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Evolutionary genomics analysis of human nucleus-encoded mitochondrial genes: implications for the roles of energy production and metabolic pathways in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of demyelinating diseases. Neurosci Lett 2019; 715:134600. [PMID: 31726178 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The myelin sheath is a plasma membrane extension that lines nerve fibers to protect, support and insulate neurons. The myelination of axons in vertebrates enables fast, saltatory impulse propagation, and this process relies on organelles, especially on mitochondria to supply energy. Approximately 99% of mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the nucleus. Since mitochondria play a central role in the energy production and metabolic pathways, which are essential for myelinogenesis, studying these nucleus-encoded genes (nMGs) may provide new insights into the roles of energy metabolism in demyelinating diseases. In this work, a multiomics-based approach was employed to 1) construct a 1,740 human nMG subset with mitochondrial localization evidence obtained from the Integrated Mitochondrial Protein Index (IMPI) and MitoCarta databases, 2) conduct an evolutionary genomics analysis across mouse, rat, monkey, chimp, and human models, 3) examine dysmyelination phenotype-related genes (nMG subset genes with oligodendrocyte- and myelin-related phenotypes, OMP-nMGs) in MGI mouse lines and human patients, 4) determine the expression discrepancy of OMP-nMGs in brain tissues of cuprizone-treated mice, multiple sclerosis patients, and normal controls, and 5) conduct literature data mining to explore OMP-nMG-associated disease impacts. By contrasting OMP-nMGs with other genes, OMP-nMGs were found to be more ubiquitously expressed (59.1% vs. 16.1%), disease-associated (67.3% vs. 20.2%), and evolutionarily conserved within the human populations. Our multiomics-based analysis identified 110 OMP-nMGs implicated in energy production and lipid and glycan biosynthesis in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of demyelinating disorders. Future targeted characterization of OMP-nMGs in abnormal myelination conditions may allow the discovery of novel nMG mediated mechanisms underlying myelinogenesis and related diseases.
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McAvoy K, Kawamata H. Glial mitochondrial function and dysfunction in health and neurodegeneration. Mol Cell Neurosci 2019; 101:103417. [PMID: 31678567 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2019.103417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play essential metabolic roles in neural cells. Mitochondrial dysfunction has profound effects on the brain. In primary mitochondrial diseases, mutations that impair specific oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) proteins or OXPHOS assembly factors lead to isolated biochemical defects and a heterogeneous group of clinical phenotypes, including mitochondrial encephalopathies. A broader defect of OXPHOS function, due to mutations in proteins involved in mitochondrial DNA maintenance, mitochondrial biogenesis, or mitochondrial tRNAs can also underlie severe mitochondrial encephalopathies. While primary mitochondrial dysfunction causes rare genetic forms of neurological disorders, secondary mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in the pathophysiology of some of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Many studies have investigated mitochondrial function and dysfunction in bulk central nervous system (CNS) tissue. However, the interpretation of these studies has been often complicated by the extreme cellular heterogeneity of the CNS, which includes many different types of neurons and glial cells. Because neurons are especially dependent on OXPHOS for ATP generation, mitochondrial dysfunction is thought to be directly involved in cell autonomous neuronal demise. Despite being metabolically more flexible than neurons, glial mitochondria also play an essential role in the function of the CNS, and have adapted specific metabolic and mitochondrial features to support their diversity of functions. This review analyzes our current understanding and the gaps in knowledge of mitochondrial properties of glia and how they affect neuronal functions, in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin McAvoy
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hibiki Kawamata
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Chamberlain KA, Sheng ZH. Mechanisms for the maintenance and regulation of axonal energy supply. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:897-913. [PMID: 30883896 PMCID: PMC6565461 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The unique polarization and high-energy demand of neurons necessitates specialized mechanisms to maintain energy homeostasis throughout the cell, particularly in the distal axon. Mitochondria play a key role in meeting axonal energy demand by generating adenosine triphosphate through oxidative phosphorylation. Recent evidence demonstrates how axonal mitochondrial trafficking and anchoring are coordinated to sense and respond to altered energy requirements. If and when these mechanisms are impacted in pathological conditions, such as injury and neurodegenerative disease, is an emerging research frontier. Recent evidence also suggests that axonal energy demand may be supplemented by local glial cells, including astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. In this review, we provide an updated discussion of how oxidative phosphorylation, aerobic glycolysis, and oligodendrocyte-derived metabolic support contribute to the maintenance of axonal energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Anne Chamberlain
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3706, USA
| | - Zu-Hang Sheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3706, USA
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54
