51
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Corcoran AE, Riddell A, Krooshoop D, Venkitaraman AR. Impaired immunoglobulin gene rearrangement in mice lacking the IL-7 receptor. Nature 1998; 391:904-7. [PMID: 9495344 DOI: 10.1038/36122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To generate the full diversity of antibody heavy-chain genes, hundreds of dispersed germline V segments must undergo recombination following D-J segment joining. Here we report that this process is regulated by the alpha-chain of the receptor for interleukin-7, a cytokine that stimulates B-cell lymphopoiesis. D-J joining occurs normally in immature B lymphocytes from mice lacking the alpha-chain of the interleukin-7 receptor (IL-7Ralpha). But recombination of V segments is progressively impaired as their distance increases upstream of D/J, causing infrequent rearrangement of most V segments, which markedly reduces diversity. This is not simply due to defective cell proliferation or impaired recombinase expression. Rather, germline transcripts from distal, unrearranged V segments, a marker of chromatin changes that precede recombination, are specifically silenced. So too is expression of Pax-5, which binds to heavy-chain locus control elements and normally stimulates recombination, suggesting a mechanism for these effects. Thus ligands of the interleukin-7 receptor deliver an extrinsic signal that targets V segment recombination in the heavy-chain locus by altering the accessibility of DNA substrates to the recombinase. This mechanism augments the recombinational diversity of the primary antibody repertoire.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- B-Lymphocytes/cytology
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- DNA Nucleotidyltransferases/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain/physiology
- Interleukin-7/chemistry
- Interleukin-7/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Nuclear Proteins/biosynthesis
- PAX5 Transcription Factor
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Interleukin/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-7
- Recombination, Genetic
- Transcription Factors
- VDJ Recombinases
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Corcoran
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
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52
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ten Boekel E, Melchers F, Rolink AG. Changes in the V(H) gene repertoire of developing precursor B lymphocytes in mouse bone marrow mediated by the pre-B cell receptor. Immunity 1997; 7:357-68. [PMID: 9324356 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80357-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The V(H) repertoire on both H chain alleles of normal and lambda5-deficient B lineage cells were analyzed by single-cell PCR. The mu H chains were tested for their capacity to form a pre-B cell receptor. In bone marrow, D-proximal V(H) genes were found preferentially expressed in lambda5-deficient pre-B cells and in a newly identified early c-kit+ cytoplasmic mu H chain+ pre-B cell population of normal mice. Only half of the mu H chains expressed in these cells have the capacity to form a pre-B cell receptor. Representation of the D-proximal V(H) genes was found suppressed on the productive but not on the nonproductive V(H)DJ(H) rearranged alleles of c-kit preB-II cells and splenic lambda5-deficient B cells. More than 95% of the mu H chains expressed in preB-II cells can form a pre-B cell receptor. These results demonstrate that the pre-B cell receptor in normal mice and the B cell receptor in lambda5-deficient mice mediate a shift in the V(H) repertoire.
