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Leucine-485 deletion variant of BRAF may exhibit the severe end of the clinical spectrum of CFC syndrome. J Hum Genet 2019; 64:499-504. [PMID: 30842599 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-019-0579-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The genotype-phenotype correlation in BRAF variant in cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome is not clearly defined. Here we report a case with a severe clinical phenotype and a novel BRAF variant, p.Leu485del. The present case showed severe intellectual disability, impaired awareness, hyperekplexia, involuntary movements, early onset refractory seizures, and delayed myelination on brain magnetic resonance imaging as well as a polycystic and dysplastic kidney, which are previously unreported anomalies in CFC or RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase syndromes related to BRAF variant. CFC syndrome, especially caused by BRAF variant, should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients with developmental and epileptic encephalopathies and hyperekplexia. Furthermore, we need to keep in mind that missense variants or the deletion of Leucine-485 may be associated with severe symptoms.
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Cioppi F, Casamonti E, Krausz C. Age-Dependent De Novo Mutations During Spermatogenesis and Their Consequences. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1166:29-46. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21664-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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53
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Breslin JW, Yang Y, Scallan JP, Sweat RS, Adderley SP, Murfee WL. Lymphatic Vessel Network Structure and Physiology. Compr Physiol 2018; 9:207-299. [PMID: 30549020 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system is comprised of a network of vessels interrelated with lymphoid tissue, which has the holistic function to maintain the local physiologic environment for every cell in all tissues of the body. The lymphatic system maintains extracellular fluid homeostasis favorable for optimal tissue function, removing substances that arise due to metabolism or cell death, and optimizing immunity against bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other antigens. This article provides a comprehensive review of important findings over the past century along with recent advances in the understanding of the anatomy and physiology of lymphatic vessels, including tissue/organ specificity, development, mechanisms of lymph formation and transport, lymphangiogenesis, and the roles of lymphatics in disease. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:207-299, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome W Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Joshua P Scallan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Richard S Sweat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Tampa, Louisiana, USA
| | - Shaquria P Adderley
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Walter L Murfee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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54
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Seo GH, Yoo HW. Growth hormone therapy in patients with Noonan syndrome. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2018; 23:176-181. [PMID: 30599478 PMCID: PMC6312920 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2018.23.4.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) is an autosomal dominant disorder that involves multiple organ systems, with short stature as the most common presentation (>70%). Possible mechanisms of short stature in NS include growth hormone (GH) deficiency, neurosecretory dysfunction, and GH resistance. Accordingly, GH therapy has been carried out for NS patients over the last three decades, and multiple studies have reported acceleration of growth velocity (GV) and increase of height standard deviation score (SDS) in both prepubertal and pubertal NS patients upon GH therapy. One year of GH therapy resulted in almost doubling of GV compared with baseline; afterwards, the increase in GV gradually decreased in the following years, showing that the effect of GH therapy wanes over time. After four years of GH therapy, ~70% of NS patients reached normal height considering their age and sex. Early initiation, long duration of GH therapy, and higher height SDS at the onset of puberty were associated with improved final height, whereas gender, dosage of GH, and the clinical severity did not show significant association with final height. Studies have reported no significant adverse events of GH therapy regarding progression of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, alteration of metabolism, and tumor development. Therefore, GH therapy is effective for improving height and GV of NS patients; nevertheless, concerns on possible malignancy remains, which necessitates continuous monitoring of NS patients receiving GH therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Han-Wook Yoo
- Address for correspondence: Han-Wook Yoo, MD, PhD Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children’s Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 05505 Korea Tel: +82-2-3010-3374 Fax: +82-2-473-3725 E-mail:
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55
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Pezzani L, Marchetti D, Cereda A, Caffi LG, Manara O, Mamoli D, Pezzoli L, Lincesso AR, Perego L, Pellicioli I, Bonanomi E, Salvoni L, Iascone M. Atypical presentation of pediatric BRAF
RASopathy with acute encephalopathy. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:2867-2871. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.40635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Pezzani
- Laboratorio di Genetica Medica; ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII; Bergamo Italy
| | - Daniela Marchetti
- Laboratorio di Genetica Medica; ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII; Bergamo Italy
| | - Anna Cereda
- Pediatria; ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII; Bergamo Italy
| | - Lorella G. Caffi
- Neuropsichiatria infantile; ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII; Bergamo Italy
| | - Ornella Manara
- Neuroradiologia; ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII; Bergamo Italy
| | - Daniela Mamoli
- Neuropsichiatria infantile; ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII; Bergamo Italy
| | - Laura Pezzoli
- Laboratorio di Genetica Medica; ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII; Bergamo Italy
| | - Anna R. Lincesso
- Laboratorio di Genetica Medica; ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII; Bergamo Italy
| | - Loredana Perego
- Laboratorio di Genetica Medica; ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII; Bergamo Italy
| | | | - Ezio Bonanomi
- Terapia Intensiva Pediatrica; ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII; Bergamo Italy
| | - Laura Salvoni
- Neuropsichiatria infantile; ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII; Bergamo Italy
| | - Maria Iascone
- Laboratorio di Genetica Medica; ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII; Bergamo Italy
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56
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Sakurai K, Takahashi K, Nakayashiro M. Combined flecainide and sotalol therapy for multifocal atrial tachycardia in cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome. Pediatr Int 2018; 60:1036-1037. [PMID: 30536490 DOI: 10.1111/ped.13695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenzo Sakurai
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Okinawa Children's Medical Center, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Takahashi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Okinawa Children's Medical Center, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Mami Nakayashiro
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Okinawa Children's Medical Center, Okinawa, Japan
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57
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Delineation of LZTR1 mutation-positive patients with Noonan syndrome and identification of LZTR1 binding to RAF1-PPP1CB complexes. Hum Genet 2018; 138:21-35. [PMID: 30368668 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-018-1951-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
RASopathies are a group of developmental disorders caused by mutations in genes that regulate the RAS/MAPK pathway and include Noonan syndrome (NS), Costello syndrome, cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome and other related disorders. Whole exome sequencing studies recently identified LZTR1, PPP1CB and MRAS as new causative genes in RASopathies. However, information on the phenotypes of LZTR1 mutation-positive patients and functional properties of the mutations are limited. To identify variants of LZTR1, PPP1CB, and MRAS, we performed a targeted next-generation sequencing and reexamined previously analyzed exome data in 166 patients with suspected RASopathies. We identified eight LZTR1 variants, including a de novo variant, in seven probands who were suspicious for NS and one known de novo PPP1CB variant in a patient with NS. One of the seven probands had two compound heterozygous LZTR1 variants, suggesting autosomal recessive inheritance. All probands with LZTR1 variants had cardiac defects, including hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and atrial septal defect. Five of the seven probands had short stature or intellectual disabilities. Immunoprecipitation of endogenous LZTR1 followed by western blotting showed that LZTR1 bound to the RAF1-PPP1CB complex. Cells transfected with a small interfering RNA against LZTR1 exhibited decreased levels of RAF1 phosphorylated at Ser259. These are the first results to demonstrate LZTR1 in association with the RAF1-PPP1CB complex as a component of the RAS/MAPK pathway.
