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Sharma G, Tripathi SK, Das S. lncRNA HULC facilitates efficient loading of HCV-core protein onto lipid droplets and subsequent virus-particle release. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13086. [PMID: 31290220 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cellular lipid pool plays a central role in hepatitis C virus (HCV) life cycle, from establishing infection to virus propagation. Here, we show that a liver abundant long noncoding RNA, highly upregulated in liver carcinoma (HULC), is upregulated during HCV infection and manipulates the lipid pool to favour virus life cycle. Interestingly, HULC was found to be crucial for the increase in number of lipid droplets in infected cells. This effect was attributed to the role of HULC in lipid biogenesis. Further, we demonstrated that HULC knockdown decreases the association of HCV-core protein with lipid droplets. This exhibited a direct consequence on the release of HCV particles. The role of HULC in HCV-particle release was further substantiated by additional knockdown and mutation experiments. Additionally, we found that increased level of HULC in HCV-infected cells was a result of Retinoid X Receptor Alpha (RXRA)-mediated transcription, which seemed to be aided by HCV-core protein. Taken together, the results identify a distinct role of long noncoding RNA HULC in lipid dynamics during HCV infection, which provides new insights into the complex process of HCV propagation and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Saumitra Das
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
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Sam68 Promotes Hepatitis C Virus Replication by Interaction with Stem-Loop 2 of Viral 5' Untranslated Region. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00693-19. [PMID: 31068419 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00693-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Src-associated in mitosis 68-kDa (Sam68) protein is a highly conserved nuclear protein and is involved in a series of cellular processes, including transcription and signal transduction. Sam68 is comprised of 443 amino acids and contains an RGG box domain, a KH domain, and a tyrosine-rich domain. Its role in hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication is unknown. Here, we find that Sam68 promotes HCV replication without affecting viral translation. The RNA immunoprecipitation experiments show that the positive strand of HCV RNA interacts with Sam68. HCV infection triggers the translocation of the Sam68 protein from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it interacts with the HCV genome. Further study shows that the region of Sam68 spanning amino acids 1 to 157 is the pivotal domain to interact with the stem-loop 2 of the HCV 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) and is responsible for the enhancement of HCV replication. These data suggested that Sam68 may serve as a proviral factor of HCV to facilitate viral replication through interaction with the viral genome.IMPORTANCE Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a member of the Flaviviridae family, and its infection causes chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma. No vaccine is available. Many host factors may be implicated in the pathogenesis of HCV-related diseases. This study discloses a new host factor that binds to the HCV 5' UTR and promotes HCV replication. Sam68 may play an important role in HCV-related diseases, and further investigation is highly encouraged to explore its specific actions in HCV pathogenesis.
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Identification of Keratin 23 as a Hepatitis C Virus-Induced Host Factor in the Human Liver. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060610. [PMID: 31216713 PMCID: PMC6628310 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratin proteins form intermediate filaments, which provide structural support for many tissues. Multiple keratin family members are reported to be associated with the progression of liver disease of multiple etiologies. For example, keratin 23 (KRT23) was reported as a stress-inducible protein, whose expression levels correlate with the severity of liver disease. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a human pathogen that causes chronic liver diseases including fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, a link between KRT23 and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has not been reported previously. In this study, we investigated KRT23 mRNA levels in datasets from liver biopsies of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients and in primary human hepatocytes experimentally infected with HCV, in addition to hepatoma cells. Interestingly, in each of these specimens, we observed an HCV-dependent increase of mRNA levels. Importantly, the KRT23 protein levels in patient plasma decreased upon viral clearance. Ectopic expression of KRT23 enhanced HCV infection; however, CRIPSPR/Cas9-mediated knockout did not show altered replication efficiency. Taken together, our study identifies KRT23 as a novel, virus-induced host-factor for hepatitis C virus.
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Behmard E, Barzegari E. Insights into resistance mechanism of hepatitis C virus nonstructural 3/4A protease mutant to boceprevir using umbrella sampling simulation study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:1938-1945. [PMID: 31146645 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1621212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus can cause inflammation in human liver cells, leading to liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. Based on the World Health Organization reports, about 228 million people in the world have hepatitis C. To date, some inhibitory medicines against the hepatitis C virus nonstructural 3/4A protease, such as boceprevir, have entered clinical trial phases. However, several hepatitis C virus nonstructural 3/4A protease mutations have been recognized to decrease susceptibility of boceprevir to hepatitis C virus. The molecular details behind inhibitor resistance of these single-point mutations are not still understood. Thus, in this research, computational strategies were applied to clarify the inhibitor resistance mechanism. From umbrella sampling simulation and energy profiles, the polar interactions are the main driving force for boceprevir binding. Based on the analyzed R155T mutant, the main reason for the occurrence of boceprevir resistance is the conformation alterations of S4 and extended S2 binding pockets. These changes, lead to decreased binding ability of the key residues to P2 and P4 moieties of boceprevir. Moreover, structural results show that the disappearance of important salt bridges can bring about the great conformation changes of the binding pockets in R155T.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Behmard
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Barzegari
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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55
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Cao L, Yu B, Kong D, Cong Q, Yu T, Chen Z, Hu Z, Chang H, Zhong J, Baker D, He Y. Functional expression and characterization of the envelope glycoprotein E1E2 heterodimer of hepatitis C virus. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007759. [PMID: 31116791 PMCID: PMC6530877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a member of Hepacivirus and belongs to the family of Flaviviridae. HCV infects millions of people worldwide and may lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV envelope proteins, E1 and E2, play critical roles in viral cell entry and act as major epitopes for neutralizing antibodies. However, unlike other known flaviviruses, it has been challenging to study HCV envelope proteins E1E2 in the past decades as the in vitro expressed E1E2 heterodimers are usually of poor quality, making the structural and functional characterization difficult. Here we express the ectodomains of HCV E1E2 heterodimer with either an Fc-tag or a de novo designed heterodimeric tag and are able to isolate soluble E1E2 heterodimer suitable for functional and structural studies. Then we characterize the E1E2 heterodimer by electron microscopy and model the structure by the coevolution based modeling strategy with Rosetta, revealing the potential interactions between E1 and E2. Moreover, the E1E2 heterodimer is applied to examine the interactions with the known HCV receptors, neutralizing antibodies as well as the inhibition of HCV infection, confirming the functionality of the E1E2 heterodimer and the binding profiles of E1E2 with the cellular receptors. Therefore, the expressed E1E2 heterodimer would be a valuable target for both viral studies and vaccination against HCV. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an enveloped virus that infects millions of people worldwide and may lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV has two envelope proteins, E1 and E2, which form heterodimers on viral surface and are critical for HCV cell entry. However, current studies of HCV E1E2 are often limited by the poor quality of the in vitro expressed E1E2 heterodimers. Here we express the ectodomains of HCV E1E2 with different tags, and are able to isolate soluble E1E2 ectodomains suitable for structural and functional studies. Then we generate the 3D reconstruction of E1E2 heterodimer by electron microscopy and also model the E1E2 structure by the coevolution based strategy with Rosetta, showing the potential interactions between E1 and E2. Moreover, the E1E2 heterodimer is applied to examine the interactions with the HCV cellular receptors, neutralizing antibodies as well as the inhibition of HCV infection. These results suggest that the expressed E1E2 heterodimer would be a promising target for both viral studies and vaccination against HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longxing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Science Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bowen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Science Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dandan Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Science Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Cong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Tao Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit of Viral Hepatitis, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zibo Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Zhenzheng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Science Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haishuang Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Science Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit of Viral Hepatitis, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yongning He
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Science Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Ortiz GA, Trivedi HD, Nader C. Pharmacokinetics and drug interactions of medications used to treat hepatitis C virus infection in the setting of chronic kidney disease and kidney transplantation. Hemodial Int 2019; 22 Suppl 1:S22-S35. [PMID: 29694720 DOI: 10.1111/hdi.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C infection in patients with chronic kidney disease or kidney transplant carries higher morbidity and mortality compared to noninfected patients. Historically, patients with advanced kidney disease and kidney transplant recipients were undertreated given the multiple adverse effects and limited efficacy of interferon-based therapies for chronic hepatitis C. The development of direct-acting antivirals in the past few years has opened an unprecedented opportunity for treating these populations. However, the impaired renal clearance of some of these medications in patients with kidney disease, and the potential interactions of antiviral therapies with immunosuppressants after kidney transplantation, present some challenges in choosing the proper regimen. This review provides an overview of the essential pharmacokinetics and drug interactions of relevant antiviral therapies in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in patients with advanced kidney disease and after kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo A Ortiz
- Department of Medicine, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hirsh D Trivedi
- Liver Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Claudia Nader
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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57
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Chigbu DI, Loonawat R, Sehgal M, Patel D, Jain P. Hepatitis C Virus Infection: Host⁻Virus Interaction and Mechanisms of Viral Persistence. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040376. [PMID: 31027278 PMCID: PMC6523734 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C (HCV) is a major cause of liver disease, in which a third of individuals with chronic HCV infections may develop liver cirrhosis. In a chronic HCV infection, host immune factors along with the actions of HCV proteins that promote viral persistence and dysregulation of the immune system have an impact on immunopathogenesis of HCV-induced hepatitis. The genome of HCV encodes a single polyprotein, which is translated and processed into structural and nonstructural proteins. These HCV proteins are the target of the innate and adaptive immune system of the host. Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors and Toll-like receptors are the main pattern recognition receptors that recognize HCV pathogen-associated molecular patterns. This interaction results in a downstream cascade that generates antiviral cytokines including interferons. The cytolysis of HCV-infected hepatocytes is mediated by perforin and granzyme B secreted by cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells, whereas noncytolytic HCV clearance is mediated by interferon gamma (IFN-γ) secreted by CTL and NK cells. A host-HCV interaction determines whether the acute phase of an HCV infection will undergo complete resolution or progress to the development of viral persistence with a consequential progression to chronic HCV infection. Furthermore, these host-HCV interactions could pose a challenge to developing an HCV vaccine. This review will focus on the role of the innate and adaptive immunity in HCV infection, the failure of the immune response to clear an HCV infection, and the factors that promote viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeGaulle I Chigbu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA.
- Pennsylvania College of Optometry at Salus University, Elkins Park, PA 19027, USA.
| | - Ronak Loonawat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA.
| | - Mohit Sehgal
- Immunology, Microenvironment & Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Dip Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA.
