51
|
Abbas AA, Hamdy A, Ahmed AE. Compromised blood-bile barrier after acetaminophen overdose. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2825-2827. [PMID: 35849165 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03335-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is the only approved drug for the treatment of acetaminophen (APAP) intoxication. A limitation of NAC is the short therapeutic time-window as it is only effective within approximately eight hours after APAP ingestion, which is critical since patients seek medical attention often after the onset of symptoms approximately 24 h after overdose. Recently, a so far unknown mechanism was identified by which APAP causes an increase of intracellular bile acid concentrations in hepatocytes to concentrations that exceed cytotoxic thresholds. APAP compromises the tight junctions of bile canaliculi that leads to the leakage of highly concentrated bile acids into the sinusoids. From the sinusoidal blood, a high fraction of the released bile acids is transported back into hepatocytes by basolateral uptake carriers and secreted into bile canaliculi. Repeated leakage from the canaliculi followed by hepatocellular reuptake and canalicular secretion causes an increase of intracellular bile acid concentrations and finally hepatocyte death. Importantly, inhibition of bile acid uptake carriers reduced intracellular bile acid concentrations and strongly ameliorated APAP hepatotoxicity, a finding that could result in a new therapeutic option for APAP-intoxicated patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aya A Abbas
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Amira Hamdy
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ezzat Ahmed
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt.
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Asir, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Zou MZ, Kong WC, Cai H, Xing MT, Yu ZX, Chen X, Zhang LY, Wang XZ. Activation of natural killer T cells contributes to Th1 bias in the murine liver after 14 d of ethinylestradiol exposure. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:3150-3163. [PMID: 36051344 PMCID: PMC9331528 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i26.3150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the main component of oral contraceptives (OCs), ethinylestradiol (EE) has been widely applied as a model drug to induce murine intrahepatic cholestasis. The clinical counterpart of EE-induced cholestasis includes women who are taking OCs, sex hormone replacement therapy, and susceptible pregnant women. Taking intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) as an example, ICP consumes the medical system due to its high-risk fetal burden and the impotency of ursodeoxycholic acid in reducing adverse perinatal outcomes.
AIM To explore the mechanisms and therapeutic strategies of EE-induced cholestasis based on the liver immune microenvironment.
METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice or invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell deficiency (Jα18-/- mice) were administered with EE (10 mg/kg, subcutaneous) for 14 d.
RESULTS Both Th1 and Th2 cytokines produced by NKT cells increased in the liver skewing toward a Th1 bias. The expression of the chemokine/chemokine receptor Cxcr6/Cxcl16, toll-like receptors, Ras/Rad, and PI3K/Bad signaling was upregulated after EE administration. EE also influenced bile acid synthase Cyp7a1, Cyp8b1, and tight junctions ZO-1 and Occludin, which might be associated with EE-induced cholestasis. iNKT cell deficiency (Jα18-/- mice) robustly alleviated cholestatic liver damage and lowered the expression of the abovementioned signaling pathways.
CONCLUSION Hepatic NKT cells play a pathogenic role in EE-induced intrahepatic cholestasis. Our research improves the understanding of intrahepatic cholestasis by revealing the hepatic immune microenvironment and also provides a potential clinical treatment by regulating iNKT cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Zhi Zou
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei-Chao Kong
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Heng Cai
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Meng-Tao Xing
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zi-Xun Yu
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin Chen
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lu-Yong Zhang
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xin-Zhi Wang
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Role of bile acids and their receptors in gastrointestinal and hepatic pathophysiology. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 19:432-450. [PMID: 35165436 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00566-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) can regulate their own metabolism and transport as well as other key aspects of metabolic homeostasis via dedicated (nuclear and G protein-coupled) receptors. Disrupted BA transport and homeostasis results in the development of cholestatic disorders and contributes to a wide range of liver diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular and cholangiocellular carcinoma. Furthermore, impaired BA homeostasis can also affect the intestine, contributing to the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and colorectal and oesophageal cancer. Here, we provide a summary of the role of BAs and their disrupted homeostasis in the development of gastrointestinal and hepatic disorders and present novel insights on how targeting BA pathways might contribute to novel treatment strategies for these disorders.
Collapse
|
54
|
Bertolini A, Fiorotto R, Strazzabosco M. Bile acids and their receptors: modulators and therapeutic targets in liver inflammation. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:547-564. [PMID: 35415765 PMCID: PMC9256560 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00935-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids participate in the intestinal emulsion, digestion, and absorption of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins. When present in high concentrations, as in cholestatic liver diseases, bile acids can damage cells and cause inflammation. After the discovery of bile acids receptors about two decades ago, bile acids are considered signaling molecules. Besides regulating bile acid, xenobiotic, and nutrient metabolism, bile acids and their receptors have shown immunomodulatory properties and have been proposed as therapeutic targets for inflammatory diseases of the liver. This review focuses on bile acid-related signaling pathways that affect inflammation in the liver and provides an overview of the preclinical and clinical applications of modulators of these pathways for the treatment of cholestatic and autoimmune liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bertolini
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale Liver Center, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208019, New Haven, CT, 06520-8019, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Romina Fiorotto
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale Liver Center, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208019, New Haven, CT, 06520-8019, USA
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale Liver Center, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208019, New Haven, CT, 06520-8019, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Li W, Chen H, Qian Y, Wang S, Luo Z, Shan J, Kong X, Gao Y. Integrated Lipidomics and Metabolomics Study of Four Chemically Induced Mouse Models of Acute Intrahepatic Cholestasis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:907271. [PMID: 35754480 PMCID: PMC9213752 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.907271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithocholic acid (LCA), alpha-naphthyl isothiocyanate (ANIT), 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC), and ethinyl estradiol (EE) are four commonly used chemicals for the construction of acute intrahepatic cholestasis. In order to better understand the mechanisms of acute cholestasis caused by these chemicals, the metabolic characteristics of each model were summarized using lipidomics and metabolomics techniques. The results showed that the bile acid profile was altered in all models. The lipid metabolism phenotype of the LCA group was most similar to that of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) patients. The ANIT group and the DDC group had similar metabolic disorder characteristics, which were speculated to be related to hepatocyte necrosis and inflammatory pathway activation. The metabolic profile of the EE group was different from other models, suggesting that estrogen-induced cholestasis had its special mechanism. Ceramide and acylcarnitine accumulation was observed in all model groups, indicating that acute cholestasis was closely related to mitochondrial dysfunction. With a deeper understanding of the mechanism of acute intrahepatic cholestasis, this study also provided a reference for the selection of appropriate chemicals for cholestatic liver disease models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Li
- Department of Formulaology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Central Laboratory, ShuGuang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yihan Qian
- Central Laboratory, ShuGuang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shouchuan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zichen Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinjun Shan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoni Kong
- Central Laboratory, ShuGuang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueqiu Gao
- Central Laboratory, ShuGuang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Niu WX, Bao YY, Zhang N, Lu ZN, Ge MX, Li YM, Li Y, Chen MH, He HW. Dehydromevalonolactone ameliorates liver fibrosis and inflammation by repressing activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Bioorg Chem 2022; 127:105971. [PMID: 35749855 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is an important process in chronic liver disease and is strongly related to poor prognosis. Dehydromevalonolactone (C8) is a natural product isolated from a fungus of Fusarium sp. CPCC 401218, and its pharmacological activity has never been reported before. In this study, the potential of C8 as an anti-hepatic fibrosis agent was investigated. In human hepatic stellate cell (HSC) line LX-2, C8 suppressed the increased expression of COL1A1 and α-SMA induced by TGFβ1, which indicated that C8 could repress the activation of HSCs. In bile duct ligated rats, C8 administration (100 mg/kg, i.p.) markedly attenuated liver injury, fibrosis, and inflammation, and suppressed the expression of the macrophage surface marker F4/80. In terms of mechanism, C8 treatment blocked the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, which was stimulated by LPS and nigericin in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and companied by the release of active IL-1β. In addition, the activation of LX-2 cells induced by IL-1β released from BMDMs was also inhibited after C8 administration, which indicated that C8 repressed HSCs activation by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages. Furthermore, C8 exhibited the effects of anti-fibrosis and inhibiting the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) mice. Finally, C8 can be commendably absorbed in vivo and was safe for mice at the concentration of 1000 mg/kg (p.o.). In summary, our study reveals that C8 ameliorates HSCs activation and liver fibrosis in cholestasis rats and NASH mice by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages, and C8 might be a safe and effective candidate for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Xiao Niu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, the National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yun-Yang Bao
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, the National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, the National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhen-Ning Lu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, the National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Mao-Xu Ge
- Department of Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yi-Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, the National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, the National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ming-Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, the National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Hong-Wei He
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, the National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Yu C, Wang L, Cai W, Zhang W, Hu Z, Wang Z, Yang Z, Peng M, Huo H, Zhang Y, Zhou Q. Dietary Macroalgae Saccharina japonica Ameliorates Liver Injury Induced by a High-Carbohydrate Diet in Swamp Eel (Monopterus albus). Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:869369. [PMID: 35774985 PMCID: PMC9237522 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.869369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-carbohydrate diet lowers the rearing cost and decreases the ammonia emission into the environment, whereas it can induce liver injury, which can reduce harvest yields and generate economic losses in reared fish species. Macroalgae Saccharina japonica (SJ) has been reported to improve anti-diabetic, but the protective mechanism of dietary SJ against liver injury in fish fed a high-carbohydrate diet has not been studied. Therefore, a 56-day nutritional trial was designed for swamp eel Monopterus albus, which was fed with the normal diet [20% carbohydrate, normal carbohydrate (NC)], a high carbohydrate diet (32% carbohydrate, HC), and a HC diet supplemented with 2.5% SJ (HC-S). The HC diet promoted growth and lowered feed coefficient (FC), whereas it increased hepatosomatic index (HSI) when compared with the NC diet in this study. However, SJ supplementation increased iodine contents in muscle, reduced HSI, and improved liver injury, such as the decrease of glucose (GLU), total bile acid (TBA), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in serum, and glycogen and TBA in the liver. Consistently, histological analysis showed that SJ reduced the area of lipid droplet, glycogen, and collagen fiber in the liver (p < 0.05). Thoroughly, the underlying protective mechanisms of SJ supplementation against HC-induced liver injury were studied by liver transcriptome sequencing coupled with pathway analysis. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), such as the acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase (acss1), alcohol dehydrogenase (adh), interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1 (ifit1), aldo-keto reductase family 1 member D1 (akr1d1), cholesterol 7-alpha-monooxygenase (cyp7a1), and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (ugt), indicated that the pathway of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis was the main metabolic pathway altered in the HC group compared with the NC group. Meanwhile, hepatitis C, primary BA biosynthesis, and drug metabolism-cytochrome P450 were the three main metabolic pathways altered by SJ supplementation when compared with the HC group. Moreover, the BA-targeted metabolomic analysis of the serum BA found that SJ supplementation decreased the contents of taurohyocholic acid (THCA), taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), taurolithocholic acid (TLCA), nordeoxycholic acid (NorDCA), and increased the contents of ursocholic acid (UCA), allocholic acid (ACA), and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA). In particular, the higher contents of UCA, ACA, and CDCA regulated by SJ were associated with lower liver injury. Overall, these results indicate that the 2.5% supplementation of SJ can be recommended as a functional feed additive for the alleviation of liver injury in swamp eel-fed high-carbohydrate diets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqi Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Featured Hydrobios Nutritional Physiology and Healthy Breeding, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Chuanqi Yu
| | - Lu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Featured Hydrobios Nutritional Physiology and Healthy Breeding, Nanchang, China
| | - Wanghe Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Featured Hydrobios Nutritional Physiology and Healthy Breeding, Nanchang, China
| | - Wenping Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Featured Hydrobios Nutritional Physiology and Healthy Breeding, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhonghua Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Featured Hydrobios Nutritional Physiology and Healthy Breeding, Nanchang, China
