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Pesatori AC, Carugno M, Consonni D, Caporaso NE, Wacholder S, Tucker M, Landi MT. Reproductive and hormonal factors and the risk of lung cancer: the EAGLE study. Int J Cancer 2013; 132:2630-9. [PMID: 23129166 PMCID: PMC3609937 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Evidence about the role for reproductive and hormonal factors in the etiology of lung cancer in women is conflicting. To clarify this question, we examined 407 female cases and 499 female controls from the Environment And Genetics in Lung cancer Etiology population-based case-control study. Subjects were interviewed in person using a computer-assisted personal interview to assess demographics, education, smoking history, medical history, occupational history, reproductive and hormonal factors. Associations of interest were investigated using logistic regression models, adjusted for catchment area and age (matching variables), cigarette smoking (status, pack-years and time since quitting). Additional confounding variables were investigated but did not substantially affect the results. We observed a reduced risk of lung cancer among women with later age at first live birth [≥31 years: odds ratio (OR) = 0.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.31-1.06, p-trend = 0.05], later age at menopause (≥51 years: OR = 0.49, 95%CI = 0.31-0.79, p-trend = 0.003) and longer reproductive periods (≥41 years: OR = 0.44, 95%CI = 0.25-0.79, p-trend = 0.01). A reduced risk was also observed for hormone replacement therapy (OR = 0.63, 95%CI = 0.42-0.95, p = 0.03) and oral contraceptive use (OR = 0.67, 95%CI = 0.45-1.00, p = 0.05) but no trend with duration of use was detected. Menopausal status (both natural and induced) was associated with an augmented risk. No additional associations were identified for other reproductive variables. This study suggests that women who continue to produce estrogens have a lower lung cancer risk. Large studies with great number of never smoking women, biomarkers of estrogen and molecular classification of lung cancer are needed for a more comprehensive view of the association between reproductive factors and lung cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Cecilia Pesatori
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, EPOCA, Epidemiology Research Center, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Gallagher LG, Rosenblatt KA, Ray RM, Li W, Gao DL, Applebaum KM, Checkoway H, Thomas DB. Reproductive factors and risk of lung cancer in female textile workers in Shanghai, China. Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24:1305-14. [PMID: 23584535 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-013-0208-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hormonal factors may play a role in the development of lung cancer in women. This study examined the relationship between lung cancer and reproductive factors in a large cohort of women, most of whom never smoked (97%). METHODS A cohort of 267,400 female textile workers in Shanghai, China, enrolled in a trial of breast self-examination provided information on reproductive history, demographical factors, and cigarette smoking at enrollment in 1989-91. The cohort was followed until July of 2000 for incidence of lung cancer; 824 cases were identified. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) associated with selected reproductive factors were calculated using Cox proportional hazards modeling, adjusting for smoking, age, and also parity when relevant. RESULTS Nulliparous women were at increased risk compared to parous women (HR = 1.33, 95% CI 1.00-1.77). Women who had gone through menopause at baseline were at increased risk compared to women of the same age who were still menstruating. Risk was higher in women with a surgical menopause (HR = 1.64, 95% CI 0.96-2.79) than in those with a natural menopause (HR = 1.35, 95% CI 0.84-2.18), and risk was highest in those postmenopausal women with a hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy at baseline (HR = 1.39, 95% CI 0.96-2.00), although the risk estimates were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS These results support experimental data that demonstrate a biological role for hormones in lung carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa G Gallagher
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Butler LM, Montague JA, Koh WP, Wang R, Yu MC, Yuan JM. Fried meat intake is a risk factor for lung adenocarcinoma in a prospective cohort of Chinese men and women in Singapore. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:1794-9. [PMID: 23568952 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Probable human carcinogens are generated during Chinese-style high-temperature cooking of meat and have been detected in the ambient air and on the meat surface. Although the inhalation of these compounds is an established risk factor for lung cancer, exposure via fried meat consumption has not yet been prospectively evaluated as a risk factor. The relationship between fried meat intake and lung cancer risk was investigated using data from a prospective cohort study among Chinese in Singapore. Lung cancer cases (n = 1130) were identified from 61 321 men and women, 70% of whom were lifetime never smokers. Proportional hazards regression methods were used to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Overall, there was no association between fried meat intake and risk of all lung cancers combined. For lung adenocarcinoma, fried meat intake had a statistically significant association with increased risk. The association between fried meat intake and risk of lung adenocarcinoma became stronger when analyses were restricted to lifetime never smokers. Compared with the lowest tertile of fried meat intake, the HRs (95% CIs) for the second and third tertiles were 1.43 (0.98, 2.08) and 1.51 (1.03, 2.22), respectively (P for trend = 0.04). The positive association was present among both men and women. There was no association between fried meat intake and risk of non-adenocarcinomas of the lung. Our prospective results for fried meat intake support consumption as an important route of exposure to compounds from Chinese-style high-temperature cooking for the development of lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley M Butler
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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The Role of Bacteria in Cancer Development. Infect Agent Cancer 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5955-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Lan Q, Hsiung CA, Matsuo K, Hong YC, Seow A, Wang Z, Hosgood HD, Chen K, Wang JC, Chatterjee N, Hu W, Wong MP, Zheng W, Caporaso N, Park JY, Chen CJ, Kim YH, Kim YT, Landi MT, Shen H, Lawrence C, Burdett L, Yeager M, Yuenger J, Jacobs KB, Chang IS, Mitsudomi T, Kim HN, Chang GC, Bassig BA, Tucker M, Wei F, Yin Z, Wu C, An SJ, Qian B, Lee VHF, Lu D, Liu J, Jeon HS, Hsiao CF, Sung JS, Kim JH, Gao YT, Tsai YH, Jung YJ, Guo H, Hu Z, Hutchinson A, Wang WC, Klein R, Chung CC, Oh IJ, Chen KY, Berndt SI, He X, Wu W, Chang J, Zhang XC, Huang MS, Zheng H, Wang J, Zhao X, Li Y, Choi JE, Su WC, Park KH, Sung SW, Shu XO, Chen YM, Liu L, Kang CH, Hu L, Chen CH, Pao W, Kim YC, Yang TY, Xu J, Guan P, Tan W, Su J, Wang CL, Li H, Sihoe ADL, Zhao Z, Chen Y, Choi YY, Hung JY, Kim JS, Yoon HI, Cai Q, Lin CC, Park IK, Xu P, Dong J, Kim C, He Q, Perng RP, Kohno T, Kweon SS, Chen CY, Vermeulen R, Wu J, Lim WY, Chen KC, Chow WH, Ji BT, Chan JKC, Chu M, Li YJ, Yokota J, Li J, Chen H, Xiang YB, Yu CJ, Kunitoh H, Wu G, Jin L, Lo YL, Shiraishi K, Chen YH, Lin HC, Wu T, Wu YL, Yang PC, Zhou B, Shin MH, Fraumeni JF, Lin D, Chanock SJ, Rothman N. Genome-wide association analysis identifies new lung cancer susceptibility loci in never-smoking women in Asia. Nat Genet 2012; 44:1330-5. [PMID: 23143601 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To identify common genetic variants that contribute to lung cancer susceptibility, we conducted a multistage genome-wide association study of lung cancer in Asian women who never smoked. We scanned 5,510 never-smoking female lung cancer cases and 4,544 controls drawn from 14 studies from mainland China, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Taiwan and Hong Kong. We genotyped the most promising variants (associated at P < 5 × 10(-6)) in an additional 1,099 cases and 2,913 controls. We identified three new susceptibility loci at 10q25.2 (rs7086803, P = 3.54 × 10(-18)), 6q22.2 (rs9387478, P = 4.14 × 10(-10)) and 6p21.32 (rs2395185, P = 9.51 × 10(-9)). We also confirmed associations reported for loci at 5p15.33 and 3q28 and a recently reported finding at 17q24.3. We observed no evidence of association for lung cancer at 15q25 in never-smoking women in Asia, providing strong evidence that this locus is not associated with lung cancer independent of smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lan
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Lee PN, Forey BA, Coombs KJ. Systematic review with meta-analysis of the epidemiological evidence in the 1900s relating smoking to lung cancer. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:385. [PMID: 22943444 PMCID: PMC3505152 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking is a known lung cancer cause, but no detailed quantitative systematic review exists. We summarize evidence for various indices. METHODS Papers published before 2000 describing epidemiological studies involving 100+ lung cancer cases were obtained from Medline and other sources. Studies were classified as principal, or subsidiary where cases overlapped with principal studies. Data were extracted on design, exposures, histological types and confounder adjustment. RRs/ORs and 95% CIs were extracted for ever, current and ex smoking of cigarettes, pipes and cigars and indices of cigarette type and dose-response. Meta-analyses and meta-regressions investigated how relationships varied by study and RR characteristics, mainly for outcomes exactly or closely equivalent to all lung cancer, squamous cell carcinoma ("squamous") and adenocarcinoma ("adeno"). RESULTS 287 studies (20 subsidiary) were identified. Although RR estimates were markedly heterogeneous, the meta-analyses demonstrated a relationship of smoking with lung cancer risk, clearly seen for ever smoking (random-effects RR 5.50, CI 5.07-5.96) current smoking (8.43, 7.63-9.31), ex smoking (4.30, 3.93-4.71) and pipe/cigar only smoking (2.92, 2.38-3.57). It was stronger for squamous (current smoking RR 16.91, 13.14-21.76) than adeno (4.21, 3.32-5.34), and evident in both sexes (RRs somewhat higher in males), all continents (RRs highest for North America and lowest for Asia, particularly China), and both study types (RRs higher for prospective studies). Relationships were somewhat stronger in later starting and larger studies. RR estimates were similar in cigarette only and mixed smokers, and similar in smokers of pipes/cigars only, pipes only and cigars only. Exceptionally no increase in adeno risk was seen for pipe/cigar only smokers (0.93, 0.62-1.40). RRs were unrelated to mentholation, and higher for non-filter and handrolled cigarettes. RRs increased with amount smoked, duration, earlier starting age, tar level and fraction smoked and decreased with time quit. Relationships were strongest for small and squamous cell, intermediate for large cell and weakest for adenocarcinoma. Covariate-adjustment little affected RR estimates. CONCLUSIONS The association of lung cancer with smoking is strong, evident for all lung cancer types, dose-related and insensitive to covariate-adjustment. This emphasises the causal nature of the relationship. Our results quantify the relationships more precisely than previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N Lee