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Habermacher C, Angulo MC, Benamer N. Glutamate versus GABA in neuron-oligodendroglia communication. Glia 2019; 67:2092-2106. [PMID: 30957306 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), myelin sheaths around axons are formed by glial cells named oligodendrocytes (OLs). In turn, OLs are generated by oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) during postnatal development and in adults, according to a process that depends on the proliferation and differentiation of these progenitors. The maturation of OL lineage cells as well as myelination by OLs are complex and highly regulated processes in the CNS. OPCs and OLs express an array of receptors for neurotransmitters, in particular for the two main CNS neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA, and are therefore endowed with the capacity to respond to neuronal activity. Initial studies in cell cultures demonstrated that both glutamate and GABA signaling mechanisms play important roles in OL lineage cell development and function. However, much remains to be learned about the communication of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons with oligodendroglia in vivo. This review focuses on recent major advances in our understanding of the neuron-oligodendroglia communication mediated by glutamate and GABA in the CNS, and highlights the present controversies in the field. We discuss the expression, activation modes and potential roles of synaptic and extrasynaptic receptors along OL lineage progression. We review the properties of OPC synaptic connectivity with presynaptic glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in the brain and consider the implication of glutamate and GABA signaling in activity-driven adaptive myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Habermacher
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - María C Angulo
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Najate Benamer
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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55
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Kula B, Chen T, Kukley M. Glutamatergic signaling between neurons and oligodendrocyte lineage cells: Is it synaptic or non‐synaptic? Glia 2019; 67:2071-2091. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Kula
- Group of Neuron Glia InteractionUniversity of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
- Graduate Training Centre for NeuroscienceUniversity of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Ting‐Jiun Chen
- Center for Neuroscience ResearchChildren's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center Washington District of Columbia
| | - Maria Kukley
- Group of Neuron Glia InteractionUniversity of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
- Research Institute for OphthalmologyUniversity Hospital Tübingen Tübingen Germany
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56
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Colwell CS, Ghiani CA. Potential Circadian Rhythms in Oligodendrocytes? Working Together Through Time. Neurochem Res 2019; 45:591-605. [PMID: 30906970 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02778-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OL) are the only myelinating cells of the central nervous system thus interferences, either environmental or genetic, with their maturation or function have devastating consequences. Albeit so far neglected, one of the less appreciated, nevertheless possible, regulators of OL maturation and function is the circadian cycle. Yet, disruptions in these rhythms are unfortunately becoming a common "disorder" in the today's world. The temporal patterning of behaviour and physiology is controlled by a circadian timing system based in the anterior hypothalamus. At the molecular level, circadian rhythms are generated by a transcriptional/translational feedback system that regulates transcription and has a major impact on cellular function(s). Fundamental cellular properties/functions in most cell types vary with the daily circadian cycle: OL are unlikely an exception! To be clear, the presence of circadian oscillators or the cell-specific function(s) of the circadian clock in OL has yet to be defined. Furthermore, we wish to entertain the idea of links between the "thin" evidence on OL intrinsic circadian rhythms and their interjection(s) at different stages of lineage progression as well as in supporting/regulating OL crucial function: myelination. Individuals with intellectual and developmental syndromes as well as neurodegenerative diseases present with a disrupted sleep/wake cycle; hence, we raise the possibility that these disturbances in timing can contribute to the loss of white matter observed in these disorders. Preclinical and clinical work in this area is needed for a better understanding of how circadian rhythms influence OL maturation and function(s), to aid the development of new therapeutic strategies and standards of care for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Colwell
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Cristina A Ghiani
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Abeywickrama CS, Baumann HJ, Alexander N, Shriver LP, Konopka M, Pang Y. NIR-emitting benzothiazolium cyanines with an enhanced stokes shift for mitochondria imaging in live cells. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:3382-3388. [PMID: 29670968 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00327k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of benzothiazolium-based hemicyanines (3a-3f) have been synthesized. Evaluation of their photophysical properties shows that they exhibit improved photophysical characteristics. In comparison with the available commercial MitoTrackers, the new probes revealed an enhanced Stokes shift (Δλ ∼ 80 nm) and minimized aggregation for increased sensitivity. The synthesized probes are found to exhibit excellent selectivity for mitochondrial staining in an oligodendrocyte cell line. Probes show almost no fluorescence in aqueous environments, while the fluorescence is increased by ∼10-fold in organic solvents, making it possible for mitochondrial imaging without the need for post-staining washing. Since the absorption peaks of probes are close to the laser wavelengths of 561 and 640 nm on a commercial confocal microscope, e.g.3a exhibits λabs ∼ 620 nm and λem ∼ 702 nm, they could be useful probes for mitochondrial tracking in live cells.
