelle degradation pathways is emerging as a possible unifying but still fragile pathogenic scenario in PD. Strengthening these discoveries and finding other convergence points by identifying new genes responsible for Mendelian forms of PD and exploring their functions and relationships are the main challenges of the next decade. It is also the way to follow to open new promising avenues of neuroprotective treatment for this devastating disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Corti
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U.975, Paris, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
PINK1: pumps, paraesthesia, punding and psychosis. J Neurol 2011; 259:1241-2. [PMID: 22127616 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-011-6327-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
|
76
|
Liu G, Detloff MR, Miller KN, Santi L, Houlé JD. Exercise modulates microRNAs that affect the PTEN/mTOR pathway in rats after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2011; 233:447-56. [PMID: 22123082 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated microRNAs (miRs) associated with PTEN/mTOR signaling after spinal cord injury (SCI) and after hind limb exercise (Ex), a therapy implicated in promoting spinal cord plasticity. After spinalization, rats received cycling Ex 5 days/week. The expression of miRs, their target genes and downstream effectors were probed in spinal cord tissue at 10 and 31 days post injury. Ex elevated expression of miR21 and decreased expression of miR 199a-3p correlating with significant change in the expression of their respective target genes: PTEN mRNA decreased and mTOR mRNA increased. Western blotting confirmed comparable changes in protein levels. An increase in phosphorylated-S6 (a downstream effector of mTOR) within intermediate grey neurons in Ex rats was blocked by Rapamycin treatment. It thus appears possible that activity-dependent plasticity in the injured spinal cord is modulated in part through miRs that regulate PTEN and mTOR signaling and may indicate an increase in the regenerative potential of neurons affected by a SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Li Y, Wan OW, Xie W, Chung KKK. p32 regulates mitochondrial morphology and dynamics through parkin. Neuroscience 2011; 199:346-58. [PMID: 22008525 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in parkin were first identified in a group of Japanese patients who developed autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinsonism with clinical symptoms similar to idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). Parkin is an E3 ligase that targets a number of substrates for ubiquitination. Recent studies show that parkin together with PINK1, another familial-linked PD gene product, is involved in the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics in the cell. In this study, we have identified a mitochondrial protein p32 as a novel interactor of parkin in the brain. We found that p32 can regulate mitochondrial morphology and dynamics by promoting parkin degradation through autophagy. These results suggest that parkin might be an important effector in the regulation of morphology and dynamics of mitochondria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Bosco DA, LaVoie MJ, Petsko GA, Ringe D. Proteostasis and movement disorders: Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2011; 3:a007500. [PMID: 21844169 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a007500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder that afflicts over one million in the U.S.; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease) is less prevalent but also has a high incidence. The two disorders sometimes present together, making a comparative study of interest. Both ALS and PD are neurodegenerative diseases, and are characterized by the presence of intraneuronal inclusions; however, different classes of neurons are affected and the primary protein in the inclusions differs between the diseases, and in some cases is different in distinct forms of the same disease. These observations might suggest that the more general approach of proteostasis pathway alteration would be a powerful one in treating these disorders. Examining results from human genetics and studies in model organisms, as well as from biochemical and biophysical characterization of the proteins involved in both diseases, we find that most instances of PD can be considered as arising from the misfolding, and self-association to a toxic species, of the small neuronal protein α-synuclein, and that proteostasis strategies are likely to be of value for this disorder. For ALS, the situation is much more complex and less clear-cut; the available data are most consistent with a view that ALS may actually be a family of disorders, presenting similarly but arising from distinct and nonoverlapping causes, including mislocalization of some properly folded proteins and derangement of RNA quality control pathways. Applying proteostasis approaches to this disease may require rethinking or broadening the concept of what proteostasis means.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daryl A Bosco
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Aberrant striatal synaptic plasticity in monogenic parkinsonisms. Neuroscience 2011; 211:126-35. [PMID: 21839811 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 07/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the recent past, the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) has evolved from a neurodegenerative disorder considered entirely sporadic to a disease with an unequivocal genetic component. Indeed, different inherited forms of PD have been discovered and characterized, although the functional roles of the gene products identified are still under intense investigation. To gain a better understanding of the cellular and molecular pathogenic mechanisms of hereditary forms of PD, different animal models have been generated. Although most of the rodent models display neither obvious behavioral impairment nor evidence for neurodegeneration, remarkable abnormalities of dopamine-mediated neurotransmission and corticostriatal synaptic plasticity have been described, indicative of a fundamental distortion of network function within the basal ganglia. The picture emerging from a critical review of recent data on monogenic parkinsonisms suggests that mutations in PD genes might cause developmental rearrangements in the corticobasal ganglia circuitry, compensating the dopaminergic dysfunction observed both in mice and humans, in order to maintain proper motor function.
