51
|
Owen R, Reilly GC. In vitro Models of Bone Remodelling and Associated Disorders. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:134. [PMID: 30364287 PMCID: PMC6193121 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of bone remodelling by diseases such as osteoporosis results in an imbalance between bone formation by osteoblasts and resorption by osteoclasts. Research into these metabolic bone disorders is primarily performed in vivo; however, in the last decade there has been increased interest in generating in vitro models that can reduce or replace our reliance on animal testing. With recent advances in biomaterials and tissue engineering the feasibility of laboratory-based alternatives is growing; however, to date there are no established in vitro models of bone remodelling. In vivo, remodelling is performed by organised packets of osteoblasts and osteoclasts called bone multicellular units (BMUs). The key determinant of whether osteoclasts form and remodelling occurs is the ratio between RANKL, a cytokine which stimulates osteoclastogenesis, and OPG, its inhibitor. This review initially details the different circumstances, conditions, and factors which have been found to modulate the RANKL:OPG ratio, and fundamental factors to be considered if a robust in vitro model is to be developed. Following this, an examination of what has been achieved thus far in replicating remodelling in vitro using three-dimensional co-cultures is performed, before overviewing how such systems are already being utilised in the study of associated diseases, such as metastatic cancer and dental disorders. Finally, a discussion of the most important considerations to be incorporated going forward is presented. This details the need for the use of cells capable of endogenously producing the required cytokines, application of mechanical stimulation, and the presence of appropriate hormones in order to produce a robust model of bone remodelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gwendolen C. Reilly
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Insigneo Institute for in silico Medicine, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Pacheco-Costa R, Davis HM, Atkinson EG, Dilley JE, Byiringiro I, Aref MW, Allen MR, Bellido T, Plotkin LI. Reversal of loss of bone mass in old mice treated with mefloquine. Bone 2018; 114:22-31. [PMID: 29879544 PMCID: PMC6056320 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by imbalanced bone remodeling, elevated osteocyte apoptosis, and decreased bone mass and mechanical properties; and improved pharmacologic approaches to counteract bone deterioration with aging are needed. We examined herein the effect of mefloquine, a drug used to treat malaria and systemic lupus erythematosus and shown to ameliorate bone loss in glucocorticoid-treated patients, on bone mass and mechanical properties in young and old mice. Young 3.5-month-old and old 21-month-old female C57BL/6 mice received daily injections of 5 mg/kg/day mefloquine for 14 days. Aging resulted in the expected changes in bone volume and mechanical properties. In old mice mefloquine administration reversed the lower vertebral cancellous bone volume and bone formation; and had modest effects on cortical bone volume, thickness, and moment of inertia. Mefloquine administration did not change the levels of the circulating bone formation markers P1NP or alkaline phosphatase, whereas levels of the resorption marker CTX showed trends towards increase with mefloquine treatment. In addition, and as expected, aging bones exhibited an accumulation of active caspase3-expressing osteocytes and higher expression of apoptosis-related genes compared to young mice, which were not altered by mefloquine administration at either age. In young animals, mefloquine induced higher periosteal bone formation, but lower endocortical bone formation. Further, osteoclast numbers were higher on the endocortical bone surface and circulating CTX levels were increased, in mefloquine- compared to vehicle-treated young mice. Consistent with this, addition of mefloquine to bone marrow cells isolated from young mice led to increased osteoclastic gene expression and a tendency towards increased osteoclast numbers in vitro. Taken together our findings identify the age and bone-site specific skeletal effects of mefloquine. Further, our results highlight a beneficial effect of mefloquine administration on vertebral cancellous bone mass in old animals, raising the possibility of using this pharmacologic inhibitor to preserve skeletal health with aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Pacheco-Costa
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Hannah M Davis
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Emily G Atkinson
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Julian E Dilley
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Innocent Byiringiro
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Mohammad W Aref
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Matthew R Allen
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Teresita Bellido
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Lilian I Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), as nanometer-scale particles, include exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. EVs are released by most cell types, such as bone marrow stem cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and immune cells. In bone-remodeling microenvironments, EVs deliver specific proteins (e.g., tenascin C and Sema4D), microRNAs (e.g., miR-214-3p, miR-183-5p, and miR-196a), and other growth factors (e.g., bone morphogenetic protein 1 to 7 and transforming growth factor β1) to osteoblasts and regulate bone formation. In addition, EVs can deliver cytokines, such as RANK (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB) and RANKL (RANK ligand), and microRNAs, such as miR-218 and miR-148a, to modulate osteoclast differentiation during bone resorption. EVs also transfer bioactive molecules and have targeted therapies in bone-related diseases. Moreover, bioactive molecules in EVs are biomarkers in bone-related diseases. We highlight the emerging role of EVs in bone remodeling during physiologic and pathologic conditions and summarize the role of EVs in tooth development and regeneration. At the end of this review, we discuss the challenges of EV application in the treatment of bone diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Liu