| | - Zirui Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Featured Hydrobios Nutritional Physiology and Healthy Breeding, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhuqing Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Featured Hydrobios Nutritional Physiology and Healthy Breeding, Nanchang, China
| | - Mo Peng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Featured Hydrobios Nutritional Physiology and Healthy Breeding, Nanchang, China
| | - Huanhuan Huo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Featured Hydrobios Nutritional Physiology and Healthy Breeding, Nanchang, China
| | - Yazhou Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Featured Hydrobios Nutritional Physiology and Healthy Breeding, Nanchang, China
| | - Qiubai Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Featured Hydrobios Nutritional Physiology and Healthy Breeding, Nanchang, China
- Qiubai Zhou
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Verma A, Manchel A, Melunis J, Hengstler JG, Vadigepalli R. From Seeing to Simulating: A Survey of Imaging Techniques and Spatially-Resolved Data for Developing Multiscale Computational Models of Liver Regeneration. FRONTIERS IN SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2022; 2:917191. [PMID: 37575468 PMCID: PMC10421626 DOI: 10.3389/fsysb.2022.917191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Liver regeneration, which leads to the re-establishment of organ mass, follows a specifically organized set of biological processes acting on various time and length scales. Computational models of liver regeneration largely focused on incorporating molecular and signaling detail have been developed by multiple research groups in the recent years. These modeling efforts have supported a synthesis of disparate experimental results at the molecular scale. Incorporation of tissue and organ scale data using noninvasive imaging methods can extend these computational models towards a comprehensive accounting of multiscale dynamics of liver regeneration. For instance, microscopy-based imaging methods provide detailed histological information at the tissue and cellular scales. Noninvasive imaging methods such as ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging provide morphological and physiological features including volumetric measures over time. In this review, we discuss multiple imaging modalities capable of informing computational models of liver regeneration at the organ-, tissue- and cellular level. Additionally, we discuss available software and algorithms, which aid in the analysis and integration of imaging data into computational models. Such models can be generated or tuned for an individual patient with liver disease. Progress towards integrated multiscale models of liver regeneration can aid in prognostic tool development for treating liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aalap Verma
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alexandra Manchel
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Justin Melunis
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jan G. Hengstler
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rajanikanth Vadigepalli
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Chen Q, Li Q, Cao M, Yan J, Zhang X. Hierarchy-Assembled Dual Probiotics System Ameliorates Cholestatic Drug-Induced Liver Injury via Gut-Liver Axis Modulation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200986. [PMID: 35434937 PMCID: PMC9189648 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cholestatic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) induced by drugs or other xenobiotics is a severe and even fatal clinical syndrome. Here, living materials of hierarchy-assembled dual probiotics system are fabricated by sequentially encapsulating probiotic Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (LDB) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) into Ca2+ -complexed polymer microspheres for effective prevention of cholestatic DILI. Upon entering intestinal tract of the constructed living materials, LGG is released because of pH-triggered dissolution of outer enteric polymer coating. The released LGG can inhibit hepatic bile acids (BAs) synthesis by activating intestinal farnesoid X receptor-fibroblast growth factor 15(FGF-15) signaling pathway. BAs excretion is also facilitated by LGG through increasing the abundance of bile salt hydrolase (BSH)-active gut commensal bacteria. Furthermore, exposed positively-charged chitosan shell can absorb the excessive BAs via electrostatic interaction, which leads to steady BAs fixation by the imprisoned LDB, decreasing the total BAs amounts in enterohepatic circulation. Together, the fabricated living materials, obtained here, can effectively prevent cholestatic DILI through dredging cholestasis via gut-liver axis modulation. The therapeutic effect is demonstrated in α-naphthylisothiocyanate and clinical antiepileptic drug valproate acid-induced cholestatic DILI mouse models, which reveal the great potential for effective cholestatic DILI management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi‐Wen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education and Department of ChemistryWuhan UniversityWuhan430072P. R. China
| | - Qian‐Ru Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education and Department of ChemistryWuhan UniversityWuhan430072P. R. China
| | - Meng‐Wei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education and Department of ChemistryWuhan UniversityWuhan430072P. R. China
| | - Jian‐Hua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education and Department of ChemistryWuhan UniversityWuhan430072P. R. China
| | - Xian‐Zheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education and Department of ChemistryWuhan UniversityWuhan430072P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
A new strategy for the rapid identification and validation of direct toxicity targets of psoralen-induced hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Lett 2022; 363:11-26. [PMID: 35597499 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between small-molecule compounds of traditional Chinese medicine and their direct targets is the molecular initiation event, which is the key factor for toxicity efficacy. Psoralen, an active component of Fructus Psoraleae, is toxic to the liver and has various pharmacological properties. Although the mechanism of psoralen-induced hepatotoxicity has been studied, the direct target of psoralen remains unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to discover direct targets of psoralen. To this end, we initially used proteomics based on drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) technology to identify the direct targets of psoralen. Next, we used surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis and verified the affinity effect of the 'component-target protein'. This method combines molecular docking technology to explore binding sites between small molecules and proteins. SPR and molecular docking confirmed that psoralen and tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 could be stably combined. Based on the above experimental results, ABL1 is a potential direct target of psoralen-induced hepatotoxicity. Finally, the targets Nrf2 and mTOR, which are closely related to the hepatotoxicity caused by psoralen, were predicted by integrating proteomics and network pharmacology. The direct target ABL1 is located upstream of Nrf2 and mTOR, Nrf2 can influence the expression of mTOR by affecting the level of reactive oxygen species. Immunofluorescence experiments and western blot results showed that psoralen could affect ROS levels and downstream Nrf2 and mTOR protein changes, whereas the ABL1 inhibitor imatinib and ABL1 agonist DPH could enhance or inhibit this effect. In summary, we speculated that when psoralen causes hepatotoxicity, it acts on the direct target ABL1, resulting in a decrease in Nrf2 expression, an increase in ROS levels and a reduction in mTOR expression, which may cause cell death. We developed a new strategy for predicting and validating the direct targets of psoralen. This strategy identified the toxic target, ABL1, and the potential toxic mechanism of psoralen.
Collapse
|
61
|
Cingolani F, Liu Y, Shen Y, Wen J, Farris AB, Czaja MJ. Redundant Functions of ERK1 and ERK2 Maintain Mouse Liver Homeostasis Through Down-Regulation of Bile Acid Synthesis. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:980-994. [PMID: 34936222 PMCID: PMC9035584 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 promotes hepatocyte proliferation in response to growth stimuli, but whether constitutive hepatocyte ERK1/2 signaling functions in liver physiology is unknown. To examine the role of ERK1/2 in hepatic homeostasis, the effects of a knockout of Erk1 and/or Erk2 in mouse liver were examined. The livers of mice with a global Erk1 knockout or a tamoxifen-inducible, hepatocyte-specific Erk2 knockout were normal. In contrast, Erk1/2 double-knockout mice developed hepatomegaly and hepatitis by serum transaminases, histology, terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling, and assays of hepatic inflammation. Liver injury was associated with biochemical evidence of cholestasis with increased serum and hepatic bile acids and led to hepatic fibrosis and mortality. RNA sequencing and polymerase chain reaction analysis of double-knockout mouse livers revealed that the rate-limiting bile acid synthesis gene Cyp7a1 (cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase) was up-regulated in concert with decreased expression of the transcriptional repressor short heterodimer partner. Elevated bile acids were the mechanism of liver injury, as bile acid reduction by SC-435, an inhibitor of the ileal apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter, prevented liver injury. Conclusion: Constitutive ERK1 and ERK2 signaling has a redundant but critical physiological function in the down-regulation of hepatic bile acid synthesis to maintain normal liver homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cingolani
- Division of Digestive DiseasesDepartment of MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Yunshan Liu
- Division of Digestive DiseasesDepartment of MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Yang Shen
- Division of Digestive DiseasesDepartment of MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Jing Wen
- Division of Digestive DiseasesDepartment of MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Alton B. Farris
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Mark J. Czaja
- Division of Digestive DiseasesDepartment of MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Cherianidou A, Seidel F, Kappenberg F, Dreser N, Blum J, Waldmann T, Blüthgen N, Meisig J, Madjar K, Henry M, Rotshteyn T, Marchan R, Edlund K, Leist M, Rahnenführer J, Sachinidis A, Hengstler JG. Classification of Developmental Toxicants in a Human iPSC Transcriptomics-Based Test. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:760-773. [PMID: 35416653 PMCID: PMC9377669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Despite the progress
made in developmental toxicology, there is
a great need for in vitro tests that identify developmental toxicants
in relation to human oral doses and blood concentrations. In the present
study, we established the hiPSC-based UKK2 in vitro test and analyzed
genome-wide expression profiles of 23 known teratogens and 16 non-teratogens.
Compounds were analyzed at the maximal plasma concentration (Cmax) and at 20-fold Cmax for a 24 h incubation period in three independent experiments. Based
on the 1000 probe sets with the highest variance and including information
on cytotoxicity, penalized logistic regression with leave-one-out
cross-validation was used to classify the compounds as test-positive
or test-negative, reaching an area under the curve (AUC), accuracy,
sensitivity, and specificity of 0.96, 0.92, 0.96, and 0.88, respectively.
Omitting the cytotoxicity information reduced the test performance
to an AUC of 0.94, an accuracy of 0.79, and a sensitivity of 0.74.
A second method, which used the number of significantly deregulated
probe sets to classify the compounds, resulted in a specificity of
1; however, the AUC (0.90), accuracy (0.90), and sensitivity (0.83)
were inferior compared to those of the logistic regression-based procedure.
Finally, no increased performance was achieved when the high test
concentrations (20-fold Cmax) were used,
in comparison to testing within the realistic clinical range (1-fold Cmax). In conclusion, although further optimization
is required, for example, by including additional readouts and cell
systems that model different developmental processes, the UKK2-test
in its present form can support the early discovery-phase detection
of human developmental toxicants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cherianidou
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Center for Physiology, Working Group Sachinidis, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Florian Seidel
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Franziska Kappenberg
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, Vogelpothsweg 87, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Nadine Dreser
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, P.O. Box M657, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jonathan Blum
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, P.O. Box M657, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Tanja Waldmann
- Department of Advanced Cell Systems, trenzyme GmbH, Byk-Gulden-Str. 2, 78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Nils Blüthgen
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,IRI Life Sciences, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, Haus 18, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Meisig
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,IRI Life Sciences, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, Haus 18, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Madjar
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, Vogelpothsweg 87, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Margit Henry
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Center for Physiology, Working Group Sachinidis, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Tamara Rotshteyn
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Center for Physiology, Working Group Sachinidis, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Rosemarie Marchan
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Karolina Edlund
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marcel Leist
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, P.O. Box M657, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jörg Rahnenführer
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, Vogelpothsweg 87, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Agapios Sachinidis
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Center for Physiology, Working Group Sachinidis, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Hepatic Vps33b deficiency aggravates cholic acid-induced cholestatic liver injury in male mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:933-940. [PMID: 34253877 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00723-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vacuolar protein sorting 33B (VPS33B) is important for intracellular vesicular trafficking process and protein interactions, which is closely associated with the arthrogryposis, renal dysfunction, and cholestasis syndrome. Our previous study has shown a crucial role of Vps33b in regulating metabolisms of bile acids and lipids in hepatic Vps33b deficiency mice with normal chow, but it remains unknown whether VPS33B could contribute to cholestatic liver injury. In this study we investigated the effects of hepatic Vps33b deficiency on bile acid metabolism and liver function in intrahepatic cholestatic mice. Cholestasis was induced in Vps33b hepatic knockout and wild-type male mice by feeding 1% CA chow diet for 5 consecutive days. We showed that compared with the wild-type mice, hepatic Vps33b deficiency greatly exacerbated CA-induced cholestatic liver injury as shown in markedly increased serum ALT, AST, and ALP activities, serum levels of total bilirubin, and total bile acid, as well as severe hepatocytes necrosis and inflammatory infiltration. Target metabolomics analysis revealed that hepatic Vps33b deficiency caused abnormal profiles of bile acids in cholestasis mice, evidenced by the upregulation of conjugated bile acids in serum, liver, and bile. We further demonstrated that the metabolomics alternation was accompanied by gene expression changes in bile acid metabolizing enzymes and transporters including Cyp3a11, Ugt1a1, Ntcp, Oatp1b1, Bsep, and Mrp2. Overall, these results suggest a crucial role of hepatic Vps33b deficiency in exacerbating cholestasis and liver injury, which is associated with the altered metabolism of bile acids.