- P N Lee Statistics and Computing Ltd, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara A Forey
- P N Lee Statistics and Computing Ltd, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Lo YL, Hsiao CF, Chang GC, Tsai YH, Huang MS, Su WC, Chen YM, Hsin CW, Chang CH, Yang PC, Chen CJ, Hsiung CA. Risk factors for primary lung cancer among never smokers by gender in a matched case-control study. Cancer Causes Control 2012; 24:567-76. [PMID: 22729933 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-012-9994-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lung cancers that occur in never smokers differ from those that occur in smokers. We performed an analysis of potential epidemiological risk factors for lung cancer among never smokers. METHODS In this hospital-based matched case-control study, all 1,540 matched case-control pairs were Han Chinese in Taiwan. The data on demographic characteristics, smoking habit, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, medical history of lung diseases, family history of lung cancer, and female characteristics were collected from a structured questionnaire. A multiple conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals after adjusting for possible confounders. RESULTS Overall, several epidemiological factors of lung cancer in never smokers were different between males and females. For the female population, subjects who were exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (OR = 1.39, 95 % CI = 1.17-1.67) with a history of pulmonary tuberculosis and with family history of lung cancer in first-degree relatives (OR = 2.44, 95 % CI = 1.79-3.32) had higher risk of lung cancer, while subjects with a history of hormone replacement therapy and using fume extractors for those who cooked were protective. For the male population, only subjects with family history of lung cancer in first-degree relatives (OR = 2.77, 95 % CI = 1.53-5.01) were significantly associated with risk of lung cancer. CONCLUSION This study provides insights about the epidemiological factors of lung cancer in never smokers, adding to existing evidence that family history of lung cancer and environmental tobacco smoke may moderate lung cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Li Lo
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan
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Lim WY, Chen Y, Chuah KL, Eng P, Leong SS, Lim E, Lim TK, Ng A, Poh WT, Tee A, Teh M, Salim A, Seow A. Female reproductive factors, gene polymorphisms in the estrogen metabolism pathway, and risk of lung cancer in Chinese women. Am J Epidemiol 2012; 175:492-503. [PMID: 22331461 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwr332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors examined relations between reproductive factors and 5 estrogen pathway gene polymorphisms (CYP17 rs743572, CYP19A1 rs10046, ERβ rs1256049, ERβ rs4986938, and COMT rs4680) among 702 Singapore Chinese female lung cancer cases and 1,578 hospital controls, of whom 433 cases (61.7%) and 1,375 controls (87.1%) were never smokers. Parity (per child, odds ratio (OR) = 0.92, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.87, 0.97) and menstrual cycle length (for ≥30 days vs. <30 days, OR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.32, 0.80) were inversely associated with lung cancer in never smokers, while age at first birth (for ages 21-25, 26-30, and ≥31 years vs. ≤20 years, ORs were 1.54, 2.17, and 1.30, respectively), age at menopause (for ages 49-51 and ≥52 years vs. ≤48 years, ORs were 1.37 and 1.59; P(trend) = 0.003), and reproductive period (for 31-33, 34-36, 37-39, and ≥40 years vs. ≤30 years, ORs were 1.06, 1.25, 1.45, and 1.47; P(trend) = 0.026) were positively associated. Among smokers, parity was inversely associated with lung cancer, but there was no association with other reproductive factors. The COMT rs4680 A allele was positively associated with lung cancer in never smokers (for G/A or A/A vs. G/G, OR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.12, 1.90) but not in ever smokers. No associations were seen with other polymorphisms. These results support a risk-enhancing role of estrogens in lung carcinogenesis among never smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yen Lim
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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Wang HT, Hu Y, Tong D, Huang J, Gu L, Wu XR, Chung FL, Li GM, Tang MS. Effect of carcinogenic acrolein on DNA repair and mutagenic susceptibility. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:12379-86. [PMID: 22275365 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.329623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrolein (Acr), a ubiquitous environmental contaminant, is a human carcinogen. Acr can react with DNA to form mutagenic α- and γ-hydroxy-1, N(2)-cyclic propano-2'-deoxyguanosine adducts (α-OH-Acr-dG and γ-OH-Acr-dG). We demonstrate here that Acr-dG adducts can be efficiently repaired by the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway in normal human bronchial epithelia (NHBE) and lung fibroblasts (NHLF). However, the same adducts were poorly processed in cell lysates isolated from Acr-treated NHBE and NHLF, suggesting that Acr inhibits NER. In addition, we show that Acr treatment also inhibits base excision repair and mismatch repair. Although Acr does not change the expression of XPA, XPC, hOGG1, PMS2 or MLH1 genes, it causes a reduction of XPA, XPC, hOGG1, PMS2, and MLH1 proteins; this effect, however, can be neutralized by the proteasome inhibitor MG132. Acr treatment further enhances both bulky and oxidative DNA damage-induced mutagenesis. These results indicate that Acr not only damages DNA but can also modify DNA repair proteins and further causes degradation of these modified repair proteins. We propose that these two detrimental effects contribute to Acr mutagenicity and carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Tsui Wang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10987, USA
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Brinton LA, Gierach GL, Andaya A, Park Y, Schatzkin A, Hollenbeck AR, Spitz MR. Reproductive and hormonal factors and lung cancer risk in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20:900-11. [PMID: 21467241 PMCID: PMC3507989 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-1325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer exhibits unique patterns among women including high adenocarcinoma rates among nonsmokers. Inconsistent findings about hormonal factors on risk may reflect incomplete control for confounding, misclassification of exposures, or insufficient attention to variation by histology. METHODS Among 185,017 women, ages 50 to 71 years, recruited during 1995 and 1996 for the NIH-AARP (American Association of Retired Persons) Diet and Health Study, we identified 3,512 incident lung cancers (including 276 in never smokers) in follow-up through December 2006. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models estimated relative risks (RR) and 95% CIs for self-reported hormonally related risk factors. RESULTS After adjustment for smoking and other confounders, subjects with late menarche were at reduced risk, with the association specific for adenocarcinomas (RR = 0.72 for menarche 15+ vs. <11, P(trend) < 0.01). Subjects with early ages at ovarian cessation (either from natural menopause or bilateral oophorectomy) were at an increased risk for adenocarcinomas and squamous cell tumors, but the associations were strongest for smokers, suggesting either residual confounding or an enhanced effect of menopausally related factors among subjects with decreased endogenous estrogens. In contrast, we saw no relationships of risk with either parity, age at first birth, or exogenous hormone use. CONCLUSIONS Elevated levels of hormones may adversely affect lung function early in life while assisting with cellular and immunologic responses later in life. Additional attention toward the role of hormonal factors may further our understanding of lung carcinogenesis. IMPACT Our findings provide some support for a role of hormonal factors in the etiology of lung cancer, although the mechanisms appear complicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Brinton
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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Zhang JX, Xie CM, Zhu ZW, Huang HY, Zeng ZL. Potential role of AQP1 and VEGF in the development of malignant pleural effusion in mice. Med Oncol 2011; 29:656-62. [PMID: 21519870 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-011-9960-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed the important role of aquaporin-1 (AQP1) in tumor cell migration and angiogenesis. However, the function of AQP1 in malignant pleural effusion has not been well characterized. We established a mouse model to examine the role of AQP1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the development of malignant pleural effusion. We showed that elevated expressions of AQP1 mRNA and VEGF protein were associated with increased volume of malignant pleural effusion. These results suggest that AQP1 and VEGF play important roles in the development of malignant pleural effusion in mice, which may help us find new strategies for the prevention and treatment of malignant pleural effusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xuan Zhang
- Department of Respiration, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, China.
