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Zhang Y, Kwon D, Esmaeili-Firidouni P, Pfefferbaum A, Sullivan EV, Javitz H, Valcour V, Pohl KM. Extracting patterns of morphometry distinguishing HIV associated neurodegeneration from mild cognitive impairment via group cardinality constrained classification. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:4523-4538. [PMID: 27489003 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND) is the most common constellation of cognitive dysfunctions in chronic HIV infected patients age 60 or older in the U.S. Only few published methods assist in distinguishing HAND from other forms of age-associated cognitive decline, such as Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). In this report, a data-driven, nonparameteric model to identify morphometric patterns separating HAND from MCI due to non-HIV conditions in this older age group was proposed. This model enhanced the potential for group separation by combining a smaller, longitudinal data set containing HAND samples with a larger, public data set including MCI cases. Using cross-validation, a linear model on healthy controls to harmonize the volumetric scores extracted from MRIs for demographic and acquisition differences between the two independent, disease-specific data sets was trained. Next, patterns distinguishing HAND from MCI via a group sparsity constrained logistic classifier were identified. Unlike existing approaches, our classifier directly solved the underlying minimization problem by decoupling the minimization of the logistic regression function from enforcing the group sparsity constraint. The extracted patterns consisted of eight regions that distinguished HAND from MCI on a significant level while being indifferent to differences in demographics and acquisition between the two sets. Individually selecting regions through conventional morphometric group analysis resulted in a larger number of regions that were less accurate. In conclusion, simultaneously analyzing all brain regions and time points for disease specific patterns contributed to distinguishing with high accuracy HAND-related impairment from cognitive impairment found in the HIV uninfected, MCI cohort. Hum Brain Mapp 37:4523-4538, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305
| | - Dongjin Kwon
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305.,Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California, 94025
| | | | - Adolf Pfefferbaum
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California, 94025
| | - Edith V Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305
| | - Harold Javitz
- Center for Technology in Learning in the Education Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, California, 94025
| | - Victor Valcour
- Memory and Aging Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Kilian M Pohl
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305.,Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California, 94025
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52
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Ciccarelli N, Limiti S, Fabbiani M, Baldonero E, Milanini B, Lamonica S, Cauda R, Di Giambenedetto S, Silveri MC. Verbal list learning and memory profiles in HIV-infected adults, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease: An evaluation of the "cortical hypothesis" of NeuroAIDS. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2016; 24:410-419. [PMID: 27292092 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2016.1189424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
HIV+ population is getting older because of progress in treatments. Yet, there are concerns that Older HIV+ individuals (OHIV+) may be more vulnerable for developing a "cortical" dementia such as Alzheimer Disease (AD). Our aim was to explore the hypothesis that the cognitive deficit extends to ''cortical'' functions in OHIV+ by comparing serial position effects (SPE) in different groups of participants affected by "cortical" or "subcortical" damage. We enrolled a total of 122 subjects: 22 OHIV+ (≥60 years of age), 31 Younger HIV+ (YHIV+) (<60 years of age), 18 participants with AD, 23 subjects with Parkinson Disease (PD), and 28 healthy subjects. All subjects performed verbal learning tasks (VLT) to explore SPE. Factorial analysis of covariance showed a significant effect of "group" (p < 0.001) and "task" (Primacy vs Recency) (p < 0.001), but no significant group*task (p = 0.257) interaction. Compared with healthy subjects (p = 0.003), AD had the most severe reduction of Primacy, confirming a primary "encoding deficit," while PD confirmed a "frontal pattern." OHIV+ showed a memory profile similar to that of PD with a worsening of the cognitive performance in comparison with YHIV+. In conclusion, we did not confirm the "cortical" hypothesis in OHIV+, at least in terms of learning and memory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Ciccarelli
- a Institute of Infectious Diseases , Catholic University of the Sacred Heart , Rome , Italy
| | - Silio Limiti
- a Institute of Infectious Diseases , Catholic University of the Sacred Heart , Rome , Italy
| | - Massimiliano Fabbiani
- a Institute of Infectious Diseases , Catholic University of the Sacred Heart , Rome , Italy
| | - Eleonora Baldonero
- a Institute of Infectious Diseases , Catholic University of the Sacred Heart , Rome , Italy
| | - Benedetta Milanini
- a Institute of Infectious Diseases , Catholic University of the Sacred Heart , Rome , Italy
| | - Silvia Lamonica
- a Institute of Infectious Diseases , Catholic University of the Sacred Heart , Rome , Italy
| | - Roberto Cauda
- a Institute of Infectious Diseases , Catholic University of the Sacred Heart , Rome , Italy