Collapse
|
64
|
O'Leary CE, Sbierski-Kind J, Kotas ME, Wagner JC, Liang HE, Schroeder AW, de Tenorio JC, von Moltke J, Ricardo-Gonzalez RR, Eckalbar WL, Molofsky AB, Schneider C, Locksley RM. Bile acid-sensitive tuft cells regulate biliary neutrophil influx. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabj1080. [PMID: 35245089 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abj1080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and dysfunction of the extrahepatic biliary tree are common causes of human pathology, including gallstones and cholangiocarcinoma. Despite this, we know little about the local regulation of biliary inflammation. Tuft cells, rare sensory epithelial cells, are particularly prevalent in the mucosa of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts. Here, we show that biliary tuft cells express a core genetic tuft cell program in addition to a tissue-specific gene signature and, in contrast to small intestinal tuft cells, decreased postnatally, coincident with maturation of bile acid production. Manipulation of enterohepatic bile acid recirculation revealed that tuft cell abundance is negatively regulated by bile acids, including in a model of obstructive cholestasis in which inflammatory infiltration of the biliary tree correlated with loss of tuft cells. Unexpectedly, tuft cell-deficient mice spontaneously displayed an increased gallbladder epithelial inflammatory gene signature accompanied by neutrophil infiltration that was modulated by the microbiome. We propose that biliary tuft cells function as bile acid-sensitive negative regulators of inflammation in biliary tissues and serve to limit inflammation under homeostatic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire E O'Leary
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julia Sbierski-Kind
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maya E Kotas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Johanna C Wagner
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hong-Erh Liang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew W Schroeder
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Jakob von Moltke
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Roberto R Ricardo-Gonzalez
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Walter L Eckalbar
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ari B Molofsky
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Richard M Locksley
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Brecklinghaus T, Albrecht W, Kappenberg F, Duda J, Zhang M, Gardner I, Marchan R, Ghallab A, Turgunbayer ÖD, Rahnenführer J, Hengstler JG. Influence of bile acids on the cytotoxicity of chemicals in cultivated human hepatocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 81:105344. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
66
|
Bile acid metabolism and FXR-mediated effects in human cholestatic liver disorders. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:361-373. [PMID: 35191955 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholestasis is the main feature of a group of liver diseases that are characterized by hepatic and systemic accumulation of bile acids due to impaired excretion of bile, based on inflammation of intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts or dysfunction of hepatobiliary transport proteins. The nuclear bile acid sensor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is central for the regulation of bile acid turnover, including synthesis, hepatic excretion and intestinal and hepatic uptake. Several drugs targeting FXR have been developed for the treatment of cholestatic liver diseases, and so far one of them has been granted conditional approval. In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge and the clinical and experimental data available on agents affecting FXR and bile acid turnover.
Collapse
|
67
|
Cai J, Wu J, Fang S, Liu S, Wang T, Li Y, Zou J, Shi R, Wang Z, Yang L, Ma Y. Cultured bear bile powder ameliorates acute liver injury in cholestatic mice via inhibition of hepatic inflammation and apoptosis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 284:114829. [PMID: 34763041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Natural bear bile powder (NBBP) is a traditional Chinese medicine used for treating liver dysfunction. Cultured bear bile powder (CBBP), which is produced using biotransformation of chicken bile, acts as an appropriate substitute for NBBP when treating cholestatic liver injury. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the hepatoprotective effects of CBBP in an α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced cholestatic mouse model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cholestatic mice were pretreated with CBBP or NBBP via oral gavage once a day for two weeks. Their blood biochemistry and liver histopathology were then evaluated using standard protocols. Western blot analyses, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate changes in the protein levels and gene expression profiles of factors associated with hepatic inflammation and apoptosis in cholestatic mice. RESULTS CBBP significantly decreased the serum indices of liver injury, and ameliorated neutrophil infiltration and hepatocyte necrosis within liver tissue of cholestatic mice. Expression of the inflammatory factors, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1, was significantly reduced in CBBP-treated cholestatic mice. Moreover, proteins involved in the toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation factor 88/nuclear factor-kappa B (TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB) signaling pathway, such as CD14, TLR4, Myd88, and NF-κB, that were increased in cholestatic mice, were downregulated by CBBP. Meanwhile, increased expression of the apoptosis-related proteins, caspase-3 and Bax, in cholestatic mice was reversed by CBBP treatment. CONCLUSION CBBP treatment alleviates ANIT-induced cholestasis and liver injury by reducing hepatocyte inflammation and apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jiasheng Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Su Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shaoyong Liu
- Shanghai Kai Bao Pharmaceutical CO. Ltd., Shanghai, 201401, China
| | - Tianming Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Juan Zou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Rong Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Li Yang
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Complexity Systems, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Yueming Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Yang Y, Chen Y, Zhao Y, Ji F, Zhang L, Tang S, Zhang S, Hu Q, Li Z, Zhang F, Li Q, Li L. Human menstrual blood-derived stem cell transplantation suppresses liver injury in DDC-induced chronic cholestasis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:57. [PMID: 35123555 PMCID: PMC8817575 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02734-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cholestatic liver injury can lead to serious symptoms and prognoses in the clinic. Currently, an effective medical treatment is not available for cholestatic liver injury. Human menstrual blood-derived stem cells (MenSCs) are considered as an emerging treatment in various diseases. This study aimed to explore the treatment effect of MenSCs in cholestatic liver injury. Methods The treatment effect of MenSCs on chronic cholestatic liver injury was verified in 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydroxychollidine (DDC)-induced C57/BL6 mice. Pathological, fibrosis area in the liver tissue and serum liver enzymes were tested. Proteomics and western blot were used to explore the related targets and molecular mechanisms. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) 9-infected mice were applied for verification. Results MenSCs markedly improved the survival rate of the DDC-treated mice (60% vs. 100%), and decreased the mouse serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (169.4 vs. 108.0 U/L, p < 0.001), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (279.0 vs. 228.9 U/L, p < 0.01), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (45.6 vs. 10.6 U/L, p < 0.0001), direct bilirubin (DBIL) (108.3 vs. 14.0 μmol/L, p < 0.0001) and total bilirubin (TBIL) (179.2 vs. 43.3 μmol/L, p < 0.0001) levels as well as intrahepatic cholestasis, bile duct dilation and fibrotic areas (16.12 vs. 6.57%, p < 0.05). The results further indicated that MenSCs repaired the DDC-induced liver tight junction (TJ) pathway and bile transporter (OATP2, BSEP and NTCP1) injury, thereby inhibiting COL1A1, α-SMA and TGF-β1 activation by upregulating liver β-catenin expression. Conclusions MenSC transplantation could be an effective treatment method for cholestatic liver injury in mice. MenSCs may exhibit therapeutic effects by regulating β-catenin expression.
Collapse
|
69
|
Schnabl B, Arteel GE, Stickel F, Hengstler J, Vartak N, Ghallab A, Dooley S, Li Y, Schwabe RF. Liver specific, systemic and genetic contributors to alcohol-related liver disease progression. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2022; 60:36-44. [PMID: 35042252 PMCID: PMC8941985 DOI: 10.1055/a-1714-9330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) impacts millions of patients worldwide each year and the numbers are increasing. Disease stages range from steatosis via steatohepatitis and fibrosis to cirrhosis, severe alcohol-associated hepatitis and liver cancer. ALD is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage of progression with no effective therapies. A major research goal is to improve diagnosis, prognosis and also treatments for early ALD. This however needs prioritization of this disease for financial investment in basic and clinical research to more deeply investigate mechanisms and identify biomarkers and therapeutic targets for early detection and intervention. Topics of interest are communication of the liver with other organs of the body, especially the gut microbiome, the individual genetic constitution, systemic and liver innate inflammation, including bacterial infections, as well as fate and number of hepatic stellate cells and the composition of the extracellular matrix in the liver. Additionally, mechanical forces and damaging stresses towards the sophisticated vessel system of the liver, including the especially equipped sinusoidal endothelium and the biliary tract, work together to mediate hepatocytic import and export of nutritional and toxic substances, adapting to chronic liver disease by morphological and functional changes. All the aforementioned parameters contribute to the outcome of alcohol use disorder and the risk to develop advanced disease stages including cirrhosis, severe alcoholic hepatitis and liver cancer. In the present collection, we summarize current knowledge on these alcohol-related liver disease parameters, excluding the aspect of inflammation, which is presented in the accompanying review article by Lotersztajn and colleagues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Gavin E. Arteel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Felix Stickel
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jan Hengstler
- Systems Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Nachiket Vartak
- Systems Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ahmed Ghallab
- Systems Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yujia Li
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
70
|
Abstract
Cholestatic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) share several key pathophysiological mechanisms which can be targeted by novel therapeutic concepts that are currently developed for both areas. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-activated transcriptional regulators of key metabolic processes including hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism, energy expenditure and bile acid (BA) homoeostasis, as well as inflammation, fibrosis and cellular proliferation. Dysregulation of these processes contributes to the pathogenesis and progression of cholestatic as well as fatty liver disease, placing NRs at the forefront of novel therapeutic approaches. This includes BA and fatty acid activated NRs such as farnesoid-X receptor (FXR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, respectively, for which high affinity therapeutic ligands targeting specific or multiple isoforms have been developed. Moreover, novel liver-specific ligands for thyroid hormone receptor beta 1 complete the spectrum of currently available NR-targeted drugs. Apart from FXR ligands, BA signalling can be targeted by mimetics of FXR-activated fibroblast growth factor 19, modulation of their enterohepatic circulation through uptake inhibitors in hepatocytes and enterocytes, as well as novel BA derivatives undergoing cholehepatic shunting (instead of enterohepatic circulation). Other therapeutic approaches more directly target inflammation and/or fibrosis as critical events of disease progression. Combination strategies synergistically targeting metabolic disturbances, inflammation and fibrosis may be ultimately necessary for successful treatment of these complex and multifactorial disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Daniela Fuchs
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Jung Y, Koo BK, Jang SY, Kim D, Lee H, Lee DH, Joo SK, Jung YJ, Park JH, Yoo T, Choi M, Lee MK, Kang SW, Chang MS, Kim W, Hwang GS. Association between circulating bile acid alterations and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis independent of obesity and diabetes mellitus. Liver Int 2021; 41:2892-2902. [PMID: 34358397 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Bile acid (BA) dysregulation is related to not only metabolic diseases but also nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We investigated whether circulating BA levels are altered according to the histological severity of NAFLD independent of metabolic derangements. METHODS Global metabolic profiling and targeted BA analysis using sera collected from biopsy-proven no-NAFLD (n = 67), nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) (n = 99), and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH, n = 75) subjects were performed sequentially. Circulating metabolome analysis integrated with the hepatic transcriptome was performed to elucidate the mechanistic basis of altered circulating BA profiles after stratification by obesity (body mass index ≤ 25 kg/m2 ). Circulating BA alterations were also validated in an independent validation cohort (29 no-NAFLD, 70 NAFL and 37 NASH). RESULTS Global profiling analysis showed that BA was the metabolite significantly altered in NASH compared to NAFL. Targeted BA analysis demonstrated that glyco-/tauro-conjugated primary BAs were commonly increased in nonobese and obese NASH, while unconjugated primary BAs increased only in nonobese NASH. These characteristic primary BA level changes were maintained even after stratification according to diabetes status and were replicated in the independent validation cohort. Compared to nonobese NAFL patients, nonobese NASH patients exhibited upregulated hepatic expression of CYP8B1. CONCLUSIONS BA metabolism is dysregulated as the histological severity of NAFLD worsens, independent of obesity and diabetes status; dysregulation is more prominent in nonobese NAFLD patients. Metabolome-driven omics approach provides new insight into our understanding of altered BA metabolism associated with individual phenotypes of NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youngae Jung
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Kyung Koo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Young Jang
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry & Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dain Kim
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeyeon Lee
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyeon Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Kyung Joo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jin Jung
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hwan Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taekyeong Yoo
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Murim Choi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyung Lee
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Kang
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee Soo Chang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum-Sook Hwang