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Lung cancer in never smokers: Change of a mindset in the molecular era. Lung Cancer 2011; 72:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2010.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Brenner DR, McLaughlin JR, Hung RJ. Previous lung diseases and lung cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17479. [PMID: 21483846 PMCID: PMC3069026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to review the epidemiologic evidence concerning previous lung diseases as risk factors for lung cancer, a meta-analysis and systematic review was conducted. METHODS Relevant studies were identified through MEDLINE searches. Using random effects models, summary effects of specific previous conditions were evaluated separately and combined. Stratified analyses were conducted based on smoking status, gender, control sources and continent. RESULTS A previous history of COPD, chronic bronchitis or emphysema conferred relative risks (RR) of 2.22 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.66, 2.97) (from 16 studies), 1.52 (95% CI: 1.25, 1.84) (from 23 studies) and 2.04 (95% CI: 1.72, 2.41) (from 20 studies), respectively, and for all these diseases combined 1.80 (95% CI: 1.60, 2.11) (from 39 studies). The RR of lung cancer for subjects with a previous history of pneumonia was 1.43 (95% CI: 1.22-1.68) (from 22 studies) and for subjects with a previous history of tuberculosis was 1.76 (95% CI=1.49, 2.08), (from 30 studies). Effects were attenuated when restricting analysis to never smokers only for COPD/emphysema/chronic bronchitis (RR=1.22, 0.97-1.53), however remained significant for pneumonia 1.36 (95% CI: 1.10, 1.69) (from 8 studies) and tuberculosis 1.90 (95% CI: 1.45, 2.50) (from 11 studies). CONCLUSIONS Previous lung diseases are associated with an increased risk of lung cancer with the evidence among never smokers supporting a direct relationship between previous lung diseases and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren R. Brenner
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute
of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- The Dalla Lana School of Public
Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - John R. McLaughlin
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute
of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- The Dalla Lana School of Public
Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rayjean J. Hung
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute
of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- The Dalla Lana School of Public
Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Meinhold CL, Berrington de González A, Bowman ED, Brenner AV, Jones RT, Lacey JV, Loffredo CA, Perlmutter D, Schonfeld SJ, Trivers GE, Harris CC. Reproductive and hormonal factors and the risk of nonsmall cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer 2011; 128:1404-13. [PMID: 20473922 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Although exposure to estrogen may directly influence or modify the association between cigarette smoking and lung cancer risk, results from epidemiologic studies examining the association between reproductive and hormonal factors and risk of lung cancer among women have been inconsistent. Between 1998 and 2008, 430 women diagnosed with nonsmall cell lung cancer, 316 hospital controls and 295 population controls were recruited into the multi-center Maryland Lung Cancer Study. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) according to reproductive and hormonal exposures adjusting for age, smoking, passive smoking, education and household income. Results were similar for hospital and population based controls, so the control groups were combined. Reduced risks of lung cancer were observed among women with greater parity (≥ 5 vs. 1-2 births: OR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.32, 0.78, p-trend = 0.002) and later ages at last birth (≥ 30 vs. <25 years old: OR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.48, 0.98, p-trend = 0.04). After mutual adjustment parity, but not age at last birth, remained significantly inversely associated with risk (p-trend = 0.01). No associations were found for nonsmall cell lung cancer risk with age at menarche, age at first birth, menopausal status, oral contraceptive use or menopausal hormone use, including use of oral estrogens. Compatible with findings from recent epidemiologic studies, we observed a reduction in the risk of nonsmall cell lung cancer with increasing number of births. Other reproductive and hormonal exposures, including menopausal hormone therapy use, were not associated with risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cari L Meinhold
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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Epidemiology of lung cancer in women: risk factors, survival, and screening. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011; 196:287-95. [PMID: 21257878 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.10.5412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer mortality in both men and women. Tobacco use causes the vast majority of lung cancer in women but does not explain all cases, because about one in five women who develop lung cancer have never smoked. CONCLUSION Environmental exposures, genetic predisposition, hormonal factors, and viral infection may all play a role in lung cancer in women. A better understanding may provide an avenue to more effective screening, diagnosis, and therapy.
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Prior lung disease and lung cancer risk in an occupational-based cohort in Yunnan, China. Lung Cancer 2011; 72:258-63. [PMID: 21367481 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 01/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We used the data from a prospective cohort study among tin miners in Yunnan, China to investigate whether prior lung disease is a risk factor for lung cancer. Information on prior lung disease was obtained from baseline questionnaires. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to examine the relationship between prior lung disease and lung cancer risk. From 1992 to 2001, a total of 502 lung cancer cases were confirmed among 9295 cohort participants. Prior chronic bronchitis was associated with an increase in lung cancer risk with an adjusted HR of 1.50 (95% CI: 1.24-1.81). There was an increased risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma in the setting of prior chronic bronchitis and small cell carcinoma in association with asthma with an adjusted HRs of 1.57 (95% CI: 1.19-2.09) and 2.56 (95% CI: 1.38-4.75), respectively. This prospective study provides further evidence that prior chronic bronchitis correlates with increased lung cancer risk, especially for squamous cell carcinoma. Asthma is associated with increased risk of small cell lung carcinoma.