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53
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Bogue MA, Wang C, Zhu C, Roth DB. V(D)J recombination in Ku86-deficient mice: distinct effects on coding, signal, and hybrid joint formation. Immunity 1997; 7:37-47. [PMID: 9252118 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80508-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ku, a heterodimer of 70 and 86 kDa subunits, plays a critical but poorly understood role in V(D)J recombination. Although Ku86-deficient mice are defective in coding and signal joint formation, rare recombination products have been detected by PCR. Here, we report nucleotide sequences of 99 junctions from Ku86-deficient mice. Over 90% of the coding joints, but not signal or hybrid joints, exhibit short sequence homologies, indicating that homology is required to join coding ends in the absence of Ku86. Our results suggest that Ku86 may normally have distinct functions in the formation of these different types of junctions. Furthermore, Ku86(-/-) joints are unexpectedly devoid of N-region diversity, suggesting a novel role for Ku in the addition of N nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Nuclear
- Base Sequence
- Bone Marrow Cells
- DNA Helicases
- DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase/metabolism
- DNA Repair
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Gene Rearrangement
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin Joining Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Joining Region/metabolism
- Ku Autoantigen
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nuclear Proteins/physiology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Recombination, Genetic
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/deficiency
- Transcription Factors/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Bogue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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54
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Roman CA, Cherry SR, Baltimore D. Complementation of V(D)J recombination deficiency in RAG-1(-/-) B cells reveals a requirement for novel elements in the N-terminus of RAG-1. Immunity 1997; 7:13-24. [PMID: 9252116 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80506-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
RAG-1 is an essential component of the site-specific V(D)J recombinase. A new assay system has revealed a significant contribution of the catalytically dispensible N-terminal region of RAG-1 to recombination activity. The foundation for this system is an Abelson virus-transformed cell line derived from RAG-1(-/-) mice that is dependent on the introduction of exogenous RAG-1 for rearrangement of either plasmid substrates or the endogenous immunoglobulin loci. Use of this line demonstrates that conserved and novel cysteine-containing elements in the N-terminal region are required for full RAG-1 activity when recombination activity is in a RAG-1 dose-responsive range. Our data suggest that the RAG-1 N-terminus enhances the formation of an active recombination complex that facilitates the rearrangement process.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Roman
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA
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55
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Delassus S, Darche S, Kourilsky P, Cumano A. Maternal immunoglobulins have no effect on the rate of maturation of the B cell compartment of the offspring. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:1737-42. [PMID: 9247585 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830270721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate a general role of maternal immunoglobulins (Ig) on the kinetics of B cell development of the offspring, we studied non-genetic influences of maternal Ig on the developing immune system of B cell-competent mice. These animals were the offsprings of either B cell-deprived microMT or of normal C57BL/6 females. In these mice, we have compared the kinetics of Ig production, the numbers of B cell progenitors, the expression of surface markers specific of the B lineage and the progression of Ig variable gene expression. We show that the absence of maternal Ig has no detectable effect on the kinetics of IgM and IgG production by the offspring's immune system. The number of B cell precursors, the kinetics of generation of B cells and their pattern of surface markers expression is identical in both types of mice. The acquisition of diversity in the B cell repertoire and the changes in the ratios of variable gene family expression are also indistinguishable. We conclude that maternally derived Ig has no influence on the rate of development and maturation of the B cell compartment of the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Delassus
- Unité de Biologie Moléculaire du Gène, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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56
