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Kurban S, Mehmetoglu I. Effects of acetylsalicylic acid on serum paraoxonase activity, Ox-LDL, coenzyme Q10 and other oxidative stress markers in healthy volunteers. Clin Biochem 2009; 43:287-90. [PMID: 19891963 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2009.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to examine the effects of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on oxidative stress in healthy volunteers. DESIGN AND METHODS 30 volunteers of which 17 received ASA as 100 mg/day (Group I) and 13 received ASA as 150 mg/day (Group II) for 2 months. Serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1), arylesterase, total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidized LDL (Ox-LDL) and coenzyme Q(10) (CoQ(10)) levels were measured before and 1 and 2 months after treatment. RESULTS There was no significant differences between the measured parameters of the groups. However, TOS and Ox-LDL levels of group II were significantly reduced after 2 months of treatment (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Significantly inhibition of LDL oxidation and significantly reduction in TOS levels of group II after 2 months of ASA treatment shows that ASA treatment may contribute to the prevention of atherosclerosis, a beneficial effect which is dose and time dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevil Kurban
- University of Selcuk, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Konya, Turkey.
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Abstract
3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) are some of the most commonly prescribed drugs in the world. While lipid modification remains the primary function of statins, there has been increasing interest in its potential pleiotropic effects, particularly as an anti-inflammatory agent in its role as an antiarrhythmic. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia encountered in clinical practice and carries with it a significant burden in both morbidity and mortality. Treatment for AF currently involves either rate or rhythm control where both have demonstrable associated risks. Rate control necessitates anticoagulation, which can cause life-threatening bleeding, while rhythm control has a poor side-effect profile that may lead to greater mortality and may not completely eliminate the need for anticoagulation. Considering this pressing need for novel therapeutic interventions in AF, this long overdue systematic review explores the potential role of statins in the treatment and prevention of AF. Physicians, especially cardiologists, need to be aware of the host of currently available literature and, more importantly, need to be stimulated to generate discussion and formulate studies that will help debate the issues under the most erudite standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Dawe
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Boniface General Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Castro P, Nasser H, Abrahão A, Dos Reis LC, Riça I, Valença SS, Rezende DC, Quintas LEM, Cavalcante MCM, Porto LC, Koatz VLG. Aspirin and indomethacin reduce lung inflammation of mice exposed to cigarette smoke. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 77:1029-39. [PMID: 19161990 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil accumulation response to cigarette smoke (CS) in humans and animal models is believed to play an important role in pathogenesis of many tobacco-related lung diseases. Here we evaluated the lung anti-inflammatory effect of aspirin and indomethacin in mice exposed to CS. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to four cigarettes per day during 4 days and were treated i.p. with aspirin or indomethacin, administered each day 1h before CS exposure. Twenty four hours after the last exposure, cells and inflammatory mediators were assessed in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and the lungs used for evaluation of lipid peroxidation, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation and nuclear transcription factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation. Exposure to CS resulted in a marked lung neutrophilia. Moreover, the levels of oxidative stress-related lipid peroxidation, prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and activated NF-kappaB and p38 MAPK were greatly increased in CS group. Aspirin or indomethacin treatment led to a significant reduction of neutrophil influx, but only aspirin resulted in dramatic decrease of inflammatory mediators. Moreover, both drugs reduced lung p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB activation induced by CS. These results demonstrate that short-term CS exposure has profound airway inflammatory effects counteracted by the anti-inflammatory agents aspirin and indomethacin, probably through COX-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Castro
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Hovens MMC, Snoep JD, Groeneveld Y, Frölich M, Tamsma JT, Huisman MV. Effects of aspirin on serum C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 levels in patients with type 2 diabetes without cardiovascular disease: a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2008; 10:668-74. [PMID: 18034847 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2007.00794.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM Low-grade inflammation plays a pivotal role in atherogenesis in type 2 diabetes. Next to its antithrombotic effects, several lines of evidence demonstrate anti-inflammatory properties of aspirin. We determined the effects of aspirin on inflammation - represented by C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) - in type 2 diabetic subjects without cardiovascular disease and assessed differential effects of aspirin 300 mg compared with 100 mg. METHODS A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover trial was performed in 40 type 2 diabetic patients. In two periods of 6 weeks, patients used 100 or 300 mg aspirin and placebo. Plasma CRP and IL-6 levels were measured before and after both periods. RESULTS Use of aspirin resulted in a CRP reduction of 1.23 +/- 1.02 mg/l (mean +/- s.e.m.), whereas use of placebo resulted in a mean increase of 0.04 +/- 1.32 mg/l (P = 0.366). Aspirin reduced IL-6 with 0.7 +/- 0.5 pg/ml, whereas use of placebo resulted in a mean increase of 0.2 +/- 0.8 pg/ml (P = 0.302). There were no significant differences in effects on CRP and IL-6 between 100 and 300 mg aspirin. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that a 6-week course of aspirin does not improve low-grade inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes without cardiovascular disease, although a modest effect could not be excluded. No significant differential effects between aspirin 100 and 300 mg were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M C Hovens
- Department of General Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, Vascular Medicine Unit, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Tauseef M, Shahid M, Sharma KK, Fahim M. Antioxidative action of aspirin on endothelial function in hypercholesterolaemic rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2008; 103:314-21. [PMID: 18684223 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2008.00277.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The role of aspirin on vascular endothelial changes during hypercholesterolaemia prior to development of actual atherosclerotic lesions is not known. Therefore, in the present study, we tested the hypothesis that aspirin by its antioxidant action improves endothelial function in a rat model of hypercholesterolaemia. Hypercholesterolaemia was induced in Wistar rats by feeding a 1% cholesterol-rich diet for 10 weeks. Lipid profile, lipid peroxidation and reduced glutathione were estimated in serum. Endothelial function and beta(2)-adrenoceptor activity was tested by studying the dose-response relationship of acetylcholine and isoproterenol, respectively, on isolated aortic tissues in an organ bath setup. Hypercholesterolaemic rats showed a significant increase in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), and a significant fall in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) compared to the control rats. Isolated aortic tissues from hypercholesterolaemic rats showed endothelial dysfunction and decreased sensitivity to beta(2)-adrenoceptor. Treatment with aspirin was associated with a fall in total cholesterol, LDL-C and VLDL-C, and a significant rise in serum HDL-C. Aspirin treatment also restored endothelial function and beta(2)-adrenoceptor activity. Hypercholesterolaemic rats showed free radical generation, evident by increase in serum lipid peroxidation and reduction in serum reduced glutathione content compared to the control rats. Aspirin treatment was associated with reduction in free radical stress evident by decreased lipid peroxidation and significantly prevented reduction in glutathione content compared to hypercholesterolaemic controls. Aspirin improves endothelial function and beta(2)-adrenoceptor activity during experimentally induced hypercholesterolaemia in rats, possibly due to an antioxidant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Tauseef