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Kurz MJ, Proskovec AL, Gehringer JE, Becker KM, Arpin DJ, Heinrichs-Graham E, Wilson TW. Developmental Trajectory of Beta Cortical Oscillatory Activity During a Knee Motor Task. Brain Topogr 2016; 29:824-833. [PMID: 27277428 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-016-0500-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
There is currently a void in the scientific literature on the cortical beta oscillatory activity that is associated with the production of leg motor actions. In addition, we have limited data on how these cortical oscillations may progressively change as a function of development. This study began to fill this vast knowledge gap by using high-density magnetoencephalography to quantify the beta cortical oscillatory activity over a cross-section of typically developing children as they performed an isometric knee target matching task. Advanced beamforming methods were used to identify the spatiotemporal changes in beta oscillatory activity during the motor planning and motor action time frames. Our results showed that a widespread beta event-related desynchronization (ERD) was present across the pre/postcentral gyri, supplementary motor area, and the parietal cortices during the motor planning stage. The strength of this beta ERD sharply diminished across this fronto-parietal network as the children initiated the isometric force needed to match the target. Rank order correlations indicated that the older children were more likely to initiate their force production sooner, took less time to match the targets, and tended to have a weaker beta ERD during the motor planning stage. Lastly, we determined that there was a relationship between the child's age and the strength of the beta ERD within the parietal cortices during isometric force production. Altogether our results suggest that there are notable maturational changes during childhood and adolescence in beta cortical oscillatory activity that are associated with the planning and execution of leg motor actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max J Kurz
- Department of Physical Therapy, Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 68198-5450, Omaha, NE, USA. .,Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Amy L Proskovec
- Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska - Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - James E Gehringer
- Department of Physical Therapy, Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 68198-5450, Omaha, NE, USA.,Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Katherine M Becker
- Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - David J Arpin
- Department of Physical Therapy, Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 68198-5450, Omaha, NE, USA.,Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Tony W Wilson
- Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Department of Neurological Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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DeVaughn S, Müller-Oehring EM, Markey B, Brontë-Stewart HM, Schulte T. Aging with HIV-1 Infection: Motor Functions, Cognition, and Attention--A Comparison with Parkinson's Disease. Neuropsychol Rev 2015; 25:424-38. [PMID: 26577508 PMCID: PMC5519342 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-015-9305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) in their various combinations have dramatically increased the life expectancies of HIV-infected persons. People diagnosed with HIV are living beyond the age of 50 but are experiencing the cumulative effects of HIV infection and aging on brain function. In HIV-infected aging individuals, the potential synergy between immunosenescence and HIV viral loads increases susceptibility to HIV-related brain injury and functional brain network degradation similar to that seen in Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder in the aging population. Although there are clear diagnostic differences in the primary pathology of both diseases, i.e., death of dopamine-generating cells in the substantia nigra in PD and neuroinflammation in HIV, neurotoxicity to dopaminergic terminals in the basal ganglia (BG) has been implied in the pathogenesis of HIV and neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of PD. Similar to PD, HIV infection affects structures of the BG, which are part of interconnected circuits including mesocorticolimbic pathways linking brainstem nuclei to BG and cortices subserving attention, cognitive control, and motor functions. The present review discusses the combined effects of aging and neuroinflammation in HIV individuals on cognition and motor function in comparison with age-related neurodegenerative processes in PD. Despite the many challenges, some HIV patients manage to age successfully, most likely by redistribution of neural network resources to enhance function, as occurs in healthy elderly; such compensation could be curtailed by emerging PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S DeVaughn
- Bioscience Division, Neuroscience Program, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Pacific Graduate School of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - E M Müller-Oehring
- Bioscience Division, Neuroscience Program, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - B Markey
- Pacific Graduate School of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - H M Brontë-Stewart
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - T Schulte
- Bioscience Division, Neuroscience Program, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