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Constantinescu A, Schlissel MS. Changes in locus-specific V(D)J recombinase activity induced by immunoglobulin gene products during B cell development. J Exp Med 1997; 185:609-20. [PMID: 9034140 PMCID: PMC2196138 DOI: 10.1084/jem.185.4.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/1996] [Revised: 12/13/1996] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of V(D)J recombination is crucial for regulating the development of B cells and for determining their eventual antigen specificity. Here we assess the developmental regulation of the V(D)J recombinase directly, by monitoring the double-stranded DNA breaks produced in the process of V(D)J recombination. This analysis provides a measure of recombinase activity at immunoglobulin heavy and light chain loci across defined developmental stages spanning the process of B cell development. We find that expression of a complete immunoglobulin heavy chain protein is accompanied by a drastic change in the targeting of V(D)J recombinase activity, from being predominantly active at the heavy chain locus in pro-B cells to being exclusively restricted to the light chain loci in pre-B cells. This switch in locus-specific recombinase activity results in allelic exclusion at the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus. Allelic exclusion is maintained by a different mechanism at the light chain locus. We find that immature, but not mature, B cells that already express a functional light chain protein can undergo continued light chain gene rearrangement, by replacement of the original rearrangement on the same allele. Finally, we find that the developmentally regulated targeting of V(D)J recombination is unaffected by enforced rapid transit through the cell cycle induced by an E mu-myc transgene.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Constantinescu
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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57
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Nutt SL, Urbánek P, Rolink A, Busslinger M. Essential functions of Pax5 (BSAP) in pro-B cell development: difference between fetal and adult B lymphopoiesis and reduced V-to-DJ recombination at the IgH locus. Genes Dev 1997; 11:476-91. [PMID: 9042861 DOI: 10.1101/gad.11.4.476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The Pax5 gene coding for the transcription factor BSAP has an essential role in B lymphopoiesis and midbrain development. Here we present a detailed analysis of the B-cell phenotype of Pax5 mutant mice that revealed a differential dependency of fetal and adult B lymphopoiesis on this transcriptional regulator. B-cell development is arrested in the bone marrow at the early pro-B (pre-BI) cell stage, which is characterized by expression of the early markers c-kit, CD43, lambda5, VpreB, and HSA and the absence of the later markers CD25 and BP-1. These pre-BI cells fail to express the BSAP target gene CD19 and are capable of long-term proliferation in vitro in the presence of stromal cells and IL-7. B-lymphoid progenitors could not be detected in the fetal liver of Pax5 mutant embryos. However, Pax5-deficient fetal liver cells gave rise to the development of pre-BI cells in bone marrow on transplantation into lethally irradiated mice. These data indicate different functions of Pax5 in the distinctive microenvironments of fetal liver and adult bone marrow. As shown by PCR analyses, the pre-BI cells in Pax5-deficient bone marrow have undergone D(H)-to-J(H) rearrangement of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus at normal frequency. In contrast, V(H)-to-D(H)J(H) rearrangements were reduced approximately 50-fold in Pax5-deficient pre-BI cells, suggesting a role for Pax5 in the developmental pathway controlling V-to-DJ recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Nutt
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
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58
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Abstract
Abstract
The receptor-type tyrosine kinase, c-kit is expressed in hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), myeloid, and lymphoid precursors. In c-kit ligand-deficient mice, absolute numbers of HSC are mildly reduced suggesting that c-kit is not essential for HSC development. However, c-kit− HSC cannot form spleen colonies or reconstitute hematopoietic functions in lethally irradiated recipient mice. Based on in in vitro experiments, a critical role of c-kit in B-cell development was suggested. Here we have investigated the B-cell development of c-kitnull mutant (W/W ) mice in vivo. Furthermore, day 13 fetal liver cells from wild type or W/W mice were transferred into immunodeficient RAG-2−/− mice. Surprisingly, transferred c-kit− cells gave rise to all stages of immature B cells in the bone marrow and subsequently to mature conventional B2, as well as B1, type B cells in the recipients to the same extent as transferred wild type cells. Hence, in contrast to important roles of c-kit in the expansion of HSC and the generation of erythroid and myeloid lineages and T-cell precursors, c-kit− HSC can colonize the recipient bone marrow and differentiate into B cells in the absence of c-kit.
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59
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Raaphorst FM, Raman CS, Nall BT, Teale JM. Molecular mechanisms governing reading frame choice of immunoglobulin diversity genes. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1997; 18:37-43. [PMID: 9018973 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(97)80013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F M Raaphorst
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio 78284, USA
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60