- Department of Physiology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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Marchesi C, Paradis P, Schiffrin EL. Role of the renin-angiotensin system in vascular inflammation. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2008; 29:367-74. [PMID: 18579222 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2008.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Revised: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin (Ang) II, the main effector of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), is one of the major mediators of vascular remodeling in hypertension. Besides being a potent vasoactive peptide, Ang II exerts proinflammatory effects on the vasculature by inducing integrins, adhesion molecules, cytokines and growth and profibrotic mediators through activation of redox-sensitive pathways and transcription factors. Clinical findings suggest that inflammation participates in the mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of hypertension and its complications. Antagonists of the RAS have been shown to exert cardiovascular protection, in part through their vascular anti-inflammatory effects. However, further studies are needed to better understand whether inflammatory biomarkers might be clinically useful for cardiovascular risk stratification and whether targeting inflammation pharmacologically will improve cardiovascular outcomes beyond blood pressure reduction. The present review addresses recent findings regarding the pathophysiology of vascular inflammation in hypertension, focusing specifically on the role of Ang II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Marchesi
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, Sir Mortimer B Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Abstract
Endothelial activation refers to a specific change in endothelial phenotype, characterized most notably by an increase in endothelial-leukocyte interactions and permeability, which is pivotal to inflammatory responses in both physiologic and pathologic settings. An increasing body of evidence indicates an important role for reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated modulation of signal-transduction pathways in many of the processes involved in endothelial activation. ROS generated by the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase family of enzymes may be especially important in this regard. We discuss the evidence implicating redox signaling pathways in the molecular and cellular processes underlying endothelial activation and the role in cardiovascular diseases, and also provide a detailed description of NADPH oxidase regulation in endothelial cells, in view of its likely importance in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara P Alom-Ruiz
- King's College London School of Medicine, The James Black Centre, Cardiovascular Division, London, United Kingdom
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Kunisawa J, Gohda M, Kurashima Y, Ishikawa I, Higuchi M, Kiyono H. Sphingosine 1-phosphate-dependent trafficking of peritoneal B cells requires functional NFkappaB-inducing kinase in stromal cells. Blood 2008; 111:4646-52. [PMID: 18292290 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-10-120071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) regulates peritoneal B-cell trafficking and subsequent intestinal IgA production, but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. We demonstrate here that nuclear factor kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK) is involved in the regulation of S1P-mediated trafficking of peritoneal B cells. Although peritoneal B cells from NIK-mutated alymphoplasia (aly) mice expressed type 1 S1P receptor (S1P(1)) at comparable levels and demonstrated normal migration toward S1P, aly peritoneal B cells showed decreased sensitivity to FTY720, an S1P(1) modulator. NIK-mutated stromal cells showed decreased levels of adhesion molecules (VCAM-1 and ICAM-1) and increased CXCL13 expressions, leading to impaired ability to support S1P-mediated emigration, but not immigration, of peritoneal B cells. Therefore, aly peritoneal B cells exhibited normal S1P-mediated peritoneal B-cell trafficking from peritoneum to intestine for IgA production when they were transferred into severe combined immunodeficient or wild-type mice. However, S1P-mediated emigration of wild-type B cells from the aly peritoneal cavity was impaired without affecting their immigration from the blood. Further, transfer of wild-type stromal cells into the peritoneum restored S1P-mediated trafficking of aly peritoneal B cells. These findings suggest that NIK in stromal cells has a specific role in the regulation of S1P-mediated trafficking of peritoneal B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kunisawa
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Lu H, Rateri DL, Feldman DL, Charnigo RJ, Fukamizu A, Ishida J, Oesterling EG, Cassis LA, Daugherty A. Renin inhibition reduces hypercholesterolemia-induced atherosclerosis in mice. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:984-93. [PMID: 18274671 DOI: 10.1172/jci32970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) in atherosclerosis is complex because of the involvement of multiple peptides and receptors. Renin is the rate-limiting enzyme in the production of all angiotensin peptides. To determine the effects of renin inhibition on atherosclerosis, we administered the novel renin inhibitor aliskiren over a broad dose range to fat-fed LDL receptor-deficient (Ldlr(-/-)) mice. Renin inhibition resulted in striking reductions of atherosclerotic lesion size in both the aortic arch and the root. Subsequent studies demonstrated that cultured macrophages expressed all components of the RAS. To determine the role of macrophage-derived angiotensin in the development of atherosclerosis, we transplanted renin-deficient bone marrow to irradiated Ldlr(-/-) mice and observed a profound decrease in the size of atherosclerotic lesions. In similar experiments, transplantation of bone marrow deficient for angiotensin II type 1a receptors failed to influence lesion development. We conclude that renin-dependent angiotensin production in macrophages does not act in an autocrine/paracrine manner. Furthermore, in vitro studies demonstrated that coculture with renin-expressing macrophages augmented monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. Therefore, although previous work suggests that angiotensin peptides have conflicting effects on atherogenesis, we found that renin inhibition profoundly decreased lesion development in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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62
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Hussain A, Wyatt AW, Wang K, Bhandaru M, Biswas R, Avram D, Föller M, Rexhepaj R, Friedrich B, Ullrich S, Müller G, Kuhl D, Risler T, Lang F. SGK1-dependent upregulation of connective tissue growth factor by angiotensin II. Kidney Blood Press Res 2008; 31:80-6. [PMID: 18319604 DOI: 10.1159/000119703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2006] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II has previously been shown to trigger fibrosis, an effect involving connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). The signaling pathways linking angiotensin II to CTGF formation are, however, incompletely understood. A gene highly expressed in fibrosing tissue is the serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase SGK1. The present study explored whether SGK1 is transcriptionally regulated by angiotensin II and participates in the angiotensin II-dependent regulation of CTGF expression. To this end, experiments have been performed in human kidney fibroblasts and mouse lung fibroblasts from gene-targeted mice lacking SGK1 (sgk1-/-) and their wild-type littermates (sgk1+/+). In human renal fibroblasts, SGK1 and CTGF protein expression were enhanced by angiotensin II (10 nM) within 4 h. In sgk1+/+ mouse fibroblasts, SGK1 transcript levels were significantly increased after 4 h of angiotensin II treatment. Angiotensin II stimulated both transcript and protein abundance of CTGF in fibroblasts from sgk1+/+ mice, effects significantly blunted in fibroblasts of sgk1-/- mice. In conclusion, angiotensin II stimulates the expression of SGK1, which is in turn required for the stimulating effect of angiotensin II on the expression of CTGF. Thus, SGK1 presumably contributes to the profibrotic effect of angiotensin II.
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Zhang JZ, Xi X, Gao L, Kern TS. Captopril inhibits capillary degeneration in the early stages of diabetic retinopathy. Curr Eye Res 2008; 32:883-9. [PMID: 17963108 DOI: 10.1080/02713680701584123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was conducted to examine the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors on the development of early stages of diabetic retinopathy. METHODS Rats were made diabetic by injection of streptozotocin and treated with the ACE inhibitor captopril and the AT1 antagonist losartan. The extent of capillary degeneration and leukostasis in the retina were determined. RESULTS Acellular capillaries and pericyte ghosts in the retina of diabetic animals were increased by approximately two-fold after 8 months of diabetes compared with the nondiabetic control, and captopril completely inhibited this capillary degeneration. Captopril and losartan also inhibited hyperglycemia-induced leukostasis at 6 weeks and 1 week in the retinal vasculature, respectively. In cultured retinal endothelial cells, angiotensin II-induced VCAM-1 expression was inhibited by losartan. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system can block retinal capillary degeneration and inflammation in the early stages of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Zhong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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64
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Carey RM. Pathophysiology of Primary Hypertension. Microcirculation 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374530-9.00020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Bivol LM, Berge RK, Iversen BM. Tetradecylthioacetic acid prevents the inflammatory response in two-kidney, one-clip hypertension. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 294:R438-47. [PMID: 18032469 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00590.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