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58
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Arend C, Ehrke E, Dringen R. Consequences of a Metabolic Glucose-Depletion on the Survival and the Metabolism of Cultured Rat Astrocytes. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:2288-2300. [PMID: 30788754 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02752-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Brain astrocytes are considered to be highly glycolytic, but these cells also produce ATP via mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. To investigate how a metabolic depletion of glucose will affect the metabolism of astrocytes, we applied glucose at an initial concentration of 2 mM to cultured primary astrocytes and monitored the cell viability and various metabolic parameters during an incubation for up to 2 weeks. Already within 2 days of incubation the cells had completely consumed the applied glucose and lactate had accumulated in the medium to a concentration of around 3 mM. During the subsequent 10 days of incubation, the cell viability was not compromised while the extracellular lactate concentration declined to values of around 0.2 mM, before the cell viability was compromised. Application of known inhibitors of mitochondrial metabolism strongly accelerated glucose consumption and initial lactate production, while the lactate consumption was completely (antimycin A or 8-hydroxy efavirenz) and partially (efavirenz, metformin or tyrphostin 23) inhibited which caused rapid and delayed cell toxicity, respectively. The switch from glycolytic glucose metabolism to mitochondrial metabolism during the incubation was neither accompanied by alterations in the specific cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase activity or in the WST1 reduction capacity nor in the mitochondrial citrate synthase activity, but a cellular redistribution of mitochondria from a perinuclear to a more spread cytoplasmic localization was observed during the lactate consumption phase. These results demonstrate that cultured astrocytes survive a metabolism-induced glucose depletion very well by consuming lactate as fuel for mitochondrial ATP generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Arend
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany.,Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Eric Ehrke
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany.,Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dringen
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany. .,Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
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59
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Desmoulins L, Chrétien C, Paccoud R, Collins S, Cruciani-Guglielmacci C, Galinier A, Liénard F, Quinault A, Grall S, Allard C, Fenech C, Carneiro L, Mouillot T, Fournel A, Knauf C, Magnan C, Fioramonti X, Pénicaud L, Leloup C. Mitochondrial Dynamin-Related Protein 1 (DRP1) translocation in response to cerebral glucose is impaired in a rat model of early alteration in hypothalamic glucose sensing. Mol Metab 2019; 20:166-177. [PMID: 30553770 PMCID: PMC6358535 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypothalamic glucose sensing (HGS) initiates insulin secretion (IS) via a vagal control, participating in energy homeostasis. This requires mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) signaling, dependent on mitochondrial fission, as shown by invalidation of the hypothalamic DRP1 protein. Here, our objectives were to determine whether a model with a HGS defect induced by a short, high fat-high sucrose (HFHS) diet in rats affected the fission machinery and mROS signaling within the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH). METHODS Rats fed a HFHS diet for 3 weeks were compared with animals fed a normal chow. Both in vitro (calcium imaging) and in vivo (vagal nerve activity recordings) experiments to measure the electrical activity of isolated MBH gluco-sensitive neurons in response to increased glucose level were performed. In parallel, insulin secretion to a direct glucose stimulus in isolated islets vs. insulin secretion resulting from brain glucose stimulation was evaluated. Intra-carotid glucose load-induced hypothalamic DRP1 translocation to mitochondria and mROS (H2O2) production were assessed in both groups. Finally, compound C was intracerebroventricularly injected to block the proposed AMPK-inhibited DRP1 translocation in the MBH to reverse the phenotype of HFHS fed animals. RESULTS Rats fed a HFHS diet displayed a decreased HGS-induced IS. Responses of MBH neurons to glucose exhibited an alteration of their electrical activity, whereas glucose-induced insulin secretion in isolated islets was not affected. These MBH defects correlated with a decreased ROS signaling and glucose-induced translocation of the fission protein DRP1, as the vagal activity was altered. AMPK-induced inhibition of DRP1 translocation increased in this model, but its reversal through the injection of the compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, failed to restore HGS-induced IS. CONCLUSIONS A hypothalamic alteration of DRP1-induced fission and mROS signaling in response to glucose was observed in HGS-induced IS of rats exposed to a 3 week HFHS diet. Early hypothalamic modifications of the neuronal activity could participate in a primary defect of the control of IS and ultimately, the development of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Desmoulins
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR CNRS 6265, INRA 1324, AgroSup, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Chloé Chrétien
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR CNRS 6265, INRA 1324, AgroSup, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Romain Paccoud
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR CNRS 6265, INRA 1324, AgroSup, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Stephan Collins
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR CNRS 6265, INRA 1324, AgroSup, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Céline Cruciani-Guglielmacci
- CNRS UMR 8251, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology, Paris, France; Department of Physiology, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
| | - Anne Galinier
- STROMALab, UMR CNRS 5273, EFS Pyrénées-Méditerranée, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
| | - Fabienne Liénard
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR CNRS 6265, INRA 1324, AgroSup, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Aurore Quinault
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR CNRS 6265, INRA 1324, AgroSup, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Sylvie Grall
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR CNRS 6265, INRA 1324, AgroSup, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Camille Allard
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR CNRS 6265, INRA 1324, AgroSup, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Claire Fenech
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR CNRS 6265, INRA 1324, AgroSup, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Lionel Carneiro
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR CNRS 6265, INRA 1324, AgroSup, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Thomas Mouillot
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR CNRS 6265, INRA 1324, AgroSup, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, hôpital du Bocage, Dijon, France.
| | - Audren Fournel
- Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, INSERM U1220, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
| | - Claude Knauf
- Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, INSERM U1220, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
| | - Christophe Magnan
- CNRS UMR 8251, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology, Paris, France.
| | - Xavier Fioramonti
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR CNRS 6265, INRA 1324, AgroSup, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; UMR 1286, NutriNeuro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Luc Pénicaud
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR CNRS 6265, INRA 1324, AgroSup, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Corinne Leloup
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR CNRS 6265, INRA 1324, AgroSup, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France.