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry & Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Petrov PD, Soluyanova P, Sánchez-Campos S, Castell JV, Jover R. Molecular mechanisms of hepatotoxic cholestasis by clavulanic acid: Role of NRF2 and FXR pathways. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 158:112664. [PMID: 34767876 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of β-lactamase positive bacterial infections with a combination of amoxicillin (AMOX) and clavulanic acid (CLAV) causes idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (iDILI) in a relevant number of patients, often with features of intrahepatic cholestasis. This study aims to determine serum bile acid (BA) levels in amoxicillin/clavulanate (A+C)-iDILI patients and to investigate the mechanism of cholestasis by A+C in human in vitro hepatic models. In six A+C-iDILI patients, significant elevations of serum primary conjugated BA definitely demonstrated A+C-induced cholestasis. In cultured human Upcyte hepatocytes and HepG2 cells, CLAV was more cytotoxic than AMOX, and, at subcytotoxic concentrations, it altered the expression of more than 1,300 genes. CLAV, but not AMOX, downregulated the expression of key genes for BA transport (BSEP, NTCP, OSTα and MDR2) and synthesis (CYP7A1 and CYP8B1). CLAV also caused early oxidative stress, with reduced GSH/GSSG ratio, along with induction of antioxidant nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) target genes. Activation of NRF2 by sulforaphane also resulted in downregulation of NTCP, OSTα, ABCG5, CYP7A1 and CYP8B1. CLAV also inhibited the BA-sensor farnesoid X receptor (FXR), in agreement with the downregulation of FXR targets BSEP, OSTα and ABCG5. We conclude that CLAV, the culprit molecule in A+C, downregulates several key biliary transporters by modulating NRF2 and FXR signaling, thus likely promoting intrahepatic cholestasis. On top of that, increased ROS production and GSH depletion may aggravate the cholestatic injury by A+C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petar D Petrov
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain; CIBERehd, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sonia Sánchez-Campos
- CIBERehd, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Biomedicine Institute (IBIOMED), University of León, Spain
| | - José V Castell
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain; CIBERehd, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Dep. Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Ramiro Jover
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain; CIBERehd, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Dep. Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Radun R, Trauner M. Role of FXR in Bile Acid and Metabolic Homeostasis in NASH: Pathogenetic Concepts and Therapeutic Opportunities. Semin Liver Dis 2021; 41:461-475. [PMID: 34289507 PMCID: PMC8492195 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most prevalent cause of liver disease, increasingly contributing to the burden of liver transplantation. In search for effective treatments, novel strategies addressing metabolic dysregulation, inflammation, and fibrosis are continuously emerging. Disturbed bile acid (BA) homeostasis and microcholestasis via hepatocellular retention of potentially toxic BAs may be an underappreciated factor in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) as its progressive variant. In addition to their detergent properties, BAs act as signaling molecules regulating cellular homeostasis through interaction with BA receptors such as the Farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Apart from being a key regulator of BA metabolism and enterohepatic circulation, FXR regulates metabolic homeostasis and has immune-modulatory effects, making it an attractive therapeutic target in NAFLD/NASH. In this review, the molecular basis and therapeutic potential of targeting FXR with a specific focus on restoring BA and metabolic homeostasis in NASH is summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Radun
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Yang H, Zhou C, Yuan F, Guo L, Yang L, Shi Y, Zhang J. Case Report: Severe Immune-Related Cholestatic Hepatitis and Subsequent Pneumonia After Pembrolizumab Therapy in a Geriatic Patient With Metastic Gastric Cancer. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:719236. [PMID: 34712676 PMCID: PMC8545816 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.719236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors have provided significant clinical benefits to many patients with advanced cancer; however, severe immune-related adverse events (irAEs) have occurred. Detecting and treating irAEs early could improve patient prognoses. Therefore, clinicians and patients should understand that these irAEs exist, especially those that are rare and serious. Case Presentation: In this report, an 86-year-old male patient, diagnosed with metastatic gastric cancer involving the peritoneum and retroperitoneal lymph nodes was treated with 5-cycle pembrolizumab therapy (100 mg q 2 weeks), achieving a partial response. However, the patient developed Grade 3 cholestatic hepatitis and delayed pneumonia 10 days and 2 months after the final pembrolizumab dose, respectively. After discontinuing the pembrolizumab therapy and excluding obstructive jaundice with imaging studies, the patient received steroid therapy, with a gradual symptom improvement. However, the patient developed delayed pneumonia with type 1 respiratory failure 1-month post-discharge. Several microbiologic tests were negative, and immune-associated pneumonia was suspected, but we could not exclude an opportunistic infection. The patient recovered with steroids and antibiotics and remained in partial remission 5 months after pembrolizumab withdrawal. Conclusions: Cholestatic hepatitis is a rarely reported toxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors, which should be suspected and addressed once obstructive jaundice is ruled out. In addition, clinicians should be aware that irAEs can occur at any time in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors and that a timely diagnosis should be made.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenfei Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liting Guo
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Brecklinghaus T, Albrecht W, Kappenberg F, Duda J, Vartak N, Edlund K, Marchan R, Ghallab A, Cadenas C, Günther G, Leist M, Zhang M, Gardner I, Reinders J, Russel FG, Foster AJ, Williams DP, Damle-Vartak A, Grandits M, Ecker G, Kittana N, Rahnenführer J, Hengstler JG. The hepatocyte export carrier inhibition assay improves the separation of hepatotoxic from non-hepatotoxic compounds. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 351:109728. [PMID: 34717914 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
An in vitro/in silico method that determines the risk of human drug induced liver injury in relation to oral doses and blood concentrations of drugs was recently introduced. This method utilizes information on the maximal blood concentration (Cmax) for a specific dose of a test compound, which can be estimated using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling, and a cytotoxicity test in cultured human hepatocytes. In the present study, we analyzed if the addition of an assay that measures the inhibition of bile acid export carriers, like BSEP and/or MRP2, to the existing method improves the differentiation of hepatotoxic and non-hepatotoxic compounds. Therefore, an export assay for 5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate (CMFDA) was established. We tested 36 compounds in a concentration-dependent manner for which the risk of hepatotoxicity for specific oral doses and the capacity to inhibit hepatocyte export carriers are known. Compared to the CTB cytotoxicity test, substantially lower EC10 values were obtained using the CMFDA assay for several known BSEP and/or MRP2 inhibitors. To quantify if the addition of the CMFDA assay to our test system improves the overall separation of hepatotoxic from non-hepatotoxic compounds, the toxicity separation index (TSI) was calculated. We obtained a better TSI using the lower alert concentration from either the CMFDA or the CTB test (TSI: 0.886) compared to considering the CTB test alone (TSI: 0.775). In conclusion, the data show that integration of the CMFDA assay with an in vitro test battery improves the differentiation of hepatotoxic and non-hepatotoxic compounds in a set of compounds that includes bile acid export carrier inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Brecklinghaus
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Wiebke Albrecht
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Franziska Kappenberg
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, Vogelpothsweg 87, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Julia Duda
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, Vogelpothsweg 87, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Nachiket Vartak
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Karolina Edlund
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rosemarie Marchan
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ahmed Ghallab
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, 83523, Qena, Egypt
| | - Cristina Cadenas
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Georgia Günther
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marcel Leist
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, PO Box M657, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - Mian Zhang
- Simcyp (A Certara Company), Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Jörg Reinders
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Frans Gm Russel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Alison J Foster
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic P Williams
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amruta Damle-Vartak
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany; Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie Grandits
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Althanstraße 14, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Ecker
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Althanstraße 14, Vienna, Austria
| | - Naim Kittana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, PO Box 7, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Jörg Rahnenführer
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, Vogelpothsweg 87, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Yan M, Guo L, Yang Y, Zhang B, Hou Z, Gao Y, Gu H, Gong H. Glycyrrhetinic Acid Protects α-Naphthylisothiocyanate- Induced Cholestasis Through Regulating Transporters, Inflammation and Apoptosis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:701240. [PMID: 34630081 PMCID: PMC8497752 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.701240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), the active metabolic product of Glycyrrhizin (GL) that is the main ingredient of licorice, was reported to protect against α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)- induced cholestasis. However, its protective mechanism remains unclear. In our work, the cholestatic liver injury in mice was caused by ANIT and GA was used for the treatment. We assessed cholestatic liver injury specific indexes, histopathological changes, bile acid transporters, inflammation and apoptosis. The results of liver biochemical index and histopathological examination showed that GA markedly attenuated ANIT-induced liver injury. Mechanism research suggested that GA could activate the expression of farnesoid x receptor (FXR) and its downstream bile acids transporters Na+/taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP), bile salt export pump (BSEP) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2), as well as the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its downstream proteins MRP3, MRP4. These transporters play a vital role in mediating bile acid homeostasis in hepatocytes. Moreover, GA could significantly inhibit the ANIT-induced activation of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) inflammatory pathway and the increase of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentration in serum. Also, GA protected against ANIT-induced mitochondrial apoptosis by regulating the expression of Bcl-2, Bax, cleaved caspase 3 and cleaved caspase 9. In conclusion, GA alleviates the hepatotoxicity caused by ANIT by regulating bile acids transporters, inflammation and apoptosis, which suggests that GA may be a potential therapeutic agent for cholestasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bikui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenyan Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Gu
- Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., Lianyungang, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Chen L, Zhao X, Wei S, Ma X, Liu H, Li J, Jing M, Wang M, Zhao Y. Mechanism of Paeoniflorin on ANIT-Induced Cholestatic Liver Injury Using Integrated Metabolomics and Network Pharmacology. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:737630. [PMID: 34526905 PMCID: PMC8435635 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.737630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Paeoniflorin (PF), the major active compound isolated from the roots of Paeonia lactiflora Pall., has been used in the treatment of severe hepatic diseases for several decades and displays bright prospects in liver protective effect. However, its biological mechanism that regulates bile acid metabolism and cholestatic liver injury has not been fully elucidated. Our study aims to investigate the mechanism by which PF in the treatment of cholestatic liver injury using a comprehensive approach combining metabolomics and network pharmacological analysis. Methods: The hepatoprotective effect of PF against cholestasis liver injury, induced by α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT), was evaluated in rats. The serum biochemical indices including ALT, AST, TBA, TBIL, ALP, ALB, and the pathological characteristics of the liver were analyzed. Moreover, UHPLC-Q-TOF was performed to explore the feces of rats with ANIT-induced cholestatic liver injury treated with PF and the potential biomarkers were screened by metabolomics. The targets for the regulation of potential biomarkers by PF were screened by network pharmacology, and then the relevant key targets were verified by immunohistochemical and western blotting methods. Results: PF significantly improved serum indexes and alleviated liver histological damage. Metabolomics analyses showed that the therapeutic effect of PF is mainly associated with the regulation of 13 metabolites involved in 16 metabolic pathways. The “PF-targets-metabolites” interaction network was constructed, and then five key targets including CDC25B, CYP2C9, MAOB, mTOR, and ABCB1 that regulated the potential biomarkers were obtained. The above five targets were further verified by immunohistochemistry and western blotting, and the results showed that PF significantly improved the expression of key proteins regulating these biomarkers. Conclusion: Our study provides direct evidence for the modulatory properties of PF treatment on ANIT-induced cholestatic liver injury using metabolomics and network pharmacology analyses. PF exhibits favorable pharmacological effect by regulating related signal pathways and key targets for biomarkers. Therefore, these findings may help better understand the complex mechanisms and provide a new and effective approach to the treatment of cholestatic liver injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Hepotology Department, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shizhang Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Honghong Liu
- Integrated TCM and Western Medicine Department, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyu Li
- Integrated TCM and Western Medicine Department, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Manyi Jing
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Baier V, Clayton O, Nudischer R, Cordes H, Schneider ARP, Thiel C, Wittenberger T, Moritz W, Blank LM, Neumann UP, Trautwein C, Kelm J, Schrooders Y, Caiment F, Gmuender H, Roth A, Castell JV, Kleinjans J, Kuepfer L. A Model-Based Workflow to Benchmark the Clinical Cholestasis Risk of Drugs. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021; 110:1293-1301. [PMID: 34462909 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We present a generic workflow combining physiology-based computational modeling and in vitro data to assess the clinical cholestatic risk of different drugs systematically. Changes in expression levels of genes involved in the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids were obtained from an in vitro assay mimicking 14 days of repeated drug administration for 10 marketed drugs. These changes in gene expression over time were contextualized in a physiology-based bile acid model of glycochenodeoxycholic acid. The simulated drug-induced response in bile acid concentrations was then scaled with the applied drug doses to calculate the cholestatic potential for each compound. A ranking of the cholestatic potential correlated very well with the clinical cholestasis risk obtained from medical literature. The proposed workflow allows benchmarking the cholestatic risk of novel drug candidates. We expect the application of our workflow to significantly contribute to the stratification of the cholestatic potential of new drugs and to support animal-free testing in future drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Baier
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Olivia Clayton
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ramona Nudischer
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Cordes
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Lars M Blank
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulf P Neumann
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Yannick Schrooders
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Florian Caiment