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA.
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Laurain A, Metivier S, Haour G, Larrey D, Dorival C, Hezode C, Zoulim F, Marcellin P, Bourliere M, Zarski JP, Thabut D, Alric L, Ganne-Carrie N, Cales P, Bronowicki JP, Riachi G, Geist C, Causse X, Abergel A, Chazouilleres O, Mathurin P, Guyader D, Samuel D, Tran A, Loustaud-Ratti V, Petrov-Sanchez V, Diallo A, Luzivika-Nzinga C, Fontaine H, Carrat F, Pol S. Safety and efficacy of the combination simeprevir-sofosbuvir in HCV genotype 1- and 4-mono-infected patients from the French ANRS CO22 hepather cohort. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:300. [PMID: 30940090 PMCID: PMC6446259 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3923-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although real-life results of sofosbuvir/simeprevir have been extensively reported from the United States, data from other geographical areas are limited. In the French observational cohort, ANRS CO22 HEPATHER, 9432 patients were given the new oral antivirals from December 2013 to June 30, 2018. We report the results of sofosbuvir/simeprevir in genotypes 1- and 4-infected patients. METHODS Demographics and history of liver disease were collected at entry in the cohort. Clinical, adverse events, and virological data were collected throughout treatment and post-treatment follow-up. The choice of treatment duration or addition of ribavirin was left up to the physician. RESULTS Five hundred ninety-nine HCV (467 genotype 1 and 132 genotype 4) mono-infected, naïve for all oral-DAAs regimen patients were given sofosbuvir/simeprevir with (n = 63) or without ribavirin (n = 536) for 12 or 24 weeks; 56% had cirrhosis (4% decompensated) and 71% had prior treatment failure to interferon-based regimen. 7 patients (1.16%) were lost to follow-up. The overall SVR12 rate was 92.6%. The SVR12 was 90% in GT1a, 94.2% in GT1b and 91.6% in GT4 with no significant difference for genotype, treatment duration or ribavirin addition. Severity of liver disease was not associated with a lower SVR12 rate on multivariate analysis but was associated with a higher rate of severe side effects. Early treatment discontinuations were rare; no new safety signals were reported. CONCLUSION In this real life, observational, prospective cohort study, the 12-week sofosbuvir/simeprevir+/-ribavirin combination appears to be efficient and safe. TRIAL REGISTRATION Trial registration with ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01953458 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Laurain
- Université Paris Descartes ; APHP, Unité d'Hépatologie, Hôpital Cochin ; INSERM U-818 et USM20, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
| | - Sophie Metivier
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Georges Haour
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, F75012, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Larrey
- Liver unit-IRB-INSERM1040, Hôpital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Céline Dorival
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, F75012, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Hezode
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hôpital Henri Mondor, AP-HP, Université Paris-Est, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
| | - Fabien Zoulim
- Department of Hepatology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, INSERM U1052, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Patrick Marcellin
- Department of Hepatology, Hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP, Université Paris-Diderot, INSERM CRB3, Clichy, France
| | - Marc Bourliere
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint Joseph, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Zarski
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire, INSERM U823, Grenoble, France
| | - Dominique Thabut
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpétrière, AP-HP, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, INSERM UMR-S938, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Alric
- Internal Medicine-Digestive Department CHU Purpan, UMR152, IRD, Toulouse 3 University, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Ganne-Carrie
- Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors, Hepatology Unit, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, AP-HP, University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny; Inserm UMR-1162, F-93000, Paris, France
| | - Paul Cales
- Liver-Gastroenterology Department, CHU Angers, Angers, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Bronowicki
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nancy, Université de Lorraine, INSERM U954, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Ghassan Riachi
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, CHU Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France
| | - Claire Geist
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Centre Hospitalier Régional, Metz, France
| | - Xavier Causse
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, CHR d'Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Armand Abergel
- Department of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Diseases, Estaing University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,UMR Auvergne University/CNRS 6284 ISIT (Image Sciences for Innovations Techniques), Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Olivier Chazouilleres
- Department of Hepatology, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Mathurin
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire Claude Huriez, Lille, France
| | - Dominique Guyader
- Liver disease unit, CHU Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, INSERM U991, Rennes, France
| | - Didier Samuel
- Centre Hépato-Biliaire, Hôpital Paul Brousse, AP-HP, UMR-S785, Université Paris-Sud, INSERM U785, Villejuif, France
| | - Albert Tran
- Digestive Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, INSERM U1065-8, Nice, France
| | - Véronique Loustaud-Ratti
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, CHU Limoges, U850 INSERM, Univ. Limoges, F-87000, Limoges, France
| | - Ventzislava Petrov-Sanchez
- ANRS (France Recherche Nord&sud Sida-hiv Hépatites), Unit for Basic and Clinical Research on Viral Hepatitis, Paris, France
| | - Alpha Diallo
- ANRS (France Recherche Nord&sud Sida-hiv Hépatites), Clinical Trial Safety and Public Health, Paris, France
| | - Clovis Luzivika-Nzinga
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, F75012, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Fontaine
- Université Paris Descartes ; APHP, Unité d'Hépatologie, Hôpital Cochin ; INSERM U-818 et USM20, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Carrat
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, F75012, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Unité de Santé Publique, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Stanislas Pol
- Université Paris Descartes ; APHP, Unité d'Hépatologie, Hôpital Cochin ; INSERM U-818 et USM20, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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Wang B, Krüger L, Machnowska P, Eshetu A, Gunsenheimer-Bartmeyer B, Bremer V, Hauser A, Bannert N, Bock CT. Characterization of a hepatitis C virus genotype 1 divergent isolate from an HIV-1 coinfected individual in Germany assigned to a new subtype 1o. Virol J 2019; 16:28. [PMID: 30832687 PMCID: PMC6399946 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1135-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background HCV exhibits a high genetic diversity and is classified into 7 genotypes which are further divided into 86 confirmed subtypes. However, there are multiple isolates with unassigned subtypes. We aimed to amplify and characterize the full-length genome sequence of an HCV genotype 1 (HCV-1) divergent isolate (DE/17–0414) in Germany. Methods The HCV infection was detected in an HIV-1-positive German female within an HCV/HIV-coinfection study using a commercially available antigen-antibody HCV ELISA kit and confirmed by an in-house quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay. Preliminary genotyping was done by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis on partial NS5B region. The full-length genome sequence was determined by consensus RT-PCR assays. Resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) were analyzed using the web-based tool Geno2pheno[HCV]. Results Partial NS5B region of the isolate DE/17–0414 showed more than 95% identity to 73–08460349-1 l and HCV_Fr_003 from France and QC316 from Canada. Full-length genome analysis of the DE/17–0414 strain showed 91.8% identity to QC316 but less than 79.6% to other HCV-1 strains. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that DE/17–0414, 73–08460349-1 l, HCV_Fr_003, and QC316 formed a separate subcluster within HCV-1. DE/17–0414 had a distinct 3 amino acids insertion at the N-terminal of hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) within viral envelope glycoprotein 2 (E2) and several potential antiviral RASs among the NS3 and NS5A genes. Conclusions We identified and analyzed an HCV-1 divergent isolate derived from an HIV-1 coinfected individual in Germany, which will be assigned to a new HCV-subtype 1o. Our understanding of the origin and transmission dynamics of this new subtype 1o requires further assessments from patients worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Division of Viral Gastroenteritis, Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luise Krüger
- Division of Viral Gastroenteritis, Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrycja Machnowska
- Division of HIV and other Retroviruses, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Amare Eshetu
- Division of HIV and other Retroviruses, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Gunsenheimer-Bartmeyer
- Division of HIV/AIDS, STI and Blood-borne Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Viviane Bremer
- Division of HIV/AIDS, STI and Blood-borne Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Hauser
- Division of HIV and other Retroviruses, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Bannert
- Division of HIV and other Retroviruses, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Medical Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - C-Thomas Bock
- Division of Viral Gastroenteritis, Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany. .,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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Shenge JA, Odaibo GN, Olaleye DO. Phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis C virus among HIV/ HCV co-infected patients in Nigeria. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210724. [PMID: 30726229 PMCID: PMC6364902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been associated with liver disease including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in chronically-infected persons. However, in HIV/HCV co-infected patients, increased rate of progression to cirrhosis and HCC has been reported. Limited information exists regarding genetic variants of HCV circulating among co-infected patients, which could be important in the design of broadly protective vaccine and management of the disease. Here, we determined the genotypes of HCV isolates circulating among HIV/HCV co-infected patients in Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria. One hundred and twenty-five HIV/HCV IgM positive samples obtained from HIV laboratory, University of Ibadan were used for this study. HCV NS5B gene was amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The amplified NS5B gene was sequenced using gene specific primers. Twenty isolates were amplified, out of which 13 were successfully sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of the 13 sequenced isolates showed three HCV subtypes 1a, 3a and 5a belonging to genotypes 1, 3 and 5 respectively. Ten isolates (77%) belong to subtype 5a, followed by 2 isolates (15%) subtype 1a and 1 isolate (8%) was subtype 3a. The predominant HCV genotype was 5, followed by genotype 1 (subtype 1a). The findings, as well as the observed mutations in NS5B gene, indicate the need for screening and monitoring of HIV/HCV co-infected patients. Further study to determine the phylogeny of isolates circulating in other parts of Nigeria will be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet A. Shenge
- Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- * E-mail:
| | - Georgina N. Odaibo
- Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - David O. Olaleye
- Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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61
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Zając M, Muszalska I, Sobczak A, Dadej A, Tomczak S, Jelińska A. Hepatitis C - New drugs and treatment prospects. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 165:225-249. [PMID: 30685524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) affects approx. 3% of the world's population and accounts for ca 300 000 deaths per year. 80% of individuals with HCV develop chronic symptoms which, when untreated, may cause cirrhosis (27%) or hepatocellular carcinoma (25%). The hepatitis C virus is a (+)ssRNA enveloped virus of the family Flaviviridae. Seven major HCV genotypes and their subtypes (a, b) have been identified. In the 1990s, interferons alpha-2 were used in the treatment of HCV and in the next decade HCV therapy was based on pegylated interferon alpha-2 in combination with ribavirin. Since 2011, interferons alpha, DNA and RNA polymerase inhibitors, NS3/4A RNA protease inhibitors, NS5 RNA serine protease inhibitors, NS5B RNA polymerase inhibitors have been approved for clinical use. Monotherapy is avoided in medication due to rapidly developing viral resistance. A total of 113 papers were included comprising original publications and reviews. The paper reviews the molecular targets and chemical structures of drugs used in HCV treatment. Indications and contraindications for anti-HCV drugs are also discussed together with application regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Zając
- Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Grunwaldzka Str. 6, 60-780, Poznań, Poland
| | - Izabela Muszalska
- Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Grunwaldzka Str. 6, 60-780, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Sobczak
- Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Grunwaldzka Str. 6, 60-780, Poznań, Poland
| | - Adrianna Dadej
- Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Grunwaldzka Str. 6, 60-780, Poznań, Poland
| | - Szymon Tomczak
- Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Grunwaldzka Str. 6, 60-780, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Jelińska
- Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Grunwaldzka Str. 6, 60-780, Poznań, Poland
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62