ANG II promotes inflammation through nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)-mediated induction of cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA), a modified fatty acid, on NF-kappaB, proinflammatory markers, ROS, and nitric oxide (NO) production in two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) hypertension. The 2K1C TTA-treated group had lower blood pressure (128 +/- 3 mmHg) compared with 2K1C nontreated (178 +/- 5 mmHg, P < 0.001). The p50 and p65 subunits of NF-kappaB were higher in the clipped kidney (0.44 +/- 0.01 and 0.22 +/- 0.01, respectively) compared with controls (0.25 +/- 0.03 and 0.12 +/- 0.02, respectively, P < 0.001). In the 2K1C TTA-treated group, these values were similar to control levels. The same pattern of response was seen in the nonclipped kidney. In 2K1C hypertension, cytokines plasma were higher than in control: TNF-alpha was 13.5 +/- 2 pg/ml (P < 0.03), IL-1beta was 58.8 +/- 10 pg/ml (P = 0.003), IL-6 was 210 +/- 33 pg/ml (P < 0.001), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 was 429 +/- 21 pg/ml (P = 0.04). In the 2K1C TTA-treated group, these values were similar to controls, and the same pattern was seen in the clipped kidney. Clipping increased 8-iso-PGF-2alpha (P < 0.01) and decreased NO production (P < 0.01 vs. control) in the urine. TTA treatment normalized these values. NO production was also lower in clipped and nonclipped kidney (P < 0.001). After TTA treatment, these values were similar to controls. The results indicate that TTA has a potent anti-inflammatory effect in 2K1C by inhibition of p50/p65 NF-kappaB subunit activation, reduction of cytokines production and ROS, and enhanced NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana M Bivol
- Renal Research Group, Institute of Medicine, Haukeland Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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Chae YJ, Kim CH, Ha TS, Hescheler J, Ahn HY, Sachinidis A. Epigallocatechin-3-O-Gallate Inhibits the Angiotensin II-Induced Adhesion Molecule Expression in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell Via Inhibition of MAPK Pathways. Cell Physiol Biochem 2007; 20:859-66. [DOI: 10.1159/000110446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Yusof M, Kamada K, Gaskin FS, Korthuis RJ. Angiotensin II mediates postischemic leukocyte-endothelial interactions: role of calcitonin gene-related peptide. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 292:H3032-7. [PMID: 17307998 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01210.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vascular inflammation and enhanced production of angiotensin II (ANG II) are involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension and diabetes, disease states that predispose the afflicted individuals to ischemic disorders. In light of these observations, we postulated that ANG II may play a role in promoting leukocyte rolling (LR) and adhesion (LA) in postcapillary venules after exposure of the small intestine to ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). Using an intravital microscopic approach in C57BL/6J mice, we showed that ANG II type I (AT1) or type II (AT2) receptor antagonism (with valsartan or PD-123319, respectively), inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) with captopril, or calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor blockade (CGRP8-37) prevented postischemic LR but did not influence I/R-induced LA. However, both postischemic LR and LA were largely abolished by concomitant AT1 and AT2 receptor blockade or chymase inhibition (with Y-40079). Additionally, exogenously administered ANG II increased LR and LA, effects that were attenuated by pretreatment with a CGRP receptor antagonist or an NADPH oxidase inhibitor (apocynin). Our work suggests that ANG II, formed by the enzymatic activity of ACE and chymase, plays an important role in inducing postischemic LR and LA, effects that involve the engagement of both AT1 and AT2 receptors and may be mediated by CGRP and NADPH oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozow Yusof
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, One Hospital Dr., Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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Dimitropoulou C, Chatterjee A, McCloud L, Yetik-Anacak G, Catravas JD. Angiotensin, bradykinin and the endothelium. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2007:255-94. [PMID: 16999222 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-32967-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensins and kinins are endogenous peptides with diverse biological actions; as such, they represent current and future targets of therapeutic intervention. The field of angiotensin biology has changed significantly over the last 50 years. Our original understanding of the crucial role of angiotensin II in the regulation of vascular tone and electrolyte homeostasis has been expanded to include the discovery of new angiotensins, their important role in cardiovascular inflammation and the development of clinically useful synthesis inhibitors and receptor antagonists. While less applied progress has been achieved in the kinin field, there are continuous discoveries in bradykinin physiology and in the complexity of kinin interactions with other proteins. The present review focuses on mechanisms and interactions of angiotensins and kinins that deal specifically with vascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dimitropoulou
- Vascular Biology Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-2500, USA
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Higuchi S, Ohtsu H, Suzuki H, Shirai H, Frank GD, Eguchi S. Angiotensin II signal transduction through the AT1 receptor: novel insights into mechanisms and pathophysiology. Clin Sci (Lond) 2007; 112:417-28. [PMID: 17346243 DOI: 10.1042/cs20060342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular signal transduction of AngII (angiotensin II) has been implicated in cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension, atherosclerosis and restenosis after injury. AT(1) receptor (AngII type-1 receptor), a G-protein-coupled receptor, mediates most of the physiological and pathophysiological actions of AngII, and this receptor is predominantly expressed in cardiovascular cells, such as VSMCs (vascular smooth muscle cells). AngII activates various signalling molecules, including G-protein-derived second messengers, protein kinases and small G-proteins (Ras, Rho, Rac etc), through the AT(1) receptor leading to vascular remodelling. Growth factor receptors, such as EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor), have been demonstrated to be 'trans'-activated by the AT(1) receptor in VSMCs to mediate growth and migration. Rho and its effector Rho-kinase/ROCK are also implicated in the pathological cellular actions of AngII in VSMCs. Less is known about the endothelial AngII signalling; however, recent studies suggest the endothelial AngII signalling positively, as well as negatively, regulates the NO (nitric oxide) signalling pathway and, thereby, modulates endothelial dysfunction. Moreover, selective AT(1)-receptor-interacting proteins have recently been identified that potentially regulate AngII signal transduction and their pathogenic functions in the target organs. In this review, we focus our discussion on the recent findings and concepts that suggest the existence of the above-mentioned novel signalling mechanisms whereby AngII mediates the formation of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaharu Higuchi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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Gorbunov NV, Das DK, Goswami SK, Gurusamy N, Atkins JL. Spatial coordination of cell-adhesion molecules and redox cycling of iron in the microvascular inflammatory response to pulmonary injury. Antioxid Redox Signal 2007; 9:483-95. [PMID: 17280489 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2006.1296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Transmigration of phagocytic leukocytes (PLCs) from the peripheral blood into injured lung requires a conversion of the microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) to the proinflammatory phenotypes and spatiotemporal interplay of different types of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) on PLC and endothelium. The present report is focused on involvement of iron-dependent redox signaling in spatial coordination of lung CAM due to either a pulmonary trauma or endotracheal iron administration in rats. Redox alterations, deposition of 3-nitrotyrosine, expression of VE-cadherin, ICAM-1, and the PLC integrins, and the status of thioredoxin, Ref-1, NF-kappaB and Nrf2 redox-sensitive elements in the alveolar microvasculature were assessed with EPR spectroscopy, immunobloting, and confocal microscopy. We demonstrated for the first time in vivo that the presence of catalytically active iron, deposition of myeloperoxidase, and induction of the oxidative stress in the lung-injury models were accompanied by (a) downregulation of VE-cadherin, (b) upregulation and polarization of ICAM-1 and the PLC integrins, and (c) nuclear translocation and interaction of thioredoxin, Ref-1, and NF-kappaB and complex structural changes in EC and PLC at the sites of their contacts. The studies suggested that a part of the proinflammatory action of iron in the lung resulted from its stimulation of the redox-sensitive factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai V Gorbunov
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, USA.