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58
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Wu FL, Liu Y, Zhang HN, Jiang HW, Cheng L, Guo SJ, Deng JY, Bi LJ, Zhang XE, Gao HF, Tao SC. Global Profiling of PknG Interactions Using a Human Proteome Microarray Reveals Novel Connections with CypA. Proteomics 2018; 18:e1800265. [PMID: 30281201 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) serine/threonine kinase PknG plays an important role in the Mtb-host interaction by facilitating the survival of Mtb in macrophages. However, the human proteins with which the PknG interacts, and the underlying molecular mechanisms are still largely unknown. In this study, a HuProt array is been applied to globally identify the host proteins to which PknG binds. In this way, 125 interactors are discovered, including a cyclophilin protein, CypA. This interaction between PknG and CypA is validated both in vitro and in vivo, and functional studies show that PknG significantly reduces the protein levels of CypA through phosphorylation, which consequently inhibit the inflammatory response through downregulation of NF-κB and ERK1/2 pathways. Phenotypically, overexpression of PknG reduces cytokine levels and promotes the survival of Mycobacterium smegmatis (Msm) in macrophages. Overall, it is expected that the PknG interactors identified in this study will serve as a useful resource for further systematic studies of the roles that PknG plays in the Mtb-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Lin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, P. R. China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, P. R. China.,School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, P. R. China
| | - Yin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, P. R. China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, P. R. China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - He-Wei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, P. R. China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Li Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, P. R. China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Juan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, P. R. China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jiao-Yu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Li-Jun Bi
- National Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Key Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA and Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, P. R. China.,School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong Province, P. R. China.,TB Healthcare Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Foshan, 528000, Guangdong Province, P. R. China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of TB Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
| | - Xian-En Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Key Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA and Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hua-Fang Gao
- National Research Institute for Health and Family Planning, 100081, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Ce Tao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, P. R. China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, P. R. China
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59
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Wu-Chou YH, Hung TC, Lin YT, Cheng HW, Lin JL, Lin CH, Yu CC, Chen KT, Yeh TH, Chen YR. Genetic diagnosis of neurofibromatosis type 1: targeted next- generation sequencing with Multiple Ligation-Dependent Probe Amplification analysis. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:72. [PMID: 30290804 PMCID: PMC6172719 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0474-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a dominantly inherited tumor predisposition syndrome that targets the peripheral nervous system. It is caused by mutations of the NF1 gene which serve as a negative regulator of the cellular Ras/MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinases) signaling pathway. Owing to the complexity in some parts of clinical diagnoses and the need for better understanding of its molecular relationships, a genetic characterization of this disorder will be helpful in the clinical setting. METHODS In this study, we present a customized targeted gene panel of NF1/KRAS/BRAF/p53 and SPRED1 genes combined with Multiple Ligation-Dependent Probe Amplification analysis for the NF1 mutation screening in a cohort of patients clinically suspected as NF1. RESULTS In this study, we identified 73 NF1 mutations and two BRAF novel variants from 100 NF1 patients who were suspected as having NF1. These genetic alterations are heterogeneous and distribute in a complicated way without clustering in either cysteine-serine-rich domain or within the GAP-related domain. We also detected fifteen multi-exon deletions within the NF1 gene by MLPA Analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that a genetic screening using a NGS panel with high coverage of Ras-signaling components combined with Multiple Ligation-Dependent Probe Amplification analysis will enable differential diagnosis of patients with overlapping clinical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yah-Huei Wu-Chou
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No.5, Fushing Street, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Tzu-Chao Hung
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No.5, Fushing Street, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Ting Lin
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No.5, Fushing Street, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Wen Cheng
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No.5, Fushing Street, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Li Lin
- Division of Genetics and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung University College of Medicine and Chang Gung Children's and Memorial Hospital, No.5, Fushing Street, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Lin
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chih Yu
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Ting Chen
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tu-Hsueh Yeh
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ray Chen
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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60
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Clinical profile of comorbidity of rare diseases in a Tunisian patient: a case report associating incontinentia pigmenti and Noonan syndrome. BMC Pediatr 2018; 18:286. [PMID: 30157809 PMCID: PMC6116546 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-018-1259-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Noonan syndrome (NS) is an autosomal dominant multisystem disorder caused by the dysregulation of several genes belonging to the RAS Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Incontinentia Pigmenti (IP) is an X-linked, dominantly inherited multisystem disorder. Case presentation This study is the first report of the coexistence of Noonan (NS) and Incontinentia Pigmenti (IP) syndromes in the same patient. We report on the clinical phenotype and molecular characterization of this patient. The patient was examined by a pluridisciplinary staff of clinicians and geneticist. The clinical diagnosis of NS and IP was confirmed by molecular investigations. The newborn girl came to our clinics due to flagrant dysmorphia and dermatological manifestations. The clinical observations led to characterize the Incontinentia Pigmenti traits and a suspicion of a Noonan syndrome association. Molecular diagnosis was performed by Haloplex resequencing of 29 genes associated with RASopathies and confirmed the NS diagnosis. The common recurrent intragenic deletion mutation in IKBKG gene causing the IP was detected with an improved PCR protocol. Conclusion This is the first report in the literature of comorbidity of NS and IP, two rare multisystem syndromes.
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61
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Tang J, Wang Z, Liu J, Zhou C, Chen J. Downregulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A expression exerts an anticancer activity against cell growth in colorectal carcinoma cells in vitro. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:6100-6108. [PMID: 30405756 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A (HTR3A) is an important member of the 5-HT family, which has been suggested to contribute to human tumor development. However, the functions of HTR3A in human cancer, particularly in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) have not been well-characterized. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase was performed to detect endogenous HTR3A expression in 6 CRC cell lines. HTR3A was then knocked down via a lentivirus-mediated shRNA system to detect the effect of HTR3A silencing on cell proliferation and apoptosis by MTT, colony formation, flow cytometry and western blotting assays in CRC. HTR3A was expressed at different levels in the 6 CRC cell lines. In addition, HTR3A knockdown inhibited CRC cell proliferation and colony formation, resulting in cell cycle arrest and the promotion of cell apoptosis. Additionally, the expression levels of apoptosis-associated proteins including BAD and BAX were increased, while Bcl-2 expression was decreased following HTR3A knockdown. In summary, the data of the present study indicated that HTR3A serves an important role in colon carcinogenesis, but in-depth studies of the mechanisms underlying these data are required to demonstrate whether it may be used as a novel target for CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Jiahua Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Jinxian Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
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Al-Aama JY, Banaganapalli B, Aljeaid D, Bakhur K, Verma PK, Al-Ata J, Elango R, Shaik NA. Targeted Molecular Sequencing Revealed Allelic Heterogeneity of BRAF and PTPN11 Genes among Arab Noonan Syndrome Patients. RUSS J GENET+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795418080033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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63
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Tamura A, Uemura S, Matsubara K, Kozuki E, Tanaka T, Nino N, Yokoi T, Saito A, Ishida T, Hasegawa D, Umeki I, Niihori T, Nakazawa Y, Koike K, Aoki Y, Kosaka Y. Co-occurrence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia in a neonate with Noonan syndrome, leading to premature death. Clin Case Rep 2018; 6:1202-1207. [PMID: 29988639 PMCID: PMC6028379 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.1568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of a neonate with Noonan syndrome presenting with concurrent hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, which resulted in premature death. Cases with Noonan syndrome diagnosed during the neonatal period might not necessarily show mild clinical course, and premature death is a possible outcome to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Tamura
- Department of Hematology and OncologyKobe Children's HospitalKobeJapan
| | - Suguru Uemura
- Department of Hematology and OncologyKobe Children's HospitalKobeJapan
- Department of PediatricsKobe University School of MedicineKobeJapan
| | - Kousaku Matsubara
- Department of PediatricsKobe City Nishi‐Kobe Medical CenterKobeJapan
| | - Eru Kozuki
- Department of PediatricsKobe City Nishi‐Kobe Medical CenterKobeJapan
| | | | - Nanako Nino
- Department of Hematology and OncologyKobe Children's HospitalKobeJapan
- Department of PediatricsKobe University School of MedicineKobeJapan
| | - Takehito Yokoi
- Department of Hematology and OncologyKobe Children's HospitalKobeJapan
- Department of PediatricsOsaka University HospitalSuitaJapan
| | - Atsuro Saito
- Department of Hematology and OncologyKobe Children's HospitalKobeJapan
| | - Toshiaki Ishida
- Department of Hematology and OncologyKobe Children's HospitalKobeJapan
| | | | - Ikumi Umeki
- Department of Medical GeneticsTohoku University School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Tetsuya Niihori
- Department of Medical GeneticsTohoku University School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Yozo Nakazawa
- Department of PediatricsShinshu University School of MedicineMatsumotoJapan
| | - Kenichi Koike
- Department of PediatricsShinonoi General HospitalMinami Nagano Medical CenterNaganoJapan