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Hart GR, Ferguson AL. Computational design of hepatitis C virus immunogens from host-pathogen dynamics over empirical viral fitness landscapes. Phys Biol 2018; 16:016004. [PMID: 30484433 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/aaeec0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) afflicts 170 million people and kills 700 000 annually. Vaccination offers the most realistic and cost effective hope of controlling this epidemic, but despite 25 years of research, no vaccine is available. A major obstacle is HCV's extreme genetic variability and rapid mutational escape from immune pressure. Coupling maximum entropy inference with population dynamics simulations, we have employed a computational approach to translate HCV sequence databases into empirical landscapes of viral fitness and simulate the intrahost evolution of the viral quasispecies over these landscapes. We explicitly model the coupled host-pathogen dynamics by combining agent-based models of viral mutation with stochastically-integrated coupled ordinary differential equations for the host immune response. We validate our model in predicting the mutational evolution of the HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (protein NS5B) within seven individuals for whom longitudinal sequencing data is available. We then use our approach to perform exhaustive in silico evaluation of putative immunogen candidates to rationally design tailored vaccines to simultaneously cripple viral fitness and block mutational escape within two selected individuals. By systematically identifying a small number of promising vaccine candidates, our empirical fitness landscapes and host-pathogen dynamics simulator can guide and accelerate experimental vaccine design efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Hart
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America. Present address: Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, 202 LLCI, 15 York Street, New Haven, CT 96510, United States of America
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63
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Youssef SS, Elemeery MN, Eldein SS, Ghareeb DA. Silencing HCV Replication in Its Reservoir. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018; 6:1965-1971. [PMID: 30559844 PMCID: PMC6290455 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HCV infection and its complications are among the leading public health challenges; the emergence of drug-resistant variants are expected to be a major problem. A novel combinatorial small interfering RNA (siRNA) could be a novel triple therapy that could be suitable for genotype 4. Although HCV is a hepatotropic virus, there is reliable evidence about its replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of chronically infected patients; these cells act as an extra-hepatic reservoir for viral recurrence and persistence. The patients with HCV-RNA in PBMC showed a significantly lower response to therapy that supports to be one of the factors influencing therapeutic response. Almost all regions of HCV show potential for siRNA target with relative efficiencies of individual siRNA sequences. AIM This study aims to test the efficacy of siRNA against HCV-4 replication in PBMC in vitro, to introduce an alternative therapeutic option for HCV-4 suitable to eradicate it from both hepatic and extra-hepatic reservoirs. METHODS Efficacy of synthesised siRNA molecule that targets 5/UTR of domain IIIC within IRES of HCV RNA to eradicate HCV intra-PBMC in vitro was tested and compared with IFN/RBV in vitro, by using both qRT-PCR and western blot. Sixty genotype-4 chronic HCV patients who are naïve for any HCV treatment were enrolled and tested for the presence of HCV intra-PBMC using qRT-PCR before and after siRNA treatment in vitro. RESULTS Real-time PCR analysis showed a significant reduction of HCV RNA levels after 24hr post-HCV-positive-PBMCs treatment by siRNA with cell vitality reached up to 98%. Besides a complete inhibition of NS5A viral protein expression, that is functionally essential for viral assembly, replication and egress. CONCLUSION So, Targeting HCV infection using RNA interference technology might be a reliable therapeutic option for chronic HCV patients with HCV minus strand within PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moustafa Nouh Elemeery
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, National Research Centre, Egypt.,Center for Systemic Biotechnology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea.,Division of Biomedical Science and Technology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Doaa Ahmed Ghareeb
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt.,Biomedical Technology, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Lebanon
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64
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Dutkiewicz M, Ciesiołka J. Form confers function: Case of the 3’X region of the hepatitis C virus genome. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:3374-3383. [PMID: 30122877 PMCID: PMC6092582 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i30.3374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
At the 3’ end of genomic hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA there is a highly conserved untranslated region, the 3’X-tail, which forms part of the 3’UTR. This region plays key functions in regulation of critical processes of the viral life cycle. The 3’X region is essential for viral replication and infectivity. It is also responsible for regulation of switching between translation and transcription of the viral RNA. There is some evidence indicating the contribution of the 3’X region to the translation efficiency of the viral polyprotein and to the encapsidation process. Several different secondary structure models of the 3’X region, based on computer predictions and experimental structure probing, have been proposed. It is likely that the 3’X region adopts more than one structural form in infected cells and that a specific equilibrium between the various forms regulates several aspects of the viral life cycle. The most intriguing explanations of the structural heterogeneity problem of the 3’X region came with the discovery of its involvement in long-range RNA-RNA interactions and the potential for homodimer formation. This article summarizes current knowledge on the structure and function of the 3’X region of hepatitis C genomic RNA, reviews previous opinions, presents new hypotheses and summarizes the questions that still remain unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Dutkiewicz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan 61-704, Poland
| | - Jerzy Ciesiołka
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan 61-704, Poland
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65
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Sharifnia Z, Bandehpour M, Kazemi B, Zarghami N. Design and Development of Modified mRNA Encoding Core Antigen of Hepatitis C Virus: a Possible Application in Vaccine Production. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2018. [PMID: 30056690 PMCID: PMC6305823 DOI: 10.29252/.23.1.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a blood-borne pathogen, resulting in liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. Despite of many efforts in development of treatments for HCV, no vaccine has been licensed yet. The purpose of this study was to design and prepare a specific mRNA, without 5’ cap and poly (A) tail transcribed in vitro capable of coding core protein and also to determine its functionality. Methods: Candidate mRNA was prepared by in vitro transcription of the designed construct consisting of 5’ and 3’ untranslated regions of heat shock proteins 70 (hsp70) mRNA, T7 promoter, internal ribosome entry site (IRES) sequences of eIF4G related to human dendritic cells (DCs), and the Core gene of HCV. To design the modified mRNA, the 5’ cap and poly (A) tail structures were not considered. DCs were transfected by in vitro-transcribed messenger RNA (IVT-mRNA) and the expressions of green fluorescent protein (GFP), and Core genes were determined by microscopic examination and Western blotting assay. Results: Cell transfection results showed that despite the absence of 5’ cap and poly (A) tail, the structure of the mRNA was stable. Moreover, the successful expressions of GFP and Core genes were achieved. Conclusion: Our findings indicated the effectiveness of a designed IVT-mRNA harboring the Core gene of HCV in transfecting and expressing the antigens in DCs. Considering the simple and efficient protocol for the preparation of this IVT-mRNA and its effectiveness in expressing the gene that it carries, this IVT-mRNA could be suitable for development of an RNA vaccine against HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarin Sharifnia
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Bandehpour
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Kazemi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nosratollah Zarghami
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratories Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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66
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Wang Q, Hagedorn C, Liu S. Adapted HCV JFH1 variant is capable of accommodating a large foreign gene insert and allows lower level HCV replication and viral production. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:1211-1220. [PMID: 30123070 PMCID: PMC6097470 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.27411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious HCV carrying reporter genes have further applications in understanding the HCV life cycle including replication, viral assembly and release. In this study, a full-length 3039bp LacZ gene was inserted into the derivative of JFH1-AM120 to develop an additional reporter virus. The results showed that the recombinant reporter virus JFH1-AM120-LacZ can replicate and produce lower titers of infectious virus. However, insertion of the LacZ gene in the C-terminal region of the NS5A in HCV JFH1-AM120-LacZ decreased viral replication and dramatically impaired the production of infectious viral particles. Moreover, the JFH1-AM120-LacZ reporter virus lost the LacZ gene after serial passage. Nevertheless, the JFH1-AM120-LacZ reporter virus displayed the entire life cycle of HCV, from replication to production of infectious virus, in Huh7.5 cells. This study demonstrates that the NS5A region of HCV JFH1-AM120 has the capacity to accommodate large foreign genes up to 3,039 bp and suggests that other relatively large gene inserts can be accommodated at this site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Center of Liver Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.8 Jingshun East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China 100015
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA 84112, United States of America
| | - Curt Hagedorn
- The Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, 4300 West 7 th St. 111/LR, Little Rock, AR USA 72205
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4300 West 7 th St. 111/LR, Little Rock, AR USA 72205
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA 84112, United States of America
| | - Shuanghu Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA 84112, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA 84112, United States of America
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67
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da Silva MS, Junqueira DM, Baumbach LF, Cibulski SP, Mósena ACS, Weber MN, Silveira S, de Moraes GM, Maia RD, Coimbra VCS, Canal CW. Comprehensive evolutionary and phylogenetic analysis of Hepacivirus N (HNV). J Gen Virol 2018; 99:890-896. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. S. da Silva
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090 - Agronomia, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - D. M. Junqueira
- Centro Universitário Ritter dos Reis – UniRitter, Rua Orfanotrófio, 555 - Santa Tereza, Porto Alegre – RS, CEP 90840-440. Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - L. F. Baumbach
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090 - Agronomia, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - S. P. Cibulski
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090 - Agronomia, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - A. C. S. Mósena
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090 - Agronomia, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - M. N. Weber
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090 - Agronomia, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - S. Silveira
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090 - Agronomia, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - G. M. de Moraes
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - R. D. Maia
- Instituto de Defesa e Inspeção Agropecuária do Rio Grande do Norte (IDIARN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - V. C. S. Coimbra
- Agência Estadual de Defesa Agropecuária do Maranhão (AGED-MA), São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - C. W. Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090 - Agronomia, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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68
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Lin HY, Chang TC, Chang ST. A review of antioxidant and pharmacological properties of phenolic compounds in Acacia confusa. J Tradit Complement Med 2018; 8:443-450. [PMID: 30302324 PMCID: PMC6174263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present review article, the phytochemical, antioxidant and pharmacological studies are congregated and summarized concerning the current knowledge of the phenolic compounds of a traditional medical plant Acacia confusa in Taiwan. This plant is native to Taiwan and South-East Asia. It possesses major pharmacological activities, including antioxidant and radical scavenging activity, hepatoprotective effect, xanthine oxidase inhibition, semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase inhibition, angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibition, antihyperuricemic effect and anti-inflammatory activity. Phenolic compounds, especially flavonoids, flavonol glycoside and phenolic acid derivatives, are the main phytochemical compounds isolated from different plant parts of A. confusa. Recent interest in this species has focused on pharmacological investigations of the phytochemicals which exhibit potent antioxidant activity based on the multiple phenolic functionalities. The consequence of this review will further extend the potential applications of this plant and offer persuasive support to its future use in the fields of clinical medicine and health functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-You Lin
- School of Forest and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tzu-Cheng Chang
- School of Forest and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shang-Tzen Chang
- School of Forest and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, ROC
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69