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | | | - José V Castell
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimenta, IIS Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, CIBEREHD-ISCIII, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jos Kleinjans
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Lars Kuepfer
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, RWTH, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Systems Medicine with Focus on Organ Interaction, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Schneider KM, Candels LS, Hov JR, Myllys M, Hassan R, Schneider CV, Wahlström A, Mohs A, Zühlke S, Liao L, Elfers C, Kilic K, Henricsson M, Molinaro A, Hatting M, Zaza A, Drasdo D, Frissen M, Devlin AS, Gálvez EJC, Strowig T, Karlsen TH, Hengstler JG, Marschall HU, Ghallab A, Trautwein C. Gut microbiota depletion exacerbates cholestatic liver injury via loss of FXR signalling. Nat Metab 2021; 3:1228-1241. [PMID: 34552267 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease of unknown aetiology for which there are no approved therapeutic options. Patients with PSC display changes in gut microbiota and in bile acid (BA) composition; however, the contribution of these alterations to disease pathogenesis remains controversial. Here we identify a role for microbiota-dependent changes in BA synthesis that modulates PSC pathophysiology. In a genetic mouse model of PSC, we show that loss of microbiota-mediated negative feedback control of BA synthesis results in increased hepatic BA concentrations, disruption of bile duct barrier function and, consequently, fatal liver injury. We further show that these changes are dependent on decreased BA signalling to the farnesoid X receptor, which modulates the activity of the rate-limiting enzyme in BA synthesis, CYP7A1. Moreover, patients with advanced stages of PSC show suppressed BA synthesis as measured by serum C4 levels, which is associated with poor disease prognosis. Our preclinical data highlight the microbiota-dependent dynamics of BA metabolism in cholestatic liver disease, which could be important for future therapies targeting BA and gut microbiome interactions, and identify C4 as a potential biomarker to functionally stratify patients with PSC and predict disease outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Markus Schneider
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Johannes R Hov
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Section of Gastroenterology and Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maiju Myllys
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Reham Hassan
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | | | - Annika Wahlström
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Antje Mohs
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zühlke
- Center for Mass Spectrometry (CMS), Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Lijun Liao
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Carsten Elfers
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Konrad Kilic
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcus Henricsson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maximilian Hatting
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ayham Zaza
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dirk Drasdo
- Institute National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (INRIA), Le Chesnay, France
| | - Mick Frissen
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - A Sloan Devlin
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric J C Gálvez
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany and Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Till Strowig
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany and Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tom H Karlsen
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Section of Gastroenterology and Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Hanns-Ulrich Marschall
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ahmed Ghallab
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Holland CH, Ramirez Flores RO, Myllys M, Hassan R, Edlund K, Hofmann U, Marchan R, Cadenas C, Reinders J, Hoehme S, Seddek AL, Dooley S, Keitel V, Godoy P, Begher-Tibbe B, Trautwein C, Rupp C, Mueller S, Longerich T, Hengstler JG, Saez-Rodriguez J, Ghallab A. Transcriptomic Cross-Species Analysis of Chronic Liver Disease Reveals Consistent Regulation Between Humans and Mice. Hepatol Commun 2021; 6:161-177. [PMID: 34558834 PMCID: PMC8710791 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse models are frequently used to study chronic liver diseases (CLDs). To assess their translational relevance, we quantified the similarity of commonly used mouse models to human CLDs based on transcriptome data. Gene‐expression data from 372 patients were compared with data from acute and chronic mouse models consisting of 227 mice, and additionally to nine published gene sets of chronic mouse models. Genes consistently altered in humans and mice were mapped to liver cell types based on single‐cell RNA‐sequencing data and validated by immunostaining. Considering the top differentially expressed genes, the similarity between humans and mice varied among the mouse models and depended on the period of damage induction. The highest recall (0.4) and precision (0.33) were observed for the model with 12‐months damage induction by CCl4 and by a Western diet, respectively. Genes consistently up‐regulated between the chronic CCl4 model and human CLDs were enriched in inflammatory and developmental processes, and mostly mapped to cholangiocytes, macrophages, and endothelial and mesenchymal cells. Down‐regulated genes were enriched in metabolic processes and mapped to hepatocytes. Immunostaining confirmed the regulation of selected genes and their cell type specificity. Genes that were up‐regulated in both acute and chronic models showed higher recall and precision with respect to human CLDs than exclusively acute or chronic genes. Conclusion: Similarly regulated genes in human and mouse CLDs were identified. Despite major interspecies differences, mouse models detected 40% of the genes significantly altered in human CLD. The translational relevance of individual genes can be assessed at https://saezlab.shinyapps.io/liverdiseaseatlas/.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian H Holland
- Institute of Computational Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Joint Research Centre for Computational Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Systems Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ricardo O Ramirez Flores
- Institute of Computational Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maiju Myllys
- Systems Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Reham Hassan
- Systems Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany.,Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Karolina Edlund
- Systems Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ute Hofmann
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rosemarie Marchan
- Systems Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Cristina Cadenas
- Systems Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jörg Reinders
- Systems Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefan Hoehme
- Institute for Computer Science & Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Abdel-Latif Seddek
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty at Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patricio Godoy
- Systems Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Brigitte Begher-Tibbe
- Systems Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Rupp
- Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Mueller
- Salem Medical Center and Center for Alcohol Research, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Longerich
- Translational Gastrointestinal Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Systems Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Julio Saez-Rodriguez
- Institute of Computational Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Joint Research Centre for Computational Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ahmed Ghallab
- Systems Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany.,Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Li J, Zhu X, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Ye S, Leng Y, Yang T, Kong L, Zhang H. Limb expression 1-like (LIX1L) protein promotes cholestatic liver injury by regulating bile acid metabolism. J Hepatol 2021; 75:400-413. [PMID: 33746084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cholestatic liver diseases comprise a variety of disorders of bile formation and/or flow which generally result in progressive hepatobiliary injury. Regulation of bile acid (BA) synthesis and homeostasis is a promising strategy for the treatment of cholestatic liver disease. Limb expression 1-like protein (LIX1L) plays an important role in post-transcriptional gene regulation, yet its role in cholestatic liver injury remains unclear. METHODS LIX1L expression was studied in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) or primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), and 3 murine models of cholestasis (bile duct ligation [BDL], Mdr2 knockout [Mdr2-/-], and cholic acid [CA] feeding). Lix1l knockout mice were employed to investigate the function of LIX1L in cholestatic liver diseases. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were performed to determine whether Egr-1 bound to the Lix1l promoter. MiRNA expression profiling was analyzed by microarray. An adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated hepatic delivery system was used to identify the function of miR-191-3p in vivo. RESULTS LIX1L expression was increased in the livers of patients with PSC and PBC, and in the 3 murine models, as well as in BA-stimulated primary mouse hepatocytes. BA-induced Lix1l upregulation was dependent on Egr-1, which served as a transcriptional activator. LIX1L deficiency attenuated cholestatic liver injury in BDL and Mdr2-/- mice. MiR-191-3p was the most reduced miRNA in livers of WT-BDL mice, while it was restored in Lix1l-/--BDL mice. MiR-191-3p targets and downregulates Lrh-1, thereby inhibiting Cyp7a1 and Cyp8b1 expression. AAV-mediated hepatic delivery of miR-191-3p significantly attenuated cholestatic liver injury in Mdr2-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS LIX1L deficiency alleviates cholestatic liver injury by inhibiting BA synthesis. LIX1L functions as a nexus linking BA/Egr-1 and miR-191-3p/LRH-1 signaling. LIX1L and miR-191-3p may be promising targets for the treatment of BA-associated hepatobiliary diseases. LAY SUMMARY Bile acid homeostasis can be impaired in cholestatic liver diseases. Our study identified a novel mechanism of positive feedback regulation in cholestasis. LIX1L and miR-191-3p represent potential therapeutic targets for cholestatic liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Meihui Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yanqiu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shengtao Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yingrong Leng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lingyi Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Nawroth JC, Petropolis DB, Manatakis DV, Maulana TI, Burchett G, Schlünder K, Witt A, Shukla A, Kodella K, Ronxhi J, Kulkarni G, Hamilton G, Seki E, Lu S, Karalis KC. Modeling alcohol-associated liver disease in a human Liver-Chip. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109393. [PMID: 34289365 PMCID: PMC8342038 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a global health issue and leads to progressive liver injury, comorbidities, and increased mortality. Human-relevant preclinical models of ALD are urgently needed. Here, we leverage a triculture human Liver-Chip with biomimetic hepatic sinusoids and bile canaliculi to model ALD employing human-relevant blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) and multimodal profiling of clinically relevant endpoints. Our Liver-Chip recapitulates established ALD markers in response to 48 h of exposure to ethanol, including lipid accumulation and oxidative stress, in a concentration-dependent manner and supports the study of secondary insults, such as high blood endotoxin levels. We show that remodeling of the bile canalicular network can provide an in vitro quantitative readout of alcoholic liver toxicity. In summary, we report the development of a human ALD Liver-Chip as a powerful platform for modeling alcohol-induced liver injury with the potential for direct translation to clinical research and evaluation of patient-specific responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Anke Witt
- Emulate, Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | | | | | - Janey Ronxhi
- Emulate, Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | | | | | - Ekihiro Seki
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Shelly Lu
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Shao JW, Ge TT, Chen SZ, Wang G, Yang Q, Huang CH, Xu LC, Chen Z. Role of bile acids in liver diseases mediated by the gut microbiome. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:3010-3021. [PMID: 34168404 PMCID: PMC8192287 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i22.3010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intensive crosstalk between the liver and the intestine performs many essential functions. This crosstalk is important for natural immune surveillance, adaptive immune response regulation and nutrient metabolism and elimination of toxic bacterial metabolites. The interaction between the gut microbiome and bile acids is bidirectional. The gut microbiome regulates the synthesis of bile acids and their biological signaling activity and circulation via enzymes. Similarly, bile acids also shape the composition of the gut microbiome by modulating the host’s natural antibacterial defense and the intestinal immune system. The interaction between bile acids and the gut microbiome has been implicated in the pathophysiology of many intestinal and extra intestinal diseases, especially liver diseases. As essential mediators of the gut-liver crosstalk, bile acids regulate specific host metabolic pathways and modulate the inflammatory responses through farnesoid X-activated receptor and G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1. Several clinical trials have demonstrated the signaling effects of bile acids in the context of liver diseases. We hypothesize the existence of a gut microbiome-bile acids-liver triangle and explore the potential therapeutic strategies for liver diseases targeting the triangle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Wei Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Tian-Tian Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Sen-Zhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qin Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chun-Hong Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Li-Chen Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Ghallab A, Hassan R, Myllys M, Albrecht W, Friebel A, Hoehme S, Hofmann U, Seddek AL, Braeuning A, Kuepfer L, Cramer B, Humpf HU, Boor P, Degen GH, Hengstler JG. Subcellular spatio-temporal intravital kinetics of aflatoxin B 1 and ochratoxin A in liver and kidney. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2163-2177. [PMID: 34003344 PMCID: PMC8166722 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Local accumulation of xenobiotics in human and animal tissues may cause adverse effects. Large differences in their concentrations may exist between individual cell types, often due to the expression of specific uptake and export carriers. Here we established a two-photon microscopy-based technique for spatio-temporal detection of the distribution of mycotoxins in intact kidneys and livers of anesthetized mice with subcellular resolution. The mycotoxins ochratoxin A (OTA, 10 mg/kg b.w.) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1, 1.5 mg/kg b.w.), which both show blue auto-fluorescence, were analyzed after intravenous bolus injections. Within seconds after administration, OTA was filtered by glomeruli, and enriched in distal tubular epithelial cells (dTEC). A striking feature of AFB1 toxicokinetics was its very rapid uptake from sinusoidal blood into hepatocytes (t1/2 ~ 4 min) and excretion into bile canaliculi. Interestingly, AFB1 was enriched in the nuclei of hepatocytes with zonal differences in clearance. In the cytoplasm of pericentral hepatocytes, the half-life (t1/2~ 63 min) was much longer compared to periportal hepatocytes of the same lobules (t1/2 ~ 9 min). In addition, nuclear AFB1 from periportal hepatocytes cleared faster compared to the pericentral region. These local differences in AFB1 clearance may be due to the pericentral expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes that activate AFB1 to protein- and DNA-binding metabolites. In conclusion, the present study shows that large spatio-temporal concentration differences exist within the same tissues and its analysis may provide valuable additional information to conventional toxicokinetic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ghallab
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt.