Collapse
|
80
|
Filosto M, Scarpelli M, Cotelli MS, Vielmi V, Todeschini A, Gregorelli V, Tonin P, Tomelleri G, Padovani A. The role of mitochondria in neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurol 2011; 258:1763-74. [PMID: 21604203 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-011-6104-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are implicated in several metabolic pathways including cell respiratory processes, apoptosis, and free radical production. Mitochondrial abnormalities have been documented in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Several studies have demonstrated that mitochondrial impairment plays an important role in the pathogenesis of this group of disorders. In this review, we discuss the role of mitochondria in the main neurodegenerative diseases and review the updated knowledge in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Filosto
- Clinical Neurology, Section for Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuropathies, University Hospital Spedali Civili, Pz.le Spedali Civili 1, 25100, Brescia, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Zhang J, Ney PA. Mechanisms and biology of B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2/adenovirus E1B interacting protein 3 and Nip-like protein X. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:1959-69. [PMID: 21126215 PMCID: PMC3078493 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (BCL-2)/adenovirus E1B interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) and Nip-like protein X (NIX) are atypical BCL-2 homology domain 3-only proteins involved in cell death, autophagy, and programmed mitochondrial clearance. BNIP3 and NIX cause cell death by targeting mitochondria, directly through BCL-2-associated X protein- or BCL-2-antagonist/killer-dependent mechanisms, or indirectly through an effect on calcium stores in the endoplasmic reticulum. BNIP3 and NIX also induce autophagy through an effect on mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production, or by releasing Beclin 1 from inhibitory interactions with antiapoptotic BCL-2 family proteins. BNIP3 downregulates mitochondrial mass in hypoxic cells, whereas NIX is required for mitochondrial elimination during erythroid development. BNIP3 and NIX have an emerging role in human health. Cell death mediated by BNIP3 and NIX is implicated in heart disease and ischemic injury. Cancer progression is linked to loss of the prodeath function of BNIP3, but also to induction of its prosurvival activity. Finally, BNIP3 and NIX are implicated in mitochondrial quality control, which is important in aging and degenerative disease. Elucidation of the mechanisms by which BNIP3 and NIX regulate cell death, autophagy, and mitochondrial clearance may lead to treatments for these conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
82
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Reticulocyte remodeling has emerged as an important model for the understanding of vesicular trafficking and selective autophagy in mammalian cells. This review covers recent advances in our understanding of these processes in reticulocytes and the role of these processes in erythroid development. RECENT FINDINGS Enucleation is caused by the coalescence of vesicles at the nuclear-cytoplasmic junction and microfilament contraction. Mitochondrial elimination is achieved through selective autophagy, in which mitochondria are targeted to autophagosomes, and undergo subsequent degradation and exocytosis. The mechanism involves an integral mitochondrial outer membrane protein and general autophagy pathways. Plasma membrane remodeling, and the elimination of certain intracellular organelles occur through the exosomal pathway. SUMMARY Vesicular trafficking and selective autophagy have emerged as central processes in cellular remodeling. In reticulocytes, this includes enucleation and the elimination of all membrane-bound organelles and ribosomes. Ubiquitin-like conjugation pathways, which are required for autophagy in yeast, are not essential for mitochondrial clearance in reticulocytes. Thus, in higher eukaryotes, there appears to be redundancy between these pathways and other processes, such as vesicular nucleation. Future studies will address the relationship between autophagy and vesicular trafficking, and the significance of both for cellular remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Ney