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Chen QQ, Liu WL, Guo X, Li YJ, Guo ZG. Biphasic effect of aspirin on apoptosis of bovine vascular endothelial cells and its molecular mechanism. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2007; 28:353-8. [PMID: 17302997 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2007.00518.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of aspirin on the apoptosis of cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) and the signal pathways involved in this process. METHODS BAEC were cultured and passaged in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium culture medium. Morphologic changes and quantification of apoptotic cells were determined using fluorescence microscope after staining the cells with Hoechst 33258. Cell viability was measured by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. DNA fragmentation was visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis. Phospho-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) expression was detected by Western blotting. RESULTS Aspirin at low concentrations from 1X10( -10) mol/L to 1X10( -8) mol/L decreased the apoptosis and p38 MAPK phosphorylation induced by H2O2 in BAEC, while high doses of aspirin (1X10( -7)-1X10( -4) mol/L) induced typical apoptotic changes in BAEC and stimulated the expression of phospho-p38 MAPK in a concentration-dependent manner. SB203580, a specific p38 MAPK inhibitor, blocked such effects. CONCLUSION Aspirin exhibits a biphasic effect on the apoptosis in BAEC, reducing apoptosis at low concentration and inducing apoptosis at high concentration. p38 MAPK may be an important signal molecule mediating the effects of aspirin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Quan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
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72
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Li S, Wang X, Qiu J, Si Q, Wang H, Guo H, Sun R, Wu Q. Angiotensin II Stimulates Endothelial Integrin β3Expression via Nuclear Factor-κB Activation. Exp Aging Res 2007; 32:47-60. [PMID: 16293568 DOI: 10.1080/01902140500325049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the effect and part mechanism of angiotensin II-stimulated integrin beta3 gene expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Protein level and mRNA level of integrin beta3 expression were determined using enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Four plasmids of 5'-different deletion of integrin beta3 gene promoter were constructed to transiently transfected into cells to uncover the region in response to angiotensin II. Blockade of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling pathway effect on integrin beta3 expression was analyzed by cotransfection with mutant plasmids for NF-kappaB-inducing kinase, inhibitory proteins alpha and beta of NF-kappaB kinase, respectively, together with the integrin beta3 plasmid including the sequence -1486 approximately - 900. The study found that 10(-8) mol/L,10(-7) mol/L, 10(-6) mol/L, and 10(-5) mol/L angiotensin II increased integrin beta(3) protein level by 45%, 52%, 62%, and 73% respectively. Angiotensin II at 10(-6) mol/L increased integrin beta3 mRNA level by 67%. The luciferase activity of the integrin beta3 plasmid PGL3 - 1486 approximately - 900 increased by 84.72% in response to angiotensin II. N-acetylcysteine blocked angiotensin II-induced NF-kappaB activity and integrin beta3 expression. Blockade of NF-kappaB signaling pathway abolished the stimulation of angiotensin II. These results suggest that angiotensin II stimulates integrin beta3 expression partly by NF-kappaB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumin Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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73
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Tauseef M, Sharma KK, Fahim M. Aspirin restores normal baroreflex function in hypercholesterolemic rats by its antioxidative action. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 556:136-43. [PMID: 17187777 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2006] [Revised: 10/31/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Besides its well-known effects on platelet aggregation, aspirin has been suggested to be an antioxidant and is also known to improve the lipid profile. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that aspirin by its antioxidant effect, improves haemodynamic profile and baroreflex sensitivity in rat model of hypercholesterolemia. Hypercholesterolemia was induced in Wistar rats by feeding 1% cholesterol rich diet for 10 weeks. Lipid profile, lipid peroxidation and reduced glutathione were estimated in serum. Haemodynamic changes and baroreflex were measured in anaesthetized rats. Hypercholesterolemic rats showed significant increase in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C) and atherogenic index and significant decrease in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C). Significant rise in blood pressure, heart rate and attenuation of baroreflex sensitivity were also found in hypercholesterolemic rat. Aspirin in the dose of 100 mg/kg showed significant decrease in total cholesterol, LDL-C, VLDL-C and atherogenic index and significant increase in HDL-C. Aspirin treatment prevented the rise in blood pressure, heart rate and significantly improved baroreflex sensitivity in hypercholesterolemic rats. Hypercholesterolemic rats showed free radical generation, evident by a significant increase in serum lipid peroxidation and significant reduction in serum reduced glutathione content. Aspirin treatment significantly decreased lipid peroxidation and significantly increased reduced glutathione content. We have demonstrated that aspirin improves baroreflex response and prevents the rise in blood pressure and heart rate possibly by reducing sympathetic activity due to its antioxidant effect in experimentally induced hypercholesterolemic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Tauseef
- Department of Physiology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, P. O. Box 2101, Delhi-110007, India
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74
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Naito Y, Shimozawa M, Manabe H, Nakabe N, Katada K, Kokura S, Yoshida N, Ichikawa H, Kon T, Yoshikawa T. Azelnidipine, a new calcium channel blocker, inhibits endothelial inflammatory response by reducing intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 546:11-8. [PMID: 16919261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2006] [Revised: 06/19/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) plays an important in the development of atherosclerosis by stimulating the production of reactive oxygen species in endothelial cells, and thereby up-regulating vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). The objectives of the present study were to determine the effects of azelnidipine, a new calcium channel blocker, on the expression of VCAM-1 induced by 7-ketocholesterol, components of ox-LDL, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). The scavenging activities of azelnidipine against superoxide, hydroxyl, and carbon-centered radicals were determined by electron spin resonance assay. The levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species were determined fluorometrically with the use of dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H(2)DCF-DA). Human aortic endothelial cells and U937 were used as endothelial cells and monocytic cells, respectively. The surface expression and mRNA levels of VCAM-1 were determined by enzyme immunoassay and RT-PCR performed on endothelial cell monolayers stimulated with 7-ketocholesterol or TNF-alpha. The numbers of monocytic cells adhering on the stimulated endothelial cells were counted in the microscopic fields. Translocation of p65 protein to the nucleus was estimated by fluorescence microscopy. Azelnidipine, but not nifedipine, reduced the signal intensity of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals. Azelnidipine scavenged hydroxyl radicals, but not superoxide radicals. Intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species and RelA (p65) nuclear translocation in stimulated endothelial cells were reduced by azelnidipine. Azelnidipine significantly inhibited the expression of protein and mRNA of VCAM-1, and prevented the U937 cell adhesion to endothelial cells treated with 7-ketocholesterol or TNF-alpha. These results suggest that azelnidipine works as an anti-atherogenic agent by inhibiting the reactive oxygen species-dependent expression of VCAM-1 induced by 7-ketocholesterol and TNF-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Naito
- Department of Medical Proteomics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
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75
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Ono H, Ichiki T, Ohtsubo H, Fukuyama K, Imayama I, Iino N, Masuda S, Hashiguchi Y, Takeshita A, Sunagawa K. CAMP-response element-binding protein mediates tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in endothelial cells. Hypertens Res 2006; 29:39-47. [PMID: 16715652 DOI: 10.1291/hypres.29.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension causes endothelial dysfunction, which plays an important role in atherogenesis. The vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) contributes to atherosclerotic lesion formation by recruiting leukocytes from blood into tissues. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) induces endothelial dysfunction and VCAM-1 expression in endothelial cells (ECs). We examined whether the cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB), a transcription factor that mediates cytokine expression and vascular remodeling, is involved in TNFalpha-induced VCAM-1 expression. TNFalpha induced phosphorylation of CREB with a peak at 15 min of stimulation in a dose-dependent manner in bovine aortic ECs. Pharmacological inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK) inhibited TNFalpha-induced CREB phosphorylation. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of a dominant-negative form of CREB suppressed TNFalpha-induced VCAM-1 and c-fos expression. Although activating protein 1 DNA binding activity was attenuated by overexpression of dominant negative CREB, nuclear factor-kappaB activity was not affected. Our results suggest that the p38-MAPK/CREB pathway plays a critical role in TNFalpha-induced VCAM-1 expression in vascular endothelial cells. The p38MAPK/CREB pathway may be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ono
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
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76
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Petnehazy T, Cooper D, Stokes KY, Russell J, Wood KC, Granger DN. Angiotensin II type 1 receptors and the intestinal microvascular dysfunction induced by ischemia and reperfusion. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006; 290:G1203-10. [PMID: 16469824 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00578.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The acute phase of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is mediated by leukocytes and is characterized by oxidative stress and blood cell recruitment. Upregulation of angiotensin II type 1 receptors (AT1-R) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of conditions associated with oxidative stress. The AT1-R-antagonist Losartan (Los) attenuates leukocyte recruitment following I/R. However, the role of AT1-R in intestinal I/R injury and the associated platelet-leukocyte interactions remains unclear. The objective of this study was to define the contribution of AT1-R to I/R-induced blood cell recruitment in intestinal venules. Leukocyte and platelet adhesion were quantified by intravital microscopy in the small bowel of C57Bl/6 [wild-type (WT)] mice exposed to sham operation or 45 min of ischemia and 4 h of reperfusion. A separate WT group received Los for 7 days before gut I/R (WT-I/R + Los). AT1-R bone marrow chimeras that express AT1-R on the vessel wall but not blood cells also underwent I/R. Platelet and leukocyte adhesion as well as AT1-R expression in the gut microvasculature were significantly elevated after I/R. All of these responses were attenuated in the WT-I/R + Los group, compared with untreated I/R mice. A comparable abrogation of I/R-induced blood cell adhesion was noted in AT1-R bone marrow chimeras. I/R-induced platelet adhesion was unaltered in mice overexpressing Cu,Zn-SOD or mice deficient in NAD(P)H oxidase. These data suggest that although gut I/R upregulates endothelial expression of AT1-R, engagement of these angiotensin II receptors on blood cells is more important in eliciting the prothrombogenic and proinflammatory state observed in postischemic gut venules, through a superoxide-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Petnehazy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, 71130, USA
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77
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Chen J, Liu Y, Liu H, Hermonat PL, Mehta JL. Molecular Dissection of Angiotensin II–Activated Human LOX-1 Promoter. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26:1163-8. [PMID: 16484599 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000209998.73303.b5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
LOX-1, a receptor for oxidized low-density lipoprotein, plays a critical role in atherosclerosis. Its expression is upregulated by pro-atherogenic stimuli, such as angiotensin II (Ang II). In this study, we explored LOX-1 transcriptional promoter activation in response to Ang II in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs).