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Hosgood HD, Wei H, Sapkota A, Choudhury I, Bruce N, Smith KR, Rothman N, Lan Q. Household coal use and lung cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies, with an emphasis on geographic variation. Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40:719-28. [PMID: 21278196 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyq259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emissions from household coal combustion associated with cooking and heating are an important public health issue, particularly in China where hundreds of millions of people are exposed. Although coal emissions are a known human carcinogen, there is still uncertainty about the level of risk for lung and other cancers. METHODS We performed a meta-analysis on 25 case-control studies (10,142 cases and 13,416 controls) to summarize the association between household coal use and lung cancer risk, and to explore the effect modification of this association by geographical location. RESULTS Using random-effects models, household coal use was found to be associated with lung cancer risk among all studies throughout the world [odds ratio (OR) = 2.15; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.61-2.89, N(studies) = 25], and particularly among those studies carried out in mainland China and Taiwan (OR = 2.27; 95% CI = 1.65-3.12, N(studies) = 20). Stratification by regions of mainland China and Taiwan found a variation in effects across the regions, with south/southeastern (OR = 3.27; 95% CI = 1.27-8.42, N(studies) = 3) and southwestern China (OR = 2.98; 95% CI = 1.18-7.53, N(studies) = 3) experiencing the highest risk. The elevated risk associated with coal use throughout Asia was also observed when stratifying studies by gender, smoking status, sample size, design (population vs hospital case-control) and publication language. No significant publication bias was found (p(Begg's) = 0.15). CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence that although the carcinogenic effect of coal use varies by location, coals from many locations exhibit elevated lung cancer risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dean Hosgood
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Chang HC, Mi HH, Lin YC, Hsieh LT, Chao HR. Removal of gaseous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from cooking fumes using an atmospheric plasma reactor. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2011; 46:1443-1449. [PMID: 21961504 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2011.609006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Plasma technology is becoming increasingly important for treating various environmental pollutants. Treatment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), such as those emitted from electric ovens while roasting pork, using an atmospheric plasma reactor has seldom been studied. This study investigated the characteristics of five PAH species (acenaphthalene (AcPy), acenaphthene (Acp), anthracene (Ant), benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), and benzo(ghi)perylene (BghiP)) in fumes emitted while roasting pork. The removal efficiency at different plasma output powers (0.112, 0.138, and 0.156 kJ/m(3)) of the reactor was also investigated. In the experiments, cooking fumes were generated by a small electrical oven, with pork being roasted at 200 °C. After a steady state was reached, samples were collected at the inlet and outlet of the atmospheric plasma reactor. The PAHs were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry. The experimental results indicated that the removal efficiency for each PAH was highest with the highest plasma reactor output power. This was also true of the total PAH concentration, but the total toxic equivalence, BaP(eq), was lowest at the medium power output. This demonstrates that the total toxicity and the removal of PAHs were not directly proportional, and careful consideration must be made by engineers when setting the treatment conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung C Chang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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Hosgood HD, Boffetta P, Greenland S, Lee YCA, McLaughlin J, Seow A, Duell EJ, Andrew AS, Zaridze D, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Rudnai P, Lissowska J, Fabiánová E, Mates D, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Morgenstern H, Rothman N, Hung RJ, Brennan P, Lan Q. In-home coal and wood use and lung cancer risk: a pooled analysis of the International Lung Cancer Consortium. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2010; 118:1743-7. [PMID: 20846923 PMCID: PMC3002194 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Domestic fuel combustion from cooking and heating is an important public health issue because roughly 3 billion people are exposed worldwide. Recently, the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified indoor emissions from household coal combustion as a human carcinogen (group 1) and from biomass fuel (primarily wood) as a probable human carcinogen (group 2A). OBJECTIVES We pooled seven studies from the International Lung Cancer Consortium (5,105 cases and 6,535 controls) to provide further epidemiological evaluation of the association between in-home solid-fuel use, particularly wood, and lung cancer risk. METHODS Using questionnaire data, we classified subjects as predominant solid-fuel users (e.g., coal, wood) or nonsolid-fuel users (e.g., oil, gas, electricity). Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and to compute 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusting for age, sex, education, smoking status, race/ethnicity, and study center. RESULTS Compared with nonsolid-fuel users, predominant coal users (OR = 1.64; 95% CI, 1.49-1.81), particularly coal users in Asia (OR = 4.93; 95% CI, 3.73-6.52), and predominant wood users in North American and European countries (OR = 1.21; 95% CI, 1.06-1.38) experienced higher risk of lung cancer. The results were similar in never-smoking women and other subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Our results are consistent with previous observations pertaining to in-home coal use and lung cancer risk, support the hypothesis of a carcinogenic potential of in-home wood use, and point to the need for more detailed study of factors affecting these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dean Hosgood
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-7240, USA.
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71
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Lee CH, Yang SF, Peng CY, Li RN, Chen YC, Chan TF, Tsai EM, Kuo FC, Huang JJ, Tsai HT, Hung YH, Huang HL, Tsai S, Wu MT. The precancerous effect of emitted cooking oil fumes on precursor lesions of cervical cancer. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:932-41. [PMID: 20013811 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Although cooking emission from high-temperature frying has been deemed a Group 2A carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, little is known about its impact on cervical tumorigenesis. To investigate the precancerous consequence of cooking oil fumes on cervical intraepithelial neoplasm (CIN), a community-based case-control study, which takes all known risk factors into consideration, was conducted in Taiwan. From 2003 to 2008, in a Pap smear screening and biopsy examination network, 206 pathology-verified women with inflammations/atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance or CIN grade-1 (CIN1) and 73 with CIN2-3 (defined as low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LGSIL) and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HGSIL), respectively); and 1,200 area-and-age-matched controls with negative cytology were recruited. Multinomial logistic regression was applied in the multivariate analysis to determine the likelihood of contracting LGSIL or HGSIL. The risks of the two lesions increased with the increase of carcinogenic high-risk human papillomavirus DNA load, with a clear dose-response relationship. Chefs were observed to experience a 7.9-fold elevated HGSIL risk. Kitchens with poor fume ventilation during the main cooking life-stage correlated to a 3.7-fold risk of HGSIL, but not for LGSIL. More than 1 hr of daily cooking in kitchens with poor fume conditions appeared to confer an 8.4-fold HGSIL risk, with an 8.3-fold heterogeneously higher odds ratio than that (aOR = 1.0) for LGSIL. Similar risk pattern has been reproduced among never-smoking women. Our findings demonstrate the association between indoor exposure to cooking fumes from heated oil and the late development of cervical precancerous lesions. This final conclusion needs to be verified by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hung Lee
- Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Zhao H, Gu J, Xu H, Yang B, Han Y, Li L, Liu S, Yao H. [Meta-analysis of the relationship between passive smoking population in China and lung cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2010; 13:617-23. [PMID: 20681450 PMCID: PMC6015159 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Studies of passive smoking exposure in China however are of particular interest, because of the high lung cancer rate in people who are mostly non-smokers. The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between passive smoking and lung cancer among non-smoking Chinese. METHODS By searching Medline, PubMed, CENTRAL (the Cochrane central register of controlled trials), CBM, CNKI and VIP, et al, we collected both domestic and overseas published documents between 1987 and 2007 on passive smoking and lung cancer among non-smoking Chinese. Random or fixed effect models were applied to conduct meta-analysis on the case control study results, and the combined odds ratio (OR) and the 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated as well. RESULTS Sixteen documents were included into the combined analysis, which indicated that there was statistical significance between passive smoking and lung cancer (OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.05-1.21, P = 0.001). It was significant of lung cancer among non-smoking subjects associated with amount of tobacco passively smoked more than 20 cigarettes daily, with life period in adulthood passive smoking exposure, with gender female, and with exposure to workplace. The P value, OR and 95% CI were P = 0.0003, OR = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.30-2.43; P = 0.0001, OR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.23-1.83; P = 0.000 7, OR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.19-1.90; P < 0.0001, OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.19-1.66; respectively. And there was no significant difference between passive smoking and lung cancer with amount of tobacco passively smoked within 20 cigarettes daily, with life period in childhood passive smoking exposure, with gender male and with exposure to spouse and parents. CONCLUSION Passive smoking is an important risk factor of lung cancer among non-smoking Chinese, and for non-smoking women who expose to environment tobacco smoke in a long period of time have a close relationship with lung cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin People's Hospital, Tianjin 300121, China.