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Stanhope-Baker P, Hudson KM, Shaffer AL, Constantinescu A, Schlissel MS. Cell type-specific chromatin structure determines the targeting of V(D)J recombinase activity in vitro. Cell 1996; 85:887-97. [PMID: 8681383 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81272-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A common V(D)J recombinase that recognizes a conserved recombination signal sequence (RSS) mediates the assembly of immunoglobulin (Ig) and T cell receptor (TCR) genes in B and T cell precursors. The rearrangement of particular Ig and TCR gene segments, however, is tightly regulated with respect to cell lineage and developmental stage. Using an in vitro system, we analyzed recombinase cleavage of RSSs flanking Ig and TCR gene segments in nuclei. We found that both the lineage-specificity and temporal ordering of gene rearrangement is reflected in the accessibility of RSSs within chromatin to in vitro cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Stanhope-Baker
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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61
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Ye J, McCray SK, Clarke SH. The transition of pre-BI to pre-BII cells is dependent on the VH structure of the mu/surrogate L chain receptor. EMBO J 1996; 15:1524-33. [PMID: 8612575 PMCID: PMC450060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We have demonstrated previously that the majority ( > 90%) of VH12 B cells are absent from the adult peripheral repertoire, and that most that remain have the fourth position at the D-J function (designated 10/G4). We report here that most VH 12-expressing pre-B cells are lost during the transition from the pre-BI to the pre-BII cell stage in normal mice, and that pre-BII cell productive (P) rearrangements ar enriched in 10/G4 CDR3. This coincides with the initial expression of H chain and the generation of the mu/surrogate L chain (SL) receptor. In contrast, there is not enrichment for 10/G4 CDR3 in mu MT mice, and the frequency of P rearrangements is as expected from a random rearrangement mechanism, ruling out a biased rearrangement mechanism unique to VH12. We have also demonstrated that non-10/G4 mu chains can associate with SL and be expressed on the cell surface, suggesting that they are available on the cell surface for selection. Thus, transition of pre-BI to pre-BII cells is dependent on the structure of the VH domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ye
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599, USA
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62
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Horne MC, Roth PE, DeFranco AL. Assembly of the truncated immunoglobulin heavy chain D mu into antigen receptor-like complexes in pre-B cells but not in B cells. Immunity 1996; 4:145-58. [PMID: 8624805 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80679-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Rearrangements of the IgH locus with JH joined to reading frame 2 of DH are greatly underrepresented in B cells. These rearrangements encode the truncated heavy chain D mu. In pre-B cells, we found D mu protein expressed on the cell surface and assembled into a complex with surrogate light chains, Ig alpha, and Ig beta. Cross-linking of either mu m- or D mu m- containing pre-B cell receptors triggered signal transduction reactions. In contrast, when expressed in mature B cell lines, D mu was not detected on the cell surface and did not efficiently bind kappa immunoglobulin light chains, but did associate with Ig alpha and Ig beta. These results characterize the interactions of D mu chain with other components of the B cell antigen receptor complex and suggest possible mechanisms by which D mu expression may interfere with B cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Horne
- Department of Microbiology, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0552, USA
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63
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Löffert D, Ehlich A, Müller W, Rajewsky K. Surrogate light chain expression is required to establish immunoglobulin heavy chain allelic exclusion during early B cell development. Immunity 1996; 4:133-44. [PMID: 8624804 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80678-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Allelic exclusion at the IgH locus was examined in B lineage cells of wild-type mice and mice unable to express the surrogate light chain molecule lambda 5 using a single-cell PCR approach. By analyzing B precursor cells containing two VHDHJH rearrangements, we found that in wild-type animals, cells are allelically excluded as soon as mu chains are expressed. Furthermore, we provide evidence that in cells expressing D mu proteins VH-->DHJH rearrangement is inhibited. In contrast, in the absence of lambda 5 protein, B precursor cells were allelically "included", indicating that allelic exclusion at the IgH locus requires expression of the pre-B cell receptor either containing a mu chain or a D mu chain. However, although mu chain double-producing B precursor cells are generated in lambda 5-deficient mice, such cells were not detected among surface immunoglobulin positive B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Löffert
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Federal Republic of Germany
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64
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Marshall AJ, Kee BL, Paige CJ, Wu GE. Analysis of immunoglobulin gene rearrangement in fetal B-cell progenitors developing in vivo or in vitro. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995; 764:222-3. [PMID: 7486527 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb55830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A J Marshall
- Wellesley Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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65
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Abstract