Methods and Results—
We constructed full-length and deletion LOX-1 promoter mutants and examined their activation in response to Ang II in HCAECs. The Ang II (1 μmol/L for 24 hours) markedly induced LOX-1 promoter activity beyond the basal level, and a 116-bp fragment (between nt −2247 and −2131) was necessary for this induction. Within this 116-bp promoter fragment, there is a potential binding motif for transcription factor NF-κB. By EMSA, we observed the activation of NF-κB by Ang II. The critical role of NF-κB in Ang II–induced LOX-1 promoter activation was confirmed by mutagenesis assay, and further confirmed by blocking NF-κB activation with the NF-κB inhibitor caffeic acid phenethyl ester or NF-κB p65 siRNA.
Conclusion—
This study strongly suggests that Ang II, by activating NF-κB, induces LOX-1 promoter activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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78
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Katerinaki E, Haycock JW, Lalla R, Carlson KE, Yang Y, Hill RP, Lorigan PC, MacNeil S. Sodium salicylate inhibits TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB activation, cell migration, invasion and ICAM-1 expression in human melanoma cells. Melanoma Res 2006; 16:11-22. [PMID: 16432451 DOI: 10.1097/01.cmr.0000195698.58013.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) upregulates human melanoma cell integrin expression, migration and invasion in vitro. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent sodium salicylate on TNF-alpha-induced activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and TNF-alpha-stimulated cell migration and invasion through fibronectin. HBL human melanoma cells were pre-incubated with sodium salicylate prior to stimulation with TNF-alpha for 24 h. NF-kappaB activation was measured using an assay that detects changes in the expression of a luciferase reporter gene under the direct control of NF-kappaB transcriptional activity. The effect of sodium salicylate and TNF-alpha on HBL cell invasion over 20 h and migration over 24 h was studied using fibronectin invasion and 'scratch wound' migration models in vitro, as described previously. Sodium salicylate inhibited TNF-alpha-stimulated NF-kappaB activation in melanoma cells in a concentration-dependent manner, and this was achieved with pre-incubation times as short as 15 min. TNF-alpha-stimulated ICAM-1 expression in HBL cells was also downregulated by sodium salicylate, although in a manner inversely related to the concentration of this agent. In functional assays, TNF-alpha stimulated migration and invasion, and sodium salicylate significantly reduced the extent of melanoma invasion and migration in both the presence and absence of TNF-alpha. In conclusion, sodium salicylate effectively inhibited TNF-alpha-induced upregulation of NF-kappaB, ICAM-1 expression, in-vitro migration and invasion in human melanoma cells, indicating that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be a useful therapeutic approach to oppose inflammation-induced melanoma invasion and metastasis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthymia Katerinaki
- University of Sheffield, Section of Human Metabolism, Division of Clinical Sciences, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield, UK
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79
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease of the arterial wall where both innate and adaptive immunoinflammatory mechanisms are involved. Inflammation is central at all stages of atherosclerosis. It is implicated in the formation of early fatty streaks, when the endothelium is activated and expresses chemokines and adhesion molecules leading to monocyte/lymphocyte recruitment and infiltration into the subendothelium. It also acts at the onset of adverse clinical vascular events, when activated cells within the plaque secrete matrix proteases that degrade extracellular matrix proteins and weaken the fibrous cap, leading to rupture and thrombus formation. Cells involved in the atherosclerotic process secrete and are activated by soluble factors, known as cytokines. Important recent advances in the comprehension of the mechanisms of atherosclerosis provided evidence that the immunoinflammatory response in atherosclerosis is modulated by regulatory pathways, in which the two anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β play a critical role. The purpose of this review is to bring together the current information concerning the role of cytokines in the development, progression, and complications of atherosclerosis. Specific emphasis is placed on the contribution of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines to pathogenic (innate and adaptive) and regulatory immunity in the context of atherosclerosis. Based on our current knowledge of the role of cytokines in atherosclerosis, we propose some novel therapeutic strategies to combat this disease. In addition, we discuss the potential of circulating cytokine levels as biomarkers of coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Tedgui
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U. 689, Cardiovascular Research Center Lariboisiere, and University Paris 7, Paris, France.
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80
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Ruiz-Ortega M, Esteban V, Rupérez M, Sánchez-López E, Rodríguez-Vita J, Carvajal G, Egido J. Renal and vascular hypertension-induced inflammation: role of angiotensin II. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2006; 15:159-66. [PMID: 16481883 DOI: 10.1097/01.mnh.0000203190.34643.d4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We will focus on the recent findings concerning the inflammatory response in vascular and renal tissues caused by hypertension. RECENT FINDINGS Angiotensin II is one of the main factors involved in hypertension-induced tissue damage. This peptide regulates the inflammatory process. Angiotensin II activates circulating cells, and participates in their adhesion to the activated endothelium and subsequent transmigration through the synthesis of adhesion molecules, chemokines and cytokines. Among the intracellular signals involved in angiotensin II-induced inflammation, the production of reactive oxygen species and the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB are the best known. SUMMARY The pharmacological blockade of angiotensin II actions, by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor antagonists, results in beneficial organ protective effects, in addition to the effects of these agents on blood pressure control, that can be explained by the blockade of the angiotensin II-induced pro-inflammatory response. These data provide a rationale for the use of blockers of the renin-angiotensin system to prevent vascular and renal inflammation in patients with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Vascular and Renal Research Laboratory, Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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81
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Mitogen activated protein kinase signaling in the kidney: target for intervention? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/sita.200500063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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82
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Wu L, Iwai M, Li Z, Li JM, Mogi M, Horiuchi M. Nifedipine inhibited angiotensin II-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 expression: involvement of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase and nuclear factor kappa B-inducing kinase. J Hypertens 2006; 24:123-30. [PMID: 16331110 DOI: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000198031.30095.d1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effect of nifedipine, a 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium antagonist, on the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) induced by angiotensin II (Ang II) was examined using vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) isolated from rat thoracic aorta. METHODS AND RESULTS Ang II increased the expression of MCP-1 messenger RNA accompanied by an increase in nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) binding activity to the cis DNA element in the promoter region of MCP-1. Ang II also decreased the cytosolic level of the inhibitor of NF-kappaB (IkappaB) and increased the phosphorylation of IkappaB subunits, IkappaBalpha and IkappaBbeta, as well as the phosphorylation of IkappaB kinase (IKK) subunits, IKKalpha and IKKbeta, suggesting that Ang II enhanced the breakdown of IkappaB. Nifedipine decreased MCP-1 mRNA expression, together with NF-kappaB binding activity to the promoter region of MCP-1 induced by Ang II. Nifedipine also attenuated the decrease in the cytosolic level of IkappaB, and the phosphorylation of IkappaB and IKK subunits induced by Ang II. Moreover, Ang II increased the phosphorylation of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK), and this increase was significantly inhibited by nifedipine. CONCLUSION As NIK is reported to activate IKK, our results suggest that nifedipine attenuates the effect of Ang II on MCP-1 expression in VSMC by regulating the activity of NF-kappaB through NIK, IKK and IkappaB.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/cytology
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL2/biosynthesis
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- I-kappa B Kinase/metabolism
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Nifedipine/pharmacology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/drug effects
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- NF-kappaB-Inducing Kinase
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Medical Biochemistry and Cardiovascular Biology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Tohon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
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83
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Abstract
There is mounting evidence to support the influence of inflammation in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation (AF). Indeed, AF is associated with increased levels of known inflammatory markers, even after adjustment for confounding factors. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) appears to play a key role in this process. Atrial biopsies from patients with AF have also confirmed the presence of inflammation. Furthermore, there is preliminary evidence to support a number of drug therapies that have the potential to reduce the clinical burden of AF. In this review, we present an overview of the evidence supporting a link between inflammation and AF, and some of the drug therapies, such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, steroids, fish oils, and vitamin C, that might be efficacious in the prevention of AF by modulating inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Boos
- Haemostasis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology Unit, University Department of Medicine, City Hospital, Birmingham B18 7QH, UK
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84
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Szabó C, Pacher P, Zsengellér Z, Vaslin A, Komjáti K, Benkö R, Chen M, Mabley JG, Kollai M. Angiotensin II-mediated endothelial dysfunction: role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation. Mol Med 2005; 10:28-35. [PMID: 15502880 PMCID: PMC1431352 DOI: 10.2119/2004-00001.szabo] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (AII) contributes to the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular disorders. Oxidant-mediated activation of poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) plays a role in the development of endothelial dysfunction and the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases. We have investigated whether activation of the nuclear enzyme PARP contributes to the development of AII-induced endothelial dysfunction. AII in cultured endothelial cells induced DNA single-strand breakage and dose-dependently activated PARP, which was inhibited by the AII subtype 1 receptor antagonist, losartan; the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase inhibitor, apocynin; and the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. Infusion of sub-pressor doses of AII to rats for 7 to 14 d induced the development of endothelial dysfunction ex vivo. The PARP inhibitors PJ34 or INO-1001 prevented the development of the endothelial dysfunction and restored normal endothelial function. Similarly, PARP-deficient mice infused with AII for 7 d were found resistant to the AII-induced development of endothelial dysfunction, as opposed to the wild-type controls. In spontaneously hypertensive rats there was marked PARP activation in the aorta, heart, and kidney. The endothelial dysfunction, the cardiovascular alterations and the activation of PARP were prevented by the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril. We conclude that AII, via AII receptor subtype 1 activation and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generation, triggers DNA breakage, which activates PARP in the vascular endothelium, leading to the development of endothelial dysfunction in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Szabó
- Inotek Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Suite 419E, 100 Cummings Center, Beverly, MA 01915, USA.