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73
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Weiss J, Gibis M, Schuh V, Salminen H. Advances in ingredient and processing systems for meat and meat products. Meat Sci 2010; 86:196-213. [PMID: 20619800 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Changes in consumer demand of meat products as well as increased global competition are causing an unprecedented spur in processing and ingredient system developments within the meat manufacturing sector. Consumers demand healthier meat products that are low in salt, fat, cholesterol, nitrites and calories in general and contain in addition health-promoting bioactive components such as for example carotenoids, unsaturated fatty acids, sterols, and fibers. On the other hand, consumers expect these novel meat products with altered formulations to taste, look and smell the same way as their traditionally formulated and processed counterparts. At the same time, competition is forcing the meat processing industry to use the increasingly expensive raw material "meat" more efficiently and produce products at lower costs. With these changes in mind, this article presents a review of novel ingredient systems and processing approaches that are emerging to create high quality, affordable meat products not only in batch mode but also in large-scale continuous processes. Fat replacers, fat profile modification and cholesterol reduction techniques, new texture modifiers and alternative antioxidant and antimicrobial systems are being discussed. Modern processing equipment to establish continuously operating product manufacturing lines and that allow new meat product structures to be created and novel ingredients to be effectively utilized including vacuum fillers, grinders and fine dispersers, and slicers is reviewed in the context of structure creation in meat products. Finally, trends in future developments of ingredient and processing systems for meat products are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Weiss
- Department of Food Structure and Functionality, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
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74
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Hecht SS, Seow A, Wang M, Wang R, Meng L, Koh WP, Carmella SG, Chen M, Han S, Yu MC, Yuan JM. Elevated levels of volatile organic carcinogen and toxicant biomarkers in Chinese women who regularly cook at home. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:1185-92. [PMID: 20406956 PMCID: PMC2866160 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies associate lung cancer in nonsmoking Chinese women with Chinese-style wok cooking. Our goal was to quantify carcinogen and toxicant biomarkers in Chinese women who reported regularly doing home cooking compared with women randomly selected from the Singapore Chinese Health Study as controls. METHODS Biomarkers were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Compared with controls, women who engaged in regular home cooking had significantly higher levels of mercapturic acids of acrolein {geometric mean, 1,959 pmol/mg creatinine [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1,554-2,467] versus 1,370 (95% CI, 1,077-1,742); P=0.038}, crotonaldehyde [geometric mean, 232 pmol/mg creatinine (95% CI, 193-277) versus 142 (95% CI, 118-171); P=0.0004], and benzene [geometric mean, 0.58 pmol/mg creatinine (95% CI, 0.44-0.78) versus 0.18 (95% CI, 0.14-0.24); P<0.0001]. No significant differences were found in levels of mercapturic acids of 1,3-butadiene, metabolites of pyrene and phenanthrene, or acetaldehyde-leukocyte DNA adduct levels between the groups. Levels of the ethylene oxide mercapturic acid were significantly higher in the controls. CONCLUSIONS The higher levels of the mercapturic acid of benzene, a multiorgan carcinogen, in the women who cooked are particularly notable. Overall, the results showing increased exposure to the volatile toxicants and carcinogens acrolein, crotonaldehyde, and benzene in Chinese women who regularly cook provide a plausible lead for further investigating the role of volatile compounds generated during high-temperature cooking with oils as causes of lung cancer. IMPACT A new direction for research on lung cancer etiology is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, MMC 806, 420 Delaware Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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75
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Park SK, Cho LY, Yang JJ, Park B, Chang SH, Lee KS, Kim H, Yoo KY, Lee CT. Lung cancer risk and cigarette smoking, lung tuberculosis according to histologic type and gender in a population based case–control study. Lung Cancer 2010; 68:20-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2009.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Lissowska J, Foretova L, Dabek J, Zaridze D, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Rudnai P, Fabianova E, Cassidy A, Mates D, Bencko V, Janout V, Hung RJ, Brennan P, Boffetta P. Family history and lung cancer risk: international multicentre case-control study in Eastern and Central Europe and meta-analyses. Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21:1091-104. [PMID: 20306329 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-010-9537-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common neoplastic disease in Eastern and Central Europe. The role of hereditary factors in lung carcinogenesis is not fully understood. Family history (FH) of lung cancer and other tobacco-related cancers might be a strong predictor of the lung cancer risk. We investigated family history of cancer among first-degree relatives of 2,861 patients with lung cancer and 3,118 controls from the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, and United Kingdom within the IARC Multicenter Case-Control Study. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CI were calculated using logistic regression, adjusting for age, gender, study center, education, tobacco smoking, and number of first-degree relatives. In addition, we conducted a meta-analysis of 41 studies on FH of cancer and lung cancer risk. Positive FH of lung cancer increased risk of lung cancer with OR of 1.63 (95%CI: 1.31-2.01), and having two or more affected relatives with lung cancer further increased the risk of lung cancer with OR 3.60 (95%CI: 1.56-8.31). Among subjects aged less than 50, the OR for FH of lung cancer was 2.08 (95%CI: 1.18-3.63). The associations were generally stronger for squamous cell carcinoma and large cell carcinoma subtypes. Heterogeneity in results was not found with respect to smoking status and gender. A significant association was not observed for FH of other smoking-related tumors. The results of meta-analysis were consistent with that of our study with regard to young onset, non-smokers and histology. FH of lung cancer is a predictor of an increased risk of lung cancer, especially in subjects aged less than 50.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Lissowska
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, The M Skłodowska-Cure Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, WK Roentgena 5, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland.
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78
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Liang HY, Li XL, Yu XS, Guan P, Yin ZH, He QC, Zhou BS. Facts and fiction of the relationship between preexisting tuberculosis and lung cancer risk: a systematic review. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:2936-44. [PMID: 19521963 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There has been conflicting evidence concerning the possible association between tuberculosis (TB) and subsequent risk of lung cancer. To investigate whether currently published epidemiological studies can clarify this association, we performed a systematic review of 37 case-control and 4 cohort studies (published between January 1966 and January 2009) and a meta-analysis of risk estimates, with particular attention to the role of smoking, passive smoking and the timing of diagnosis of TB on this relationship. Data for the review show a significantly increased lung cancer risk associated with preexisting TB. Importantly, the association was not due to confounding by the effects of tobacco use (RR=1.8, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.4-2.2, among never smoking individuals), lifetime environmental tobacco smoke exposure (RR=2.9, 95%CI=1.6-5.3, after controlling) or the timing of diagnosis of TB (the increased lung cancer risk remained 2-fold elevated for more than 20 years after TB diagnosis). Interestingly, the association was significant with adenocarcinoma (RR=1.6, 95%CI=1.2-2.1), but no significant associations with squamous and small cell type of lung cancer were observed. Although no causal mechanism has been demonstrated for such an association, present study supports a direct relation between TB and lung cancer, especially adenocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ying Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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79
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Koushik A, Parent MÉ, Siemiatycki J. Characteristics of menstruation and pregnancy and the risk of lung cancer in women. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:2428-33. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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80
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Samet JM, Avila-Tang E, Boffetta P, Hannan LM, Olivo-Marston S, Thun MJ, Rudin CM. Lung cancer in never smokers: clinical epidemiology and environmental risk factors. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:5626-45. [PMID: 19755391 PMCID: PMC3170525 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
More than 161,000 lung cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States in 2008. Of these, an estimated 10 to 15% will be caused by factors other than active smoking, corresponding to 16,000 to 24,000 deaths annually. Thus lung cancer in never smokers would rank among the most common causes of cancer mortality in the United States if considered as a separate category. Slightly more than half of the lung cancers caused by factors other than active smoking occur in never smokers. As summarized in the accompanying article, lung cancers that occur in never smokers differ from those that occur in smokers in their molecular profile and response to targeted therapy. These recent laboratory and clinical observations highlight the importance of defining the genetic and environmental factors responsible for the development of lung cancer in never smokers. This article summarizes available data on the clinical epidemiology of lung cancer in never smokers, and several environmental risk factors that population-based research has implicated in the etiology of these cancers. Primary factors closely tied to lung cancer in never smokers include exposure to known and suspected carcinogens including radon, second-hand tobacco smoke, and other indoor air pollutants. Several other exposures have been implicated. However, a large fraction of lung cancers occurring in never smokers cannot be definitively associated with established environmental risk factors, highlighting the need for additional epidemiologic research in this area.