| | - Reham Hassan
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Maiju Myllys
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Wiebke Albrecht
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Adrian Friebel
- Institute of Computer Science, Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Research (SIKT), University of Leipzig, Haertelstraße 16-18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Hoehme
- Institute of Computer Science, Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Research (SIKT), University of Leipzig, Haertelstraße 16-18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ute Hofmann
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Auerbachstr. 112, 70376, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Abdel-Latif Seddek
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Kuepfer
- Institute of Systems Medicine with Focus on Organ Interactions, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 19, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Benedikt Cramer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Boor
- Institute of Pathology and Department of Nephrology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gisela H Degen
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Iruzubieta P, Goikoetxea-Usandizaga N, Barbier-Torres L, Serrano-Maciá M, Fernández-Ramos D, Fernández-Tussy P, Gutiérrez-de-Juan V, Lachiondo-Ortega S, Simon J, Bravo M, Lopitz-Otsoa F, Robles M, Ferre-Aracil C, Varela-Rey M, Elguezabal N, Calleja JL, Lu SC, Milkiewicz M, Milkiewicz P, Anguita J, Monte MJ, Marin JJ, López-Hoyos M, Delgado TC, Rincón M, Crespo J, Martínez-Chantar ML. Boosting mitochondria activity by silencing MCJ overcomes cholestasis-induced liver injury. JHEP Rep 2021; 3:100276. [PMID: 33997750 PMCID: PMC8099785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mitochondria are the major organelles for the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cell, and mitochondrial dysfunction has been described as a key factor in the pathogenesis of cholestatic liver disease. The methylation-controlled J-protein (MCJ) is a mitochondrial protein that interacts with and represses the function of complex I of the electron transport chain. The relevance of MCJ in the pathology of cholestasis has not yet been explored. METHODS We studied the relationship between MCJ and cholestasis-induced liver injury in liver biopsies from patients with chronic cholestatic liver diseases, and in livers and primary hepatocytes obtained from WT and MCJ-KO mice. Bile duct ligation (BDL) was used as an animal model of cholestasis, and primary hepatocytes were treated with toxic doses of bile acids. We evaluated the effect of MCJ silencing for the treatment of cholestasis-induced liver injury. RESULTS Elevated levels of MCJ were detected in the liver tissue of patients with chronic cholestatic liver disease when compared with normal liver tissue. Likewise, in mouse models, the hepatic levels of MCJ were increased. After BDL, MCJ-KO animals showed significantly decreased inflammation and apoptosis. In an in vitro model of bile-acid induced toxicity, we observed that the loss of MCJ protected mouse primary hepatocytes from bile acid-induced mitochondrial ROS overproduction and ATP depletion, enabling higher cell viability. Finally, the in vivo inhibition of the MCJ expression, following BDL, showed reduced liver injury and a mitigation of the main cholestatic characteristics. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that MCJ is involved in the progression of cholestatic liver injury, and our results identified MCJ as a potential therapeutic target to mitigate the liver injury caused by cholestasis. LAY SUMMARY In this study, we examine the effect of mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibition by MCJ on bile acid-induced liver toxicity. The loss of MCJ protects hepatocytes against apoptosis, mitochondrial ROS overproduction, and ATP depletion as a result of bile acid toxicity. Our results identify MCJ as a potential therapeutic target to mitigate liver injury in cholestatic liver diseases.
Collapse
Key Words
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AMA-M2, antimitochondrial M2 antibody
- ANA, antinuclear antibodies
- APRI, AST to platelet ratio index
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Abs, antibodies
- BA, bile acid
- BAX, BCL2 associated X
- BCL-2, B-cell lymphoma 2
- BCL-Xl, B-cell lymphoma-extra large
- BDL, bile duct ligation
- Bile duct ligation
- CLD, cholestatic liver disease
- Ccl2, C-C motif chemokine ligand 2
- Ccr2, C-C motif chemokine receptor 2
- Ccr5, C-C motif chemokine receptor 5
- Cholestasis
- Cxcl1, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1
- Cyp7α1, cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase
- DCA, deoxycholic acid
- ETC, electron transport chain
- Ezh2, enhancer of zeste homolog 2
- Fxr, farnesoid X receptor
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GCDCA, glycochenodeoxycholic acid
- HSC, hepatic stellate cells
- Hif-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- KO, knockout
- LSM, liver stiffness
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MCJ
- MCJ, methylation-controlled J
- MLKL, mixed-lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase
- MMP, mitochondrial membrane potential
- MPO, myeloperoxidase
- MPT, mitochondrial permeability transition
- Mitochondria
- Nrf1, nuclear respiratory factor 1
- PARP, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase
- PBC, primary biliary cholangitis
- PSC, primary sclerosing cholangitis
- Pgc1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha
- Pgc1β, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-beta
- ROS
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RT, room temperature
- SDH2, succinate dehydrogenase
- TNF, tumour necrosis factor
- Tfam, transcription factor A mitochondrial
- Trail, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
- UDCA, ursodeoxycholic acid
- Ucp2, uncoupling protein 2
- VCTE, vibration-controlled transient elastography
- WT, wild-type
- mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid
- p-JNK, phosphor-JNK
- p-MLKL, phosphor-MLKL
- shRNA, small hairpin RNA
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
- tBIL, total bilirubin
- α-SMA, alpha-smooth muscle actin
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Iruzubieta
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Clinical and Translational Digestive Research Group, IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Naroa Goikoetxea-Usandizaga
- Liver Disease and Liver Metabolism Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research & Technology Alliance), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Lucía Barbier-Torres
- Liver Disease and Liver Metabolism Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research & Technology Alliance), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Marina Serrano-Maciá
- Liver Disease and Liver Metabolism Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research & Technology Alliance), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - David Fernández-Ramos
- Liver Disease and Liver Metabolism Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research & Technology Alliance), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Pablo Fernández-Tussy
- Liver Disease and Liver Metabolism Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research & Technology Alliance), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Virginia Gutiérrez-de-Juan
- Liver Disease and Liver Metabolism Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research & Technology Alliance), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Sofia Lachiondo-Ortega
- Liver Disease and Liver Metabolism Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research & Technology Alliance), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Jorge Simon
- Liver Disease and Liver Metabolism Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research & Technology Alliance), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Miren Bravo
- Liver Disease and Liver Metabolism Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research & Technology Alliance), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Fernando Lopitz-Otsoa
- Liver Disease and Liver Metabolism Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research & Technology Alliance), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Mercedes Robles
- Liver Unit, Vírgen de Victoria University Hospital, Gastroenterology Service and Department of Medicine, University of Málaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Carlos Ferre-Aracil
- Liver Unit, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, IDIPHISA, CIBERehd, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Varela-Rey
- Liver Disease and Liver Metabolism Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research & Technology Alliance), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Natalia Elguezabal
- Departmento de Sanidad Animal, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Spain
| | - José Luis Calleja
- Liver Unit, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, IDIPHISA, CIBERehd, Madrid, Spain
| | - Shelly C. Lu
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Piotr Milkiewicz
- Liver and Internal Medicine Unit, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Juan Anguita
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research & Technology Alliance), Derio, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - María J. Monte
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José J.G. Marin
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marcos López-Hoyos
- Immunology Department, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Teresa C. Delgado
- Liver Disease and Liver Metabolism Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research & Technology Alliance), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Mercedes Rincón
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Javier Crespo
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Clinical and Translational Digestive Research Group, IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - María Luz Martínez-Chantar
- Liver Disease and Liver Metabolism Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research & Technology Alliance), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Kinsenoside Alleviates 17α-Ethinylestradiol-Induced Cholestatic Liver Injury in Rats by Inhibiting Inflammatory Responses and Regulating FXR-Mediated Bile Acid Homeostasis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14050452. [PMID: 34064649 PMCID: PMC8151897 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis is an important predisposing factor of liver diseases, such as hepatocyte necrosis, liver fibrosis and primary biliary cirrhosis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of Kinsenoside (KD), a natural active ingredient of Anoectochilus roxburghii, on estrogen-induced cholestatic liver injury in Sprague-Dawley rats and the underlying mechanism. The rats were randomly divided into six groups: control group, model group, low-dose KD group (50 mg/kg body weight, KD-L), medium-dose KD group (100 mg/kg body weight, KD-M), high-dose KD group (200 mg/kg body weight, KD-H) and ursodeoxycholic acid group (40 mg/kg body weight, UDCA). 17α-Ethinylestradiol (EE) was used to establish an experimental animal model of estrogen-induced cholestasis (EIC). The results demonstrated that KD alleviated liver pathologic damage, serum biochemical status and inhibited hepatocellular microstructure disorder and bile duct hyperplasia in EE-induced cholestatic rats. Mechanically, KD alleviated EE-induced cholestatic liver injury by inhibiting inflammatory responses and regulating bile acid homeostasis. Concretely, KD reduced the expression of IL-1β and IL-6 by inhibiting NF-κB p65 to suppress EE-mediated inflammation in rat liver. KD enhanced the expression of FXR and inhibited EE-mediated reduction of FXR in vitro and in vivo. It was the potential mechanism that KD mitigates cholestasis by increasing efflux and inhibiting uptake of bile acids via FXR-mediated induction of bile salt export pump (BSEP) and reduction of Na+-dependent taurocholate cotransport peptide (NTCP) to maintain bile acid homeostasis. Moreover, KD repressed the bile acid synthesis through reducing the expression of synthetic enzyme (CYP7A1), thereby normalizing the expression of metabolic enzyme (SULT2A1) of bile acid. In conclusion, our results revealed that KD may be an effective drug candidate for the treatment of cholestasis.