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Medical GeneticsTohoku University School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kosaka
- Department of Hematology and OncologyKobe Children's HospitalKobeJapan
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64
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Zhang L, Zhang P, Wang G, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Yu Y, Zhang M, Xiao J, Crespo P, Hell JW, Lin L, Huganir RL, Zhu JJ. Ras and Rap Signal Bidirectional Synaptic Plasticity via Distinct Subcellular Microdomains. Neuron 2018; 98:783-800.e4. [PMID: 29706584 PMCID: PMC6192044 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
How signaling molecules achieve signal diversity and specificity is a long-standing cell biology question. Here we report the development of a targeted delivery method that permits specific expression of homologous Ras-family small GTPases (i.e., Ras, Rap2, and Rap1) in different subcellular microdomains, including the endoplasmic reticulum, lipid rafts, bulk membrane, lysosomes, and Golgi complex, in rodent hippocampal CA1 neurons. The microdomain-targeted delivery, combined with multicolor fluorescence protein tagging and high-resolution dual-quintuple simultaneous patch-clamp recordings, allows systematic analysis of microdomain-specific signaling. The analysis shows that Ras signals long-term potentiation via endoplasmic reticulum PI3K and lipid raft ERK, whereas Rap2 and Rap1 signal depotentiation and long-term depression via bulk membrane JNK and lysosome p38MAPK, respectively. These results establish an effective subcellular microdomain-specific targeted delivery method and unveil subcellular microdomain-specific signaling as the mechanism for homologous Ras and Rap to achieve signal diversity and specificity to control multiple forms of synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Guangfu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Huaye Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Yajun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Yilin Yu
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Mingxu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jian Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Piero Crespo
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabriaand CIBERONC, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Johannes W Hell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Li Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Richard L Huganir
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - J Julius Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315010, China; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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65
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Kinoshita-Kikuta E, Kinoshita E, Ueda S, Ino Y, Kimura Y, Hirano H, Koike T. Increase in constitutively active MEK1 species by introduction of MEK1 mutations identified in cancers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2018; 1867:62-70. [PMID: 29753091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The kinase MEK1 is an essential component of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades. Somatic mutations that have been identified in the MEK1-coding gene generally enhance kinase activity. Consequently, MEK1 has attracted much interest as a target for cancer therapy to block the aberrant activity. By using Phos-tag affinity electrophoresis, we found that the introduction of mutations detected in certain sporadic cancers or in MEK-inhibitor-resistant cancer cells produced constitutively active MEK1 species containing phosphorylated Ser-218 and Ser-222 residues; it also enhanced the constitutive activity of the kinase. Phosphorylation profiling of the mutants in the presence of inhibitors of RAF/MEK demonstrated that several mutations conferred resistance to multiple inhibitors as a result of an increase in the quantity of active MEK1 species containing the two phosphorylated Ser-218 and Ser-222 residues. Phos-tag-based phosphorylation profiling of MEK1 can therefore provide clinical insights into characteristics of individual mutations in the MEK1-coding gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Kinoshita-Kikuta
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Eiji Kinoshita
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Sayaka Ueda
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yoko Ino
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Fukuura 3-9, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yayoi Kimura
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Fukuura 3-9, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hisashi Hirano
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Fukuura 3-9, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Tohru Koike
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
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66
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Uehara T, Hosogaya N, Matsuo N, Kosaki K. Systemic lupus erythematosus in a patient with Noonan syndrome-like disorder with loose anagen hair 1: More than a chance association. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:1662-1666. [PMID: 29737035 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been reported among patients with RASopathy. Five patients have been reported: three with SHOC2 variants, one with a PTPN11 variant, and one with a KRAS variant. SHOC2 variant might represent a relatively common predisposing factor for SLE among the RASopathy genes. However, the clinical details were only reported for two patients, while information on the remaining patient appeared only in a tabular format with minimal clinical description. Here, we report a patient with a SHOC2 variant and SLE. The proband was a 28-year-old male patient with intellectual disabilities, a short stature, dysmorphic facial features, and thin hair. He developed hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and afebrile generalized seizures at the ages of 7 and 18 years, respectively. At the age of 24 years, he presented with a 3-day history of intermittent fever accompanied by right chest pain and a malar butterfly rash. He fulfilled both the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria and the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) criteria for SLE and was successfully treated with prednisolone. Medical exome sequencing identified a de novo SHOC2 variant (c.4A > G, p.S2G). The present report of a second patient who fulfills both the ACR criteria and the SLICC criteria of SLE. We suggest that the association between SHOC2 variant and SLE represents more than a chance association. In the event of fever of unknown origin in patients with constitutional SHOC2 pathogenic variant, SLE should be suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Uehara
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Hosogaya
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Nobutake Matsuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Kosaki
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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67
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Integrating Functional Analysis in the Next-Generation Sequencing Diagnostic Pipeline of RASopathies. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2421. [PMID: 29402968 PMCID: PMC5799236 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20894-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
RASopathies are a group of heterogeneous conditions caused by germline mutations in RAS/MAPK signalling pathway genes. With next-generation sequencing (NGS), sequencing capacity is no longer a limitation to molecular diagnosis. Instead, the rising number of variants of unknown significance (VUSs) poses challenges to clinical interpretation and genetic counselling. We investigated the potential of an integrated pipeline combining NGS and the functional assessment of variants for the diagnosis of RASopathies. We included 63 Chinese patients with RASopathies that had previously tested negative for PTPN11 and HRAS mutations. In these patients, we performed a genetic analysis of genes associated with RASopathies using a multigene NGS panel and Sanger sequencing. For the VUSs, we evaluated evidence from genetic, bioinformatic and functional data. Twenty disease-causing mutations were identified in the 63 patients, providing a primary diagnostic yield of 31.7%. Four VUSs were identified in five patients. The functional assessment supported the pathogenicity of the RAF1 and RIT1 VUSs, while the significance of two VUSs in A2ML1 remained unclear. In summary, functional analysis improved the diagnostic yield from 31.7% to 36.5%. Although technically demanding and time-consuming, a functional genetic diagnostic analysis can ease the clinical translation of these findings to aid bedside interpretation.
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68
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Eisenhardt AE, Sprenger A, Röring M, Herr R, Weinberg F, Köhler M, Braun S, Orth J, Diedrich B, Lanner U, Tscherwinski N, Schuster S, Dumaz N, Schmidt E, Baumeister R, Schlosser A, Dengjel J, Brummer T. Phospho-proteomic analyses of B-Raf protein complexes reveal new regulatory principles. Oncotarget 2018; 7:26628-52. [PMID: 27034005 PMCID: PMC5042004 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
B-Raf represents a critical physiological regulator of the Ras/RAF/MEK/ERK-pathway and a pharmacological target of growing clinical relevance, in particular in oncology. To understand how B-Raf itself is regulated, we combined mass spectrometry with genetic approaches to map its interactome in MCF-10A cells as well as in B-Raf deficient murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and B-Raf/Raf-1 double deficient DT40 lymphoma cells complemented with wildtype or mutant B-Raf expression vectors. Using a multi-protease digestion approach, we identified a novel ubiquitination site and provide a detailed B-Raf phospho-map. Importantly, we identify two evolutionary conserved phosphorylation clusters around T401 and S419 in the B-Raf hinge region. SILAC labelling and genetic/biochemical follow-up revealed that these clusters are phosphorylated in the contexts of oncogenic Ras, sorafenib induced Raf dimerization and in the background of the V600E mutation. We further show that the vemurafenib sensitive phosphorylation of the T401 cluster occurs in trans within a Raf dimer. Substitution of the Ser/Thr-residues of this cluster by alanine residues enhances the transforming potential of B-Raf, indicating that these phosphorylation sites suppress its signaling output. Moreover, several B-Raf phosphorylation sites, including T401 and S419, are somatically mutated in tumors, further illustrating the importance of phosphorylation for the regulation of this kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja E Eisenhardt
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Adrian Sprenger
- Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany.,Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,INSERM U976 and Universitéi Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Michael Röring
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ricarda Herr
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Weinberg
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Köhler
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Braun
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Orth
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Britta Diedrich
- Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre, ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Lanner
- Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Natalja Tscherwinski
- Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Schuster
- Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Dumaz
- INSERM U976 and Universitéi Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Enrico Schmidt
- Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Baumeister
- Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlosser
- Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany.,Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Tilman Brummer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany
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69