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81
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Rachtan J, Sokołowski A, Niepsuj S, Zemła B, Zwierko M. Familial lung cancer risk among women in Poland. Lung Cancer 2009; 65:138-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2008.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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82
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Moore R, Doherty D, Chamberlain R, Khuri F. Sex differences in survival in non-small cell lung cancer patients 1974–1998. Acta Oncol 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/02841860310017973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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83
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Gao Y, Goldstein AM, Consonni D, Pesatori AC, Wacholder S, Tucker MA, Caporaso NE, Goldin L, Landi MT. Family history of cancer and nonmalignant lung diseases as risk factors for lung cancer. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:146-52. [PMID: 19350630 PMCID: PMC2865851 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Family history (FH) of lung cancer is an established risk factor for lung cancer, but the modifying effect of smoking in relatives has been rarely examined. Also, the role of FH of nonmalignant lung diseases on lung cancer risk is not well known. We examined the role of FH of cancer and nonmalignant lung diseases in lung cancer risk overall, and by personal smoking, FH of smoking and histology in 1,946 cases and 2,116 population-based controls within the Environment And Genetics in Lung cancer Etiology (EAGLE) study. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CI from logistic regression were calculated adjusting for age, gender, residence, education and cigarette smoking. FH of lung cancer in any family member was associated with increased lung cancer risk (OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.25-1.98). The odds associated with fathers', mothers' and siblings' history of lung cancer were 1.41, 2.14 and 1.53, respectively. The associations were generally stronger in never smokers, younger subjects and for the adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma subtypes. FH of chronic bronchitis and pneumonia was associated with increased (OR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.23-1.80) and decreased (OR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.61-0.87) lung cancer risk, respectively. FH of lung cancer and nonmalignant lung diseases affected lung cancer risk independently, and did not appear to be modified by FH of smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gao
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alisa M. Goldstein
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dario Consonni
- EPOCA, Epidemiology Research Center, University of Milan, and Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena
| | - Angela C. Pesatori
- EPOCA, Epidemiology Research Center, University of Milan, and Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena
| | - Sholom Wacholder
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Margaret A. Tucker
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Neil E. Caporaso
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lynn Goldin
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria Teresa Landi
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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84
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Smoking and the risk of upper aero digestive tract cancers for men and women in the Asia-Pacific region. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2009; 6:1358-70. [PMID: 19440523 PMCID: PMC2681196 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph6041358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although smoking is an established causal factor for upper aero digestive tract cancer (UADTC), most of the evidence originates from the West. Thus, we analysed data from 455,409 subjects in the Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration. Over a median of around six years follow-up, 371 deaths from UADTC were observed. The hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for current smokers, compared with those who had never smoked, was 2.36 (1.76 – 3.16), adjusted for age and alcohol drinking. Tobacco control policies are urgently required in Asia to prevent millions of deaths from UADTC that smoking will otherwise cause.
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85
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Cote ML, Chen W, Smith DW, Benhamou S, Bouchardy C, Butkiewicz D, Fong KM, Gené M, Hirvonen A, Kiyohara C, Larsen JE, Lin P, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Povey AC, Reszka E, Risch A, Schneider J, Schwartz AG, Sorensen M, To-Figueras J, Tokudome S, Pu Y, Yang P, Wenzlaff AS, Wikman H, Taioli E. Meta- and pooled analysis of GSTP1 polymorphism and lung cancer: a HuGE-GSEC review. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 169:802-14. [PMID: 19240225 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwn417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common cancer worldwide. Polymorphisms in genes associated with carcinogen metabolism may modulate risk of disease. Glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTP1) detoxifies polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons found in cigarette smoke and is the most highly expressed glutathione S-transferase in lung tissue. A polymorphism in the GSTP1 gene, an A-to-G transition in exon 5 (Ile105Val, 313A --> 313G), results in lower activity among individuals who carry the valine allele. The authors present a meta- and a pooled analysis of case-control studies that examined the association between this polymorphism in GSTP1 and lung cancer risk (27 studies, 8,322 cases and 8,844 controls and 15 studies, 4,282 cases and 5,032 controls, respectively). Overall, the meta-analysis found no significant association between lung cancer risk and the GSTP1 exon 5 polymorphism. In the pooled analysis, there was an overall association (odds ratio = 1.11, 95% confidence interval: 1.03, 1.21) between lung cancer and carriage of the GSTP1 Val/Val or Ile/Val genotype compared with those carrying the Ile/Ile genotype. Increased risk varied by histologic type in Asians. There appears to be evidence for interaction between amount of smoking, the GSTP1 exon 5 polymorphism, and risk of lung cancer in whites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele L Cote
- Population Studies and Prevention, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 110 East Warren, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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86
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine associations between occupation and lung cancer by gender and race. METHODS We used data from the Maryland Lung Cancer Study of nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), a multicenter case control study, to estimate odds ratios (ORs) of NSCLC in different occupations. RESULTS After adjusting for smoking, environmental tobacco smoke, and other covariates, NSCLC ORs among women but not men were elevated in clerical-sales, service, and transportation-material handling occupations; ORs were significantly increased in all three categories (OR [95% confidence interval]: 4.07 [1.44 to 11.48]; 5.15 [1.62 to 16.34]; 7.82 [1.08 to 56.25], respectively), among black women, but only in transportation-material handling occupations (OR [95% confidence interval[: 3.43 [1.02 to 11.50]) among white women. CONCLUSIONS Women, especially black women, in certain occupations had increased NSCLC ORs.
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87
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Seow A, Koh WP, Wang R, Lee HP, Yu MC. Reproductive variables, soy intake, and lung cancer risk among nonsmoking women in the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:821-7. [PMID: 19240237 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer among nonsmokers has emerged as a distinct clinicopathologic entity for which the etiology is still poorly understood, but which accounts for a significant proportion of the lung cancers among women. Although estrogens have been shown to have mitogenic effects in lung cells and interact with growth factor pathways in tumorigenesis, epidemiologic evidence for a link between reproductive hormones and lung cancer is sparse and inconsistent. We examined the effect of parity, age at menarche/menopause, cycle length and use of exogenous hormones, and dietary soy and soy isoflavonoid intake on lung cancer risk in a prospective cohort of middle-aged and elderly Chinese women in Singapore among whom 91% were lifetime nonsmokers. Among 35,298 women (mean follow-up time, 9.6 years), 298 cases of incident lung cancer were recorded, of which 189 (63.4%) occurred in nonsmokers. Compared with nulliparous women, those with one to two, three to four, and more than five livebirths had relative risks of between 0.49 and 0.59 (P for trend<0.01) for all lung cancers, and between 0.32 and 0.42 (P for trend<0.001) for adenocarcinomas. This relationship was observed in both smokers and nonsmokers. Age at menarche and menopause did not seem to influence risk. Dietary soy isoflavonoid intake was associated with a statistically significant inverse trend among nonsmokers only (relative risks, 0.59 for highest versus lower quartile; P for trend, 0.021). These findings add support for the role of hormonal factors in the etiology of lung cancer among nonsmoking women, and are consistent with emerging experimental evidence in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Seow
- Department of Community, Occupational, and Family Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 16 Medical Drive, MD3, National University of Singapore (117597), Singapore.