Collapse
|
87
|
Lv WJ, Zhao XY, Hu DD, Xin XH, Qin LL, Hu CH. Insight into Bile Duct Reaction to Obstruction from a Three-dimensional Perspective Using ex Vivo Phase-Contrast CT. Radiology 2021; 299:597-610. [PMID: 33876972 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2021203967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Biliary obstruction leads to an increase in biliary pressure within the biliary system, which induces the morphologic adaptation of the biliary tree. Purpose To observe and to quantify the morphologic characteristics of the adaptation in a bile duct ligation rat model and verify it in patients with biliary atresia in a three-dimensional (3D) manner using x-ray phase-contrast CT. Materials and Methods A bile duct ligation model was induced in 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats, which were divided into five groups: the control group (no ligation) and groups 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after bile duct ligation (eight animals in each group). Liver tissue samples (approximately 1.8 cm in length and 1.3 cm in height) were imaged by using phase-contrast CT and compared with histologic analysis. With a combination of phase-contrast CT and 3D visualization technology, the entire biliary system and the intrahepatic vascular system were quantitatively analyzed according to downstream, midstream, and upstream domains based on bile duct volume, surface area, and other parameters. Additionally, liver explant tissues from 28 patients with biliary atresia were studied to determine the impact of biliary tract reconstruction. Results To offset the increased biliary pressure within the biliary system, the ductular reaction in the downstream, midstream, and upstream domains manifested as dilatation, spiderweb-like looping, and interconnected honeycomb-like patterns, respectively. The most severe ductular reaction occurred in the upstream domain, and the relative surface area (mean, 0.02 μm-1 ± 0.01, 0.04 μm-1 ± 0.01, 0.07 μm-1 ± 0.02, and 0.10 μm-1 ± 0.02 for the 2-8-week groups, respectively; P < .01 among the groups) and volume fraction of ductules (mean, 16.54% ± 4.62, 19.69% ± 6.41, 26.92% ± 5.82, and 38.34% ± 10.36 for the 2-8-week groups, respectively; P < .01 among the groups except between the 2- and 4-week groups [P = .062]) significantly increased over time. In patients with biliary atresia, it was observed that both fibrosis and proliferative ductules regressed after successful biliary tract reconstruction following Kasai portoenterostomy. Furthermore, ductular reaction was accompanied by a progressive increase in the arterial supply but a loss of portal blood supply. Conclusion X-ray phase-contrast CT with three-dimensional rendering of the biliary system in a bile duct ligation rat model provides key insights into ductular reaction or biliary self-adaptation triggered by increased biliary pressure. © RSNA, 2021 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Vannier and Wang in this issue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Juan Lv
- From the School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai Rd, Tianjin 300070, China (W.J.L., X.H.X., L.L.Q., C.H.H.); Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (X.Y.Z.); Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Liver Cirrhosis and National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China (X.Y.Z.); and the Second Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China (D.D.H.)
| | - Xin-Yan Zhao
- From the School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai Rd, Tianjin 300070, China (W.J.L., X.H.X., L.L.Q., C.H.H.); Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (X.Y.Z.); Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Liver Cirrhosis and National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China (X.Y.Z.); and the Second Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China (D.D.H.)
| | - Dou-Dou Hu
- From the School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai Rd, Tianjin 300070, China (W.J.L., X.H.X., L.L.Q., C.H.H.); Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (X.Y.Z.); Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Liver Cirrhosis and National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China (X.Y.Z.); and the Second Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China (D.D.H.)
| | - Xiao-Hong Xin
- From the School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai Rd, Tianjin 300070, China (W.J.L., X.H.X., L.L.Q., C.H.H.); Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (X.Y.Z.); Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Liver Cirrhosis and National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China (X.Y.Z.); and the Second Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China (D.D.H.)
| | - Li-Li Qin
- From the School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai Rd, Tianjin 300070, China (W.J.L., X.H.X., L.L.Q., C.H.H.); Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (X.Y.Z.); Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Liver Cirrhosis and National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China (X.Y.Z.); and the Second Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China (D.D.H.)
| | - Chun-Hong Hu
- From the School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai Rd, Tianjin 300070, China (W.J.L., X.H.X., L.L.Q., C.H.H.); Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (X.Y.Z.); Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Liver Cirrhosis and National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China (X.Y.Z.); and the Second Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China (D.D.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Su H, Wang Q, Li Y, Jin J, Tan B, Yan D, Zou B, Song G, Weng F, Qiu F. Effect of Different Ratios of Yinchen and Gancao Decoction on ANIT-Treated Cholestatic Liver Injury in Mice and Its Potential Underlying Mechanism. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:611610. [PMID: 33935705 PMCID: PMC8082238 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.611610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis is a pathological state that leads to serious liver disease; however, therapeutic options remain limited. Yinchen and Gancao are often used in combination at different ratios in traditional Chinese formulae for the treatment of jaundice and cholestasis. In the present study, we investigated the effect of decoctions containing different ratios of Yinchen and Gancao (YGD) on alpha-naphthyl isothiocyanate (ANIT)-treated intrahepatic cholestasis (IC) in mice, and further explored the underlying mechanism. Treatment with 0:4 and 1:4 YGD significantly reduced plasma total bile acid (TBA), total bilirubin (TBIL), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities; decreased unconjugated and conjugated bile acid levels; and improved hepatocyte necrosis and inflammatory cells recruitment to hepatic sinusoids. Moreover, the expression levels of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), C-C ligand 2 (CCL2), and C-X-C ligand 2 (CXCL2) in the liver were significantly reduced. However, treatment with 4:1 and 4:0 YGD increased plasma TBA, TBIL, AST, ALT, and ALP activities and aggravated liver cell injury and inflammation. Moreover, the mRNA expression of the bile salt export pump (BSEP) in the liver was significantly increased in mice treated with 4:0 YGD. The present study demonstrates that YGD containing a high proportion of Gancao, which inhibits the TLR4/NF-κB pathway and reduces the inflammatory response, had protective effects against ANIT-treated IC in mice. However, YGD containing a high proportion of Yinchen aggravated the ANIT-treated IC in mice, which may be related to upregulation of BSEP and boosting bile acid regurgitation from damage cholangiocytes to liver in ANIT-treated IC mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huizong Su
- Clinical Pharmacokinetic Laboratory, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Clinical Pharmacokinetic Laboratory, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Li
- Clinical Pharmacokinetic Laboratory, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyi Jin
- Clinical Pharmacokinetic Laboratory, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Tan
- Clinical Pharmacokinetic Laboratory, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongming Yan
- Clinical Pharmacokinetic Laboratory, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Zou
- Clinical Pharmacokinetic Laboratory, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guochao Song
- Clinical Pharmacokinetic Laboratory, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengyi Weng
- Clinical Pharmacokinetic Laboratory, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Furong Qiu
- Clinical Pharmacokinetic Laboratory, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Peng W, Dai MY, Bao LJ, Zhu WF, Li F. FXR activation prevents liver injury induced by Tripterygium wilfordii preparations. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:716-727. [PMID: 33704005 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1900626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tripterygium glycosides tablets (TGT) and Tripterygium wilfordii tablets (TWT) are the preparations of Tripterygium wilfordii used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in the clinic, but the hepatotoxicity was reported frequently. This study aimed to determine the potential toxicity mechanism of liver injury induced by the preparations of Tripterygium wilfordii in mice.Here, we performed metabolomic analysis, pathological analysis and biochemical analysis of samples from mice with liver injury induced by TGT and TWT, which revealed that liver injury was associated with bile acid metabolism disorder. Quantitative real-time PCR (QPCR) and western blot indicated that the above changes were accompanied by inhibition of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signalling.Liver injury from TWT could be alleviated by treatment of the FXR agonist obeticholic acid (OCA) via activation of the FXR to inhibit the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway and improve bile acid metabolism disorder by activating bile salt export pump (BSEP) and organic solute-transporter-β (OSTB). The data demonstrate that FXR signalling pathway plays a key role in T. wilfordii-induced liver injury, which could be alleviated by activated FXR.These results indicate that FXR activation by OCA may offer a promising therapeutic opportunity against hepatotoxicity from the preparations of T. wilfordii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Metabolomics and Drug-Induced Liver Injury, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Man-Yun Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Metabolomics and Drug-Induced Liver Injury, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li-Juan Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wei-Feng Zhu
- Academician Workstation, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Laboratory of Metabolomics and Drug-Induced Liver Injury, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Zheng S, Cao P, Yin Z, Wang X, Chen Y, Yu M, Xu B, Liao C, Duan Y, Zhang S, Han J, Yang X. Apigenin protects mice against 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine-induced cholestasis. Food Funct 2021; 12:2323-2334. [PMID: 33620063 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02910f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cholestasis can induce liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Apigenin has anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Herein, we determined whether apigenin can protect mice against cholestasis. In vitro, apigenin protected TFK-1 cells (a human bile duct cancer cell line) against H2O2-induced ROS generation and inhibited transforming growth factor-β-activated collagen type 1 alpha 1 and α-smooth muscle actin in LX2 cells (a human hepatic stellate cell line). In vivo, cholestatic mice induced by 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) were treated with apigenin. Apigenin potently blocked DDC-induced gallbladder atrophy and associated liver injury, fibrosis and collagen accumulation. Moreover, apigenin relieved the DDC-caused abnormality of bile acid metabolism and restored the balance between bile secretion and excretion by regulating the farnesoid X receptor signaling pathway. Furthermore, apigenin reduced inflammation or oxidative stress in the liver by blocking the DDC-activated Toll-like receptor 4, nuclear factor κB and tumor necrosis factor α, or DDC-suppressed superoxidase dismutase 1/2, catalase and glutathione peroxidase. Taken together, apigenin improves DDC-induced cholestasis by reducing inflammation and oxidative damage and improving bile acid metabolism, indicating its potential application for cholestasis treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shihong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.
| | - Peichang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.
| | - Zequn Yin
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.
| | - Xuerui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.
| | - Yuanli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.
| | - Maoyun Yu
- School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, China
| | - Baocai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.
| | - Chenzhong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.
| | - Yajun Duan
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.