- Pacific Graduate School of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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Haziot MEJ, Barbosa Junior SP, Vidal JE, de Oliveira FTM, de Oliveira ACP. Neuroimaging of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Dement Neuropsychol 2015; 9:380-384. [PMID: 29213987 PMCID: PMC5619320 DOI: 10.1590/1980-57642015dn94000380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant increase in the incidence of cognitive impairment in HIV/AIDS patients has been continuously observed. Consequently, three classification categories of cognitive impairment have been proposed: asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment (ANI) and mild neurocognitive disorder (MND), that correspond to the mild and intermediate forms, and HIV-associated dementia (HAD) for the most severe cases. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) is a broad term that encompasses these three categories. Moreover, the application of neuroimaging methods has led to a major breakthrough in understanding of the neurological changes in HIV, providing greater reliability in the exclusion of associated diseases and allowing earlier diagnosis. Therefore, abnormalities and/or specific neuroimaging elements may soon be incorporated into the HAND classification criteria, which will be of great value in the management of these diseases, including in the optimization of high CNS penetration antiretroviral regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Elyas Jung Haziot
- Neuroscience Research Group / Institute of Infectious
Diseases Emílio Ribas of the University of São Paulo, SP,
Brazil
- Neurology Department of the Santa Casa de São
Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Silas Pereira Barbosa Junior
- Neuroscience Research Group / Institute of Infectious
Diseases Emílio Ribas of the University of São Paulo, SP,
Brazil
| | - José E. Vidal
- Neuroscience Research Group / Institute of Infectious
Diseases Emílio Ribas of the University of São Paulo, SP,
Brazil
- Department of Infectious Diseases of the University of
São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Augusto César Penalva de Oliveira
- Neuroscience Research Group / Institute of Infectious
Diseases Emílio Ribas of the University of São Paulo, SP,
Brazil
- Neurology Department of the Santa Casa de São
Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Badura-Brack AS, Becker KM, McDermott TJ, Ryan TJ, Becker MM, Hearley AR, Heinrichs-Graham E, Wilson TW. Decreased somatosensory activity to non-threatening touch in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Res 2015; 233:194-200. [PMID: 26184460 PMCID: PMC5828504 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe psychiatric disorder prevalent in combat veterans. Previous neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that patients with PTSD exhibit abnormal responses to non-threatening visual and auditory stimuli, but have not examined somatosensory processing. Thirty male combat veterans, 16 with PTSD and 14 without, completed a tactile stimulation task during a 306-sensor magnetoencephalography (MEG) recording. Significant oscillatory neural responses were imaged using a beamforming approach. Participants also completed clinical assessments of PTSD, combat exposure, and depression. We found that veterans with PTSD exhibited significantly reduced activity during early (0-125 ms) tactile processing compared with combat controls. Specifically, veterans with PTSD had weaker activity in the left postcentral gyrus, left superior parietal area, and right prefrontal cortex in response to nonthreatening tactile stimulation relative to veterans without PTSD. The magnitude of activity in these brain regions was inversely correlated with symptom severity, indicating that those with the most severe PTSD had the most abnormal neural responses. Our findings are consistent with a resource allocation view of perceptual processing in PTSD, which directs attention away from nonthreatening sensory information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S. Badura-Brack
- Department of Psychology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA,Corresponding Author: Amy Badura-Brack, Department of Psychology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178 USA, Phone: (402) 280-1229, Fax: (402) 280-4748,
| | - Katherine M. Becker
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, USA,Center for Magnetoencephalography, UNMC, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Tara J. Ryan
- Department of Psychology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA,Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | | | | | - Elizabeth Heinrichs-Graham
- Center for Magnetoencephalography, UNMC, Omaha, NE, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Tony W. Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, USA,Center for Magnetoencephalography, UNMC, Omaha, NE, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA,Department of Neurological Sciences, UNMC, Omaha, NE, USA
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Cao B, Kong X, Kettering C, Yu P, Ragin A. Determinants of HIV-induced brain changes in three different periods of the early clinical course: A data mining analysis. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2015; 9:75-82. [PMID: 26413474 PMCID: PMC4543221 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