The mouse B-cell repertoire early in ontogeny contains B cells with receptor immunoglobulins exhibiting high connectivity, multi/self-reactivity, and generally low affinity. This is due structurally to extensive restriction in the germline components used to generate the B-cell receptor. The selective pressure acting on the nascent repetoire has both negative and positive components as seen in our in vivo models. VH81X-bearing B cells from the VH81X transgenic mice (and probably from normal mice) are subject to self-selective pressure with two components: a positive one favoring a certain (self-reactive) specificity in the CD23-IgM+ population and a negative one preventing the entry of B cells with this specificity into the CD23+IgM+ compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Martin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294, USA
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66
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Ye J, McCray SK, Clarke SH. The majority of murine VH12-expressing B cells are excluded from the peripheral repertoire in adults. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25:2511-21. [PMID: 7589119 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830250916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that at birth most productive (P) VH12 rearrangements in B10.H-2aH-4bp/Wts (2a4b) mice encode a ten-amino acid CDR3, and that a significant fraction of the expected repertoire is absent. We have now examined the adult VH12 CDR3 repertoire involving all four JH gene segments in both peritoneum and spleen. Of the 74 P VH12 rearrangements from these tissues 67 encode a CDR3 of ten amino acids and include a Gly in the fourth position (designated 10/G4). Most of these rearrangements appear to derive from phosphatidylcholine (PtC)-specific B cells, which also have a 10/G4 VHCDR3, since few 10/G4 P rearrangements were present in spleen cells depleted of PtC-specific B cells. Thus, the VH12 B cell repertoire in adult mice is largely restricted to the use of a single CDR3 motif and to a single antigen specificity. This bias results from two selection events: (1) selective exclusion of most VH12 B cells from the peripheral repertoire, and (2) clonal expansion in the periphery of VH12 B cells that have a 10/G4 VHCDR3 and bind PtC. Analysis of VH12-JH1 rearrangements in viable motheaten (mev/mev) mice, which have an abnormal B cell repertoire due to a defective phosphatase (Hcph) and have barely detectable numbers of PtC-specific B cells, indicates that selective exclusion of VH12 B cells from the peripheral repertoire occurs normally, but that clonal expansion of 10/G4 VH12 B cells is minimal. This is evidence that the selective exclusion of VH12 B cells from the peripheral repertoire and the clonal expansion of VH12 B cells with a 10/G4 CDR3 are due to independent signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ye
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599, USA
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67
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Appasamy PM, Weng Y, Kenniston TW, Deleo AB, Tang L. Expression of diverse and functional TCR gamma and Ig heavy chain transcripts in fetal liver cells cultured with interleukin-7. Mol Immunol 1995; 32:805-17. [PMID: 7675042 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(95)00049-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that specific T cell receptor (TCR) gamma V regions genes (V gamma 4 and V gamma 6) are rearranged and expressed by murine fetal liver (FL) cells cultured with IL-7. The present studies determined that the sequences of the TCR V region gene transcripts expressed in response to IL-7 included diverse and functional sequences expressed by thymocyte and peripheral V gamma 4+ and V gamma 6+ T cells, indicating that the IL-7-induced expression of these genes is functionally relevant and mimics normal in vivo developmental events of gamma delta T cells. We found that more than 50% of these TCR transcripts had N region diversity. The presence of N region diversity indicates that these TCR rearrangements took place in vitro, presumably in response to IL-7, because fresh (uncultured) FL cells do not produce detectable terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) mRNA or protein. We also found that 100% of immunoglobulin (Ig) VH7183-JH4 transcripts from FL cells cultured with IL-7 had N region diversity at the V-DJ region, while only 40% of Ig VH7183-JH4 transcripts from FL cells cultured in the absence of IL-7 had N region diversity at this region. FL cell cultures supplemented for 7 days with IL-7 had increased TdT mRNA and protein levels. However, since 1-day culture of FL cells with or without IL-7 resulted in induction of expression of TdT, IL-7 probably does not directly stimulate TdT expression, but increases the development and expansion of TdT+ lymphoid cells. These findings implicate IL-7 as a regulator of the molecular signals involved in controlling TCR gamma rearrangement and diversity, and provide an in vitro system for studying the regulation of TdT and N region diversity in B and T lymphoid progenitors by environmental signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Appasamy
- Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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68
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Kee BL, Paige CJ. Murine B cell development: commitment and progression from multipotential progenitors to mature B lymphocytes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1995; 157:129-79. [PMID: 7706019 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62158-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