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85
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Soehnlein O, Schmeisser A, Cicha I, Reiss C, Ulbrich H, Lindbom L, Daniel WG, Garlichs CD. ACE Inhibition Lowers Angiotensin-II-Induced Monocyte Adhesion to HUVEC by Reduction of p65 Translocation and AT1 Expression. J Vasc Res 2005; 42:399-407. [PMID: 16088213 DOI: 10.1159/000087340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 06/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors interfere with several key events of vascular inflammation resulting in impressive reductions in coronary vascular events. However, in human arteries ACE inhibitors block the production of angiotensin II (AngII) incompletely because of the involvement of alternative pathways in local AngII formation. Therefore, our study concentrated on the presumed modulation by ACE inhibition of local AngII-mediated inflammatory actions by a mechanism independent of blockage of AngII formation. We analyzed the effect of the ACE inhibitor ramiprilat on AngII-dependent cell adhesion molecule (CAM) expression and adhesion of monocytic THP-1 cells to endothelial cells. AngII induced upregulation of P-selectin, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 on endothelial cells via activation of AT 1, which was correlated with enhanced THP-1 adhesion in flow chamber assays. Both enhanced adhesion and adhesion molecule expression were significantly reduced by pretreatment with ramiprilat. Ramiprilat reduced AT 1 expression on endothelial cells and decreased the AngII-induced p65 translocation into the nucleus. Diminished AT 1 expression and adhesion molecule expression in response to ramiprilat treatment were partially reversed after incubation with a bradykinin 2 receptor antagonist, suggesting that elevated bradykinin levels under ACE inhibition may be involved in the beneficial effect of ACE inhibitors. Thus, modulation of the local AngII system by ramiprilat may at least in part contribute to the benefits of ACE inhibition in the treatment of atherosclerotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Soehnlein
- Medical Clinic II, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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86
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Kwon KH, Murakami A, Hayashi R, Ohigashi H. Interleukin-1beta targets interleukin-6 in progressing dextran sulfate sodium-induced experimental colitis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 337:647-54. [PMID: 16202978 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.09.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2005] [Accepted: 09/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an immunologically mediated disorder that is characterized by chronic, relapsing, and inflammatory responses. Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced experimental colitis in mice has been recognized as a useful model for human IBD and interleukin (IL)-1beta is a key cytokine in the onset of IBD. The purpose of the present study was to clarify which pro-inflammatory mediators are targeted by IL-1beta in mice with DSS-induced colitis. First, we found that DSS markedly induced IL-1beta production in both dose- and time-dependent manners (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) in murine peritoneal macrophages (pMphi), while that of tumor necrosis factor-alpha was insignificant. Further, the expressions of mRNA and protein for IL-1beta were increased in colonic mucosa and pMphi from mice that received drinking water containing 5% DSS for 7 days (P < 0.01, each). In addition, the expressions of IL-6, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA were also time dependently increased (P < 0.01, each). Furthermore, administration of rIL-1beta (10 microg/kg, i.p.) significantly induced the expressions of IL-1beta and IL-6 mRNA in colonic mucosa from non-treated mice (P < 0.01). Anti-mIL-1beta antibody treatments (50 microg/kg, i.p.) attenuated DSS-induced body weight reduction and shortening of the colorectum (P < 0.05, each), and abrogated the expressions of IL-1beta and IL-6 mRNA in colonic mucosa (P < 0.01, each). Our results evidently support the previous findings that IL-1beta is involved in the development of DSS-induced experimental colitis in mice, and strongly suggest that IL-1beta targets itself and IL-6 for progressing colonic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Han Kwon
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Japan
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87
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Ohtsu H, Frank GD, Utsunomiya H, Eguchi S. Redox-dependent protein kinase regulation by angiotensin II: mechanistic insights and its pathophysiology. Antioxid Redox Signal 2005; 7:1315-26. [PMID: 16115037 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2005.7.1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are proposed to induce cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, restenosis, and fibrosis, through several mechanisms. One such mechanism involves ROS acting as intracellular second messengers, which lead to induction of unique signal transductions. Angiotensin II (AngII), a potent cardiovascular pathogen, stimulates ROS production through the G protein-coupled AngII type 1 receptor expressed in its target organs, such as vascular tissues, heart, and kidney. Recent accumulating evidence indicates that through ROS production, AngII activates downstream ROS-sensitive kinases that are critical in mediating cardiovascular remodeling. Each of these ROS-sensitive kinases could potentially mediate its own specific function. In this review, we will focus our discussion on the current findings that suggest novel mechanisms of how AngII mediates activation of these redox-sensitive kinases in target organs, as well as the pathological significance of their activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Ohtsu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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88
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Chu AJ. Tissue factor mediates inflammation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 440:123-32. [PMID: 16036212 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2005] [Accepted: 06/10/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of tissue factor (TF) in inflammation is mediated by blood coagulation. TF initiates the extrinsic blood coagulation that proceeds as an extracellular signaling cascade by a series of active serine proteases: FVIIa, FXa, and thrombin (FIIa) for fibrin clot production in the presence of phospholipids and Ca2+. TF upregulation resulting from its enhanced exposure to clotting factor FVII/FVIIa often manifests not only hypercoagulable but also inflammatory state. Coagulant mediators (FVIIa, FXa, and FIIa) are proinflammatory, which are largely transmitted by protease-activated receptors (PAR) to elicit inflammation including the expression of tissue necrosis factor, interleukins, adhesion molecules (MCP-1, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, selectins, etc.), and growth factors (VEGF, PDGF, bFGF, etc.). In addition, fibrin, and its fragments are also able to promote inflammation. In the event of TF hypercoagulability accompanied by the elevations in clotting signals including fibrin overproduction, the inflammatory consequence could be enormous. Antagonism to coagulation-dependent inflammation includes (1) TF downregulation, (2) anti-coagulation, and (3) PAR blockade. TF downregulation and anti-coagulation prevent and limit the proceeding of coagulation cascade in the generation of proinflammatory coagulant signals, while PAR antagonists block the transmission of such signals. These approaches are of significance in interrupting the coagulation-inflammation cycle in contribution to not only anti-inflammation but also anti-thrombosis for cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur J Chu
- MRC, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, PR China.