To inform an understanding of brain status in HIV infection, quantitative imaging measurements were derived at structural, microstructural and macromolecular levels in three different periods of early infection and then analyzed simultaneously at each stage using data mining. Support vector machine recursive feature elimination was then used for simultaneous analysis of subject characteristics, clinical and behavioral variables, and immunologic measures in plasma and CSF to rank features associated with the most discriminating brain alterations in each period. The results indicate alterations beginning in initial infection and in all periods studied. The severity of immunosuppression in the initial virus host interaction was the most highly ranked determinant of earliest brain alterations. These results shed light on the initial brain changes induced by a neurotropic virus and their subsequent evolution. The pattern of ongoing alterations occurring during and beyond the period in which virus is suppressed in the systemic circulation supports the brain as a viral reservoir that may preclude eradication in the host. Data mining capabilities that can address high dimensionality and simultaneous analysis of disparate information sources have considerable utility for identifying mechanisms underlying onset of neurological injury and for informing new therapeutic targets. The brain was examined in initial stages of HIV using imaging and data mining. Brain alterations were identified in all studied periods of the early course. Severity of immunosuppression was the highest ranked determinant of onset. MMP-1 and CD33+CD36+ monocytes were identified as determinants in every period. The brain may represent an early reservoir that precludes viral eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokai Cao
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 S. Morgan, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Xiangnan Kong
- Department of Computer Science, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Casey Kettering
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Suite 1600, 737 N. Michigan Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Philip Yu
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 S. Morgan, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Ann Ragin
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Suite 1600, 737 N. Michigan Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Abstract
In much of the developed world, the HIV epidemic has largely been controlled by antiretroviral treatment. Even so, there is growing concern that HIV-infected individuals may be at risk for accelerated brain aging and a range of cognitive impairments. What promotes or resists these changes is largely unknown. There is also interest in discovering factors that promote resilience to HIV and combat its adverse effects in children. Here, we review recent developments in brain imaging that reveal how the virus affects the brain. We relate these brain changes to changes in blood markers, cognitive function, and other patient outcomes or symptoms, such as apathy or neuropathic pain. We focus on new and emerging techniques, including new variants of brain MRI. Diffusion tensor imaging, for example, can map the brain's structural connections, while fMRI can uncover functional connections. Finally, we suggest how large-scale global research alliances, such as ENIGMA, may resolve controversies over effects where evidence is now lacking. These efforts pool scans from tens of thousands of individuals and offer a source of power not previously imaginable for brain imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Thompson
- Dept. of Neurology, Keck USC School of Medicine, Imaging Genetics Center, University of Southern California, 4676 Admiralty Way, Marina del Rey, CA 90292, Phone: (323) 44-BRAIN Fax: (323) 442-0137
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Dept. of Neurology, Keck USC School of Medicine, Imaging Genetics Center, University of Southern California, 4676 Admiralty Way, Marina del Rey, CA 90292, Phone: (323) 44-BRAIN Fax: (323) 442-0137
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine whether HIV and combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) affect resting-state functional connectivity (rs-fc) between the striatum and the cortical regions. METHODS Forty-nine HIV-uninfected (HIV-) and 132 HIV-infected (HIV+) (65% receiving cART) patients underwent laboratory studies (current and nadir CD4 T-cell counts, and plasma HIV viral load), neuropsychological performance testing, and neuroimaging. Rs-fc, which examines the coordination of neural activity in distant brain regions, was used to investigate the cortico-striatal functional connections. The effect of cART was assessed comparing HIV+ individuals on cART (HIV+/cART+), and HIV+ individuals not currently receiving cART (HIV+/cART-). Relationships between laboratory tests, cognitive performance, and cART on subcortical-cortical rs-fc were assessed by an analysis of variance. RESULTS HIV+ individuals had lower cortico-striatal functional connectivity than HIV- controls, specifically between the striatum and the default mode network (P < 0.001) and ventral attention network (P < 0.001). HIV+/cART+ individuals had higher functional connectivity between the striatum, and default mode network (P = 0.02) and ventral attention network (P = 0.01), compared to the HIV+/cART- patients. Laboratory (current and nadir CD4 T-cell counts, plasma viral load) and neuropsychological performance was not correlated with cortico-striatal rs-fc. CONCLUSIONS HIV was associated with disrupted cortico-striatal networks, consistent with HIV's known impact on the subcortical areas. Interestingly, within certain networks, HIV+/cART+ individuals had similar rs-fc compared to HIV- controls, suggesting possible improvements in HIV-related neural dysfunction due to medications. Rs-fc may be a sensitive biomarker of neural insult and its recovery following cART. Additional studies may show rs-fc has utility in measuring acute inflammation caused by HIV.
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