B lymphocytes, the cellular source of antibody, are critical components of the immune response. They develop from multipotential stem cells, progressively acquiring the traits that allow them to function as mature B lymphocytes. This developmental program is dependent on appropriate interactions with the surrounding environment. These interactions, mediated by cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, provide the growth and differentiation signals that promote progression along the developmental pathway. This chapter addresses the properties of developing B lineage cells and the nature of the environmental signals that support B lineage progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Kee
- Wellesley Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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69
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Chies JA, Lembezat MP, Freitas AA. Entry of B lymphocytes into the persistent cell pool in non-immunized mice is not accompanied by somatic mutation of VH genes. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24:1657-64. [PMID: 8026526 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830240730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study we compare VH-gene repertoires of short-lived and persistent B lymphocytes in normal nonimmunized mice. Enriched populations of persistent peripheral B cells were obtained in vivo either by (i) repeated injections with hydroxyurea or (ii) maintained ganciclovir administration to herpes simplex virus-1 thymidine kinase transgenic mice. Both approaches have previously been shown to deplete newly formed, short-lived B cells. VH genes expressed by persistent or unselected B cell populations were amplified by polymerase chain reaction, cloned using the lambda-ImmunoZAP system (Stratagene) and sequenced. The results presented here concern a total of 116 complete VH sequences from two VH gene families of established germ-line composition: VH7183 and VHX24. No differences were found between the two cell populations as to usage of D or JH segments and to the presence of N sequence additions at D/JH or VH/DJH junctions and CDR3 length. Over 90% of the sequenced VH genes were of germ-line arrangement with no evidence of somatic mutation. These results show that persistent B cells in normal mice are not of embryonic origin and that somatic hypermutation is not necessary for B cell survival. They also suggest that a significant fraction of persistent IgM+ B cells in normal mice are not generated by conventional antigenic stimulation and could represent a novel class of "memory" cells expressing germ-line repertoires.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Chies
- Unité d'Immunobiologie, CNRS, URA 359, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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70
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Ehlich A, Martin V, Müller W, Rajewsky K. Analysis of the B-cell progenitor compartment at the level of single cells. Curr Biol 1994; 4:573-83. [PMID: 7953531 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9822(00)00129-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During B-cell development in the mouse, the VH, DH and JH elements of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) locus are rearranged, firstly by DH-JH joining, and then by VH-DHJH joining. In-frame ('productive') VHDHJH joints and DHJH joints in reading frame 2 (one of the three possible DH reading frames) allow the expression of mu and truncated mu chains (D mu proteins), respectively. The expression of such molecules from one of the two IgH loci of a cell is thought to interfere with VH-DHJH recombination on the other IgH locus, and to guide the cells through further development. RESULTS We have developed a gene amplification assay that permits the examination of rearranged immunoglobulin genes in single cells. Using this assay, we monitored cells bearing DHJH and/or VHDHJH joints at early stages of development: in CD43+ B-cell progenitors, subdivided into fractions A, B, C and C' by flow cytometry, and in CD43- pre-B cells (fraction D). Fraction C was enriched for cells with two non-productive VHDHJH joints. Cells containing both a DHJH joint in DH reading frame 2 and a VHDHJH joint were not seen in any fraction. All fraction D cells harbored an in-frame VHDHJH joint. Cells with two productive VHDHJH joints appear to be selected against throughout development. CONCLUSIONS Cells expressing D mu proteins appear to be arrested in development as a result of inhibited VH-DHJH joining. Expression of the mu chain is required for maturation into CD43- pre-B cells; accordingly, cells carrying two non-productive VHDHJH joints accumulate in the CD43+ compartment. Such a developmental arrest may also affect cells that express self-reactive VHDHJH antibody domains. Our results indicate further that allelic exclusion at the IgH locus is already established at the pre-B cell stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ehlich
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Federal Republic of Germany
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71
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Cumano A, Kee BL, Ramsden DA, Marshall A, Paige CJ, Wu GE. Development of B lymphocytes from lymphoid committed and uncommitted progenitors. Immunol Rev 1994; 137:5-33. [PMID: 8034337 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1994.tb00657.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Cumano
- Wellesley Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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72