- 1 Department of Endodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Sun
- 2 Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Q Zhang
- 1 Department of Endodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Bottini M, Mebarek S, Anderson KL, Strzelecka-Kiliszek A, Bozycki L, Simão AMS, Bolean M, Ciancaglini P, Pikula JB, Pikula S, Magne D, Volkmann N, Hanein D, Millán JL, Buchet R. Matrix vesicles from chondrocytes and osteoblasts: Their biogenesis, properties, functions and biomimetic models. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:532-546. [PMID: 29108957 PMCID: PMC5801150 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix vesicles (MVs) are released from hypertrophic chondrocytes and from mature osteoblasts, the cells responsible for endochondral and membranous ossification. Under pathological conditions, they can also be released from cells of non-skeletal tissues such as vascular smooth muscle cells. MVs are extracellular vesicles of approximately 100-300nm diameter harboring the biochemical machinery needed to induce mineralization. SCOPE OF THE REVIEW The review comprehensively delineates our current knowledge of MV biology and highlights open questions aiming to stimulate further research. The review is constructed as a series of questions addressing issues of MVs ranging from their biogenesis and functions, to biomimetic models. It critically evaluates experimental data including their isolation and characterization methods, like lipidomics, proteomics, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and proteoliposome models mimicking MVs. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS MVs have a relatively well-defined function as initiators of mineralization. They bind to collagen and their composition reflects the composition of lipid rafts. We call attention to the as yet unclear mechanisms leading to the biogenesis of MVs, and how minerals form and when they are formed. We discuss the prospects of employing upcoming experimental models to deepen our understanding of MV-mediated mineralization and mineralization disorders such as the use of reconstituted lipid vesicles, proteoliposomes and, native sample preparations and high-resolution technologies. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE MVs have been extensively investigated owing to their roles in skeletal and ectopic mineralization. MVs serve as a model system for lipid raft structures, and for the mechanisms of genesis and release of extracellular vesicles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bottini
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, 00133 Roma, Italy; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Saida Mebarek
- Universite Lyon 1, UFR Chimie Biochimie, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; ICBMS UMR 5246 CNRS, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; INSA, Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; CPE, Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; Universite de Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Karen L Anderson
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Agnieszka Strzelecka-Kiliszek
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz Bozycki
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ana Maria Sper Simão
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Departamento de Química, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maytê Bolean
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Departamento de Química, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Pietro Ciancaglini
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Departamento de Química, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Joanna Bandorowicz Pikula
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Slawomir Pikula
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - David Magne
- Universite Lyon 1, UFR Chimie Biochimie, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; ICBMS UMR 5246 CNRS, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; INSA, Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; CPE, Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; Universite de Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Niels Volkmann
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dorit Hanein
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - José Luis Millán
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rene Buchet
- Universite Lyon 1, UFR Chimie Biochimie, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; ICBMS UMR 5246 CNRS, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; INSA, Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; CPE, Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; Universite de Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Iordachescu A, Hulley P, Grover LM. A novel method for the collection of nanoscopic vesicles from an organotypic culture model. RSC Adv 2018; 8:7622-7632. [PMID: 29568511 PMCID: PMC5819369 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra12511a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanovesicles, exosomes and other membrane bound particles excreted by cells are currently gaining research attention since they have been shown to play a significant role in many biologically related processes. Vesicles are now thought to mediate cellular communication, transmission of some diseases and pathologically mediated calcification. Matrix vesicles have long been proposed to be central to the controlled mineralisation of bone. They remain relatively poorly studied, however, since they are challenging to extract from biological media. One difficulty is the presence of a mineral content in comparison to pure lipid vesicles, meaning that standard separation process such as ultracentrifugation are unable to precisely separate on the basis of size or weight. In this paper we report the separation of matrix vesicles from an organotypic bone culture system using a process of immunoprecipitation. Matrix vesicles were extracted using polymeric beads that were modified with an antibody for tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNALP), a surface marker abundant in bone-derived vesicles. The vesicles isolated were positive for adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the substrate for TNALP and were demonstrated to have a high-binding affinity to type I collagen, the principal collagen type found in bone. This protocol enables more detailed study of the process and regulation of mineralisation. Cellular nanovesicles have been shown to play a significant role in many biological processes. Organotypic bone culture systems are a source of physiologically-relevant mineralisation vesicles, which can be immuno-selected for investigation.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Iordachescu