- Department of Biochemistry, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Calì T, Ottolini D, Brini M. Mitochondria, calcium, and endoplasmic reticulum stress in Parkinson's disease. Biofactors 2011; 37:228-40. [PMID: 21674642 DOI: 10.1002/biof.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNPC) and the presence of intracytoplasmatic inclusions known as Lewy bodies, largely composed of alpha-synuclein (α-syn). PD is a multifactorial disease and its etiology remains largely elusive. Although more than 90% of the cases are sporadic, mutations in several nuclear encoded genes have been linked to the development of autosomal recessive and dominant familial parkinsonian syndromes (Bogaerts et al. (2008) Genes Brain Behav 7, 129-151), enhancing our understanding of biochemical and cellular mechanisms contributing to the disease. Many cellular mechanisms are thought to be involved in the dopaminergic neuronal death in PD, including oxidative stress, intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis impairment, and mitochondrial dysfunctions. Furthermore, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress together with abnormal protein degradation by the ubiquitin proteasome system is considered to contribute to the PD pathogenesis. This review covers all the aspects related to the molecular mechanisms underlying the interplay between mitochondria, ER, and proteasome system in PD-associated neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tito Calì
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Padova, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
Meissner C, Lorenz H, Weihofen A, Selkoe DJ, Lemberg MK. The mitochondrial intramembrane protease PARL cleaves human Pink1 to regulate Pink1 trafficking. J Neurochem 2011; 117:856-67. [PMID: 21426348 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07253.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Intramembrane proteolysis is a conserved mechanism that regulates a variety of cellular processes ranging from transcription control to signaling. In mitochondria, the inner membrane rhomboid protease PARL has been implicated in the control of life span and apoptosis by a so far uncharacterized mechanism. Here, we show that PARL cleaves human Pink1, which is implicated in Parkinson's disease, within its conserved membrane anchor. Mature Pink1 is then free to be released into the cytosol or the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Upon depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential, the canonical import of Pink1 and PARL-catalyzed processing is blocked, leading to accumulation of the Pink1 precursor. As targeting of this precursor to the outer mitochondrial membrane has been shown to trigger mitophagy, we suggest that the PARL-catalyzed removal of the Pink1 signal sequence in the canonical import pathway acts as a cellular checkpoint for mitochondrial integrity. Furthermore, we show that two Parkinson's disease-causing mutations decrease the processing of Pink1 by PARL, with attendant implications for pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cathrin Meissner
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Allianz, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Wang HL, Chou AH, Wu AS, Chen SY, Weng YH, Kao YC, Yeh TH, Chu PJ, Lu CS. PARK6 PINK1 mutants are defective in maintaining mitochondrial membrane potential and inhibiting ROS formation of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1812:674-84. [PMID: 21421046 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) gene cause recessive familial type 6 of Parkinson's disease (PARK6). PINK1 is believed to exert neuroprotective effect on SN dopaminergic cells by acting as a mitochondrial Ser/Thr protein kinase. Autosomal recessive inheritance indicates the involvement of loss of PINK1 function in PARK6 pathogenesis. In the present study, confocal imaging of cultured SN dopaminergic neurons prepared from PINK1 knockout mice was performed to investigate physiological importance of PINK1 in maintaining mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ(m)) and mitochondrial morphology and test the hypothesis that PARK6 mutations cause the loss of PINK1 function. PINK1-deficient SN dopaminergic neurons exhibited a depolarized ΔΨ(m). In contrast to long thread-like mitochondria of wild-type neurons, fragmented mitochondria were observed from PINK1-null SN dopaminergic cells. Basal level of mitochondrial superoxide and oxidative stressor H(2)O(2)-induced ROS generation were significantly increased in PINK1-deficient dopaminergic neurons. Overexpression of wild-type PINK1 restored hyperpolarized ΔΨ(m) and thread-like mitochondrial morphology and inhibited ROS formation in PINK1-null dopaminergic cells. PARK6 mutant (G309D), (E417G) or (CΔ145) PINK1 failed to rescue mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibit oxidative stress in PINK1-deficient dopaminergic neurons. Mitochondrial toxin rotenone-induced cell death of dopaminergic neurons was augmented in PINK1-null SN neuronal culture. These results indicate that PINK1 is required for maintaining normal ΔΨ(m) and mitochondrial morphology of cultured SN dopaminergic neurons and exerts its neuroprotective effect by inhibiting ROS formation. Our study also provides the evidence that PARK6 mutant (G309D), (E417G) or (CΔ145) PINK1 is defective in regulating mitochondrial functions and attenuating ROS production of SN dopaminergic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Li Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Cardona F, Sánchez‐Mut JV, Dopazo H, Pérez‐Tur J. Phylogenetic and in silico structural analysis of the Parkinson disease‐related kinase PINK1. Hum Mutat 2011; 32:369-78. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.21444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Cardona
- Unitat de Genètica Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina de València‐CSIC, Valencia, Spain
- CiberNed, Spain
| | | | - Hernán Dopazo
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Department, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jordi Pérez‐Tur
- Unitat de Genètica Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina de València‐CSIC, Valencia, Spain
- CiberNed, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Shi G, Lee JR, Grimes DA, Racacho L, Ye D, Yang H, Ross OA, Farrer M, McQuibban GA, Bulman DE. Functional alteration of PARL contributes to mitochondrial dysregulation in Parkinson's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:1966-74. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
88
|
|
89
|
Wilhelmus MMM, van der Pol SMA, Jansen Q, Witte ME, van der Valk P, Rozemuller AJM, Drukarch B, de Vries HE, Van Horssen J. Association of Parkinson disease-related protein PINK1 with Alzheimer disease and multiple sclerosis brain lesions. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:469-76. [PMID: 21145388 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are hallmarks of various neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer disease (AD), and Parkinson disease (PD). Mutations in PINK1, a mitochondrial kinase, have been linked to the occurrence of early onset parkinsonism. Currently, various studies support the notion of a neuroprotective role for PINK1, as it protects cells from stress-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Because information about the distribution pattern of PINK1 in neurological diseases other than PD is scarce, we here investigated PINK1 expression in well-characterized brain samples derived from MS and AD individuals using immunohistochemistry. In control gray matter PINK1 immunoreactivity was observed in neurons, particularly neurons in layers IV-VI. Astrocytes were the most prominent cell type decorated by anti-PINK1 antibody in the white matter. In addition, PINK1 staining was observed in the cerebrovasculature. In AD, PINK1 was found to colocalize with classic senile plaques and vascular amyloid depositions, as well as reactive astrocytes associated with the characteristic AD lesions. Interestingly, PINK1 was absent from neurofibrillary tangles. In active demyelinating MS lesions we observed a marked astrocytic PINK1 immunostaining, whereas astrocytes in chronic lesions were weakly stained. Taken together, we observed PINK1 immunostaining in both AD and MS lesions, predominantly in reactive astrocytes associated with these lesions, suggesting that the increase in astrocytic PINK1 protein might be an intrinsic protective mechanism to limit cellular injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micha M M Wilhelmus
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
Otera H, Mihara K. Molecular mechanisms and physiologic functions of mitochondrial dynamics. J Biochem 2011; 149:241-51. [PMID: 21233142 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvr002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that continuously change their shape through frequent fusion, fission and movement throughout the cell, and these dynamics are crucial for the life and death of the cells as they have been linked to apoptosis, maintenance of cellular homeostasis, and ultimately to neurologic disorders and metabolic diseases. Over the past decade, a growing number of novel proteins that regulate mitochondrial dynamics have been discovered. Large GTPase family proteins and their regulators control these aspects of mitochondrial dynamics. In this review, we briefly summarize the current knowledge about molecular machineries regulating mitochondrial fusion/fission and the role of mitochondrial dynamics in cell pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Otera