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Shrinet J, Bhavesh NS, Sunil S. Understanding Oxidative Stress in Aedes during Chikungunya and Dengue Virus Infections Using Integromics Analysis. Viruses 2018; 10:v10060314. [PMID: 29890729 PMCID: PMC6024870 DOI: 10.3390/v10060314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviral infection causes dysregulation of cascade of events involving numerous biomolecules affecting fitness of mosquito to combat virus. In response of the viral infection mosquito’s defense mechanism get initiated. Oxidative stress is among the first host responses triggered by the vector. Significant number of information is available showing changes in the transcripts and/or proteins upon Chikungunya virus and Dengue virus mono-infections and as co-infections. In the present study, we collected different -omics data available in the public database along with the data generated in our laboratory related to mono-infections or co-infections of these viruses. We analyzed the data and classified them into their respective pathways to study the role of oxidative stress in combating arboviral infection in Aedes mosquito. The analysis revealed that the oxidative stress related pathways functions in harmonized manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Shrinet
- Vector Borne Diseases, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Neel Sarovar Bhavesh
- Transcriptional Regulation, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Sujatha Sunil
- Vector Borne Diseases, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
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70
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Lin CK, Tseng CK, Liaw CC, Huang CY, Wei CK, Sheu JH, Lee JC. Lobohedleolide suppresses hepatitis C virus replication via JNK/c-Jun-C/EBP-mediated down-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8676. [PMID: 29875371 PMCID: PMC5989199 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26999-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) chronically infects 2–3% people of the global population, which leads to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Drug resistance remains a serious problem that limits the effectiveness of US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved direct-acting antiviral (DAA) drugs against HCV proteins. The objective of our study was to discover new antivirals from natural products to supplement current therapeutics. We demonstrated that lobohedleolide, isolated from the Formosan soft coral Lobophytum crassum, significantly reduced HCV replication in replicon cells and JFH-1 infection system, with EC50 values of 10 ± 0.56 and 22 ± 0.75 μM, respectively, at non-toxic concentrations. We further observed that the inhibitory effect of lobohedleolide on HCV replication is due to suppression of HCV-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. Based on deletion-mutant analysis of the COX-2 promoter, we identified CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) as a key transcription factor for the down-regulation of COX-2 by lobohedleolide, through which lobohedleolide decreased the phosphorylation of c-Jun NH2-terminal protein kinase and c-Jun to suppress HCV-induced C/EBP expression. The combination treatment of lobohedleolide with clinically used HCV drugs synergistically reduced HCV RNA replication, indicating that lobohedleolide exhibited a high biomedical potential to be used as a supplementary therapeutic agent to control HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Kuang Lin
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, College of Marine Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Kai Tseng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chuang Liaw
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, College of Marine Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, College of Marine Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Yao Huang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, College of Marine Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ku Wei
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Horng Sheu
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, College of Marine Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, College of Marine Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Jin-Ching Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Research Center for Natural Products and Drug Development, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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71
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Balasco N, Barone D, Iaccarino E, Sandomenico A, De Simone A, Ruvo M, Vitagliano L. Intrinsic structural versatility of the highly conserved 412-423 epitope of the Hepatitis C Virus E2 protein. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 116:620-632. [PMID: 29758309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
HCV infection is a major threaten for human health as it affects hundreds of million people worldwide. Here we investigated the conformational properties of the 412-423 fragment of the envelope E2 protein, one of the most immunogenic regions of the virus proteome whose characterization may provide interesting insights for anti-HCV vaccine development. The spectroscopic characterization of the polypeptide unravels its unexpected tendency to form amyloid-like aggregates. When kept in monomeric state, it shows a limited tendency to adopt regular secondary structure. Enhanced molecular dynamics simulations, starting from four distinct conformational states, highlight its structural versatility. Interestingly, all multiform conformational states of the polypeptide detected in crystallographic complexes with antibodies are present in the structural ensemble of all simulations. This observation corroborates the idea that known antibodies recognize this region through a conformational selection mechanism. Accordingly, the design of effective anti-HCV vaccines should consider the intrinsic flexibility of this region. The structural versatility of the 412-423 region is particularly puzzling if its remarkable sequence conservation is considered. It is likely that flexibility and sequence conservation are important features that endow this epitope with the ability to accomplish distinct functions such as immunity escape and interaction with host receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Balasco
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Naples I-80134, Italy.
| | - Daniela Barone
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Naples I-80134, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta 81100, Italy
| | - Emanuela Iaccarino
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Naples I-80134, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta 81100, Italy
| | | | - Alfonso De Simone
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Menotti Ruvo
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Naples I-80134, Italy
| | - Luigi Vitagliano
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Naples I-80134, Italy.
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Mak LY, Seto WK, Lai CL, Yuen MF. An update on the toxicological considerations for protease inhibitors used for hepatitis C infection. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 14:483-491. [PMID: 29718748 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2018.1472236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatitis C virus protease inhibitors (PIs) are important components of many direct acting antiviral regimens. Many clinical trials and real-world studies have described the safety data for individual PIs. We aimed to review the safety of both the first and second generation PIs in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). Areas covered: The unique pharmacokinetic properties of PIs partly explain their toxicities. Second generation PIs, when used without interferon and ribavirin, are well-tolerated. Use of PIs in renal impaired patients or those on dialysis appears to be safe. Decompensated cirrhosis is a contraindication for PIs use due to increased drug exposure and risk of liver decompensation. Drug-drug interactions are common and should be always monitored; some drugs should not be co-administered with PIs. In patients with co-infected hepatitis B virus, reactivation after DAA (whether PI-containing or not) is a concern. Expert opinion: Second generation PIs are key players in the current DAA era. Post-marketing surveillance is essential to monitor unknown adverse events and drug-drug interactions. Non-PI based DAA should be used in decompensated liver disease. The use of these drugs should also be explored in the paediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lung-Yi Mak
- a Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
| | - Wai-Kay Seto
- a Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China.,b State Key Lab for Liver Research , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
| | - Ching-Lung Lai
- a Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China.,b State Key Lab for Liver Research , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
| | - Man-Fung Yuen
- a Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China.,b State Key Lab for Liver Research , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
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Hernández-Aquino E, Muriel P. Beneficial effects of naringenin in liver diseases: Molecular mechanisms. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:1679-1707. [PMID: 29713125 PMCID: PMC5922990 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i16.1679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases are caused by different etiological agents, mainly alcohol consumption, viruses, drug intoxication or malnutrition. Frequently, liver diseases are initiated by oxidative stress and inflammation that lead to the excessive production of extracellular matrix (ECM), followed by a progression to fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It has been reported that some natural products display hepatoprotective properties. Naringenin is a flavonoid with antioxidant, antifibrogenic, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties that is capable of preventing liver damage caused by different agents. The main protective effects of naringenin in liver diseases are the inhibition of oxidative stress, transforming growth factor (TGF-β) pathway and the prevention of the transdifferentiation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC), leading to decreased collagen synthesis. Other effects include the inhibition of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), toll-like receptor (TLR) and TGF-β non-canonical pathways, the inhibition of which further results in a strong reduction in ECM synthesis and deposition. In addition, naringenin has shown beneficial effects on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) through the regulation of lipid metabolism, modulating the synthesis and oxidation of lipids and cholesterol. Moreover, naringenin protects from HCC, since it inhibits growth factors such as TGF-β and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), inducing apoptosis and regulating MAPK pathways. Naringenin is safe and acts by targeting multiple proteins. However, it possesses low bioavailability and high intestinal metabolism. In this regard, formulations, such as nanoparticles or liposomes, have been developed to improve naringenin bioavailability. We conclude that naringenin should be considered in the future as an important candidate in the treatment of different liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Hernández-Aquino
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology, Department of Pharmacology, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City 07000, Mexico
| | - Pablo Muriel
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology, Department of Pharmacology, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City 07000, Mexico
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74
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Understanding the inhibitory mechanism of BIT225 drug against p7 viroporin using computational study. Biophys Chem 2018; 233:47-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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75
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A role for domain I of the hepatitis C virus NS5A protein in virus assembly. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006834. [PMID: 29352312 PMCID: PMC5792032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The NS5A protein of hepatitis C virus (HCV) plays roles in both virus genome replication and assembly. NS5A comprises three domains, of these domain I is believed to be involved exclusively in genome replication. In contrast, domains II and III are required for the production of infectious virus particles and are largely dispensable for genome replication. Domain I is highly conserved between HCV and related hepaciviruses, and is highly structured, exhibiting different dimeric conformations. To investigate the functions of domain I in more detail, we conducted a mutagenic study of 12 absolutely conserved and surface-exposed residues within the context of a JFH-1-derived sub-genomic replicon and infectious virus. Whilst most of these abrogated genome replication, three mutants (P35A, V67A and P145A) retained the ability to replicate but showed defects in virus assembly. P35A exhibited a modest reduction in infectivity, however V67A and P145A produced no infectious virus. Using a combination of density gradient fractionation, biochemical analysis and high resolution confocal microscopy we demonstrate that V67A and P145A disrupted the localisation of NS5A to lipid droplets. In addition, the localisation and size of lipid droplets in cells infected with these two mutants were perturbed compared to wildtype HCV. Biophysical analysis revealed that V67A and P145A abrogated the ability of purified domain I to dimerize and resulted in an increased affinity of binding to HCV 3’UTR RNA. Taken together, we propose that domain I of NS5A plays multiple roles in assembly, binding nascent genomic RNA and transporting it to lipid droplets where it is transferred to Core. Domain I also contributes to a change in lipid droplet morphology, increasing their size. This study reveals novel functions of NS5A domain I in assembly of infectious HCV and provides new perspectives on the virus lifecycle. Hepatitis C virus infects 170 million people worldwide, causing long term liver disease. Recently new therapies comprising direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), small molecule inhibitors of virus proteins, have revolutionised treatment for infected patients. Despite this, we have a limited understanding of how the virus replicates in infected liver cells. Here we identify a previously uncharacterised function of the NS5A protein–a target for one class of DAAs. NS5A is comprised of three domains–we show that the first of these (domain I) plays a role in the production of new, infectious virus particles. Previously it was thought that domain I was only involved in replicating the virus genome. Mutations in domain I perturb dimer formation, enhanced binding to the 3’ end of the virus RNA genome and prevented NS5A from interacting with lipid droplets, cellular lipid storage organelles that are required for assembly of new viruses. We propose that domain I of NS5A plays multiple roles in virus assembly. As domain I is the putative target for one class of DAAs, our observations may have implications for the as yet undefined mode of action of these compounds.