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Wu X, Li M, Chen SQ, Li S, Guo F. Pin1 facilitates isoproterenol‑induced cardiac fibrosis and collagen deposition by promoting oxidative stress and activating the MEK1/2‑ERK1/2 signal transduction pathway in rats. Int J Mol Med 2017; 41:1573-1583. [PMID: 29286102 PMCID: PMC5819929 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase, NIMA-interacting 1 (Pin1) is a member of a large superfamily of phosphorylation-dependent peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases, which not only regulates multiple targets at various stages of cellular processes, but is also involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including microbial infection, cancer, asthma and Alzheimer's disease. However, the role of Pin1 in cardiac fibrosis remains to be fully elucidated. The present study investigated the potential mechanism of Pin1 in isoprenaline (ISO)-induced myocardial fibrosis in rats. The rats were randomly divided into three groups. Echocardiography was used to evaluate changes in the size, shape and function of the heart, and histological staining was performed to visualize inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, immunohistochemistry and Picrosirius red staining were used to differentiate collagen subtypes. Additionally, cardiac-specific phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2) and extracellular-signal regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and the activities of Pin1 and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and other oxidative stress parameters were estimated in the heart. The administration of ISO resulted in an increase in cardiac parameters and elevated the heart-to-body weight ratio. Histopathological examination of heart tissues revealed interstitial inflammatory cellular infiltrate and disorganized collagen fiber deposition. In addition, lipid peroxidation products and oxidative stress marker activity in plasma and tissues were significantly increased in the ISO-treated rats. Western blot analysis showed significantly elevated protein levels of phosphorylated Pin1, MEK1/2, ERK1/2 and α-SMA in remodeling hearts. Treatment with juglone following intraperitoneal injection of ISO significantly prevented inflammatory cell infiltration, improved cardiac function, and suppressed oxidative stresses and fibrotic alterations. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that the activation of Pin1 promoted cardiac extracellular matrix deposition and oxidative stress damage by regulating the phosphorylation of the MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signaling pathway and the expression of α-SMA. By contrast, the inhibition of Pin1 alleviated cardiac damage and fibrosis in the experimental models, suggesting that Pin1 contributed to the development of cardiac remodeling in ISO-administered rats, and that the inactivation of Pin1 may be a novel therapeutic candidate for the treatment of cardiovascular disease and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Mingjiang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Su-Qin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Sha Li
- Department of Cardiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Furong Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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70
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Oba D, Inoue SI, Miyagawa-Tomita S, Nakashima Y, Niihori T, Yamaguchi S, Matsubara Y, Aoki Y. Mice with an Oncogenic HRAS Mutation are Resistant to High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity and Exhibit Impaired Hepatic Energy Homeostasis. EBioMedicine 2017; 27:138-150. [PMID: 29254681 PMCID: PMC5828294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Costello syndrome is a “RASopathy” that is characterized by growth retardation, dysmorphic facial appearance, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and tumor predisposition. > 80% of patients with Costello syndrome harbor a heterozygous germline G12S mutation in HRAS. Altered metabolic regulation has been suspected because patients with Costello syndrome exhibit hypoketotic hypoglycemia and increased resting energy expenditure, and their growth is severely retarded. To examine the mechanisms of energy reprogramming by HRAS activation in vivo, we generated knock-in mice expressing a heterozygous Hras G12S mutation (HrasG12S/+ mice) as a mouse model of Costello syndrome. On a high-fat diet, HrasG12S/+ mice developed a lean phenotype with microvesicular hepatic steatosis, resulting in early death compared with wild-type mice. Under starvation conditions, hypoketosis and elevated blood levels of long-chain fatty acylcarnitines were observed, suggesting impaired mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. Our findings suggest that the oncogenic Hras mutation modulates energy homeostasis in vivo. Mice expressing Hras G12S (HrasG12S/+) showed Costello syndrome-like phenotypes, including craniofacial and cardiac defects. HrasG12S/+ mice are resistant to high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, showing microvesicular hepatic steatosis. Upon fasting, HFD-fed HrasG12S/+ mice show abnormal hepatic fatty acid oxidation, hypoketosis and early hypoglycemia.
Costello syndrome is a congenital anomaly syndrome, which is caused by germline mutations in HRAS oncogene. Altered metabolic regulation has been suspected because patients with Costello syndrome exhibit hypoketotic hypoglycemia and increased resting energy expenditure, and growth retardation. Here, we generated a mouse model for Costello syndrome expressing a Hras G12S mutation, which showed craniofacial and heart abnormalities. On a high-fat diet, mutant mice exhibited a lean phenotype with poor weight gain and microvesicular hepatic steatosis. Under starvation conditions, impaired mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation has been observed. These results suggest that oncogenic RAS signaling in mice modulates energy homeostasis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiju Oba
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Inoue
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Sachiko Miyagawa-Tomita
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Cardiovascular Development and Differentiation, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Veterinary Technology, Yamazaki gakuen University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasumi Nakashima
- Department of Pediatrics, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Niihori
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Seiji Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Shimane University, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane, Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsubara
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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71
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Impaired Osteogenesis of Disease-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Derived from a CFC Syndrome Patient. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122591. [PMID: 29194391 PMCID: PMC5751194 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiofaciocutaneous (CFC) syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling. However, little is known about how aberrant ERK signaling is associated with the defective bone development manifested in most CFC syndrome patients. In this study, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were generated from dermal fibroblasts of a CFC syndrome patient having rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma kinase B (BRAF) gain-of-function mutation. CFC-iPSCs were differentiated into mesenchymal stem cells (CFC-MSCs) and further induced to osteoblasts in vitro. The osteogenic defects of CFC-MSCs were revealed by alkaline phosphatase activity assay, mineralization assay, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and western blotting. Osteogenesis of CFC-MSCs was attenuated compared to wild-type (WT)-MSCs. In addition to activated ERK signaling, increased p-SMAD2 and decreased p-SMAD1 were observed in CFC-MSCs during osteogenesis. The defective osteogenesis of CFC-MSCs was rescued by inhibition of ERK signaling and SMAD2 signaling or activation of SMAD1 signaling. Importantly, activation of ERK signaling and SMAD2 signaling or inhibition of SMAD1 signaling recapitulated the impaired osteogenesis in WT-MSCs. Our findings indicate that SMAD2 signaling and SMAD1 signaling as well as ERK signaling are responsible for defective early bone development in CFC syndrome, providing a novel insight on the pathological mechanism and therapeutic targets.
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72
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Lihua J, Feng G, Shanshan M, Jialu X, Kewen J. Somatic KRAS mutation in an infant with linear nevus sebaceous syndrome associated with lymphatic malformations: A case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e8016. [PMID: 29381910 PMCID: PMC5708909 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000008016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Linear nevus sebaceous syndrome (LNSS) is a rare neurocutaneous syndrome, characterized by nevus sebaceous,central nervous system (CNS), ocular and skeletal abnormalities. The present study describes KRAS somatic mosaic mutation in a case of LNSS with lymphatic malformations (LMs). PATIENT CONCERNS A 4-month-old female with a clinical diagnosis of LNSS presented with infantile spasms, mental retardation, skull dysplasia, ocular abnormalities, congenital atrial septal defect, and LMs. DIAGNOSIS Cervical ultrasonography revealed a 4.6 × 4.6 × 2.2cm no echo packet with clear boundary in the subcutaneous tissues of the right neck. The neck MRI indicated a cyst in the subcutaneous tissues of the right neck. Whole-exome sequencing revealed a low-level heterozygous mutation of the KRAS gene (c.35C > T; p.G12D, 19%) in the skin lesion sample. This mutation was not present in the blood samples of the patient and her parents. INTERVENTIONS The patient received sclerotherapy with paicibanil (OK-432) injection for the cyst. OUTCOMES Following 1 year of treatment, the patient exhibited fewer seizures. The mental and motor development was significantly improved. The patient can currently walk with assistance and speak simple words. LESSONS LNSS is a rare, congenital neurocutaneous syndrome consisting of a spectrum of abnormalities involving the skin, central nervous system, eyes, LMs and other systems. LNSS can be caused by postzygotic somatic mutation in the RAS family of genes. Multidisciplinary evaluation and treatment is needed.
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73
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Nakamura Y, Umeki N, Abe M, Sako Y. Mutation-Specific Mechanisms of Hyperactivation of Noonan Syndrome SOS Molecules Detected with Single-molecule Imaging in Living Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14153. [PMID: 29074966 PMCID: PMC5658395 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14190-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) is a congenital hereditary disorder associated with developmental and cardiac defects. Some patients with NS carry mutations in SOS, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for the small GTPase RAS. NS mutations have been identified not only in the GEF domain, but also in various domains of SOS, suggesting that multiple mechanisms disrupt SOS function. In this study, we examined three NS mutations in different domains of SOS to clarify the abnormality in its translocation to the plasma membrane, where SOS activates RAS. The association and dissociation kinetics between SOS tagged with a fluorescent protein and the living cell surface were observed in single molecules. All three mutants showed increased affinity for the plasma membrane, inducing excessive RAS signalling. However, the mechanisms by which their affinity was increased were specific to each mutant. Conformational disorder in the resting state, increased probability of a conformational change on the plasma membrane, and an increased association rate constant with the membrane receptor are the suggested mechanisms. These different properties cause the specific phenotypes of the mutants, which should be rescuable with different therapeutic strategies. Therefore, single-molecule kinetic analyses of living cells are useful for the pathological analysis of genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nakamura
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Umeki
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Abe
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sako
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, 351-0198, Japan.