| | - Jihong Han
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China. and College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Pieters A, Gijbels E, Cogliati B, Annaert P, Devisscher L, Vinken M. Biomarkers of cholestasis. Biomark Med 2021; 15:437-454. [PMID: 33709780 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2020-0691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis is a major pathological manifestation, often resulting in detrimental liver conditions, which occurs in a variety of indications collectively termed cholestatic liver diseases. The frequent asymptomatic character and complexity of cholestasis, together with the lack of a straightforward biomarker, hampers early detection and treatment of the condition. The 'omics' era, however, has resulted in a plethora of cholestatic indicators, yet a single clinically applicable biomarker for a given cholestatic disease remains missing. The criteria to fulfil as an ideal biomarker as well as the challenging molecular pathways in cholestatic liver diseases advocate for a scenario in which multiple biomarkers, originating from different domains, will be assessed concomitantly. This review gives an overview of classical clinical and novel molecular biomarkers in cholestasis, focusing on their benefits and drawbacks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alanah Pieters
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology & Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
| | - Eva Gijbels
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology & Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery & Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, ON II Herestraat 49, Box 921, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Lindsey Devisscher
- Basic & Applied Medical Sciences, Gut-Liver Immunopharmacology Unit, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Ghent University, C Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology & Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Sheps JA, Wang R, Wang J, Ling V. The protective role of hydrophilic tetrahydroxylated bile acids (THBA). Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158925. [PMID: 33713832 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids are key components of bile required for human health. In humans and mice, conditions of reduced bile flow, cholestasis, induce bile acid detoxification by producing tetrahydroxylated bile acids (THBA), more hydrophilic and less cytotoxic than the usual bile acids, which are typically di- or tri-hydroxylated. Mice deficient in the Bile Salt Export Pump (Bsep, or Abcb11), the primary bile acid transporter in liver cells, produce high levels of THBA, and avoid the severe liver damage typically seen in humans with BSEP deficiencies. THBA can suppress bile acid-induced liver damage in Mdr2-deficient mice, caused by their lack of phospholipids in bile exposing their biliary tracts to unbound bile acids. Here we review THBA-related works in both animals and humans, and discuss their potential relevance and applications as a class of functional bile acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Sheps
- BC Cancer Research Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Renxue Wang
- BC Cancer Research Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Jianshe Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, The Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Victor Ling
- BC Cancer Research Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Sidibé N, Jalabert H, Merlen G, Tordjmann T. [The EGFR ligand amphiregulin protects from cholestatic liver injury]. Med Sci (Paris) 2021; 37:103-105. [PMID: 33492227 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N'Diaye Sidibé
- Master 1 Biologie santé, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Hadrien Jalabert
- Master 1 Biologie santé, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Gregory Merlen
- Équipe Homéostasie biliaire et réparation du foie, Inserm U1193, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Thierry Tordjmann
- Équipe Homéostasie biliaire et réparation du foie, Inserm U1193, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Sun K, Ma S, Tian S, Zhang M, Liu Y, Li B, Zhou X, Zheng X, Zhou X, Wang L, Han Y. An enhanced level of LAMP-2A participates in CD4 +T cell hyperactivity in patients with primary biliary cholangitis. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:101. [PMID: 33569403 PMCID: PMC7867869 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-2427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an immune-mediated chronic cholestasis, in which T cell homeostasis plays an important role. Lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 isoform A (LAMP-2A) has been implicated in the regulation of CD4+T cell responses. Methods We comprehensively evaluated the immunobiology of CD4+T cells in patients with PBC (PBC, n=42), chronic hepatitis B (CHB, n=20), and healthy control subjects (HC, n=20) by flow cytometry including activation status and LAMP-2A expression. Additionally, we investigated the activation responses of PBC-naïve CD4+T cells by stimulation in vitro and tested the changes caused by deleting the gene encoding LAMP-2A. Results Firstly, we found an increased activation status of circulating CD4+T cells from PBC patients compared to the HC subjects, and PBC-naïve CD4+T cells showed enhanced responses after stimulation in vitro. Secondly, PBC-naïve CD4+T cells expressed a significantly higher level of LAMP-2A compared to the HC and CHB groups [PBC vs. HC, 1,954.74 (1,254.28-3,057.14) vs. 1,542.12 (961.18-2,277.98), P=0.03; vs. CHB, 1,153.59 (726.87-1,275.48), P=0.02], and the overreactions of PBC-naïve CD4+T cells could be reversed by interfering with LAMP-2A expression in vitro. Thirdly, the LAMP-2A expression level of PBC-naïve CD4+T cells was related to disease severity and drug response. Conclusions An abnormally increased LAMP-2A expression of PBC-naïve CD4+T cells might be related to excessive activation responses. LAMP-2A could be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of PBC by reversing excessive responses and consequently reducing biliary injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keshuai Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuoyi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Siyuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yansheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaohong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinmin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
de Boer JF, de Vries HD, Palmiotti A, Li R, Doestzada M, Hoogerland JA, Fu J, La Rose AM, Westerterp M, Mulder NL, Hovingh MV, Koehorst M, Kloosterhuis NJ, Wolters JC, Bloks VW, Haas JT, Dombrowicz D, Staels B, van de Sluis B, Kuipers F. Cholangiopathy and Biliary Fibrosis in Cyp2c70-Deficient Mice Are Fully Reversed by Ursodeoxycholic Acid. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:1045-1069. [PMID: 33309945 PMCID: PMC7898074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Bile acids (BAs) aid intestinal fat absorption and exert systemic actions by receptor-mediated signaling. BA receptors have been identified as drug targets for liver diseases. Yet, differences in BA metabolism between humans and mice hamper translation of pre-clinical outcomes. Cyp2c70-ablation in mice prevents synthesis of mouse/rat-specific muricholic acids (MCAs), but potential (patho)physiological consequences of their absence are unknown. We therefore assessed age- and gender-dependent effects of Cyp2c70-deficiency in mice. METHODS The consequences of Cyp2c70-deficiency were assessed in male and female mice at different ages. RESULTS Cyp2c70-/- mice were devoid of MCAs and showed high abundances of chenodeoxycholic and lithocholic acids. Cyp2c70-deficiency profoundly impacted microbiome composition. Bile flow and biliary BA secretion were normal in Cyp2c70-/- mice of both sexes. Yet, the pathophysiological consequences of Cyp2c70-deficiency differed considerably between sexes. Three-week old male Cyp2c70-/- mice showed high plasma BAs and transaminases, which spontaneously decreased thereafter to near-normal levels. Only mild ductular reactions were observed in male Cyp2c70-/- mice up to 8 months of age. In female Cyp2c70-/- mice, plasma BAs and transaminases remained substantially elevated with age, gut barrier function was impaired and bridging fibrosis was observed at advanced age. Addition of 0.1% ursodeoxycholic acid to the diet fully normalized hepatic and intestinal functions in female Cyp2c70-/- mice. CONCLUSION Cyp2c70-/- mice show transient neonatal cholestasis and develop cholangiopathic features that progress to bridging fibrosis in females only. These consequences of Cyp2c70-deficiency are restored by treatment with UDCA, indicating a role of BA hydrophobicity in disease development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Freark de Boer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Hilde D de Vries
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; University of Groningen, Campus Fryslân, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Palmiotti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rumei Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marwah Doestzada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joanne A Hoogerland
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jingyuan Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk M La Rose
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marit Westerterp
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Niels L Mulder
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Milaine V Hovingh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn Koehorst
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Niels J Kloosterhuis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Justina C Wolters
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent W Bloks
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joel T Haas
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - David Dombrowicz
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Bart Staels
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands; iPSC/CRISPR Center Groningen, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Li M, Chen L, Gao Y, Li M, Wang X, Qiang L, Wang X. Recent advances targeting C-C chemokine receptor type 2 for liver diseases in monocyte/macrophage. Liver Int 2020; 40:2928-2936. [PMID: 33025657 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver plays a critical role in metabolism, nutrient storage and detoxification. Emergency signals or appropriate immune response leads to pathological inflammation and breaks the steady state when liver dysfunction appears, which makes body more susceptible to chronic liver infection, autoimmune diseases and tumour. Compelling proof has illustrated the non-redundant importance of C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2), one of G-protein-coupled receptors, in different diseases. Selectively expressed on the surface of cells, CCR2 is involved in various signalling pathways and regulates the migration of cells. Especially, a peculiar role of CCR2 has been identified within decades in the onset and progression of hepatic diseases, which led to particular focusing on CCR2 as a new therapeutic and diagnostic target for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. In this review, we discuss the effect of CCR2 in monocytes/macrophages on liver diseases. The application and translation of the decades of discoveries into therapies promise novel approaches in the treatment of liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- Biomedical Informatics Research Lab, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Big Data Research Institute, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaosheng Wang
- Biomedical Informatics Research Lab, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Big Data Research Institute, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Qiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Panzitt K, Fickert P, Wagner M. Regulation of autophagy by bile acids and in cholestasis - CholestoPHAGY or CholeSTOPagy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1867:166017. [PMID: 33242590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.166017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway in which the cell self-digests its own components to provide nutrients in harsh environmental conditions. It also represents an opportunity to rid the cell of superfluous and damaged organelles, misfolded proteins or invaded microorganisms. Liver autophagy contributes to basic hepatic functions such as lipid, glycogen and protein turnover. Deregulated hepatic autophagy has been linked to many liver diseases including alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, hepatitis B and C infections, liver fibrosis as well as liver cancer. Recently, bile acids and the bile acid receptor FXR have been implicated in the regulation of hepatic autophagy, which implies a role of autophagy also for cholestatic liver diseases. This review summarizes the current evidence of bile acid mediated effects on autophagy and how this affects cholestatic liver diseases. Although detailed studies are lacking, we suggest a concept that the activity of autophagy in cholestasis depends on the disease stage, where autophagy may be induced at early stages ("cholestophagy") but may be impaired in prolonged cholestatic states ("cholestopagy").
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Panzitt
- Research Unit for Translational Nuclear Receptor Research, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Fickert
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Wagner
- Research Unit for Translational Nuclear Receptor Research, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Hayward KL, Kouthouridis S, Zhang B. Organ-on-a-Chip Systems for Modeling Pathological Tissue Morphogenesis Associated with Fibrosis and Cancer. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 7:2900-2925. [PMID: 34275294 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tissue building does not occur exclusively during development. Even after a whole body is built from a single cell, tissue building can occur to repair and regenerate tissues of the adult body. This confers resilience and enhanced survival to multicellular organisms. However, this resiliency comes at a cost, as the potential for misdirected tissue building creates vulnerability to organ deformation and dysfunction-the hallmarks of disease. Pathological tissue morphogenesis is associated with fibrosis and cancer, which are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite being the priority of research for decades, scientific understanding of these diseases is limited and existing therapies underdeliver the desired benefits to patient outcomes. This can largely be attributed to the use of two-dimensional cell culture and animal models that insufficiently recapitulate human disease. Through the synergistic union of biological principles and engineering technology, organ-on-a-chip systems represent a powerful new approach to modeling pathological tissue morphogenesis, one with the potential to yield better insights into disease mechanisms and improved therapies that offer better patient outcomes. This Review will discuss organ-on-a-chip systems that model pathological tissue morphogenesis associated with (1) fibrosis in the context of injury-induced tissue repair and aging and (2) cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Hayward
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Sonya Kouthouridis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Boyang Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Valestrand L, Berntsen NL, Zheng F, Schrumpf E, Hansen SH, Karlsen TH, Blumberg RS, Hov JR, Jiang X, Melum E. Lipid antigens in bile from patients with chronic liver diseases activate natural killer T cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 203:304-314. [PMID: 33089489 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are an abundant subset of liver lymphocytes activated by lipid antigens presented on CD1d molecules that are expressed by cholangiocytes. We aimed to determine if bile from patients with chronic liver diseases contains antigenic lipids that can activate NKT cells. Using murine invariant (24.7, 24.8 and DN32.D3) and non-invariant (14S.6, 14S.7 and 14S.10) NKT hybridomas we investigated the presence of lipid antigens in bile collected from the gallbladder of patients undergoing liver transplantation due to end-stage liver disease. Biliary microbiota profiles were generated using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. We found that the patient bile samples contain antigens that activate both invariant and non-invariant NKT hybridomas (24.7, 24.8, DN32.D3, 14S.6, 14S.7 and 14S.10), as demonstrated by activation of at least one hybridoma by eight of 10 bile samples. Activation at high dilutions suggests that some antigens are highly potent. We used the non-invariant NKT hybridoma 14S.6 to screen 21 additional patient bile samples for NKT-reactivity and demonstrated that 12 of 21 bile samples resulted in activation, three of which gave a strong activation. Four of 12 activating bile samples contained microbial DNA. Our results reveal an immunological pathway that could be of critical importance in biliary immunology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Valestrand
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Section for Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - N L Berntsen
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - F Zheng
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - E Schrumpf
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - S H Hansen
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - T H Karlsen
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Section for Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - R S Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J R Hov
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Section for Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - X Jiang
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - E Melum
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Section for Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Albrecht W. Hepatotoxicity of anesthetic gases. EXCLI JOURNAL 2020; 19:1052-1053. [PMID: 33088248 PMCID: PMC7573175 DOI: 10.17179/excli2020-2685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Albrecht
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors
| |
Collapse
|