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89
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Yamagishi SI, Nakamura K, Ueda S, Kato S, Imaizumi T. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) blocks angiotensin II signaling in endothelial cells via suppression of NADPH oxidase: a novel anti-oxidative mechanism of PEDF. Cell Tissue Res 2005; 320:437-45. [PMID: 15846509 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-005-1094-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2004] [Accepted: 02/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II), the dominant effector of the renin-angiotensin system, regulates numerous inflammatory-proliferative responses in vascular wall cells and is thus involved in atherosclerosis. We have previously shown that pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) inhibits advanced glycation end-product-induced pericyte apoptosis, thereby exerting beneficial effects on diabetic retinopathy. However, a role for PEDF in vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis remains to be elucidated. In this study, we have examined whether PEDF inhibits the Ang-II-induced endothelial cell (EC) activation in vitro and the way that it might achieve this effect. Ang II significantly induced redox-sensitive transcriptional factor NF-kappaB activation and subsequent monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in human umbilical vein ECs (HUVEC), both of which were completely inhibited by PEDF or the anti-oxidant N-acetylcysteine. PEDF or diphenylene iodonium, an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, inhibited Ang-II-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in HUVEC. Furthermore, PEDF inhibited Ang-II-induced up-regulation of mRNA levels of p22phox, Nox4, and gp91phox/Nox2, which are membrane components of NADPH oxidase, and its enzymatic activity in HUVEC. Antisense, but not sense, DNAs against p22phox, Nox4, or gp91phox/Nox2 were found significantly to inhibit Ang-II-induced ROS generation in HUVEC. These results demonstrate that PEDF inhibits Ang-II-induced EC activation by suppressing NADPH-oxidase-mediated ROS generation and that PEDF may play a protective role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho-Ichi Yamagishi
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, 830-0011, Japan.
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90
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Abramson JL, Hooper WC, Jones DP, Ashfaq S, Rhodes SD, Weintraub WS, Harrison DG, Quyyumi AA, Vaccarino V. Association between novel oxidative stress markers and C-reactive protein among adults without clinical coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis 2005; 178:115-21. [PMID: 15585208 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2003] [Accepted: 08/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increases in the inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP) have been associated with a higher risk of incident coronary heart disease (CHD). The causes of increased CRP, however, are not completely understood. Studies suggest that oxidative stress may have pro-inflammatory effects, but data on the relationship between oxidative stress and CRP in healthy persons is sparse. METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted a cross-sectional study of oxidative stress markers and high sensitivity CRP (hsCRP) among 126 adults without CHD. Markers of oxidative stress included the free oxygen radical test (FORT), which reflects levels of organic hydroperoxides, and the redox potential of the reduced glutathione/glutathione disulfide couple, (Eh) GSH/GSSG. In a linear regression model that adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, and other potential hsCRP determinants, the FORT was positively associated with log-transformed hsCRP and explained 14% of log-transformed hsCRP variance (P < 0.001). In contrast, (Eh) GSH/GSSG showed little association with hsCRP. CONCLUSIONS Among adults free of CHD, oxidative stress, as measured by the FORT, is significantly associated with higher hsCRP levels, independent of BMI and other CRP determinants. This result suggests that oxidative stress may be a determinant of CRP levels and promote pro-atherosclerotic inflammatory processes at the earliest stages of CHD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome L Abramson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Briarcliff Complex, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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91
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Touyz RM. Molecular and cellular mechanisms in vascular injury in hypertension: role of angiotensin II – editorial review. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2005; 14:125-31. [PMID: 15687838 DOI: 10.1097/00041552-200503000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Emerging evidence indicates that hypertension is a vascular disease associated with inflammation, induced through redox-sensitive mechanisms that are regulated by angiotensin II. This review focuses on the role of inflammation, oxidative stress and angiotensin II in vascular injury and discusses implications of these processes in hypertension. RECENT FINDINGS The dogma that hypertension is primarily a consequence of hemodynamic alterations has changed over the recent past, with compelling evidence that high blood pressure is linked to vascular damage, oxidative stress and inflammation. Of the many factors implicated in hypertensive vascular disease, angiotensin II appears to be one of the most important. Angiotensin II, a multifunctional peptide regulating vascular contraction, growth and fibrosis, has recently been identified as proinflammatory mediator. Angiotensin II increases vascular permeability, promotes recruitment of inflammatory cells into tissues, and directly activates infiltrating immune cells, which further contribute to the inflammatory process. Moreover, angiotensin II participates in tissue repair and remodeling, by stimulating cell growth and fibrosis. Many of these processes are mediated through increased generation of reactive oxygen species (oxidative stress). SUMMARY Inflammation, oxidative stress and hypertension are closely interrelated. Here we discuss the (patho)physiology of vascular inflammation in hypertension, focusing specifically on the role of angiotensin II and reactive oxygen species. By understanding molecular and cellular mechanisms of hypertensive vascular disease will allow for more targeted therapy and hopefully improved management and treatment of patients with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhian M Touyz
- MRC Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, 110 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2W 1R7.
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92
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Petnehazy T, Stokes KY, Russell JM, Granger DN. Angiotensin II Type-1 Receptor Antagonism Attenuates the Inflammatory and Thrombogenic Responses to Hypercholesterolemia in Venules. Hypertension 2005; 45:209-15. [PMID: 15655122 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000154085.27868.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia elicits an inflammatory response in the microvasculature that is accompanied by an increased expression of angiotensin II type-1 receptors (AT1-R) on platelets, leukocytes, and endothelial cells. AT1-R blockade attenuates inflammatory responses to angiotensin II (eg, adhesion molecule expression and reactive oxygen species production). We investigated whether AT1-R antagonism attenuates the platelet and leukocyte recruitment induced by acute hypercholesterolemia in postcapillary venules. Leukocyte and platelet adhesion and oxidative stress were quantified by intravital microscopy in cremaster muscle, and P-selectin and AT1-R expression was determined in mice placed on a normal diet (ND) or high-cholesterol diet (HCD) for 2 weeks. Platelet and leukocyte adhesion was significantly elevated by hypercholesterolemia. In HCD mice receiving losartan (HCD-Los) in drinking water, platelet and leukocyte recruitment was reduced to ND levels. Increased platelet adhesion was observed in HCD mice receiving platelets from HCD-Los mice, consistent with a direct beneficial action of losartan on the vessel wall. Hypercholesterolemia elicited an oxidative stress in venules and an increased expression of P-selectin and AT1-R. The oxidative stress and AT1-R upregulation were reduced by losartan, but the P-selectin response was not. We propose that AT1-R engagement contributes to the prothrombogenic and proinflammatory state induced in venules by hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Petnehazy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 E Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
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93
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Abstract
Leukocyte migration from the blood into tissues is vital for immune surveillance and inflammation. During this diapedesis of leukocytes, the leukocytes bind to endothelial cell adhesion molecules and then migrate across the vascular endothelium. Endothelial cell adhesion molecules and their counter-receptors on leukocytes generate intracellular signals. This review focuses on the active function of endothelial cells during leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions. We include a discussion of the "outside-in" signals in endothelial cells, which are stimulated by antibody cross-linking or leukocyte binding to platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Some of these signals in endothelial cells have been demonstrated to actively participate in leukocyte migration. We suggest that some of the adhesion molecule signals, which have not been assigned a function, are consistent with signals that stimulate retraction of lateral junctions, stimulate endothelial cell basal surface adhesion, or induce gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan M Cook-Mills
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0529, USA.
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94
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Khan Q, Mehta JL. Relevance of Platelet-independent Effects of Aspirin to Its Salutary Effect in Atherosclerosis-related Events. J Atheroscler Thromb 2005; 12:185-90. [PMID: 16141621 DOI: 10.5551/jat.12.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a close inter-relationship between oxidative stress, coagulation, inflammation, and smooth muscle cell growth as key components of atherosclerosis (Fig. 1). As an analgesic and anti-pyretic, aspirin has been in use for over a century. It acetylates the COX enzyme, irreversibly inhibiting the formation of prostaglandin. Its action on platelet TxA2 has highlighted its role as an anti-thrombotic agent in cardiovascular patients. Over the last two decades, unique anti-inflammatory properties of aspirin not shared by other non-steroidals have been discovered. Aspirin biotransforms into salicylate, which has diverse but potent anti-inflammatory properties. As we strive to better understand the concepts of atherogenesis, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial activation, these novel effects of aspirin provide new insights as to how this wonder drug works. These effects of aspirin alter many, if not all, components of the atherogenesis cascade shown in Fig. 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qaisar Khan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of Medicine and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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95
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Sattler KJE, Woodrum JE, Galili O, Olson M, Samee S, Meyer FB, Zhu XY, Lerman LO, Lerman A. Concurrent Treatment With Renin-Angiotensin System Blockers and Acetylsalicylic Acid Reduces Nuclear Factor κB Activation and C-Reactive Protein Expression in Human Carotid Artery Plaques. Stroke 2005; 36:14-20. [PMID: 15576654 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000150643.08420.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
The local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and cyclooxygenase-2 contribute to the activation of nuclear factor κB (NFκB) and C-reactive protein (CRP). We hypothesized that the combination of RAS blockers (RASb) and ASA reduces NFκB and CRP within atherosclerotic plaques.