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Effects of Mitochondrial Dysfunction via AMPK/PGC-1 α Signal Pathway on Pathogenic Mechanism of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy and the Protective Effects of Chinese Medicine. Chin J Integr Med 2019; 25:386-394. [DOI: 10.1007/s11655-018-2579-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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61
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Mahan VL. Neurointegrity and neurophysiology: astrocyte, glutamate, and carbon monoxide interactions. Med Gas Res 2019; 9:24-45. [PMID: 30950417 PMCID: PMC6463446 DOI: 10.4103/2045-9912.254639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocyte contributions to brain function and prevention of neuropathologies are as extensive as that of neurons. Astroglial regulation of glutamate, a primary neurotransmitter, is through uptake, release through vesicular and non-vesicular pathways, and catabolism to intermediates. Homeostasis by astrocytes is considered to be of primary importance in determining normal central nervous system health and central nervous system physiology - glutamate is central to dynamic physiologic changes and central nervous system stability. Gasotransmitters may affect diverse glutamate interactions positively or negatively. The effect of carbon monoxide, an intrinsic central nervous system gasotransmitter, in the complex astrocyte homeostasis of glutamate may offer insights to normal brain development, protection, and its use as a neuromodulator and neurotherapeutic. In this article, we will review the effects of carbon monoxide on astrocyte homeostasis of glutamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki L. Mahan
- Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery in the Department of Surgery, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children/Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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62
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Li WX, Qu Y, Mu DZ, Tang J. [A review on the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and white matter injury in preterm infants]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2018; 20:864-869. [PMID: 30369366 PMCID: PMC7389051 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
White matter injury in preterm infants has a complex etiology and can lead to long-term neurocognitive and behavioral deficits, but there are still no specific treatment methods for this disease at present. More and more studies have shown that mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of white matter injury in preterm infants and might be a common subcellular mechanism of white matter developmental disorder, which involves oxidative stress, reduced ATP synthesis, and disequilibrium of calcium homeostasis. This article reviews the role of mitochondria in brain development and the mechanism of mitochondrial dysfunction, with a hope to perform early intervention of white matter injury in preterm infants by protecting mitochondrial function, so as to provide a reference for improving the neurodevelopmental outcome of preterm infants who survive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xing Li
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Oligodendroglia Are Particularly Vulnerable to Oxidative Damage after Neurotrauma In Vivo. J Neurosci 2018; 38:6491-6504. [PMID: 29915135 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1898-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of function following injury to the CNS is worsened by secondary degeneration of neurons and glia surrounding the injury and is initiated by oxidative damage. However, it is not yet known which cellular populations and structures are most vulnerable to oxidative damage in vivo Using Nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS), oxidative damage was semiquantified within cellular subpopulations and structures of optic nerve vulnerable to secondary degeneration, following a partial transection of the optic nerve in adult female PVG rats. Simultaneous assessment of cellular subpopulations and structures revealed oligodendroglia as the most vulnerable to DNA oxidation following injury. 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) was used to label cells that proliferated in the first 3 d after injury. Injury led to increases in DNA, protein, and lipid damage in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and mature oligodendrocytes at 3 d, regardless of proliferative state, associated with a decline in the numbers of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells at 7 d. O4+ preoligodendrocytes also exhibited increased lipid peroxidation. Interestingly, EdU+ mature oligodendrocytes derived after injury demonstrated increased early susceptibility to DNA damage and lipid peroxidation. However, EdU- mature oligodendrocytes with high 8-hydroxyguanosine immunoreactivity were more likely to be caspase3+ By day 28, newly derived mature oligodendrocytes had significantly reduced myelin regulatory factor gene mRNA, indicating that the myelination potential of these cells may be reduced. The proportion of caspase3+ oligodendrocytes remained higher in EdU- cells. Innovative use of NanoSIMS together with traditional immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization have enabled the first demonstration of subpopulation specific oligodendroglial vulnerability to oxidative damage, due to secondary degeneration in vivoSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Injury to the CNS is characterized by oxidative damage in areas adjacent to the injury. However, the cellular subpopulations and structures most vulnerable to this damage remain to be elucidated. Here we use powerful NanoSIMS techniques to show increased oxidative damage in oligodendroglia and axons and to demonstrate that cells early in the oligodendroglial lineage are the most vulnerable to DNA oxidation. Further immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization investigation reveals that mature oligodendrocytes derived after injury are more vulnerable to oxidative damage than their counterparts existing at the time of injury and have reduced myelin regulatory factor gene mRNA, yet preexisting oligodendrocytes are more likely to die.
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Aradjanski M, Dogan SA, Lotter S, Wang S, Hermans S, Wibom R, Rugarli E, Trifunovic A. DARS2 protects against neuroinflammation and apoptotic neuronal loss, but is dispensable for myelin producing cells. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:4181-4189. [PMID: 28985337 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mitochondria are ubiquitous, each mitochondrial disease has surprisingly distinctly different pattern of tissue and organ involvement. Congruently, mutations in genes encoding for different mitochondrial tRNA synthetases result in the development of a very flamboyant group of diseases. Mutations in some of these genes, including aspartyl-tRNA synthetase (DARS2), lead to the onset of a white matter disease-leukoencephalopathy with brainstem and spinal cord involvement, and lactate elevation (LBSL) characterized by progressive spastic ataxia and characteristic leukoencephalopathy signature with multiple long-tract involvements. Puzzled by the white matter disease phenotypes caused by DARS2 deficiency when numerous other mutations in the genes encoding proteins involved in mitochondrial translation have a detrimental effect predominantly on neurons, we generated transgenic mice in which DARS2 was specifically depleted in forebrain-hippocampal neurons or myelin-producing cells. Our results now provide the first evidence that loss of DARS2 in adult neurons leads to strong mitochondrial dysfunction and progressive loss of cells. In contrast, myelin-producing cells seem to be resistant to cell death induced by DARS2 depletion despite robust respiratory chain deficiency arguing that LBSL might originate from the primary neuronal and axonal defect. Remarkably, our results also suggest a role for early neuroinflammation in the disease progression, highlighting the possibility for therapeutic interventions of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijana Aradjanski
- Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sukru Anil Dogan
- Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephan Lotter
- Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Shuaiyu Wang
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Steffen Hermans
- Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Rolf Wibom
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Rugarli
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Trifunovic
- Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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65
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Carelli V, La Morgia C, Ross-Cisneros FN, Sadun AA. Optic neuropathies: the tip of the neurodegeneration iceberg. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:R139-R150. [PMID: 28977448 PMCID: PMC5886475 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The optic nerve and the cells that give origin to its 1.2 million axons, the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), are particularly vulnerable to neurodegeneration related to mitochondrial dysfunction. Optic neuropathies may range from non-syndromic genetic entities, to rare syndromic multisystem diseases with optic atrophy such as mitochondrial encephalomyopathies, to age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease where optic nerve involvement has, until recently, been a relatively overlooked feature. New tools are available to thoroughly investigate optic nerve function, allowing unparalleled access to this part of the central nervous system. Understanding the molecular pathophysiology of RGC neurodegeneration and optic atrophy, is key to broadly understanding the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, for monitoring their progression in describing the natural history, and ultimately as outcome measures to evaluate therapies. In this review, the different layers, from molecular to anatomical, that may contribute to RGC neurodegeneration and optic atrophy are tackled in an integrated way, considering all relevant players. These include RGC dendrites, cell bodies and axons, the unmyelinated retinal nerve fiber layer and the myelinated post-laminar axons, as well as olygodendrocytes and astrocytes, looked for unconventional functions. Dysfunctional mitochondrial dynamics, transport, homeostatic control of mitobiogenesis and mitophagic removal, as well as specific propensity to apoptosis may target differently cell types and anatomical settings. Ultimately, we can envisage new investigative approaches and therapeutic options that will speed the early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases and their cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Carelli
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara La Morgia
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Alfredo A Sadun
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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66
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Kitase Y, Vallejo JA, Gutheil W, Vemula H, Jähn K, Yi J, Zhou J, Brotto M, Bonewald LF. β-aminoisobutyric Acid, l-BAIBA, Is a Muscle-Derived Osteocyte Survival Factor. Cell Rep 2018; 22:1531-1544. [PMID: 29425508 PMCID: PMC5832359 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise has beneficial effects on metabolism and on tissues. The exercise-induced muscle factor β-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA) plays a critical role in the browning of white fat and in insulin resistance. Here we show another function for BAIBA, that of a bone-protective factor that prevents osteocyte cell death induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). l-BAIBA was as or more protective than estrogen or N-acetyl cysteine, signaling through the Mas-Related G Protein-Coupled Receptor Type D (MRGPRD) to prevent the breakdown of mitochondria due to ROS. BAIBA supplied in drinking water prevented bone loss and loss of muscle function in the murine hindlimb unloading model, a model of osteocyte apoptosis. The protective effect of BAIBA was lost with age, not due to loss of the muscle capacity to produce BAIBA but likely to reduced Mrgprd expression with aging. This has implications for understanding the attenuated effect of exercise on bone with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Kitase
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Julian A Vallejo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA; Department of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - William Gutheil
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Harika Vemula
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Katharina Jähn
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University of Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jianxun Yi
- Kansas City University of Medicine and Bioscience, Kansas City, MO 64106, USA
| | - Jingsong Zhou
- Kansas City University of Medicine and Bioscience, Kansas City, MO 64106, USA
| | - Marco Brotto
- Bone-Muscle Collaborative Science, College of Nursing & Health Innovation, University of Texas-Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Lynda F Bonewald
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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67
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Jackson JG, Robinson MB. Regulation of mitochondrial dynamics in astrocytes: Mechanisms, consequences, and unknowns. Glia 2017; 66:1213-1234. [PMID: 29098734 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the major glial cell in the central nervous system. These polarized cells possess numerous processes that ensheath the vasculature and contact synapses. Astrocytes play important roles in synaptic signaling, neurotransmitter synthesis and recycling, control of nutrient uptake, and control of local blood flow. Many of these processes depend on local metabolism and/or energy utilization. While astrocytes respond to increases in neuronal activity and metabolic demand by upregulating glycolysis and glycogenolysis, astrocytes also possess significant capacity for oxidative (mitochondrial) metabolism. Mitochondria mediate energy supply and metabolism, cellular survival, ionic homeostasis, and proliferation. These organelles are dynamic structures undergoing extensive fission and fusion, directed movement along cytoskeletal tracts, and degradation. While many of the mechanisms underlying the dynamics of these organelles and their physiologic roles have been characterized in neurons and other cells, the roles that mitochondrial dynamics play in glial physiology is less well understood. Recent work from several laboratories has demonstrated that mitochondria are present within the fine processes of astrocytes, that their movement is regulated, and that they contribute to local Ca2+ signaling within the astrocyte. They likely play a role in local ATP production and metabolism, particularly that of glutamate. Here we will review these and other findings describing the mechanism by which mitochondrial dynamics are regulated in astrocytes, how mitochondrial dynamics might influence astrocyte and brain metabolism, and draw parallels to mitochondrial dynamics in neurons. Additionally, we present new analyses of the size, distribution, and dynamics of mitochondria in astrocytes performed using in vivo using 2-photon microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua G Jackson
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104.,Departments of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Michael B Robinson