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74
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Cao H, Alrejaye N, Klein OD, Goodwin AF, Oberoi S. A review of craniofacial and dental findings of the RASopathies. Orthod Craniofac Res 2017; 20 Suppl 1:32-38. [PMID: 28643916 PMCID: PMC5942188 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The RASopathies are a group of syndromes that have in common germline mutations in genes that encode components of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and have been a focus of study to understand the role of this pathway in development and disease. These syndromes include Noonan syndrome (NS), Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML or LEOPARD syndrome), neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), Costello syndrome (CS), cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1-like syndrome (NFLS or Legius syndrome) and capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation syndrome (CM-AVM). These disorders affect multiple systems, including the craniofacial complex. Although the craniofacial features have been well described and can aid in clinical diagnosis, the dental phenotypes have not been analysed in detail for each of the RASopathies. In this review, we summarize the clinical features of the RASopathies, highlighting the reported craniofacial and dental findings. METHODS Review of the literature. RESULTS Each of the RASopathies reviewed, caused by mutations in genes that encode different proteins in the Ras pathway, have unique and overlapping craniofacial and dental characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Careful description of craniofacial and dental features of the RASopathies can provide information for dental clinicians treating these individuals and can also give insight into the role of Ras signalling in craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Branch of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Najla Alrejaye
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ophir D. Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Medical Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alice F. Goodwin
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Snehlata Oberoi
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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75
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ΔNp63α is a common inhibitory target in oncogenic PI3K/Ras/Her2-induced cell motility and tumor metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E3964-E3973. [PMID: 28468801 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1617816114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K), Ras, and Her2 signaling plays a critical role in cancer development. Hotspot constitutive activating mutations in oncogenes, such as PIK3CA encoding the p110α catalytic subunit or RAS, as well as overexpression of Her2, are frequently found in human tumors and cancers. It has been well established that activation of these oncogenes profoundly promotes tumor metastasis, whereas decreased expression of ΔNp63α, the major protein isoform of the p53-related p63 expressed in epithelial cells, has been associated with cancer metastasis. In this study, we demonstrate that hotspot oncogenic mutations on PIK3CA and RAS, including p110αH1047R, K-RasG12V, and H-RasG12V, as well as activation of Her2, all led to suppression of ΔNp63α expression via Akt-fork-head transcription factor 3a (Akt-FOXO3a) signaling, resulting in increased cell motility and tumor metastasis. Expression of ΔNp63α effectively reversed p110αH1047R-, K-RasG12V-, H-RasG12V-, or Her2-induced cell motility in vitro and tumor metastasis in mouse models. We show that ΔNp63α was a direct FOXO3a transcriptional target and that expression of FOXO3a and ΔNp63α was correlated in human cancer biopsy samples. Together, these results demonstrate that ΔNp63α is a common inhibitory target of oncogenic PI3K, Ras, and Her2, and that ΔNp63α may function as a critical integrator of oncogenic signaling in cancer metastasis.
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76
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Lim CS, Kang X, Mirabella V, Zhang H, Bu Q, Araki Y, Hoang ET, Wang S, Shen Y, Choi S, Kaang BK, Chang Q, Pang ZP, Huganir RL, Zhu JJ. BRaf signaling principles unveiled by large-scale human mutation analysis with a rapid lentivirus-based gene replacement method. Genes Dev 2017; 31:537-552. [PMID: 28404629 PMCID: PMC5393050 DOI: 10.1101/gad.294413.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rapid advances in genetics are linking mutations on genes to diseases at an exponential rate, yet characterizing the gene-mutation-cell-behavior relationships essential for precision medicine remains a daunting task. More than 350 mutations on small GTPase BRaf are associated with various tumors, and ∼40 mutations are associated with the neurodevelopmental disorder cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (CFC). We developed a fast cost-effective lentivirus-based rapid gene replacement method to interrogate the physiopathology of BRaf and ∼50 disease-linked BRaf mutants, including all CFC-linked mutants. Analysis of simultaneous multiple patch-clamp recordings from 6068 pairs of rat neurons with validation in additional mouse and human neurons and multiple learning tests from 1486 rats identified BRaf as the key missing signaling effector in the common synaptic NMDA-R-CaMKII-SynGap-Ras-BRaf-MEK-ERK transduction cascade. Moreover, the analysis creates the original big data unveiling three general features of BRaf signaling. This study establishes the first efficient procedure that permits large-scale functional analysis of human disease-linked mutations essential for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae-Seok Lim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Xi Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Vincent Mirabella
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.,Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Huaye Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Qian Bu
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Yoichi Araki
- Department of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Hoang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.,Undergraduate Class of 2014, Department of Psychology, University of Virginia College of Arts and Sciences, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Shiqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Sukwoo Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Bong-Kiun Kaang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Qiang Chang
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Zhiping P Pang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.,Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Richard L Huganir
- Department of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - J Julius Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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77
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Guittard G, Gallardo DL, Li W, Melis N, Lui JC, Kortum RL, Shakarishvili NG, Huh S, Baron J, Weigert R, Kramer JA, Samelson LE, Sommers CL. Unexpected Cartilage Phenotype in CD4-Cre-Conditional SOS-Deficient Mice. Front Immunol 2017; 8:343. [PMID: 28386265 PMCID: PMC5362643 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS signaling is central to many cellular processes and SOS proteins promote RAS activation. To investigate the role of SOS proteins in T cell biology, we crossed Sos1f/fSos2−/− mice to CD4-Cre transgenic mice. We previously reported an effect of these mutations on T cell signaling and T cell migration. Unexpectedly, we observed nodules on the joints of greater than 90% of these mutant mice at 5 months of age, especially on the carpal joints. As the mice aged further, some also displayed joint stiffness, hind limb paralysis, and lameness. Histological analysis indicated that the abnormal growth in joints originated from dysplastic chondrocytes. Second harmonic generation imaging of the carpal nodules revealed that nodules were encased by rich collagen fibrous networks. Nodules formed in mice also deficient in RAG2, indicating that conventional T cells, which undergo rearrangement of the T cell antigen receptor, are not required for this phenotype. CD4-Cre expression in a subset of cells, either immune lineage cells (e.g., non-conventional T cells) or non-immune lineage cells (e.g., chondrocytes) likely mediates the dramatic phenotype observed in this study. Disruptions of genes in the RAS signaling pathway are especially likely to cause this phenotype. These results also serve as a cautionary tale to those intending to use CD4-Cre transgenic mice to specifically delete genes in conventional T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Guittard
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CCR, NCI, NIH , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Devorah L Gallardo
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, NCI, NIH , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Wenmei Li
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CCR, NCI, NIH , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Nicolas Melis
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CCR, NCI, NIH , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Julian C Lui
- Section on Growth and Development, NICHD, NIH , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Robert L Kortum
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | | | - Sunmee Huh
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CCR, NCI, NIH , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Jeffrey Baron
- Section on Growth and Development, NICHD, NIH , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Roberto Weigert
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CCR, NCI, NIH , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Joshua A Kramer
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, NCI, NIH , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Lawrence E Samelson
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CCR, NCI, NIH , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Connie L Sommers
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CCR, NCI, NIH , Bethesda, MD , USA
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78
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Grant MG, Patterson VL, Grimes DT, Burdine RD. Modeling Syndromic Congenital Heart Defects in Zebrafish. Curr Top Dev Biol 2017; 124:1-40. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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79
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Novel pathogenic variant in the HRAS gene with lethal outcome and a broad phenotypic spectrum among Polish patients with Costello syndrome. Clin Dysmorphol 2016; 26:83-90. [PMID: 28027064 DOI: 10.1097/mcd.0000000000000165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Costello syndrome (CS) is a rare congenital disorder from the group of RASopathies, characterized by a distinctive facial appearance, failure to thrive, cardiac and skin anomalies, intellectual disability, and a predisposition to neoplasia. CS is associated with germline mutations in the proto-oncogene HRAS, a small GTPase from the Ras family. In this study, a molecular and clinical analysis was carried out in eight Polish patients with the Costello phenotype. A molecular test showed two known heterozygous mutations in the first coding exon of the gene in seven patients: p.G12S (n=4) and p.G12A (n=3), and a novel pathogenic variant p.G60V in one child with an unusually severe, lethal course of the syndrome. In addition, a fatal course of CS was present in one patient with the p.G12A mutation and in another with p.G12S, there was a co-occurrence of Turner syndrome because of the distal Xp deletion. A severe clinical manifestation with a lethal outcome in an individual with p.G60V in HRAS and contrary observations of an attenuated phenotype in CS patients with other mutations at glycine-60 residue may suggest that the nature of the substituted amino acid plays a significant role in the clinical variability observed in some CS cases.