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88
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Wang H, Jin G, Wang H, Liu G, Qian J, Jin L, Wei Q, Shen H, Huang W, Lu D. Genetic susceptibility of lung cancer associated with common variants in the 3′ untranslated regions of the adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette B1 (ABCB1) andABCC1candidate transporter genes for carcinogen export. Cancer 2009; 115:595-607. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.24042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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89
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Wang XR, Yu ITS, Chiu YL, Qiu H, Fu Z, Goggins W, Au JSK, Tse LA, Wong TW. Previous pulmonary disease and family cancer history increase the risk of lung cancer among Hong Kong women. Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20:757-63. [PMID: 19169896 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-008-9289-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chinese women in Hong Kong have among the highest incidence and mortality of lung cancer in the world, in spite of a low prevalence of smoking. We carried out this population-based case-control study to evaluate the associations of previous lung disease and family cancer history with the occurrence of lung cancer among them. We selected 212 cases that were newly diagnosed with primary lung cancer, and randomly sampled 292 controls from the community, frequency matched by age group. All the cases and controls were lifetime nonsmokers. We estimated the main effects of preexisting asthma, pulmonary tuberculosis, pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, and family lung/all cancer history, using unconditional logistic regression, accounting for various potential risk factors and confounders. All of the previous lung diseases, except chronic bronchitis, were related to an elevated risk for lung cancer, and the association with asthma was significant. Those who had more than one previous lung disease tended to be at higher risk than those with only one of them. Positive family history of any cancer was associated with over 2-fold risk than negative family history. The joint effect of positive history of previous pulmonary diseases and positive family cancer history appeared to be additive, indicating the two factors acted independently. The results support an etiological link of preexisting lung disease and family cancer history to the risk of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Rong Wang
- Department of Community & Family Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4/F, School of Public Health, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
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90
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Abstract
The 20th century witnessed the scourge of lung cancer as the disease rapidly rose the ranks to become the commonest cause of cancer mortality in the world. Epidemiological evidence conclusively associated cigarette smoking with the causation of lung cancer in the 1950s. Since then and the few decades after, lung cancer of the squamous cell or small cell histological subtypes was mainly diagnosed among male smokers in developed countries. As we move into the 21st century, the incidence of lung cancer is unlikely to abate but the burden will shift from the developed to the less-developed countries. Other epi-demiological changes of lung cancer include the narrowing of the gap between men and women affected by the disease, predominance of the adenocarcinoma histological subtypes as well as more never-smokers afflicted with the disease. Unless we eliminate tobacco smoking completely, lung cancer will continue its wrath into the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee-Keong Toh
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
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91
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Weiss JM, Lacey JV, Shu XO, Ji BT, Hou L, Yang G, Li H, Rothman N, Blair A, Gao YT, Chow WH, Zheng W. Menstrual and reproductive factors in association with lung cancer in female lifetime nonsmokers. Am J Epidemiol 2008; 168:1319-25. [PMID: 18849300 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwn257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is irrefutably the strongest risk factor for lung cancer; however, approximately 25% of cases worldwide occur among nonsmokers. The age-adjusted annual incidence rate of lung cancer in Shanghai, a region where relatively few women smoke cigarettes, is one of the highest in the world. To help further elucidate the etiology of lung cancer among nonsmokers, the authors examined hormonal factors among women who were lifetime nonsmokers. They analyzed data from the prospective Shanghai Women's Health Study, which recruited Chinese women aged 40-70 years between 1996 and 2000 from selected urban communities. The current analysis included 71,314 women (n = 220 cases) who were lifetime nonsmokers and had no history of cancer at baseline. Later age at menopause (> or =51 vs. <46 years; hazard ratio (HR) = 0.63, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.40, 1.00), longer reproductive period (> or =36 vs. <31 years; HR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.39, 0.93), higher parity (> or =4 vs. 0 children; HR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.19, 0.90), and intrauterine device use (HR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.41, 0.86) were associated with decreased risks of lung cancer. This large prospective study suggests a potential role for hormonal factors in the etiology of lung cancer among nonsmoking women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn M Weiss
- International Epidemiology Institute, 1455 Research Boulevard, Suite 550, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
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92
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Abstract
In the early 1900s, lung cancer was a rare malignancy in women, but starting from the 1960s it has progressively reached epidemic proportions, surpassing breast cancer in 1987 and becoming the leading cause of cancer deaths in many countries. Retrospective data show that the 5-year survival rate for women who have lung cancer is 15.6%, compared with 12.5% for men, and this improved survival could have important implications in the design and interpretation of lung cancer trials. Women have major responses to therapy regardless of stage, therapeutic modalities or histology. The increase of lung cancer incidence among women is reflected in their clinical trial participation, causing a survival improvement and suggesting the need of stratification by sex in future studies. No specific drugs for women with lung cancer are currently available, but researchers are devoting energies in this area in order to better understand the implication of gender differences in epidemiology, pathogenesis, prognosis and tumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Novello
- University of Torino – Department of Clinical & Biological Sciences, S. Luigi Hospital, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano (Torino), Italy
| | - Tiziana Vavalà
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sandro Pertini Hospital, Monti Tiburtini 385, 00157 Roma, Italy
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93
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Thun MJ, Hannan LM, Adams-Campbell LL, Boffetta P, Buring JE, Feskanich D, Flanders WD, Jee SH, Katanoda K, Kolonel LN, Lee IM, Marugame T, Palmer JR, Riboli E, Sobue T, Avila-Tang E, Wilkens LR, Samet JM. Lung cancer occurrence in never-smokers: an analysis of 13 cohorts and 22 cancer registry studies. PLoS Med 2008; 5:e185. [PMID: 18788891 PMCID: PMC2531137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Better information on lung cancer occurrence in lifelong nonsmokers is needed to understand gender and racial disparities and to examine how factors other than active smoking influence risk in different time periods and geographic regions. METHODS AND FINDINGS We pooled information on lung cancer incidence and/or death rates among self-reported never-smokers from 13 large cohort studies, representing over 630,000 and 1.8 million persons for incidence and mortality, respectively. We also abstracted population-based data for women from 22 cancer registries and ten countries in time periods and geographic regions where few women smoked. Our main findings were: (1) Men had higher death rates from lung cancer than women in all age and racial groups studied; (2) male and female incidence rates were similar when standardized across all ages 40+ y, albeit with some variation by age; (3) African Americans and Asians living in Korea and Japan (but not in the US) had higher death rates from lung cancer than individuals of European descent; (4) no temporal trends were seen when comparing incidence and death rates among US women age 40-69 y during the 1930s to contemporary populations where few women smoke, or in temporal comparisons of never-smokers in two large American Cancer Society cohorts from 1959 to 2004; and (5) lung cancer incidence rates were higher and more variable among women in East Asia than in other geographic areas with low female smoking. CONCLUSIONS These comprehensive analyses support claims that the death rate from lung cancer among never-smokers is higher in men than in women, and in African Americans and Asians residing in Asia than in individuals of European descent, but contradict assertions that risk is increasing or that women have a higher incidence rate than men. Further research is needed on the high and variable lung cancer rates among women in Pacific Rim countries.
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94
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Liam C, Lim K, Wong CM. Lung cancer in patients younger than 40 years in a multiracial Asian country. Respirology 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2000.00275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chong‐Kin Liam
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kim‐Hatt Lim
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Catherine Mee‐Ming Wong
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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95
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Matsuo K, Hiraki A, Ito H, Kosaka T, Suzuki T, Hirose K, Wakai K, Yatabe Y, Mitsudomi T, Tajima K. Soy consumption reduces the risk of non-small-cell lung cancers with epidermal growth factor receptor mutations among Japanese. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:1202-8. [PMID: 18429954 PMCID: PMC11159498 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00812.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations play substantial roles in genesis and proliferation of non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). We recently found that reproductive factors have a substantial impact on risk of development of NSCLCs featuring such EGFR mutations. Therefore, we explored the influence of dietary habits on NSCLC risk with reference to the EGFR mutational status. We conducted a case-control study using 353 patients with NSCLCs (122 EGFR mutated and 231 EGFR wild-type) and 1765 age-sex matched non-cancer control subjects. Dietary exposure was based on a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire and impact of major food items, like meats, seafoods, vegetables and soybean products was assessed by multivariate logistic regression. Soybean products demonstrated a protective association with EGFR mutated, but not EGFR wild-type NSCLCs, with multivariate-adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the 2nd and 3rd tertile of soybean product consumption of 0.79 (0.50-1.27) and 0.56 (0.34-0.93) relative to those in the lowest tertile (trend P = 0.023). In conclusion, soy consumption may exert a protective association against the development of NSCLCs with EGFR mutations, providing possible insights into mechanisms of their genesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Matsuo
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan.