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76
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Irshad M, Gupta P, Irshad K. Molecular basis of hepatocellular carcinoma induced by hepatitis C virus infection. World J Hepatol 2017; 9:1305-1314. [PMID: 29359013 PMCID: PMC5756719 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v9.i36.1305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Present study outlines a comprehensive view of published information about the underlying mechanisms operational for progression of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection to development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). These reports are based on the results of animal experiments and human based studies. Although, the exact delineated mechanism is not yet established, there are evidences available to emphasize the involvement of HCV induced chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, endoplasmic reticulum stress, hepato steatosis and liver fibrosis in the progression of HCV chronic disease to HCC. Persistent infection with replicating HCV not only initiates several liver alterations but also creates an environment for development of liver cancer. Various studies have reported that HCV acts both directly as well as indirectly in promoting this process. Whereas HCV related proteins, like HCV core, E1, E2, NS3 and NS5A, modulate signal pathways dysregulating cell cycle and cell metabolism, the chronic infection produces similar changes in an indirect way. HCV is an RNA virus and does not integrate with host genome and therefore, HCV induced hepatocarcinogenesis pursues a totally different mechanism causing imbalance between suppressors and proto-oncogenes and genomic integrity. However, the exact mechanism of HCC inducement still needs a full understanding of various steps involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Irshad
- Clinical Biochemistry Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Priyanka Gupta
- Clinical Biochemistry Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Khushboo Irshad
- Clinical Biochemistry Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
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77
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NLRX1 Mediates MAVS Degradation To Attenuate the Hepatitis C Virus-Induced Innate Immune Response through PCBP2. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01264-17. [PMID: 28956771 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01264-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of innate immunity is essential for host cells to restrict the spread of invading viruses and other pathogens. However, attenuation or termination of signaling is also necessary for preventing immune-mediated tissue damage and spontaneous autoimmunity. Here, we identify nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor X1 (NLRX1) as a negative regulator of the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS)-mediated signaling pathway during hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The depletion of NLRX1 enhances the HCV-triggered activation of interferon (IFN) signaling and causes the suppression of HCV propagation in hepatocytes. NLRX1, a HCV-inducible protein, interacts with MAVS and mediates the K48-linked polyubiquitination and subsequent degradation of MAVS via the proteasomal pathway. Moreover, poly(rC) binding protein 2 (PCBP2) interacts with NLRX1 to participate in the NLRX1-induced degradation of MAVS and the inhibition of antiviral responses during HCV infection. Mutagenic analyses further revealed that the NOD of NLRX1 is essential for NLRX1 to interact with PCBP2 and subsequently induce MAVS degradation. Our study unlocks a key mechanism of the fine-tuning of innate immunity by which NLRX1 restrains the retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptor (RLR)-MAVS signaling cascade by recruiting PCBP2 to MAVS for inducing MAVS degradation through the proteasomal pathway. NLRX1, a negative regulator of innate immunity, is a pivotal host factor for HCV to establish persistent infection.IMPORTANCE Innate immunity needs to be tightly regulated to maximize the antiviral response and minimize immune-mediated pathology, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we report that NLRX1 is a proviral host factor for HCV infection and functions as a negative regulator of the HCV-triggered innate immune response. NLRX1 recruits PCBP2 to MAVS and induces the K48-linked polyubiquitination and degradation of MAVS, leading to the negative regulation of the IFN signaling pathway and promoting HCV infection. Overall, this study provides intriguing insights into how innate immunity is regulated during viral infection.
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78
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Holmstrom ED, Nettels D, Schuler B. Conformational Plasticity of Hepatitis C Virus Core Protein Enables RNA-Induced Formation of Nucleocapsid-like Particles. J Mol Biol 2017; 430:2453-2467. [PMID: 29045818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Many of the unanswered questions associated with hepatitis C virus assembly are related to the core protein (HCVcp), which forms an oligomeric nucleocapsid encompassing the viral genome. The structural properties of HCVcp have been difficult to quantify, at least in part because it is an intrinsically disordered protein. We have used single-molecule Förster Resonance Energy Transfer techniques to study the conformational dimensions and dynamics of the HCVcp nucleocapsid domain (HCVncd) at various stages during the RNA-induced formation of nucleocapsid-like particles. Our results indicate that HCVncd is a typical intrinsically disordered protein. When it forms small ribonucleoprotein complexes with various RNA hairpins from the 3' end of the HCV genome, it compacts but remains intrinsically disordered and conformationally dynamic. Above a critical RNA concentration, these ribonucleoprotein complexes rapidly and cooperatively assemble into large nucleocapsid-like particles, wherein the individual HCVncd subunits become substantially more extended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik D Holmstrom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel Nettels
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Benjamin Schuler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Physics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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79
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Elsemman IE, Mardinoglu A, Shoaie S, Soliman TH, Nielsen J. Systems biology analysis of hepatitis C virus infection reveals the role of copy number increases in regions of chromosome 1q in hepatocellular carcinoma metabolism. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 12:1496-506. [PMID: 27040643 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00827a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a worldwide healthcare problem; however, traditional treatment methods have failed to cure all patients, and HCV has developed resistance to new drugs. Systems biology-based analyses could play an important role in the holistic analysis of the impact of HCV on hepatocellular metabolism. Here, we integrated HCV assembly reactions with a genome-scale hepatocyte metabolic model to identify metabolic targets for HCV assembly and metabolic alterations that occur between different HCV progression states (cirrhosis, dysplastic nodule, and early and advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)) and healthy liver tissue. We found that diacylglycerolipids were essential for HCV assembly. In addition, the metabolism of keratan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate was significantly changed in the cirrhosis stage, whereas the metabolism of acyl-carnitine was significantly changed in the dysplastic nodule and early HCC stages. Our results explained the role of the upregulated expression of BCAT1, PLOD3 and six other methyltransferase genes involved in carnitine biosynthesis and S-adenosylmethionine metabolism in the early and advanced HCC stages. Moreover, GNPAT and BCAP31 expression was upregulated in the early and advanced HCC stages and could lead to increased acyl-CoA consumption. By integrating our results with copy number variation analyses, we observed that GNPAT, PPOX and five of the methyltransferase genes (ASH1L, METTL13, SMYD2, TARBP1 and SMYD3), which are all located on chromosome 1q, had increased copy numbers in the cancer samples relative to the normal samples. Finally, we confirmed our predictions with the results of metabolomics studies and proposed that inhibiting the identified targets has the potential to provide an effective treatment strategy for HCV-associated liver disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim E Elsemman
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden. and Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt and The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden. and Science for Life Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Saeed Shoaie
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Taysir H Soliman
- Information Systems Department, Faculty of Computers and Information, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden. and Science for Life Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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80
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Campos GRF, Bittar C, Jardim ACG, Shimizu JF, Batista MN, Paganini ER, Ribeiro de Assis L, Bartlett C, Harris M, da Silva Bolzani V, Regasini LO, Rahal P. Hepatitis C virus in vitro replication is efficiently inhibited by acridone Fac4. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1693-1701. [PMID: 28699869 PMCID: PMC7615702 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) affects about 170 million people worldwide. The current treatment has a high cost and variable response rates according to the virus genotype. Acridones, a group of compounds extracted from natural sources, showed potential antiviral actions against HCV. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of a panel of 14 synthetic acridones on the HCV life cycle. The compounds were screened using an Huh7.5 cell line stably harbouring the HCV genotype 2a subgenomic replicon SGR-Feo-JFH-1. Cells were incubated in the presence or absence of compounds for 72 h and cell viability and replication levels were assessed by MTT and luciferase assays, respectively. At a concentration of 5 µM the acridone Fac4 exhibited a >90 % inhibition of HCV replication with no effect on cell viability. The effects of Fac4 on virus replication, entry and release steps were evaluated in Huh7.5 cells infected with the JFH-1 isolate of HCV (HCVcc). Fac4 inhibited JFH-1 replication to approximately 70 %, while no effect was observed on virus entry. The antiviral activity of Fac4 was also observed on viral release, with almost 80 % of inhibition. No inhibitory effect was observed against genotype 3 replication. Fac4 was able to intercalate into dsRNA, however did not inhibit NS5B polymerase activity or translation driven by the HCV IRES. Although its mode of action is partly understood, Fac4 presents significant inhibition of HCV replication and can therefore be considered as a candidate for the development of a future anti-HCV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cíntia Bittar
- Institute of Bioscience, Language and Exact Science, IBILCE, UNESP – São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Gomes Jardim
- Institute of Biomedical Science, ICBIM, UFU – Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Farinha Shimizu
- Institute of Bioscience, Language and Exact Science, IBILCE, UNESP – São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Nogueira Batista
- Institute of Bioscience, Language and Exact Science, IBILCE, UNESP – São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Eder Ramos Paganini
- Institute of Bioscience, Language and Exact Science, IBILCE, UNESP – São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Letícia Ribeiro de Assis
- Institute of Bioscience, Language and Exact Science, IBILCE, UNESP – São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Christopher Bartlett
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Mark Harris
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Luis Octavio Regasini
- Institute of Bioscience, Language and Exact Science, IBILCE, UNESP – São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula Rahal
- Institute of Bioscience, Language and Exact Science, IBILCE, UNESP – São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
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Hafid AF, Aoki-Utsubo C, Permanasari AA, Adianti M, Tumewu L, Widyawaruyanti A, Wahyuningsih SPA, Wahyuni TS, Lusida MI, Soetjipto, Hotta H. Antiviral activity of the dichloromethane extracts from Artocarpus heterophyllus leaves against hepatitis C virus. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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82
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Megamitochondria formation in hepatocytes of patient with chronic hepatitis C - a case report. Clin Exp Hepatol 2017; 3:169-175. [PMID: 29062908 PMCID: PMC5649480 DOI: 10.5114/ceh.2017.68287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection affect 185 million people world-wide, pathomechanism of liver damage is still unclear. Electron microscopy can reveal liver injury in very early stage and help understanding the mechanisms that is crucial in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C. We present the morphological changes in the liver of HCV infected 24-year-old female patient, using light and transmission electron microscopy. Examination by TEM revealed wide range of specific subcellular abnormalities in hepatocellular ultrastructure. The most common observed changes were ring-shaped nuclei with intranuclear inclusion, megamitochondria, and “membranous web” structures – the hallmark of RNA-viruses infection.