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80
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Jhang WK, Choi JH, Lee BH, Kim GH, Yoo HW. Cardiac Manifestations and Associations with Gene Mutations in Patients Diagnosed with RASopathies. Pediatr Cardiol 2016; 37:1539-1547. [PMID: 27554254 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-016-1468-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
RASopathies are a group of syndromes caused by germline mutations of the RAS/MAPK pathway. They include Noonan syndrome, cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome, Costello syndrome, and Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines, which share many characteristic features including cardiac abnormalities. Here, we retrospectively reviewed the clinical manifestations and evaluated the genotype-phenotype associations with special focus on cardiac lesions of the patients with RASopathies. Cardiac symptoms were the most common initial presentation (27 %), except for admission to neonatal intensive care. Although there was a significant gap between the first visit to the hospital and the diagnosis of the genetic syndrome (19.9 ± 39.1 months), the age at the clinical diagnosis of the genetic syndrome was significantly lower in patients with CHD than in patients without CHD (47.26 ± 67.42 vs. 86.17 ± 85.66 months, p = 0.005). A wide spectrum of cardiac lesions was detected in 76.1 % (118/155) of included patients. The most common lesion was pulmonary stenosis, followed by atrial septal defect and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCMP). About half of the pulmonary stenosis and HCMP patients progressed during the median follow-up period of 109.9 (range 9.7-315.4) months. Early rapid aggravation of cardiac lesions was linked to poor prognosis. MEK1, KRAS, and SOS1 mutations tend to be highly associated with pulmonary stenosis. Cardiologists may play important roles in early detection and diagnosis of RASopathies as well as associated CHDs. Due to the variety of clinical presentations and their progression of severity, proper management with regular long-term follow-up of these patients is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Kyoung Jhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- Medical Genetic Center, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Hee Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- Medical Genetic Center, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gu-Hwan Kim
- Medical Genetic Center, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Wook Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
- Medical Genetic Center, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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81
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Zambrano RM, Marble M, Chalew SA, Lilje C, Vargas A, Lacassie Y. Further evidence that variants in PPP1CB
cause a rasopathy similar to Noonan syndrome with loose anagen hair. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 173:565-567. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Regina M. Zambrano
- Division of Genetics; Department of Pediatrics; Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital; New Orleans Louisiana
| | - Michael Marble
- Division of Genetics; Department of Pediatrics; Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital; New Orleans Louisiana
| | - Stuart A. Chalew
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics; Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital; New Orleans Louisiana
| | - Christian Lilje
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics; Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital; New Orleans Louisiana
| | - Alfonso Vargas
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics; Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital; New Orleans Louisiana
| | - Yves Lacassie
- Division of Genetics; Department of Pediatrics; Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital; New Orleans Louisiana
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82
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Concurrent occurrence of an inherited 16p13.11 microduplication and a de novo 19p13.3 microdeletion involving MAP2K2 in a patient with developmental delay, distinctive facial features, and lambdoid synostosis. Eur J Med Genet 2016; 59:559-563. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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83
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Liu Z, Fang H, Slikker W, Tong W. Potential Reuse of Oncology Drugs in the Treatment of Rare Diseases. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:843-857. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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84
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van den Berg H, Schreuder WH, Jongmans M, van Bommel-Slee D, Witsenburg B, de Lange J. Multiple giant cell lesions in a patient with Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines. Eur J Med Genet 2016; 59:425-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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85
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Kamionek M, Ahmadi Moghaddam P, Sakhdari A, Kovach AE, Welch M, Meng X, Dresser K, Tomaszewicz K, Cosar EF, Mark EJ, Fraire AE, Hutchinson L. Mutually exclusive extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway mutations are present in different stages of multi-focal pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis supporting clonal nature of the disease. Histopathology 2016; 69:499-509. [DOI: 10.1111/his.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kamionek
- Department of Pathology; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston MA USA
| | | | - Ali Sakhdari
- Department of Pathology; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester MA USA
| | | | - Matthew Welch
- Department of Pathology; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester MA USA
| | - Xiuling Meng
- Department of Pathology; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester MA USA
| | - Karen Dresser
- Department of Pathology; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester MA USA
| | - Keith Tomaszewicz
- Department of Pathology; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester MA USA
| | - Ediz F Cosar
- Department of Pathology; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester MA USA
| | - Eugene J Mark
- Department of Pathology; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston MA USA
| | - Armando E Fraire
- Department of Pathology; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester MA USA
| | - Lloyd Hutchinson
- Department of Pathology; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester MA USA
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86
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Jindal GA, Goyal Y, Burdine RD, Rauen KA, Shvartsman SY. RASopathies: unraveling mechanisms with animal models. Dis Model Mech 2016. [PMID: 26203125 PMCID: PMC4527292 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.020339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
RASopathies are developmental disorders caused by germline mutations in the Ras-MAPK pathway, and are characterized by a broad spectrum of functional and morphological abnormalities. The high incidence of these disorders (∼1/1000 births) motivates the development of systematic approaches for their efficient diagnosis and potential treatment. Recent advances in genome sequencing have greatly facilitated the genotyping and discovery of mutations in affected individuals, but establishing the causal relationships between molecules and disease phenotypes is non-trivial and presents both technical and conceptual challenges. Here, we discuss how these challenges could be addressed using genetically modified model organisms that have been instrumental in delineating the Ras-MAPK pathway and its roles during development. Focusing on studies in mice, zebrafish and Drosophila, we provide an up-to-date review of animal models of RASopathies at the molecular and functional level. We also discuss how increasingly sophisticated techniques of genetic engineering can be used to rigorously connect changes in specific components of the Ras-MAPK pathway with observed functional and morphological phenotypes. Establishing these connections is essential for advancing our understanding of RASopathies and for devising rational strategies for their management and treatment. Summary: Developmental disorders caused by germline mutations in the Ras-MAPK pathway are called RASopathies. Studies with animal models, including mice, zebrafish and Drosophila, continue to enhance our understanding of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Granton A Jindal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Yogesh Goyal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Rebecca D Burdine
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Katherine A Rauen
- Department of Pediatrics, MIND Institute, Division of Genomic Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Stanislav Y Shvartsman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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87
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Pol DG, Lobo TM, Pol SD. Idiopathic gingival fibromatosis with asymmetrical presentation and electrosurgical management. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2016; 20:98-102. [PMID: 27041849 PMCID: PMC4795147 DOI: 10.4103/0972-124x.170831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic gingival fibromatosis is a rare genetically heterogeneous condition characterized by recurrent gingival enlargement without any identifiable cause. We report a case of 14-year-old female patient affected with sporadic, nonsyndromic, progressive gingival enlargement. It manifested more severely on the right side of the mouth with history of recurrence after prior conventional surgical excision. Electrosurgical resection of the enlargement was done, and overall patient management had a successful outcome along with achieving preservation of teeth with poor prognosis in the 2 years follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Ganpat Pol
- Department of Periodontology, Government Dental College and Hospital (Affiliated to Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik), Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Tanya Marguerite Lobo
- Department of Periodontology, Government Dental College and Hospital (Affiliated to Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik), Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Samruddhi Dilip Pol