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96
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Wu M, Che W, Zhang Z. Enhanced sensitivity to DNA damage induced by cooking oil fumes in human OGG1 deficient cells. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2008; 49:265-275. [PMID: 18338377 DOI: 10.1002/em.20381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cooking oil fumes (COFs) have been implicated as an important nonsmoking risk factor of lung cancer in Chinese women. However, the molecular mechanism of COFs-induced carcinogenicity remains unknown. To understand the molecular basis underlying COFs-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity as well as the roles of hOGG1 in the repair of COFs-induced DNA damage, a human lung cancer cell line with hOGG1 deficiency, A549-R was established by using a ribozyme gene targeting technique that specifically knockdowned hOGG1 in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells. MTT and comet assays were employed to examine cell viability and DNA damage/repair, respectively, in A549-R and A549 cell lines treated with COF condensate (COFC). RT-PCR and Western blot results showed that the expression of hOGG1 in A549-R cell line was significantly decreased compared with that in A549 cell line. The concentration of COFC that inhibited cell growth by 50% (the IC50) in the A549-R cell line was much lower than that in the A549 cell line, and more COFC-induced DNA damage was detected in the A549-R cell line. The time course study of DNA repair demonstrated delayed repair kinetics in the A549-R cell line, suggesting a decreased cellular damage repair capacity. Our results showed that hOGG1 deficiency enhanced cellular sensitivity to DNA damage caused by COFC. The results further indicate that hOGG1 plays an important role in repairing COF-induced DNA damage. Our study suggests that COFs may lead to DNA damage that is subjected to hOGG1-mediated repair pathways, and oxidative DNA damage may be involved in COF-induced carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wu
- Department of Environmental Health, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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97
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Li M, Yin Z, Guan P, Li X, Cui Z, Zhang J, Bai W, He Q, Zhou B. XRCC1 polymorphisms, cooking oil fume and lung cancer in Chinese women nonsmokers. Lung Cancer 2008; 62:145-51. [PMID: 18407370 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Revised: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1) is one of the major DNA repair proteins involved in the base excision repair (BER) and single-strand break repair (SSBR) pathway. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in XRCC1 may alter protein function and repair capacity, thus lead to genetic instability and carcinogenesis. To establish our understanding of possible relationships between XRCC1 polymorphisms (5'UTR -77T>C, Arg194Trp, Arg280His and Arg399Gln) and the susceptibility to lung cancer among women nonsmokers, we performed a hospital-based case-control study of 350 patients with newly diagnosed lung cancer and 350 cancer-free controls, frequency matched by age. Our results showed that exposure to cooking oil fume was associated with increased risk of lung cancer in Chinese women nonsmokers [odds ratio (OR)=2.51, 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.80-3.51], P<0.001]. Individuals with homozygous XRCC1 399Gln/Gln genotype (OR=1.75, 95% CI [1.02-3.01]) and XRCC1 -77 combined TC and CC genotype (OR=1.66, 95% CI [1.13-2.42]) showed a slightly higher risk for lung cancer overall. In the subgroup of adenocarcinoma cases, adjusted ORs were increased for individuals with homozygous XRCC1 399Gln/Gln genotype (OR=2.62, 95% CI [1.44-4.79]) and XRCC1 -77 combined TC and CC genotype (OR=1.85, 95% CI [1.19-2.86]). Haplotype analysis showed that T-Trp-Arg-Gln haplotypes were associated with an increased risk of lung cancer among women nonsmokers (OR=2.26, 95% CI [1.38-3.68]), however, we did not observe a statistically significant joint effect of cooking oil fume and 399Gln or -77C variant allele on lung cancer among women nonsmokers. In conclusion, XRCC1 Arg399Gln and T-77C polymorphisms may alter the risk of lung cancer in women nonsmokers in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchuan Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
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98
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Gan Q, Smith KR, Hammond SK, Hu TW. Disease burden of adult lung cancer and ischaemic heart disease from passive tobacco smoking in China. Tob Control 2008; 16:417-22. [PMID: 18048620 DOI: 10.1136/tc.2007.021477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To address the health hazards tobacco smoking imposes upon non-smokers in China, this paper estimates the burden of diseases in adults from passive tobacco smoking for two major diseases--lung cancer and ischaemic heart disease (IHD). METHODS The disease burden was estimated in terms of both premature mortality and disability adjusted life years (DALYs), a measure that accounts for both the age at death and the severity of the morbidity. RESULTS Passive smoking caused more than 22,000 lung cancer deaths in 2002 according to these estimates. When the toll of disability is added to that of mortality, passive smoking was responsible for the loss of nearly 230,000 years of healthy life from lung cancer. Using the evidence from other countries that links IHD to passive smoking, we estimated that approximately 33,800 IHD deaths could be attributable to passive smoking in China in 2002. Passive smoking is also responsible for the loss of more than one quarter of a million years of healthy life from IHD. Although most of the disease burden caused by active smoking occurs among men, women bear nearly 80% of the total burden from passive smoking. The number of deaths among women caused by passive smoking is about two-thirds of that caused by smoking for the two diseases we examined. CONCLUSION Even without considering the passive smoking risks for other diseases and among children that have been documented in other countries, passive smoking poses serious health hazards for non-smokers, especially for adult female non-smokers in China, adding more urgency to the need for measures to be taken immediately to protect the health of non-smokers and curb the nation's tobacco epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Gan
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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99
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Sapkota A, Gajalakshmi V, Jetly DH, Roychowdhury S, Dikshit RP, Brennan P, Hashibe M, Boffetta P. Indoor air pollution from solid fuels and risk of hypopharyngeal/laryngeal and lung cancers: a multicentric case-control study from India. Int J Epidemiol 2008; 37:321-8. [PMID: 18234740 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dym261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent monograph by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has identified indoor air pollution from coal usage as a known human carcinogen, while that from biomass as a probable human carcinogen. Although as much as 74% of the Indian population relies on solid fuels for cooking, very little information is available on cancer risk associated with these fuels in India. METHODS Using data from a multicentric case-control study of 799 lung and 1062 hypopharyngeal/laryngeal cancer cases, and 718 controls, we investigated indoor air pollution from various solid fuels as risk factors for these cancers in India. RESULTS Compared with never users, individuals who always used coal had an increased risk of lung cancer [odds ratio (OR) 3.76, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.64-8.63]. Long duration of coal usage (>50 years) was a risk factor for hypopharyngeal (OR 3.47, CI 0.95-12.69) and laryngeal (OR 3.65, CI 1.11-11.93) cancers. An increased risk of hypopharyngeal cancer was observed among lifelong users of wood (OR 1.62, CI 1.14-2.32), however this was less apparent among never-smokers. Increasing level of smokiness inside the home was associated with an increasing risk of hypopharyngeal and lung cancer (P(trend) < 0.05). CONCLUSION This study showed differential risks associated with indoor air pollution from wood and coal burning, and provides novel evidence on cancer risks associated with solid fuel usage in India. Our findings suggest that reducing indoor air pollution from solid fuels may contribute to prevention of these cancers in India, in addition to tobacco and alcohol control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Sapkota
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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100
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Stevens JF, Maier CS. Acrolein: sources, metabolism, and biomolecular interactions relevant to human health and disease. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008; 52:7-25. [PMID: 18203133 PMCID: PMC2423340 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 494] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Acrolein (2-propenal) is ubiquitously present in (cooked) foods and in the environment. It is formed from carbohydrates, vegetable oils and animal fats, amino acids during heating of foods, and by combustion of petroleum fuels and biodiesel. Chemical reactions responsible for release of acrolein include heat-induced dehydration of glycerol, retro-aldol cleavage of dehydrated carbohydrates, lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and Strecker degradation of methionine and threonine. Smoking of tobacco products equals or exceeds the total human exposure to acrolein from all other sources. The main endogenous sources of acrolein are myeloperoxidase-mediated degradation of threonine and amine oxidase-mediated degradation of spermine and spermidine, which may constitute a significant source of acrolein in situations of oxidative stress and inflammation. Acrolein is metabolized by conjugation with glutathione and excreted in the urine as mercapturic acid metabolites. Acrolein forms Michael adducts with ascorbic acid in vitro, but the biological relevance of this reaction is not clear. The biological effects of acrolein are a consequence of its reactivity towards biological nucleophiles such as guanine in DNA and cysteine, lysine, histidine, and arginine residues in critical regions of nuclear factors, proteases, and other proteins. Acrolein adduction disrupts the function of these biomacromolecules which may result in mutations, altered gene transcription, and modulation of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan F Stevens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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