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Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a hepatotropic RNA virus that causes progressive liver damage, which might result in liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Globally, between 64 and 103 million people are chronically infected. Major risk factors for this blood-borne virus infection are unsafe injection drug use and unsterile medical procedures (iatrogenic infections) in countries with high HCV prevalence. Diagnostic procedures include serum HCV antibody testing, HCV RNA measurement, viral genotype and subtype determination and, lately, assessment of resistance-associated substitutions. Various direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) have become available, which target three proteins involved in crucial steps of the HCV life cycle: the NS3/4A protease, the NS5A protein and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase NS5B protein. Combination of two or three of these DAAs can cure (defined as a sustained virological response 12 weeks after treatment) HCV infection in >90% of patients, including populations that have been difficult to treat in the past. As long as a prophylactic vaccine is not available, the HCV pandemic has to be controlled by treatment-as-prevention strategies, effective screening programmes and global access to treatment.
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84
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Ganesan A, Barakat K. Applications of computer-aided approaches in the development of hepatitis C antiviral agents. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:407-425. [PMID: 28164720 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1291628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a global health problem that causes several chronic life-threatening liver diseases. The numbers of people affected by HCV are rising annually. Since 2011, the FDA has approved several anti-HCV drugs; while many other promising HCV drugs are currently in late clinical trials. Areas covered: This review discusses the applications of different computational approaches in HCV drug design. Expert opinion: Molecular docking and virtual screening approaches have emerged as a low-cost tool to screen large databases and identify potential small-molecule hits against HCV targets. Ligand-based approaches are useful for filtering-out compounds with rich physicochemical properties to inhibit HCV targets. Molecular dynamics (MD) remains a useful tool in optimizing the ligand-protein complexes and understand the ligand binding modes and drug resistance mechanisms in HCV. Despite their varied roles, the application of in-silico approaches in HCV drug design is still in its infancy. A more mature application should aim at modelling the whole HCV replicon in its active form and help to identify new effective druggable sites within the replicon system. With more technological advancements, the roles of computer-aided methods are only going to increase several folds in the development of next-generation HCV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravindhan Ganesan
- a Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
| | - Khaled Barakat
- a Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
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85
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Medvedev R, Hildt E, Ploen D. Look who's talking-the crosstalk between oxidative stress and autophagy supports exosomal-dependent release of HCV particles. Cell Biol Toxicol 2016; 33:211-231. [PMID: 27987184 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-016-9376-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved and regulated intracellular lysosomal degradation pathway that is essential for cell survival. Dysregulation has been linked to the development of various human diseases, including neurodegeneration and tumorigenesis, infection, and aging. Besides, many viruses hijack the autophagosomal pathway to support their life cycle. The hepatitis C virus (HCV), a major cause of chronic liver diseases worldwide, has been described to induce autophagy. The autophagosomal pathway can be further activated in response to elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). HCV impairs the Nrf2/ARE-dependent induction of ROS-detoxifying enzymes by a so far unprecedented mechanism. In line with this, this review aims to discuss the relevance of HCV-dependent elevated ROS levels for the induction of autophagy as a result of the impaired Nrf2 signaling and the described crosstalk between p62 and the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway. Moreover, autophagy is functionally connected to the endocytic pathway as components of the endosomal trafficking are involved in the maturation of autophagosomes. The release of HCV particles is still not fully understood. Recent studies suggest an involvement of exosomes that originate from the endosomal pathway in viral release. In line with this, it is tempting to speculate whether HCV-dependent elevated ROS levels induce autophagy to support exosome-mediated release of viral particles. Based on recent findings, in this review, we will further highlight the impact of HCV-induced autophagy and its interplay with the endosomal pathway as a novel mechanism for the release of HCV particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Medvedev
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany
| | - Eberhard Hildt
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Gießen, Marburg, Langen, Germany
| | - Daniela Ploen
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany.
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86
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Ismail NSM, Elzahabi HSA, Sabry P, Baselious FN, AbdelMalak AS, Hanna F. A study of the allosteric inhibition of HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and implementing virtual screening for the selection of promising dual-site inhibitors with low resistance potential. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2016; 37:341-354. [PMID: 27829320 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2016.1248293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Structure-based pharmacophores were generated and validated using the bioactive conformations of different co-crystallized enzyme-inhibitor complexes for allosteric palm-1 and thumb-2 inhibitors of NS5B. Two pharmacophore models were obtained, one for palm-1 inhibitors with sensitivity = 0.929 and specificity = 0.983, and the other for thumb-2 inhibitors with sensitivity = 1 and specificity = 0.979. In addition, a quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) models were developed based on using the values of different scoring functions as descriptors predicting the activity on both allosteric binding sites (palm-1 and thumb-2). QSAR studies revealed good predictive and statistically significant two descriptor models (r2 = .837, r2adjusted = .792 and r2prediction = .688 for palm-1 model and r2 = .927, r2adjusted = .908 and r2prediction = .779 for thumb-2 model). External validation for the QSAR models assured their prediction power with r2ext = .72 and .89 for palm-1 and thumb-2, respectively. Different docking protocols were examined for their validity to predict the correct binding poses of inhibitors inside their respective binding sites. Virtual screening was carried out on ZINC database using the generated pharmacophores, the selected valid docking algorithms and QSAR models to find compounds that could theoretically bind to both sites simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser S M Ismail
- a Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Industries , Future University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Heba S A Elzahabi
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Al-Azhar University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Peter Sabry
- c National Organization for Drug Control and Research , Dokki , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Fady N Baselious
- d Department of Research and Development , Global Napi Pharmaceuticals , 6th October City , Giza , Egypt
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87
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Schuermans W, Orlent H, Desombere I, Descheemaeker P, Van Vlierberghe H, Geerts A, Verhelst X, Reynders M, Padalko E. Heads or Tails: Genotyping of Hepatitis C Virus Concerning the 2k/1b Circulating Recombinant Form. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1384. [PMID: 27563879 PMCID: PMC5037664 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As different hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes respond differently to initiated therapy, correct HCV genotyping is essential. A potential risk for misclassification of the intergenotypic HCV circulating recombinant form (CRF) 2k/1b strains exists, depending on the genotyping method used. The aim was to investigate the differences in HCV genotyping methods with regard to CRF 2k/1b and to gain insight in the prevalence of the CRF 2k/1b. Genotyping results by Versant HCV Genotype Assay were compared with nonstructural protein 5B (NS5B) sequencing. In total, from November 2001 until March 2015, 3296 serum samples were analyzed by Versant HCV Genotype Assay. As misclassified CRF is harbored among HCV genotype 2, we further focused our search on 142 (4.3%) samples positive for HCV genotype 2. On 116 (81.7%) retrieved samples, the NS5B sequencing was performed. Twelve out of the 116 retrieved samples (10.3%) were classified as CRF 2k/1b by sequencing of the NS5B region. Ten of these 12 samples were originally misclassified as genotype 2a or 2c, while 2 of them were misclassified as genotype 2. Our results show that the current prevalence of CRF 2k/1b is underestimated. The importance of correct HCV genotyping is emphasized, considering the tailored choice of treatment regimen and overall prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Schuermans
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University and Hospital, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
| | - Hans Orlent
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, AZ Sint-Jan Bruges-Ostend, Bruges 8000, Belgium.
| | - Isabelle Desombere
- Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University and Hospital, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
| | - Patrick Descheemaeker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, AZ Sint-Jan Bruges-Ostend, Bruges 8000, Belgium.
| | - Hans Van Vlierberghe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ghent University and Hospital, Ghent 8000, Belgium.
| | - Anja Geerts
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ghent University and Hospital, Ghent 8000, Belgium.
| | - Xavier Verhelst
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ghent University and Hospital, Ghent 8000, Belgium.
| | - Marijke Reynders
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, AZ Sint-Jan Bruges-Ostend, Bruges 8000, Belgium.
| | - Elizaveta Padalko
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University and Hospital, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
- School of Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium.