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104.,Departments of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
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68
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Kennedy LH, Rinholm JE. Visualization and Live Imaging of Oligodendrocyte Organelles in Organotypic Brain Slices Using Adeno-associated Virus and Confocal Microscopy. J Vis Exp 2017:56237. [PMID: 29155726 PMCID: PMC5755187 DOI: 10.3791/56237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons rely on the electric insulation and trophic support of myelinating oligodendrocytes. Despite the importance of oligodendrocytes, the advanced tools currently used to study neurons, have only partly been taken on by oligodendrocyte researchers. Cell type-specific staining by viral transduction is a useful approach to study live organelle dynamics. This paper describes a protocol for visualizing oligodendrocyte mitochondria in organotypic brain slices by transduction with adeno-associated virus (AAV) carrying genes for mitochondrial targeted fluorescent proteins under the transcriptional control of the myelin basic protein promoter. It includes the protocol for making organotypic coronal mouse brain slices. A procedure for time-lapse imaging of mitochondria then follows. These methods can be transferred to other organelles and may be particularly useful for studying organelles in the myelin sheath. Finally, we describe a readily available technique for visualization of unstained myelin in living slices by Confocal Reflectance microscopy (CoRe). CoRe requires no extra equipment and can be useful to identify the myelin sheath during live imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johanne Egge Rinholm
- Division of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo; Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital;
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69
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Geometries of vasculature bifurcation can affect the level of trophic damage during formation of a brain ischemic lesion. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:1097-1103. [PMID: 28900016 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic lesion is a common cause of various diseases in humans. Brain tissue is especially sensitive to this type of damage. A common reason for the appearance of an ischemic area is a stop in blood flow in some branch of the vasculature system. Then, a decreasing concentration gradient results in a low mean level of oxygen in surrounding tissues. After that, the biochemical ischemic cascade spreads. In this review, we examine these well-known events from a new angle. It is stressed that there is essential evidence to predict the formation of an ischemic micro-area at the base of vascular bifurcation geometries. Potential applications to improve neuroprotection are also discussed.
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70
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Boto J, Gkinis G, Roche A, Kober T, Maréchal B, Ortiz N, Lövblad KO, Lazeyras F, Vargas MI. Evaluating anorexia-related brain atrophy using MP2RAGE-based morphometry. Eur Radiol 2017. [PMID: 28639048 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-017-4914-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate brain atrophy in anorexic patients by automated cerebral segmentation with the magnetization-prepared 2 rapid acquisition gradient echo (MP2RAGE) MRI sequence. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty patients (female; mean age, 27.9 years), presenting consecutively for brain MRI between August 2014-December 2016 with clinical suspicion of anorexia nervosa and BMI<18.5 kg/m2 were included. Controls were ten healthy females (mean age, 26.5 years). Automated brain morphometry was performed based on MP2RAGE. Means of morphometric results in the two groups were compared and correlation with BMI was analysed. RESULTS Significantly lower volumes of total brain, grey matter (GM), white matter (WM), cerebellum and insula were found in anorexic patients. Anorexics had higher volumes of CSF, ventricles, lateral ventricles and third ventricle. When adjusted means for weight and height were compared, the volume of WM and cerebellum were not significantly different. However, volume of WM was significantly affected by weight and positively correlated with BMI. Significant positive correlations were found between BMI and volumes of total brain, GM, cortical GM and WM. BMI was negatively correlated with volumes of CSF and third ventricle. CONCLUSION Brain atrophy was demonstrated in anorexic patients with MP2RAGE-based automated segmentation, which seems to reliably estimate brain volume. KEY POINTS • Automated brain segmentation based on 3-D MRI seems to reliably estimate brain volume. • This technique detected brain atrophy in patients suffering from anorexia nervosa. • Brain changes in anorexia nervosa can be quantitatively and qualitatively followed-up by MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Boto
- Division of Neuroradiology, Geneva University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine of Geneva, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Georgios Gkinis
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexis Roche
- Advanced Clinical Imaging Technology, Siemens Healthcare HC CEMEA SUI DI BM PI, Siemens ACIT, EPFL QI-E 4 126, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Radiology, University Hospital (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.,, LTS5, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Route Cantonale, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Kober
- Advanced Clinical Imaging Technology, Siemens Healthcare HC CEMEA SUI DI BM PI, Siemens ACIT, EPFL QI-E 4 126, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Radiology, University Hospital (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.,, LTS5, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Route Cantonale, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bénédicte Maréchal
- Advanced Clinical Imaging Technology, Siemens Healthcare HC CEMEA SUI DI BM PI, Siemens ACIT, EPFL QI-E 4 126, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Radiology, University Hospital (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.,, LTS5, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Route Cantonale, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nadia Ortiz
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Olof Lövblad
- Division of Neuroradiology, Geneva University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine of Geneva, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François Lazeyras
- Division of Radiology, Geneva University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine of Geneva, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria Isabel Vargas
- Division of Neuroradiology, Geneva University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine of Geneva, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
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71