- Department of Periodontology, Padmashree Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital (Affiliated to Padmashree Dr. D.Y. Patil University, Nerul), Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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88
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Zenker M, Kutsche K. RASopathien. MED GENET-BERLIN 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11825-016-0080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Die RASopathien umfassen das Noonan-Syndrom, seltenere verwandte Syndrome (CFC-, Costello und LEOPARD-Syndrom) sowie die Neurofibromatose Typ 1 und ähnliche Erkrankungen (Legius-, NF1-Noonan-Syndrom). Die allen RASopathien zugrunde liegenden genetischen Veränderungen bedingen eine konstitutionelle Fehlregulation des RAS-MAPK-Signalwegs. Es resultiert ein typisches Muster an angeborenen Anomalien und Entwicklungsstörungen in variabler Ausprägung. Typische klinische Merkmale sind kardiale Anomalien, vermindertes Wachstum, kraniofaziale Dysmorphien und Entwicklungsverzögerung. Die Tumordisposition hängt von der jeweiligen Erkrankung und genetischen Veränderung ab. Die molekularen Erkenntnisse machen klinische Überschneidungen und Unterschiede zwischen den Entitäten verständlich. Die genetische Diagnostik ist breit verfügbar. Die Behandlung der Patienten ist bislang nur symptomatisch und erfordert ein interdisziplinäres Management und lebenslange Betreuung der Patienten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Zenker
- Aff1 grid.411559.d 0000000095924695 Institut für Humangenetik Universitätsklinikum Magdeburg Leipziger Str. 44 39120 Magdeburg Deutschland
| | - Kerstin Kutsche
- Aff2 grid.13648.38 0000000121803484 Institut für Humangenetik Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Deutschland
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89
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Noonan JA, Kappelgaard AM. The efficacy and safety of growth hormone therapy in children with noonan syndrome: a review of the evidence. Horm Res Paediatr 2016; 83:157-66. [PMID: 25503994 DOI: 10.1159/000369012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome is a genetic disorder associated with short stature. We reviewed 15 studies in which growth hormone (GH) therapy was used in children with Noonan syndrome. Data show consistent increases in mean height standard deviation score (SDS), with first-year changes of up to 1.26 SDS. Among studies reporting adult or near-adult height, GH therapy over 5-7 years resulted in adult height SDS from -0.6 to -2.1, with up to 60% of subjects in some studies achieving adult height within 1 SDS of mid-parental height. GH treatment results in an acceleration of bone age, likely reflecting normalization from the retarded bone age common in Noonan syndrome patients at the start of therapy. BMI is not affected by GH treatment, but favorable changes in fat mass and body composition are achievable. Longer-term studies and observational studies suggest a waning of the effect of GH therapy over time, as is seen in other GH-treated conditions, and early initiation of therapy and prepubertal status are important predictors of response. GH treatment does not appear to be associated with adverse cardiac or metabolic effects, and data on malignancy during GH treatment give no cause for concern, although they are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A Noonan
- Kentucky Children's Heart Center, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky., USA
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90
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Wei N, Chu E, Wu SY, Wipf P, Schmitz JC. The cytotoxic effects of regorafenib in combination with protein kinase D inhibition in human colorectal cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:4745-56. [PMID: 25544765 PMCID: PMC4467112 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) remains a major public health problem, and diagnosis of metastatic disease is usually associated with poor prognosis. The multi-kinase inhibitor regorafenib was approved in 2013 in the U.S. for the treatment of mCRC patients who progressed after standard therapies. However, the clinical efficacy of regorafenib is quite limited. One potential strategy to improve mCRC therapy is to combine agents that target key cellular signaling pathways, which may lead to synergistic enhancement of antitumor efficacy and overcome cellular drug resistance. Protein kinase D (PKD), a family of serine/threonine kinases, mediates key signaling pathways implicated in multiple cellular processes. Herein, we evaluated the combination of regorafenib with a PKD inhibitor in several human CRC cells. Using the Chou-Talalay model, the combination index values for this combination treatment demonstrated synergistic effects on inhibition of cell proliferation and clonal formation. This drug combination resulted in induction of apoptosis as determined by flow cytometry, increased PARP cleavage, and decreased activation of the anti-apoptotic protein HSP27. This combination also yielded enhanced inhibition of ERK, AKT, and NF-κB signaling. Taken together, PKD inhibition in combination with regorafenib appears to be a promising strategy for the treatment of mCRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wei
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Cancer Therapeutics Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Edward Chu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Cancer Therapeutics Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shao-yu Wu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Cancer Therapeutics Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Peter Wipf
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John C Schmitz
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Cancer Therapeutics Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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91
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Dileone M, Ranieri F, Florio L, Capone F, Musumeci G, Leoni C, Mordillo-Mateos L, Tartaglia M, Zampino G, Di Lazzaro V. Differential Effects of HRAS Mutation on LTP-Like Activity Induced by Different Protocols of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Brain Stimul 2016; 9:33-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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92
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First case of neurofibromatosis type 1 associated with chorioretinal coloboma, optic disc pseudodoubling, and vitiligo: linked pathogenesis? Clin Dysmorphol 2015; 25:31-4. [PMID: 26565699 DOI: 10.1097/mcd.0000000000000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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93
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Exploring Different Strategies for Efficient Delivery of Colorectal Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:26936-52. [PMID: 26569228 PMCID: PMC4661854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161125995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the world. Currently available chemotherapy of CRC usually delivers the drug to both normal as well as cancerous tissues, thus leading to numerous undesirable effects. Much emphasis is being laid on the development of effective drug delivery systems for achieving selective delivery of the active moiety at the anticipated site of action with minimized unwanted side effects. Researchers have employed various techniques (dependent on pH, time, pressure and/or bacteria) for targeting drugs directly to the colonic region. On the other hand, systemic drug delivery strategies to specific molecular targets (such as FGFR, EGFR, CD44, EpCAM, CA IX, PPARγ and COX-2) overexpressed by cancerous cells have also been shown to be effective. This review aims to put forth an overview of drug delivery technologies that have been, and may be developed, for the treatment of CRC.
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94
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Wang H, Qian Y, Wu B, Zhang P, Zhou W. KRAS G12D mosaic mutation in a Chinese linear nevus sebaceous syndrome infant. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2015; 16:101. [PMID: 26521233 PMCID: PMC4628240 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-015-0247-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Linear nevus sebaceous syndrome (LNSS) is a multisystem disorder that includes nevus sebaceous and central nervous system, ocular and skeletal anomalies. We report the first case of a KRAS G12D mosaic mutation in a patient diagnosed with LNSS. CASE PRESENTATION A 3-month-old female with a clinical diagnosis of LNSS presented with intermittent epilepsy. Her mother carefully collected a skin lesion sample from scratched-off scurf obtained from the patient's nails. DNA was extracted, and long-range PCR was performed to amplify the KRAS gene, which was then analyzed by next-generation sequencing. The results revealed the presence of a low-level heterozygous mutation in the KRAS gene (c.35C>T; p.G12D, 5 %). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the KRAS somatic mosaic mutation in this patient may have caused her skin and eye lesions and epilepsy. With this correct diagnosis, the infant can be effectively treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Wang
- The Molecular Genetic Diagnosis Center, Shanghai Key Lab of Birth Defects, Translational Medicine Research Center of Children's Development and Disease, Pediatrics Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China.
| | - Yanyan Qian
- The Molecular Genetic Diagnosis Center, Shanghai Key Lab of Birth Defects, Translational Medicine Research Center of Children's Development and Disease, Pediatrics Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China.
| | - Bingbing Wu
- The Molecular Genetic Diagnosis Center, Shanghai Key Lab of Birth Defects, Translational Medicine Research Center of Children's Development and Disease, Pediatrics Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China.
| | - Ping Zhang
- The Molecular Genetic Diagnosis Center, Shanghai Key Lab of Birth Defects, Translational Medicine Research Center of Children's Development and Disease, Pediatrics Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China.
| | - Wenhao Zhou
- The Molecular Genetic Diagnosis Center, Shanghai Key Lab of Birth Defects, Translational Medicine Research Center of Children's Development and Disease, Pediatrics Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China.