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88
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Holzmann N, Chipot C, Penin F, Dehez F. Assessing the physiological relevance of alternate architectures of the p7 protein of hepatitis C virus in different environments. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:4920-4927. [PMID: 27501910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The viroporin p7 of the hepatitis C virus forms multimeric channels eligible for ion transport across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Currently the subject of many studies and discussion, the molecular assembly of the ion channel and the structural characteristics of the p7 monomer are not yet fully understood. Structural investigation of p7 has been carried out only in detergent environments, making the interpretation of the experimental results somewhat questionable. Here, we analyze by means of molecular dynamics simulations the structure of the p7 monomer as a function of its sequence, initial conformation and environment. We investigate the conductance properties of three models of a hexameric p7 ion channel by examining ion translocation in a pure lipid bilayer. It is noteworthy that although none of the models reflects the experimentally observed trend to conduct preferentially cations, we were able to identify the position and orientation of titratable acidic or basic residues playing a crucial role in ion selectivity and in the overall conductance of the channel. In addition, too compact a packing of the monomers leads to channel collapse rather than formation of a reasonable pore, amenable to ion translocation. The present findings are envisioned to help assess the physiological relevance of p7 ion channel models consisting of multimeric structures obtained in non-native environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Holzmann
- Unité Mixte de Recherche No. 7565, Université de Lorraine, B.P. 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France; Laboratoire International Associé Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, CNRS, B.P. 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
| | - Christophe Chipot
- Unité Mixte de Recherche No. 7565, Université de Lorraine, B.P. 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France; Laboratoire International Associé Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, CNRS, B.P. 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France; Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - François Penin
- Bases Moléculaires et Structurales des Systèmes Infectieux, IBCP, UMR 5086, Université de Lyon, 69367 Lyon, France; Bases Moléculaires et Structurales des Systèmes Infectieux, IBCP, UMR 5086, CNRS, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - François Dehez
- Unité Mixte de Recherche No. 7565, Université de Lorraine, B.P. 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France; Laboratoire International Associé Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, CNRS, B.P. 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France.
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89
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Interaction between Nonstructural Proteins NS4B and NS5A Is Essential for Proper NS5A Localization and Hepatitis C Virus RNA Replication. J Virol 2016; 90:7205-7218. [PMID: 27252526 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00037-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The hepatitis C virus NS5A protein is tethered to cellular membranes via an amphipathic amino-terminal helix that is inserted in-plane into the outer endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived membrane leaflet. The charged face of the helix faces the cytoplasm and may contribute to interactions involved in replicase assembly and function. Using an aggressive charge flip mutagenesis strategy, we identified a number of essential residues for replication on the charged face of the NS5A anchor and identified a double charge face mutant that is lethal for RNA replication but generates suppressor mutations in the carboxy-terminal helix of the NS4B protein. This suppressor restores RNA replication of the NS5A helix double flip mutant (D1979K/D1982K) and, interestingly, seems to function by restoring the proper localization of NS5A to the viral replicase. These data add to our understanding of the complex organization and assembly of the viral replicase via NS4B-NS5A interactions. IMPORTANCE Information about the functional role of the cytosolic face of the NS5A anchoring helix remains obscure. In this study, we show that while the hydrophobic face of the NS5A anchor helix mediates membrane association, the polar cytosolic face of the helix plays a key role during hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication by mediating the interaction of NS5A with other HCV nonstructural proteins via NS4B. Such an interaction determines the subcellular localization of NS5A by engaging NS5A in the HCV replication process during the formation of a functional HCV replication complex. Thus, collectively, it can be stated that the findings in the present study provide further information about the interactions between the HCV nonstructural proteins during HCV RNA replication and provide a platform to gain more insights about the molecular architecture of HCV replication complexes.
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90
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Nutho B, Meeprasert A, Chulapa M, Kungwan N, Rungrotmongkol T. Screening of hepatitis C NS5B polymerase inhibitors containing benzothiadiazine core: a steered molecular dynamics. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:1743-1757. [PMID: 27236925 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1193444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic C virus (HCV) is a global health problem, resulting in liver cirrhosis and inflammation that can develop to hepatocellular carcinoma and fatality. The NS5B polymerase of HCV plays an important role in viral RNA replication process, making it an attractive therapeutic target for design and development of anti-HCV drugs. To search new potent compounds against the HCV NS5B polymerase, the molecular docking and the steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation techniques were performed. The potential potent inhibitors of the NS5B polymerase were screened out from the ZINC database using structural similarity search and molecular docking technique. Five top-hit compounds (the ZINC compounds 49888724, 49054741, 49777239, 49793673, and 49780355) were then studied by the SMD simulations based on the hypothesis that a high rupture force relates to a high binding efficiency. The results demonstrated that the ZINC compound 49888724 had a greater maximum rupture force, reflecting a good binding strength and inhibitory potency than known inhibitors and the rest four ZINC compounds. Therefore, our finding indicated that the ZINC compound 49888724 is a potential candidate to be a novel NS5B inhibitor for further design. Besides, the van der Waals interaction could be considered as the main contribution for stabilizing the NS5B-ligand complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodee Nutho
- a Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok 10330 , Thailand
| | - Arthitaya Meeprasert
- b Structural and Computational Biology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok 10330 , Thailand
| | - Methat Chulapa
- b Structural and Computational Biology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok 10330 , Thailand
| | - Nawee Kungwan
- c Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai 50200 , Thailand
| | - Thanyada Rungrotmongkol
- b Structural and Computational Biology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok 10330 , Thailand.,d PhD Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Faculty of Science , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok 10330 , Thailand
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91
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Hassan STS, Berchová-Bímová K, Petráš J. Plumbagin, a Plant-Derived Compound, Exhibits Antifungal Combinatory Effect with Amphotericin B against Candida albicans Clinical Isolates and Anti-hepatitis C Virus Activity. Phytother Res 2016; 30:1487-92. [PMID: 27215409 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plumbagin (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone), the major active constituent of Plumbago indica L., has been shown to be effective against a wide range of infectious microbes. In this study, plumbagin has been evaluated in vitro for its antifungal combinatory effect with amphotericin B against Candida albicans (C. albicans) clinical isolates and anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) activity. Antifungal activity was determined by broth microdilution method, and combinatory effect was evaluated by checkerboard assay according to ΣFIC indices, while cytotoxicity was determined by MTT assay. Anti-HCV activity was determined in infected Huh7.5 cells using quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR, and cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay. Plumbagin exerted inhibitory effect against all C. albicans strains with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 7.41 to 11.24 µg/mL. The additive effect of plumbagin when combined with amphotericin B at concentrations of (0.12, 0.13 and 0.19, 1.81 µg/mL, respectively) was obtained against five of seven strains tested with ΣFIC ranging from 0.62 to 0.91. In addition, plumbagin was found to be used safely for topical application when combined with amphotericin B at concentrations corresponding to the additive effect. Plumbagin exerted anti-HCV activity compared with that of telaprevir with IC50 values of 0.57 and 0.01 μM/L, respectively, and selectivity indices SI = 53.7 and SI = 2127, respectively. Our results present plumbagin as a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of C. albicans and HCV infections. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif T S Hassan
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Praha 6 - Suchdol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Berchová-Bímová
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Praha 6 - Suchdol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Petráš
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
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92
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Seignères B, Descamps F, Croise R, Barlet V, Bouvier-Alias M, Chevaliez S, Pawlotsky JM, Abdelhady W, Rafik M, Avellon AM, Echevarria JM, Hausmann M, Dugua JM. Multicenter clinical evaluation of the new 3rd generation assay for detection of antibodies against hepatitis C virus on the VIDAS(®) system. J Clin Virol 2016; 78:20-6. [PMID: 26962723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detection of antibodies (anti-HCV) against hepatitis C virus (HCV) is indispensable for screening and diagnosis of viral hepatitis and for the viral safety of blood, tissue or organ donations. It gains additional importance by the new HCV drugs which improve the therapeutic possibilities dramatically. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the performance of a newly developed immune assay for anti-HCV based on the well-established VIDAS platform. STUDY DESIGN The assay was evaluated with samples from anti-HCV negative blood donors and from patients with or without HCV markers in six centres in France, Spain and Egypt. The status of the samples was determined by using CE-marked immune assays (Architect, AxSym, Prism, Vitros), two immunoblots (RIBA, Inno-Lia) and/or HCV RNA results. RESULTS Specificity was 99.67% in 10,320 French blood donors without anti-HCV, 99.5% in 200 anti-HCV negative hospitalized European patients and 99.0% in 198 negative patients from Egypt. Sensitivity was 99.7% in 1054 patients pretested positive by other assays; 345 patients with known genotype had genotype 1-6; 61 patients were co-infected with HIV. VIDAS was reactive in 78% of 91 patients with uncertain or very weak anti-HCV. It became on average positive at day 37 with seroconversion panels. CONCLUSIONS This multicentric, international study with >12,000 samples show that the new VIDAS anti-HCV assay is very suitable for screening and confirmation of HCV infection. Sensitivity, specificity and recognition of seroconversion compare favorably with well-established CE-marked tests and help to clarify discrepant results obtained with other assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Seignères
- bioMérieux, R&D Immunoassays, Marcy l'Etoile, France.
| | | | - R Croise
- EFS Rhône-Alpes, Metz-Tessy, France
| | - V Barlet
- EFS Rhône-Alpes, Metz-Tessy, France
| | - M Bouvier-Alias
- National Reference Center for Viral Hepatitis B, C and Delta, Department of Virology, Henri Mondor Hospital, Université Paris-Est, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
| | - S Chevaliez
- National Reference Center for Viral Hepatitis B, C and Delta, Department of Virology, Henri Mondor Hospital, Université Paris-Est, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
| | - J M Pawlotsky
- National Reference Center for Viral Hepatitis B, C and Delta, Department of Virology, Henri Mondor Hospital, Université Paris-Est, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
| | - W Abdelhady
- Clinical Pathology Department, Ain Shams Faculty of Medecine, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M Rafik
- Clinical Pathology Department, Ain Shams Faculty of Medecine, Cairo, Egypt
| | - A M Avellon
- National Centre of Microbiology, Department of Virology, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - J M Echevarria
- National Centre of Microbiology, Department of Virology, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - M Hausmann
- bioMérieux, R&D Immunoassays, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - J-M Dugua
- bioMérieux, R&D Immunoassays, Marcy l'Etoile, France
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93
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Zhou LY, Zhang LL. Host restriction factors for hepatitis C virus. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:1477-86. [PMID: 26819515 PMCID: PMC4721981 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i4.1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Host-hepatitis C virus (HCV) interactions have both informed fundamental concepts of viral replication and pathogenesis and provided novel insights into host cell biology. These findings are illustrated by the recent discovery of host-encoded factors that restrict HCV infection. In this review, we briefly discuss these restriction factors in different steps of HCV infection. In each case, we discuss how these restriction factors were identified, the mechanisms by which they inhibit HCV infection and their potential contribution to viral pathogenesis.