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. .,Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Old Road, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Philippa Hulley
- Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Old Road, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Liam M Grover
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
|
57
|
Conditional deletion of RB1 in the Tie2 lineage leads to aortic valve regurgitation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190623. [PMID: 29304157 PMCID: PMC5755794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Aortic valve disease is a complex process characterized by valve interstitial cell activation, disruption of the extracellular matrix culminating in valve mineralization occurring over many years. We explored the function of the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) in aortic valve disease, given its critical role in mesenchymal cell differentiation including bone development and mineralization. Approach and results We generated a mouse model of conditional pRb knockout (cKO) in the aortic valve regulated by Tie2-Cre-mediated excision of floxed RB1 alleles. Aged pRb cKO animals showed significantly more aortic valve regurgitation by echocardiography compared to pRb het control animals. The pRb cKO aortic valves had increased leaflet thickness without increased cellular proliferation. Histologic studies demonstrated intense α-SMA expression in pRb cKO leaflets associated with disorganized extracellular matrix and increased leaflet stiffness. The pRb cKO mice also showed increased circulating cytokine levels. Conclusions Our studies demonstrate that pRb loss in the Tie2-lineage that includes aortic valve interstitial cells is sufficient to cause age-dependent aortic valve dysfunction.
Collapse
|
58
|
Davies OG, Cox SC, Williams RL, Tsaroucha D, Dorrepaal RM, Lewis MP, Grover LM. Annexin-enriched osteoblast-derived vesicles act as an extracellular site of mineral nucleation within developing stem cell cultures. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12639. [PMID: 28974747 PMCID: PMC5626761 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as natural delivery vehicles capable of enhancing tissue regeneration could represent an exciting new phase in medicine. We sought to define the capacity of EVs derived from mineralising osteoblasts (MO-EVs) to induce mineralisation in mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) cultures and delineate the underlying biochemical mechanisms involved. Strikingly, we show that the addition of MO-EVs to MSC cultures significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced the expression of alkaline phosphatase, as well as the rate and volume of mineralisation beyond the current gold-standard, BMP-2. Intriguingly, these effects were only observed in the presence of an exogenous phosphate source. EVs derived from non-mineralising osteoblasts (NMO-EVs) were not found to enhance mineralisation beyond the control. Comparative label-free LC-MS/MS profiling of EVs indicated that enhanced mineralisation could be attributed to the delivery of bridging collagens, primarily associated with osteoblast communication, and other non-collagenous proteins to the developing extracellular matrix. In particular, EV-associated annexin calcium channelling proteins, which form a nucleational core with the phospholipid-rich membrane and support the formation of a pre-apatitic mineral phase, which was identified using infrared spectroscopy. These findings support the role of EVs as early sites of mineral nucleation and demonstrate their value for promoting hard tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O G Davies
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK. .,School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - S C Cox
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - R L Williams
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - D Tsaroucha
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - R M Dorrepaal
- UCD School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - M P Lewis
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - L M Grover
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
van Driel M, van Leeuwen JPTM. Vitamin D endocrinology of bone mineralization. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 453:46-51. [PMID: 28606868 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bone is a dynamic tissue that is strongly influenced by endocrine factors to restore the balance between bone resorption and bone formation. Bone formation involves the mineralization of the extracellular matrix formed by osteoblasts. In this process the role of vitamin D (1α,25(OH)2D3) is both direct and indirect. The direct effects are enabled via the Vitamin D Receptor (VDR); the outcome is dependent on the presence of other factors as well as origin of the osteoblasts, treatment procedures and species differences. Vitamin D stimulates mineralization of human osteoblasts but is often found inhibitory for mineralization of murine osteoblasts. In this review we will overview the current knowledge of the role of the vitamin D endocrine system in controlling the mineralization process in bone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein van Driel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Ooishi T, Nadano D, Matsuda T, Oshima K. Extracellular vesicle-mediated MFG-E8 localization in the extracellular matrix is required for its integrin-dependent function in mouse mammary epithelial cells. Genes Cells 2017; 22:885-899. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Ooishi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences; Nagoya University; Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Daita Nadano