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Rodolfo C, Ciccosanti F, Giacomo GD, Piacentini M, Fimia GM. Proteomic analysis of mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Rev Proteomics 2010; 7:519-42. [PMID: 20653508 DOI: 10.1586/epr.10.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are the most relevant neurodegenerative syndromes worldwide. The identification of the etiology and additional factors contributing to the onset and progression of these diseases is of great importance in order to develop both preventive and therapeutic intervention. A common feature of these pathologies is the formation of aggregates, containing mutated and/or misfolded proteins, in specific subsets of neurons, which progressively undergo functional impairment and die. The relationship between protein aggregation and the molecular events leading to neurodegeneration has not yet been clarified. In the last decade, several lines of evidence pointed to a major role for mitochondrial dysfunction in the onset of these pathologies. Here, we review how proteomics has been applied to neurodegenerative diseases in order to characterize the relationship existing between protein aggregation and mitochondrial alterations. Moreover, we highlight recent advances in the use of proteomics to identify protein modifications caused by oxidative stress. Future developments in this field are expected to significantly contribute to the full comprehension of the molecular mechanisms at the heart of neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Rodolfo
- Laboratory of Development and Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
92
|
Bishop MW, Chakraborty S, Matthews GAC, Dougalis A, Wood NW, Festenstein R, Ungless MA. Hyperexcitable substantia nigra dopamine neurons in PINK1- and HtrA2/Omi-deficient mice. J Neurophysiol 2010; 104:3009-20. [PMID: 20926611 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00466.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The electrophysiological properties of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC) dopamine neurons can influence their susceptibility to degeneration in toxin-based models of Parkinson's disease (PD), suggesting that excitotoxic and/or hypoactive mechanisms may be engaged during the early stages of the disease. It is unclear, however, whether the electrophysiological properties of SNC dopamine neurons are affected by genetic susceptibility to PD. Here we show that deletion of PD-associated genes, PINK1 or HtrA2/Omi, leads to a functional reduction in the activity of small-conductance Ca(2+)-activated potassium channels. This reduction causes SNC dopamine neurons to fire action potentials in an irregular pattern and enhances burst firing in brain slices and in vivo. In contrast, PINK1 deletion does not affect firing regularity in ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons or substantia nigra pars reticulata GABAergic neurons. These findings suggest that changes in SNC dopamine neuron excitability may play a role in their selective vulnerability in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Bishop
- Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Chang N, Li L, Hu R, Shan Y, Liu B, Li L, Wang H, Feng H, Wang D, Cheung C, Liao M, Wan Q. Differential regulation of NMDA receptor function by DJ-1 and PINK1. Aging Cell 2010; 9:837-50. [PMID: 20698836 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2010.00615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) or DJ-1 promotes neuronal death and is implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Given the roles of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAr)-mediated neurotoxicity in various brain disorders including cerebral ischemia and neurodegenerative diseases, we investigated the effects of PINK1 and DJ-1 on NMDAr function. Using protein overexpression and knockdown approaches, we showed that PINK1 increased NMDAr-mediated whole-cell currents by enhancing the function of NR2A-containing NMDAr subtype (NR2ACNR). However, DJ-1 decreased NMDAr-mediated currents, which was mediated through the inhibition of both NR2ACNR and NR2B-containing NMDAr subtype (NR2BCNR). We revealed that the knockdown of DJ-1 enhanced PTEN expression, which not only potentiated NR2BCNR function but also increased PINK1 expression that led to NR2ACNR potentiation. These results indicate that NMDAr function is differentially regulated by DJ-1-dependent signal pathways DJ-1/PTEN/NR2BCNR and DJ-1/PTEN/PINK1/NR2ACNR. Our results further showed that the suppression of DJ-1, while promoted NMDA-induced neuronal death through the overactivation of PTEN/NR2BCNR-dependent cell death pathway, induced a neuroprotective effect to counteract DJ-1 dysfunction-mediated neuronal death signaling through activating PTEN/PINK1/NR2ACNR cell survival-promoting pathway. Thus, PINK1 acts with DJ-1 in a common pathway to regulate NMDAr-mediated neuronal death. This study suggests that the DJ-1/PTEN/NR2BCNR and DJ-1/PTEN/PINK1/NR2ACNR pathways may represent potential therapeutic targets for the development of neuroprotection strategy in the treatment of brain injuries and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Chang