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94
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HMGB1 Promotes Hepatitis C Virus Replication by Interaction with Stem-Loop 4 in the Viral 5' Untranslated Region. J Virol 2015; 90:2332-44. [PMID: 26656705 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02795-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein is a highly conserved nuclear protein involved in multiple human diseases, including infectious diseases, immune disorders, metabolic disorders, and cancer. HMGB1 is comprised of two tandem HMG boxes (the A box and the B box) containing DNA-binding domains and an acidic C-terminal peptide. It has been reported that HMGB1 enhances viral replication by binding to viral proteins. However, its role in hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication is unknown. Here, we show that HMGB1 promoted HCV replication but had no effect on HCV translation. RNA immunoprecipitation experiments indicated that the positive strand, not the negative strand, of HCV RNA interacted with HMGB1. HCV infection triggered HMGB1 protein translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, in which it interacted with the HCV genome. Moreover, the A box of HMGB1 is the pivotal domain to interact with stem-loop 4 (SL4) of the HCV 5' untranslated region. Deletion of the HMGB1 A box abrogated the enhancement of HCV replication by HMGB1. Our data suggested that HMGB1 serves as a proviral factor of HCV to facilitate viral replication in hepatocytes by interaction with the HCV genome. IMPORTANCE Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major global health threat, affecting more than 170 million people infection worldwide. These patients are at high risk of developing severe liver diseases such as chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, no vaccine is available. Many host factors may be implicated in the pathogenesis of HCV-related diseases. In this study, we found a novel HCV RNA-binding protein, HMGB1, that promotes HCV RNA replication. Moreover, SL4 in the 5' untranslated region of the HCV genome is the key region for HMGB1 binding, and the A box of HMGB1 protein is the functional domain to interact with HCV RNA and enhance viral replication. HMGB1 appears to play an important role in HCV-related diseases, and further investigation is warranted to elucidate the specific actions of HMGB1 in HCV pathogenesis.
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95
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Rauff B, Douglas MW. Role of fibrogenic and inflammatory cytokines in HCV-induced fibrosis. Future Virol 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.15.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
HCV is one of the main causative agents of liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver inflammation resulting from HCV infection triggers fibrosis. In HCV-related fibrosis, differentiated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) known as myofibroblasts participate in the fibrogenic and inflammatory response. TGF-β1 and CTGF, released from these HSCs, have been implicated as master cytokines mediating HCV induced hepatic fibrosis. PDGF is another potent mitogen, which facilitates the progression of liver fibrosis by enhancing the proliferation and migration of HSCs. In addition to these major cytokines, the release of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1b and IL-10 by immune cells also promotes the effect of HCV induced fibrosis. Targeting these cytokines may offer the potential for treatments to prevent or cure fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisma Rauff
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark W Douglas
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Infectious Diseases & Microbiology, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases & Biosecurity, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, NSW, Australia
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96
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis C virus (HCV) afflicts 170 million people worldwide, 2%-3% of the global population, and kills 350 000 each year. Prophylactic vaccination offers the most realistic and cost effective hope of controlling this epidemic in the developing world where expensive drug therapies are not available. Despite 20 years of research, the high mutability of the virus and lack of knowledge of what constitutes effective immune responses have impeded development of an effective vaccine. Coupling data mining of sequence databases with spin glass models from statistical physics, we have developed a computational approach to translate clinical sequence databases into empirical fitness landscapes quantifying the replicative capacity of the virus as a function of its amino acid sequence. These landscapes explicitly connect viral genotype to phenotypic fitness, and reveal vulnerable immunological targets within the viral proteome that can be exploited to rationally design vaccine immunogens. We have recovered the empirical fitness landscape for the HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (protein NS5B) responsible for viral genome replication, and validated the predictions of our model by demonstrating excellent accord with experimental measurements and clinical observations. We have used our landscapes to perform exhaustive in silico screening of 16.8 million T-cell immunogen candidates to identify 86 optimal formulations. By reducing the search space of immunogen candidates by over five orders of magnitude, our approach can offer valuable savings in time, expense, and labor for experimental vaccine development and accelerate the search for a HCV vaccine. ABBREVIATIONS HCV-hepatitis C virus, HLA-human leukocyte antigen, CTL-cytotoxic T lymphocyte, NS5B-nonstructural protein 5B, MSA-multiple sequence alignment, PEG-IFN-pegylated interferon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Hart
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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97
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Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies in Non-Interferon Treated Hepatitis C Patients in Pakistan. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:172981. [PMID: 26613079 PMCID: PMC4646994 DOI: 10.1155/2015/172981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Interferon therapy of HCV infected patients is associated with development of thyroid dysfunctions. Patients with pretreatment presence of antithyroid peroxidase (TPO-Ab) are at greater risk. This study, probably the first in Pakistan, was planned to determine TPO-Ab in sera of treatment-naive local HCV patients. Setting. Centre for Nuclear Medicine (CENUM), Mayo Hospital, Lahore. Patients and Methods. During July to December 2012, 190 patients (140 females, 50 males) newly diagnosed for HCV infection were selected for this study. Their age range was 15–55 years (mean: 35.3 ± 9.1 years). 262 age matched healthy subjects (211 females and 50 males) were recruited as control. Serum-free thyroxin (FT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were detected by radioimmunoassay techniques. Serum TPO-Ab titer was determined by ELISA method using commercial kits. Results. Serum FT4 and TSH levels in HCV patients and controls were within normal range. Between two groups there was no significant difference in mean value of FT4 (16.0 ± 3.0 versus 16.2 ± 3.9; P = 0.619) but mean TSH value was significantly lower in HCV patients (1.5 ± 0.8 versus 1.8 ± 0.9; P = 0.003). Among HCV patients 51 (26.8%) were TPO-Ab positive and among control subjects 18 (6.9%) were TPO-Ab positive. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Further analysis showed that among HCV patients 39 (27.8%) females and 12 (24.0%) males were TPO-Ab positive, respectively, and difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.873). Moreover, TPO-Ab positive patients were older and had significantly higher serum TSH as compared to TPO-Ab negative HCV patients. Conclusion. Independent of patient's gender and increasing with advancing age, about one-fourth of local untreated HCV patients are TPO-Ab positive and are at greater risk of developing thyroid disorders during and after interferon treatment.
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98
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Gutierrez JA, Lawitz EJ, Poordad F. Interferon-free, direct-acting antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C. J Viral Hepat 2015; 22:861-70. [PMID: 26083155 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The treatment environment for chronic hepatitis C has undergone a revolution, particularly in genotype 1. Gone are interferon-based therapy and its associated tolerability challenges, inadequate response rates and numerous baseline factors that affect response to therapy. New and emerging treatment regimens employ all-oral combinations of direct-acting antiviral agents, and results of clinical trials suggest that these regimens routinely achieve cure rates >90%, even in patients who failed prior interferon-based triple therapy. In 2015, three all-oral FDA-approved regiments will be available for genotype 1 (sofosbuvir /ledipasvir, sofosbuvir/simeprevir, and paritaprevir/r/ombitasvir/dasabuvir). Furthermore, new treatment combinations appear to be more tolerable and require shorter duration of therapy. We provide an overview of the classes of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs), the clinical factors affecting their integration into combination therapies and recent findings from trials of such combination therapies in patients with genotype 1 HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Gutierrez
- The Texas Liver Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - E J Lawitz
- The Texas Liver Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - F Poordad
- The Texas Liver Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
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99
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Design, synthesis, structure information and biochemical activity of new floro substituted organotin(IV) carboxylates. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 154:99-107. [PMID: 26708070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Four new triorganotin(IV) complexes with general formula R3SnL (R=C4H9, C6H5, and L=3-[(fluorophenylamido)]propenoic acid, 3-[(fluorophenylamido)]propanoic acid) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, FT-IR, NMR ((1)H, (13)C and (119)Sn), mass spectrometry and single crystal X-ray structural analysis. The disappearance of the OH peak of the carboxylic acid in the FT-IR and NMR spectra of the compounds conform the formation of the compound and suggests that the complexation occurs via oxygen atoms of the carboxylate moiety. FT-IR date shows the bidentate nature of the carboxylate moiety of the ligand as the Δν value in all complexes is less than 250. Crystallographic data for compound 2 showed that tin has distorted tetrahedral geometry with 433.42° angle around the central tin atom. The compounds (1-4) bind to DNA, resulting hypochromism shifts in UV-visible spectroscopy suggesting an intercalative mode of interactions. The compound-DNA interaction results (UV-visible and Viscometery) encourage using the compounds against HCV. The compounds (1-4) were screened for anti-HCV activity using Huh7.5 cell (human hepatoma cell) by the Gaussia Luciferase Assay and found to be biologically active. Based on Gaussia Luciferase Assay, compound 3 (Tributylstannic [3-(2-fluorophenylamido)propionate]) was taken for quantitative analysis by "QRT-PCR" using the serum of HCV patients and was found to have substantial anti-HCV activity. This work, demonstrated that compound 3 may be used as a potential anti-HCV agent in the future.
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100
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Clausznitzer D, Harnisch J, Kaderali L. Multi-scale model for hepatitis C viral load kinetics under treatment with direct acting antivirals. Virus Res 2015; 218:96-101. [PMID: 26409026 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are a global health problem, and extensive research over the last decades has been targeted at understanding its molecular biology and developing effective antiviral treatments. Recently, a number of potent direct acting antiviral drugs have been developed targeting specific processes in the viral life cycle. Here, we developed a mathematical multi-scale model of the within-host dynamics of HCV infection by integrating a standard model for viral infection with a detailed model of the viral replication cycle inside infected cells. We use this model to study patient time courses of viral load under treatment with daclatasvir, an inhibitor of the viral non-structural protein NS5A. Model analysis predicts that treatment efficacy can be increased by combining daclatasvir with dedicated viral polymerase inhibitors, corresponding to promising current strategies in drug development. Hence, our model presents a predictive tool for in silico simulations, which can be used to study and optimize direct acting antiviral drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Clausznitzer
- Technische Universität Dresden, School of Medicine, Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Julia Harnisch
- Technische Universität Dresden, School of Medicine, Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Lars Kaderali
- Technische Universität Dresden, School of Medicine, Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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