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95
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Moriya M, Inoue SI, Miyagawa-Tomita S, Nakashima Y, Oba D, Niihori T, Hashi M, Ohnishi H, Kure S, Matsubara Y, Aoki Y. Adult mice expressing a Braf Q241R mutation on an ICR/CD-1 background exhibit a cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome phenotype. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:7349-60. [PMID: 26472072 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the RAS pathway has been implicated in oncogenesis and developmental disorders called RASopathies. Germline mutations in BRAF have been identified in 50-75% of patients with cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome, which is characterized by congenital heart defects, distinctive facial features, short stature and ectodermal abnormalities. We recently demonstrated that mice expressing a Braf Q241R mutation, which corresponds to the most frequent BRAF mutation (Q257R) in CFC syndrome, on a C57BL/6J background are embryonic/neonatal lethal, with multiple congenital defects, preventing us from analyzing the phenotypic consequences after birth. Here, to further explore the pathogenesis of CFC syndrome, we backcrossed these mice onto a BALB/c or ICR/CD-1 genetic background. On a mixed (BALB/c and C57BL/6J) background, all heterozygous Braf(Q241R/+) mice died between birth and 24 weeks and exhibited growth retardation, sparse and ruffled fur, liver necrosis and atrial septal defects (ASDs). In contrast, 31% of the heterozygous Braf(Q241R/+) ICR mice survived over 74 weeks. The surviving Braf(Q241R/+) ICR mice exhibited growth retardation, sparse and ruffled fur, a hunched appearance, craniofacial dysmorphism, long and/or dystrophic nails, extra digits and ovarian cysts. The Braf(Q241R/+) ICR mice also showed learning deficits in the contextual fear-conditioning test. Echocardiography indicated the presence of pulmonary stenosis and ASDs in the Braf(Q241R/+) ICR mice, which were confirmed by histological analysis. These data suggest that the heterozygous Braf(Q241R/+) ICR mice show similar phenotypes as CFC syndrome after birth and will be useful for elucidating the pathogenesis and potential therapeutic strategies for RASopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sachiko Miyagawa-Tomita
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Division of Cardiovascular Development and Differentiation, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasumi Nakashima
- Department of Pediatrics, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | | | - Misato Hashi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan and
| | - Hiroshi Ohnishi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan and
| | - Shigeo Kure
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsubara
- Department of Medical Genetics and National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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96
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Recent advances in RASopathies. J Hum Genet 2015; 61:33-9. [PMID: 26446362 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2015.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RASopathies or RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) syndromes are a group of phenotypically overlapping syndromes caused by germline mutations that encode components of the RAS/MAPK signaling pathway. These disorders include neurofibromatosis type I, Legius syndrome, Noonan syndrome, Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (formerly called LEOPARD syndrome), Costello syndrome, cardiofaciocutaneous (CFC) syndrome, Noonan-like syndrome, hereditary gingival fibromatosis and capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation. Recently, novel gene variants, including RIT1, RRAS, RASA2, A2ML1, SOS2 and LZTR1, have been shown to be associated with RASopathies, further expanding the disease entity. Although further analysis will be needed, these findings will help to better elucidate an understanding of the pathogenesis of these disorders and will aid in the development of potential therapeutic approaches. In this review, we summarize the novel genes that have been reported to be associated with RASopathies and highlight the cardiovascular abnormalities that may arise in affected individuals.
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97
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Parada C, Han D, Grimaldi A, Sarrión P, Park SS, Pelikan R, Sanchez-Lara PA, Chai Y. Disruption of the ERK/MAPK pathway in neural crest cells as a potential cause of Pierre Robin sequence. Development 2015; 142:3734-45. [PMID: 26395480 DOI: 10.1242/dev.125328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Disrupted ERK1/2 signaling is associated with several developmental syndromes in humans. To understand the function of ERK2 (MAPK1) in the postmigratory neural crest populating the craniofacial region, we studied two mouse models: Wnt1-Cre;Erk2(fl/fl) and Osr2-Cre;Erk2(fl/fl). Wnt1-Cre;Erk2(fl/fl) mice exhibited cleft palate, malformed tongue, micrognathia and mandibular asymmetry. Cleft palate in these mice was associated with delay/failure of palatal shelf elevation caused by tongue malposition and micrognathia. Osr2-Cre;Erk2(fl/fl) mice, in which the Erk2 deletion is restricted to the palatal mesenchyme, did not display cleft palate, suggesting that palatal clefting in Wnt1-Cre;Erk2(fl/fl) mice is a secondary defect. Tongues in Wnt1-Cre;Erk2(fl/fl) mice exhibited microglossia, malposition, disruption of the muscle patterning and compromised tendon development. The tongue phenotype was extensively rescued after culture in isolation, indicating that it might also be a secondary defect. The primary malformations in Wnt1-Cre;Erk2(fl/fl) mice, namely micrognathia and mandibular asymmetry, are linked to an early osteogenic differentiation defect. Collectively, our study demonstrates that mutation of Erk2 in neural crest derivatives phenocopies the human Pierre Robin sequence and highlights the interconnection of palate, tongue and mandible development. Because the ERK pathway serves as a crucial point of convergence for multiple signaling pathways, our study will facilitate a better understanding of the molecular regulatory mechanisms of craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Parada
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Dong Han
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Alexandre Grimaldi
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Patricia Sarrión
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Shery S Park
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Richard Pelikan
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Pedro A Sanchez-Lara
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA Department of Pathology & Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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98
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Ko JM. Genetic Syndromes associated with Congenital Heart Disease. Korean Circ J 2015; 45:357-61. [PMID: 26413101 PMCID: PMC4580692 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2015.45.5.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated that genetic alterations or variations contribute considerably to the development of congenital heart disease. Many kinds of genetic tests are commercially available, and more are currently under development. Congenital heart disease is frequently accompanied by genetic syndromes showing both cardiac and extra-cardiac anomalies. Congenital heart disease is the leading cause of birth defects, and is an important cause of morbidity and mortality during infancy and childhood. This review introduces common genetic syndromes showing various types of congenital heart disease, including Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, 22q11 deletion syndrome, Williams syndrome, and Noonan syndrome. Although surgical techniques and perioperative care have improved substantially, patients with genetic syndromes may be at an increased risk of death or major complications associated with surgery. Therefore, risk management based on an accurate genetic diagnosis is necessary in order to effectively plan the surgical and medical management and follow-up for these patients. In addition, multidisciplinary approaches and care for the combined extra-cardiac anomalies may help to reduce mortality and morbidity accompanied with congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Min Ko
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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99
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Takasawa K, Takishima S, Morioka C, Nishioka M, Ohashi H, Aoki Y, Shimohira M, Kashimada K, Morio T. Improved growth velocity of a patient with Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hair (NS/LAH) without growth hormone deficiency by low-dose growth hormone therapy. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167A:2425-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Takasawa
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
- Department of Pediatrics; Kawaguchi Municipal Medical Center; Kawaguchi Japan
| | - Shigeru Takishima
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Chikako Morioka
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Masato Nishioka
- Department of Pediatrics; Kawaguchi Municipal Medical Center; Kawaguchi Japan
| | - Hirofumi Ohashi
- Division of Medical Genetics; Saitama Children's Medical Center; Saitama Japan
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Medical Genetics; Tohoku University School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Masayuki Shimohira
- Department of Pediatrics; Kawaguchi Municipal Medical Center; Kawaguchi Japan
| | - Kenichi Kashimada
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Tomohiro Morio
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
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100
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Collins VP, Jones DTW, Giannini C. Pilocytic astrocytoma: pathology, molecular mechanisms and markers. Acta Neuropathol 2015; 129:775-88. [PMID: 25792358 PMCID: PMC4436848 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-015-1410-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pilocytic astrocytomas (PAs) were recognized as a discrete clinical entity over 70 years ago. They are relatively benign (WHO grade I) and have, as a group, a 10-year survival of over 90%. Many require merely surgical removal and only very infrequently do they progress to more malignant gliomas. While most show classical morphology, they may present a spectrum of morphological patterns, and there are difficult cases that show similarities to other gliomas, some of which are malignant and require aggressive treatment. Until recently, almost nothing was known about the molecular mechanisms involved in their development. The use of high-throughput sequencing techniques interrogating the whole genome has shown that single abnormalities of the mitogen-activating protein kinase (MAPK) pathway are exclusively found in almost all cases, indicating that PA represents a one-pathway disease. The most common mechanism is a tandem duplication of a ≈2 Mb-fragment of #7q, giving rise to a fusion between two genes, resulting in a transforming fusion protein, consisting of the N-terminus of KIAA1549 and the kinase domain of BRAF. Additional infrequent fusion partners have been identified, along with other abnormalities of the MAP-K pathway, affecting tyrosine kinase growth factor receptors at the cell surface (e.g., FGFR1) as well as BRAF V600E, KRAS, and NF1 mutations among others. However, while the KIAA1549-BRAF fusion occurs in all areas, the incidence of the various other mutations identified differs in PAs that develop in different regions of the brain. Unfortunately, from a diagnostic standpoint, almost all mutations found have been reported in other brain tumor types, although some retain considerable utility. These molecular abnormalities will be reviewed, and the difficulties in their potential use in supporting a diagnosis of PA, when the histopathological findings are equivocal or in the choice of individualized therapy, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Peter Collins
- Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,
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