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
Ferri A, Fiorenzo P, Nencini M, Cozzolino M, Pesaresi MG, Valle C, Sepe S, Moreno S, Carrì MT. Glutaredoxin 2 prevents aggregation of mutant SOD1 in mitochondria and abolishes its toxicity. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:4529-42. [PMID: 20829229 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vulnerability of motoneurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) arises from a combination of several mechanisms, including protein misfolding and aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage. Protein aggregates are found in motoneurons in models for ALS linked to a mutation in the gene coding for Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and in ALS patients as well. Aggregation of mutant SOD1 in the cytoplasm and/or into mitochondria has been repeatedly proposed as a main culprit for the degeneration of motoneurons. It is, however, still debated whether SOD1 aggregates represent a cause, a correlate or a consequence of processes leading to cell death. We have exploited the ability of glutaredoxins (Grxs) to reduce mixed disulfides to protein thiols either in the cytoplasm and in the IMS (Grx1) or in the mitochondrial matrix (Grx2) as a tool for restoring a correct redox environment and preventing the aggregation of mutant SOD1. Here we show that the overexpression of Grx1 increases the solubility of mutant SOD1 in the cytosol but does not inhibit mitochondrial damage and apoptosis induced by mutant SOD1 in neuronal cells (SH-SY5Y) or in immortalized motoneurons (NSC-34). Conversely, the overexpression of Grx2 increases the solubility of mutant SOD1 in mitochondria, interferes with mitochondrial fragmentation by modifying the expression pattern of proteins involved in mitochondrial dynamics, preserves mitochondrial function and strongly protects neuronal cells from apoptosis. The toxicity of mutant SOD1, therefore, mostly arises from mitochondrial dysfunction and rescue of mitochondrial damage may represent a promising therapeutic strategy.
Collapse
|
95
|
Deas E, Wood NW, Plun-Favreau H. Mitophagy and Parkinson's disease: the PINK1-parkin link. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2010; 1813:623-33. [PMID: 20736035 PMCID: PMC3925795 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The study of rare, inherited mutations underlying familial forms of Parkinson's disease has provided insight into the molecular mechanisms of disease pathogenesis. Mutations in these genes have been functionally linked to several key molecular pathways implicated in other neurodegenerative disorders, including mitochondrial dysfunction, protein accumulation and the autophagic-lysosomal pathway. In particular, the mitochondrial kinase PINK1 and the cytosolic E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin act in a common pathway to regulate mitochondrial function. In this review we discuss the recent evidence suggesting that the PINK1/parkin pathway also plays a critical role in the autophagic removal of damaged mitochondria–mitophagy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Mitochondria: the deadly organelle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Deas
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Burchell VS, Gandhi S, Deas E, Wood NW, Abramov AY, Plun-Favreau H. Targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease: Part II. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:497-511. [PMID: 20334487 DOI: 10.1517/14728221003730434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD With improvements in life expectancy over the past decades, the incidence of neurodegenerative disease has dramatically increased and new therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. One possible approach is to target mitochondrial dysfunction, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous neurodegenerative disorders. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review examines the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegeneration, drawing examples from common diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and rarer familial disorders such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth. The review is provided in two parts. In part I we discussed the mitochondrial defects which have been most extensively researched (oxidative stress, bioenergetic dysfunction, calcium mishandling). We focus now on those defects which have more recently been implicated in neurodegeneration; in mitochondrial fusion/fission, protein import, protein quality control, kinase signalling and opening of the permeability transition pore. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN An examination of mitochondrial defects observed in neurodegeneration, and existing and possible future therapies to target these defects. TAKE HOME MESSAGE The mitochondrially-targeted therapeutics that have reached clinical trials so far have produced encouraging but largely inconclusive results. Increasing understanding of mitochondrial dysfunction has, however, led to preclinical work focusing on novel approaches, which has generated exciting preliminary data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria S Burchell
- UCL Institute of Neurology, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
97
|
Rakovic A, Grünewald A, Seibler P, Ramirez A, Kock N, Orolicki S, Lohmann K, Klein C. Effect of endogenous mutant and wild-type PINK1 on Parkin in fibroblasts from Parkinson disease patients. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:3124-37. [PMID: 20508036 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), a mitochondrial serine-threonine kinase, and Parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, are associated with autosomal-recessive forms of Parkinson disease (PD). Both are involved in the maintenance of mitochondrial integrity and protection from multiple stressors. Recently, Parkin was demonstrated to be recruited to impaired mitochondria in a PINK1-dependent manner, where it triggers mitophagy. Using primary human dermal fibroblasts originating from PD patients with various PINK1 mutations, we showed at the endogenous level that (i) PINK1 regulates the stress-induced decrease of endogenous Parkin; (ii) mitochondrially localized PINK1 mediates the stress-induced mitochondrial translocation of Parkin; (iii) endogenous PINK1 is stabilized on depolarized mitochondria; and (iv) mitochondrial accumulation of full-length PINK1 is sufficient but not necessary for the stress-induced loss of Parkin signal and its mitochondrial translocation. Furthermore, we showed that different stressors, depolarizing or non-depolarizing, led to the same effect on detectable Parkin levels and its mitochondrial targeting. Although this effect on Parkin was independent of the mitochondrial membrane potential, we demonstrate a differential effect of depolarizing versus non-depolarizing stressors on endogenous levels of PINK1. Our study shows the necessity to introduce an environmental factor, i.e. stress, to visualize the differences in the interaction of PINK1 and Parkin in mutants versus controls. Establishing human fibroblasts as a suitable model for studying this interaction, we extend data from animal and other cellular models and provide experimental evidence for the generally held notion of PD as a condition with a combined genetic and environmental etiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Rakovic
- Section of Clinical and Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
98
|
Branco DM, Arduino DM, Esteves AR, Silva DFF, Cardoso SM, Oliveira CR. Cross-talk between mitochondria and proteasome in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Front Aging Neurosci 2010; 2:17. [PMID: 20577640 PMCID: PMC2890153 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2010.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder, characterized by the selective loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, and the presence of intracellular insoluble proteinaceous inclusions, known as Lewy Bodies. Although PD etiopathogenesis remains elusive, the leading hypothesis for the death of specific groups of neurons establishes that mitochondrial dysfunction, alterations in the ubiquitin-proteasomal system (UPS), and oxidative stress are major events that act synergistically causing this devastating disease. In this review we will focus on mitochondrial impairment and its implications on proteasomal function and alpha-synuclein aggregation. We will address the role of mitochondria and proteasome cross-talk in the neuronal loss that leads to PD and discuss how this knowledge might further improve patient therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Martins Branco
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
|
100
|
Burchell VS, Gandhi S, Deas E, Wood NW, Abramov AY, Plun-Favreau H. Targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease: Part I. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:369-85. [DOI: 10.1517/14728221003652489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|