Methods—
Patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy were divided into groups according to treatment (RASb–acetylsalicylic acid [ASA], ASA, RASb, and control). The expression of NFκB, CRP, and CD40L was analyzed through Western blots in the obtained plaques.
Results—
Plaques from patients treated with the combination of RASb and ASA showed lower expression of NFκB (25.4±9.8 densitometric units [DU]) than those of the control group (57.6±13.2 DU,
P
=0.03) as well as lower expression of CRP (20.9±9.6 DU) than those of the other treatment groups (ASA 86.1±13 DU, RASb 88.4±31 DU, controls 67.8±18.6,
P
=0.004). A negative expression of NFκB was associated with a reduced incidence of symptoms compared with a positive expression (5/33 [15.1%] versus 14/35 [40%],
P
=0.031).
Conclusions—
The combined treatment with RASb and ASA decreases the expression of inflammatory markers in atherosclerosis in humans. This study supports the role of the local RAS and cyclooxygenase-2 in the progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J E Sattler
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minn 55905, USA
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96
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Abstract
Inflammation plays a pivotal role in all stages of atherogenesis, from foam cell to plaque formation to rupture and ultimately to thrombosis. Insight gained from recent basic and clinical data linking inflammation to atherosclerosis has yielded important diagnostic and prognostic information. Low-grade chronic inflammation as measured by high sensitivity C-reactive protein predicts future risk of acute coronary syndrome independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. In addition, individuals with higher "inflammatory burden" gain the largest absolute risk reduction with aggressive risk-lowering therapy. The link between inflammation and atherosclerosis provides a new venue for future pharmacologic agents that may slow the progression of atherosclerosis by inhibiting inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi H Shishehbor
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Desk F25, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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97
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Smith GR, Missailidis S. Cancer, inflammation and the AT1 and AT2 receptors. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2004; 1:3. [PMID: 15813980 PMCID: PMC1074345 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-1-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2004] [Accepted: 09/30/2004] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The critical role of inappropriate inflammation is becoming accepted in many diseases that affect man, including cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative conditions, infection and cancer. This review proposes that cancer up-regulates the angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor through systemic oxidative stress and hypoxia mechanisms, thereby triggering chronic inflammatory processes to remodel surrounding tissue and subdue the immune system. Based on current literature and clinical studies on angiotensin receptor inhibitors, the paper concludes that blockade of the AT1 receptor in synergy with cancer vaccines and anti-inflammatory agents should offer a therapy to regress most, if not all, solid tumours. With regard to cancer being a systemic disease, an examination of supporting evidence for a systemic role of AT1 in relationship to inflammation in disease and injury is presented as a logical progression. The evidence suggests that regulation of the mutually antagonistic angiotensin II receptors (AT1 and AT2) is an essential process in the management of inflammation and wound recovery, and that it is an imbalance in the expression of these receptors that leads to disease. In consideration of cancer induced immune suppression, it is further postulated that the inflammation associated with bacterial and viral infections, is also an evolved means of immune suppression by these pathogens and that the damage caused, although incidental, leads to the symptoms of disease and, in some cases, death. It is anticipated that manipulation of the angiotensin system with existing anti-hypertensive drugs could provide a new approach to the treatment of many of the diseases that afflict mankind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Robert Smith
- Research Department, Perses Biosystems Limited, University of Warwick Science Park, Coventry, CV4 7EZ, UK
| | - Sotiris Missailidis
- Chemistry Department, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
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98
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Schiffrin EL, Touyz RM. From bedside to bench to bedside: role of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in remodeling of resistance arteries in hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 287:H435-46. [PMID: 15277186 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00262.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto L Schiffrin
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension and Hypertension Clinic, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Quebec, Canada H2W 1R7.
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99
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Khwaja F, Allen J, Lynch J, Andrews P, Djakiew D. Ibuprofen Inhibits Survival of Bladder Cancer Cells by Induced Expression of the p75NTR Tumor Suppressor Protein. Cancer Res 2004; 64:6207-13. [PMID: 15342406 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-3814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used to reduce inflammation and as analgesics by inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2. At higher concentrations, some NSAIDs inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of cancer cells. Although several molecular mechanisms have been postulated to explain the anticancer effects of NSAIDs, they do not involve merely the inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2, and a more proximate initiator molecule may be regulated by NSAIDs to inhibit growth. The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) is a proximate cell membrane receptor glycoprotein that has been identified as a tumor and metastasis suppressor. We observed that NSAID treatment of cell lines from bladder and other organs induced expression of the p75NTR protein. Of the different types of NSAIDs examined, ibuprofen was more efficacious than aspirin and acetaminophen and comparable with (R)-flurbiprofen and indomethacin in induction of p75NTR protein expression. This rank order NSAID induction of the p75NTR protein correlated with the ability of these NSAIDs to reduce cancer cell survival. To examine a mechanistic relationship between ibuprofen induction of p75NTR protein and inhibition of survival, bladder cancer cells were transfected with ponasterone A-inducible vectors that expressed a death domain-deleted (DeltaDD) or intracellular domain-deleted (DeltaICD) p75NTR product that acts as a dominant negative antagonist of the intact p75NTR protein. Expression of DeltaDD and DeltaICD rescued cells from ibuprofen inhibition of growth. These observations suggest that p75NTR is an important upstream modulator of the anticancer effects of NSAIDs and that ibuprofen induction of the p75NTR protein establishes an alternate mechanism by which ibuprofen may exert an anticancer effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Khwaja
- Department of Cell Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057-1436, USA
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100
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Lee H, Lin CI, Liao JJ, Lee YW, Yang HY, Lee CY, Hsu HY, Wu HL. Lysophospholipids increase ICAM-1 expression in HUVEC through a Gi- and NF-kappaB-dependent mechanism. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2004; 287:C1657-66. [PMID: 15294853 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00172.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S-1-P) are both low molecular weight lysophospholipid (LPL) ligands that are recognized by the Edg family of G protein-coupled receptors. In endothelial cells, these two ligands activate Edg receptors, resulting in cell proliferation and cell migration. The intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1, CD54) is one of many cell adhesion molecules belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. This study showed that LPA and S-1-P enhance ICAM-1 expression at both the mRNA and protein levels in human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). This enhanced ICAM-1 expression in HUVECs was first observed at 2 h postligand treatment. Maximal expression appeared at 8 h postligand treatment, as detected by flow cytometry and Western blotting. Furthermore, the effects of S-1-P on ICAM-1 expression were shown to be concentration dependent. Prior treatment of HUVECs with pertussis toxin, a specific inhibitor of G(i), ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate and BAY 11-7082, inhibitors of the nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB pathway, or Clostridium difficile toxin B, an inhibitor of Rac, prevented the enhanced effect of LPL-induced ICAM-1 expression. However, pretreatment of HUVECs with exoC3, an inhibitor of Rho, had no effect on S-1-P-enhanced ICAM-1 expression. In a static cell-cell adhesion assay system, pretreatment of LPL enhanced the adhesion between HUVECs and U-937 cells, a human mononucleated cell line. The enhanced adhesion effect could be prevented by preincubation with a functional blocking antibody against human ICAM-1. These results suggest that LPLs released by activated platelets might enhance interactions of leukocytes with the endothelium through a G(i)-, NF-kappaB-, and possibly Rac-dependent mechanism, thus facilitating wound healing and inflammation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsinyu Lee
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106, ROC.
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