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Luo F, Herrup K, Qi X, Yang Y. Inhibition of Drp1 hyper-activation is protective in animal models of experimental multiple sclerosis. Exp Neurol 2017; 292:21-34. [PMID: 28238799 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS), a leading neurological disorder of young adults, is characterized by the loss of oligodendrocytes (OLs), demyelination, inflammation and neuronal degeneration. Here we show that dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), a mitochondrial fission protein, is activated in primary OL cells exposed to TNF-α induced inflammation or oxidative stress, as well as in EAE-immunized and cuprizone toxicity-induced demyelinating mouse models. Inhibition of Drp1 hyper-activation by the selective inhibitor P110 abolishes Drp1 translocation to the mitochondria, reduces mitochondrial fragmentation and stems necrosis in primary OLs exposed to TNF-α and H2O2. Notably, in both types of mouse models, treatment with P110 significantly reduces the loss of mature OLs and demyelination, attenuates the number of active microglial cells and astrocytes, yet has no effect on the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Drp1 activation appears to be mediated through the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL/PGAM5 pathway during TNF-α-induced oligodendroglia necroptosis. Our results demonstrate a critical role of Drp1 hyper-activation in OL cell death and suggest that an inhibitor of Drp1 hyper-activation such as P110 is worth exploring for its ability to halt or slow the progression of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fucheng Luo
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Karl Herrup
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Xin Qi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Center for Mitochondria Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Center for Translational Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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72
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Devaraju P, Zakharenko SS. Mitochondria in complex psychiatric disorders: Lessons from mouse models of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: Hemizygous deletion of several mitochondrial genes in the 22q11.2 genomic region can lead to symptoms associated with neuropsychiatric disease. Bioessays 2017; 39. [PMID: 28044359 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial ATP synthesis, calcium buffering, and trafficking affect neuronal function and survival. Several genes implicated in mitochondrial functions map within the genomic region associated with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), which is a key genetic cause of neuropsychiatric diseases. Although neuropsychiatric diseases impose a serious health and economic burden, their etiology and pathogenesis remain largely unknown because of the dearth of valid animal models and the challenges in investigating the pathophysiology in neuronal circuits. Mouse models of 22q11DS are becoming valid tools for studying human psychiatric diseases, because they have hemizygous deletions of the genes that are deleted in patients and exhibit neuronal and behavioral abnormalities consistent with neuropsychiatric disease. The deletion of some 22q11DS genes implicated in mitochondrial function leads to abnormal neuronal and synaptic function. Herein, we summarize recent findings on mitochondrial dysfunction in 22q11DS and extend those findings to the larger context of schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Devaraju
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stanislav S Zakharenko
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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73
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Wang S, Jacquemyn J, Murru S, Martinelli P, Barth E, Langer T, Niessen CM, Rugarli EI. The Mitochondrial m-AAA Protease Prevents Demyelination and Hair Greying. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006463. [PMID: 27911893 PMCID: PMC5135034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The m-AAA protease preserves proteostasis of the inner mitochondrial membrane. It ensures a functional respiratory chain, by controlling the turnover of respiratory complex subunits and allowing mitochondrial translation, but other functions in mitochondria are conceivable. Mutations in genes encoding subunits of the m-AAA protease have been linked to various neurodegenerative diseases in humans, such as hereditary spastic paraplegia and spinocerebellar ataxia. While essential functions of the m-AAA protease for neuronal survival have been established, its role in adult glial cells remains enigmatic. Here, we show that deletion of the highly expressed subunit AFG3L2 in mature mouse oligodendrocytes provokes early-on mitochondrial fragmentation and swelling, as previously shown in neurons, but causes only late-onset motor defects and myelin abnormalities. In contrast, total ablation of the m-AAA protease, by deleting both Afg3l2 and its paralogue Afg3l1, triggers progressive motor dysfunction and demyelination, owing to rapid oligodendrocyte cell death. Surprisingly, the mice showed premature hair greying, caused by progressive loss of melanoblasts that share a common developmental origin with Schwann cells and are targeted in our experiments. Thus, while both neurons and glial cells are dependant on the m-AAA protease for survival in vivo, complete ablation of the complex is necessary to trigger death of oligodendrocytes, hinting to cell-autonomous thresholds of vulnerability to m-AAA protease deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiyu Wang
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julie Jacquemyn
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sara Murru
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Esther Barth
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Langer
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carien M. Niessen
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elena I. Rugarli
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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74
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Vikhreva OV, Rakhmanova VI, Orlovskaya DD, Uranova NA. Ultrastructural alterations of oligodendrocytes in prefrontal white matter in schizophrenia: A post-mortem morphometric study. Schizophr Res 2016; 177:28-36. [PMID: 27156647 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuroimaging studies showed abnormalities in frontal white matter (WM) in schizophrenia that were associated with clinical symptoms. Previously, we reported ultrastructural alterations of myelinated fibers and reduction in the numerical density of oligodendrocytes in BA 10 WM in patients with schizophrenia. We aimed to perform a qualitative and morphometric study of the ultrastructure of oligodendrocytes in BA 10 WM in schizophrenia and in normal controls. METHODS The study was performed using electron microscopy and morphometry. Size, volume density (Vv) and the number (N) of organelles of oligodendrocytes were estimated in 21 patients with schizophrenia and 20 normal controls. The data were examined using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to assess possible correlations between the parameters measured and age, post-mortem interval, neuroleptic treatment and duration of the disease. Comparisons between the schizophrenia patients and controls were performed using ANCOVA tests. RESULTS We found oligodendrocyte swelling, vacuolation, paucity of ribosomes and mitochondria and accumulation of lipofuscin granules in schizophrenia as compared to controls. Morphometry detected a significant reduction in Vv and N of mitochondria and the increase in Vv and N of lipofuscin granules and vacuoles in oligodendrocytes in the schizophrenic group as compared to controls. CONCLUSION Alterations of oligodendrocytes in schizophrenia provide evidence for the disturbance of their energy, lipid and protein metabolism in prefrontal WM. Oligodendrocyte abnormalities might disturb axonal integrity and circuitry and contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Vikhreva
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuropathology, Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - V I Rakhmanova
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuropathology, Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - D D Orlovskaya
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuropathology, Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - N A Uranova
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuropathology, Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia.