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Marcos MA, Godin I, Cumano A, Morales S, Garcia-Porrero JA, Dieterlen-Lievre F, Gaspar ML. Developmental events from hemopoietic stem cells to B-cell populations and Ig repertoires. Immunol Rev 1994; 137:155-71. [PMID: 8034333 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1994.tb00663.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M A Marcos
- Centro de Biologia Molecular, C.S.I.C.-Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain
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73
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Rolink A, Karasuyama H, Haasner D, Grawunder U, Mårtensson IL, Kudo A, Melchers F. Two pathways of B-lymphocyte development in mouse bone marrow and the roles of surrogate L chain in this development. Immunol Rev 1994; 137:185-201. [PMID: 8034335 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1994.tb00665.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Rolink
- Basel Institute for Immunology, Switzerland
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74
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Clarke SH, McCray SK. VH CDR3-dependent positive selection of murine VH12-expressing B cells in the neonate. Eur J Immunol 1993; 23:3327-34. [PMID: 8258347 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830231240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Five to fifteen percent of peritoneal B1 (CD5+) cells from unmanipulated mice produce antibodies that bind bromelain-treated mouse red blood cells and the hapten phosphatidylcholine (PtC). The majority of these B cells express either of two VH/V kappa gene combinations, VH12/V kappa 4 or VH11/V kappa 9. Both the VH11 and VH12 genes are rearranged to JH1 and encode third complementarity determining regions (CDR3) of restricted length and sequence. These and other observations argue strongly that PtC-specific B1 cells are antigen selected. To determine when selection of PtC-specific B1 cells begins in mice we have used the polymerase chain reaction to amplify VH12-D-JH1 rearrangements from livers of fetal and neonatal mice, and determined the CDR3 encoding sequences of individual clones. We find an unusually low ratio of productive (P) to non-productive (NP) rearrangements (0.4-1.0) at both developmental stages. P rearrangements in day 1 neonates are biased in D gene use and in the sequence and length of their deduced VHCDR3. These biases are similar to those of PtC-specific B1 cells in the adult peritoneum. D gene use and CDR3 length and sequence are significantly less biased among VH12 P rearrangements 2 to 3 days earlier in the day 18 fetal liver. We suggest that this rapid change in repertoire is due to positive ligand selection that is dependent on the sequence of VHCDR3. We suggest further that the majority of VH12-expressing cells are not ligand selected and consequently undergo programmed cell death. The evidence of restriction in day 1 neonatal livers and the low P/NP ratio in the fetus suggests that selection of VH12-expressing cells begins before birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Clarke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599
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75
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Gerstein RM, Lieber MR. Extent to which homology can constrain coding exon junctional diversity in V(D)J recombination. Nature 1993; 363:625-7. [PMID: 8510753 DOI: 10.1038/363625a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Among site-directed DNA recombination systems, V(D)J recombination is noteworthy in that identical reactants yield different recombination products at the junction of joined segments. This variation is the basis for diversity at the base of antigen receptor binding pockets and corresponds to V-(D)-J DNA junctions. An abundance of certain junctions has been noted. It has been proposed that these junctions are favoured because they occur where short regions of homology in participating coding ends might align preferentially. Here we use a system that is entirely free from cellular selection to show that the diversity of coding joints can be severely restricted when the coding ends participating in the reaction have short regions of homology. This constraint on diversity is diminished but not eliminated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, a mechanistic feature that has implications for the establishment of the immune repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Gerstein
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5324
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76
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Abstract
B lymphopoiesis in the mouse and in man can be divided into two phases, one in which the compartments of the B lineage are filled with cells, and a second in which these compartments are maintained by regeneration, turnover and selection. Once the immune system has been built it contains around 5 x 10(8) and 10(12) cells of the B-lymphocyte lineage in the mouse and in man, respectively, of which nearly 10 per cent are precursors that are active in regeneration, whereas over 90 per cent are resting, mature B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rolink
- Basel Institute for Immunology, Switzerland
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77
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Ramsden DA, Wu GE. The virgin B cell K:lambda ratio. RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 1992; 143:811-7; discussion 830-9. [PMID: 1287761 DOI: 10.1016/0923-2494(92)80096-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D A Ramsden
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Canada
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