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75
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Orozco-Ibarra M, García-Morales J, Calvo-Silva FJ, Fernández-Valverde F, Serrano-García N. Striatal mitochondria response to 3-nitropropionic acid and fish oil treatment. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 21:132-142. [PMID: 27682807 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2016.1237074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Huntington's disease (HD). 3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NP) is a mitochondrial toxin that specifically inhibits complex II of the electron transport chain (ETC) and is used to generate an experimental model of HD. OBJECTIVE To study the effect of fish liver oil (FO) over the mitochondrial dysfunction induced via partial ETC inhibition by 3-NP. METHODS This study was performed in rats and consisted of two phases: (i) administration of increasing doses of 3-NP and (ii) administration of FO for 14 days before to 3-NP. The rats' exploratory activity; complex I, II, III, and IV activities; and rearing behavior were observed. Additionally, the number of TUNEL-positive cells and various mitochondrial parameters, including oxygen consumption, transmembrane potential, adenosine triphosphate synthesis, and ETC activity, were measured. RESULTS We observed that FO exerted a protective effect against the 3-NP-induced toxicity, although complex II inhibition still occurred. Instead, this effect was related to strengthened mitochondrial complex III and IV activities. DISCUSSION Our results show that FO exerts a beneficial prophylactic effect against mitochondrial damage. Elucidating the mechanisms linking the effects of FO with its prevention of neurodegeneration could be the key to developing recommendations for FO consumption in neurological pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Orozco-Ibarra
- a Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular , Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía , Av. Insurgentes Sur No. 3877 Col. La Fama, Deleg. Tlalpan, CP 14269 , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Jazmín García-Morales
- a Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular , Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía , Av. Insurgentes Sur No. 3877 Col. La Fama, Deleg. Tlalpan, CP 14269 , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Francisco José Calvo-Silva
- a Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular , Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía , Av. Insurgentes Sur No. 3877 Col. La Fama, Deleg. Tlalpan, CP 14269 , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Francisca Fernández-Valverde
- b Laboratorio de Patología Experimental , Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía , Av. Insurgentes Sur No. 3877 Col. La Fama, Deleg. Tlalpan, CP 14269 , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Norma Serrano-García
- a Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular , Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía , Av. Insurgentes Sur No. 3877 Col. La Fama, Deleg. Tlalpan, CP 14269 , Ciudad de México , México
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Imaging of neuronal mitochondria in situ. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2016; 39:152-63. [PMID: 27454347 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal mitochondria are receiving a rapidly increasing level of attention. This is to a significant part due to the ability to visualize neuronal mitochondria in novel ways, especially in vivo. Such an approach allows studying neuronal mitochondria in an intact tissue context, during different developmental states and in various genetic backgrounds and disease conditions. Hence, in vivo imaging of mitochondria in the nervous system can reveal aspects of the 'mitochondrial life cycle' in neurons that hitherto have remained obscure or could only be inferred indirectly. In this survey of the current literature, we review the new insights that have emerged from studies using mitochondrial imaging in intact neural preparations ranging from worms to mice.
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Gonadal hormone modulation of intracellular calcium as a mechanism of neuroprotection. Front Neuroendocrinol 2016; 42:40-52. [PMID: 26930421 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hormones have wide-ranging effects throughout the nervous system, including the ability interact with and modulate many aspects of intracellular calcium regulation and calcium signaling. Indeed, these interactions specifically may help to explain the often opposing or paradoxical effects of hormones, such as their ability to both promote and prevent neuronal cell death during development, as well as reduce or exacerbate damage following an insult or injury in adulthood. Here, we review the basic mechanisms underlying intracellular calcium regulation-perhaps the most dynamic and flexible of all signaling molecules-and discuss how gonadal hormones might manipulate these mechanisms to coordinate diverse cellular responses and achieve disparate outcomes. Additional future research that specifically addresses questions of sex and hormone effects on calcium signaling at different ages will be critical to understanding hormone-mediated neuroprotection.
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Glutamate signalling: A multifaceted modulator of oligodendrocyte lineage cells in health and disease. Neuropharmacology 2016; 110:574-585. [PMID: 27346208 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Myelin is essential for the mammalian brain to function efficiently. Whilst many factors have been associated with regulating the differentiation of oligodendroglia and myelination, glutamate signalling might be particularly important for learning-dependent myelination. The majority of myelinated projection neurons are glutamatergic. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells receive glutamatergic synaptic inputs from unmyelinated axons and oligodendrocyte lineage cells express glutamate receptors which enable them to monitor and respond to changes in neuronal activity. Yet, what role glutamate plays for oligodendroglia is not fully understood. Here, we review glutamate signalling and its effects on oligodendrocyte lineage cells, and myelination in health and disease. Furthermore, we discuss whether glutamate signalling between neurons and oligodendroglia might lay the foundation to activity-dependent white matter plasticity. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Oligodendrocytes in Health and Disease'.
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