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences; Nagoya University; Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Tsukasa Matsuda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences; Nagoya University; Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Kenzi Oshima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences; Nagoya University; Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Abstract
During the process of endochondral bone formation, chondrocytes and osteoblasts mineralize their extracellular matrix (ECM) by promoting the synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HA) seed crystals in the sheltered interior of membrane-limited matrix vesicles (MVs). Several lipid and proteins present in the membrane of the MVs mediate the interactions of MVs with the ECM and regulate the initial mineral deposition and posterior propagation. Among the proteins of MV membranes, ion transporters control the availability of phosphate and calcium needed for initial HA deposition. Phosphatases (orphan phosphatase 1, ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 and tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase) play a crucial role in controlling the inorganic pyrophosphate/inorganic phosphate ratio that allows MV-mediated initiation of mineralization. The lipidic microenvironment can help in the nucleation process of first crystals and also plays a crucial physiological role in the function of MV-associated enzymes and transporters (type III sodium-dependent phosphate transporters, annexins and Na+/K+ ATPase). The whole process is mediated and regulated by the action of several molecules and steps, which make the process complex and highly regulated. Liposomes and proteoliposomes, as models of biological membranes, facilitate the understanding of lipid-protein interactions with emphasis on the properties of physicochemical and biochemical processes. In this review, we discuss the use of proteoliposomes as multiple protein carrier systems intended to mimic the various functions of MVs during the initiation and propagation of mineral growth in the course of biomineralization. We focus on studies applying biophysical tools to characterize the biomimetic models in order to gain an understanding of the importance of lipid-protein and lipid-lipid interfaces throughout the process.
Collapse
|
62
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To discuss current knowledge on the role of connexins and pannexins in the musculoskeletal system. RECENT FINDINGS Connexins and pannexins are crucial for the development and maintenance of both bone and skeletal muscle. In bone, the presence of connexin and more recently of pannexin channels in osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes has been described and shown to be essential for normal skeletal development and bone adaptation. In skeletal muscles, connexins and pannexins play important roles during development and regeneration through coordinated regulation of metabolic functions via cell-to-cell communication. Further, under pathological conditions, altered expression of these proteins can promote muscle atrophy and degeneration by stimulating inflammasome activity. In this review, we highlight the important roles of connexins and pannexins in the development, maintenance, and regeneration of musculoskeletal tissues, with emphasis on the mechanisms by which these molecules mediate chemical (e.g., ATP and prostaglandin E2) and physical (e.g., mechanical stimulation) stimuli that target the musculoskeletal system and their involvement in the pathophysiological changes in both genetic and acquired diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilian I Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS5045, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
| | - Hannah M Davis
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS5045, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Bruno A Cisterna
- Departamento de Fisiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan C Sáez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile.
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Cui L, Rashdan NA, Zhu D, Milne EM, Ajuh P, Milne G, Helfrich MH, Lim K, Prasad S, Lerman DA, Vesey AT, Dweck MR, Jenkins WS, Newby DE, Farquharson C, Macrae VE. End stage renal disease-induced hypercalcemia may promote aortic valve calcification via Annexin VI enrichment of valve interstitial cell derived-matrix vesicles. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2985-2995. [PMID: 28369848 PMCID: PMC5575563 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) have elevated circulating calcium (Ca) and phosphate (Pi), and exhibit accelerated progression of calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). We hypothesized that matrix vesicles (MVs) initiate the calcification process in CAVD. Ca induced rat valve interstitial cells (VICs) calcification at 4.5 mM (16.4‐fold; p < 0.05) whereas Pi treatment alone had no effect. Ca (2.7 mM) and Pi (2.5 mM) synergistically induced calcium deposition (10.8‐fold; p < 0.001) in VICs. Ca treatment increased the mRNA of the osteogenic markers Msx2, Runx2, and Alpl (p < 0.01). MVs were harvested by ultracentrifugation from VICs cultured with control or calcification media (containing 2.7 mM Ca and 2.5 mM Pi) for 16 hr. Proteomics analysis revealed the marked enrichment of exosomal proteins, including CD9, CD63, LAMP‐1, and LAMP‐2 and a concomitant up‐regulation of the Annexin family of calcium‐binding proteins. Of particular note Annexin VI was shown to be enriched in calcifying VIC‐derived MVs (51.9‐fold; p < 0.05). Through bioinformatic analysis using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA), the up‐regulation of canonical signaling pathways relevant to cardiovascular function were identified in calcifying VIC‐derived MVs, including aldosterone, Rho kinase, and metal binding. Further studies using human calcified valve tissue revealed the co‐localization of Annexin VI with areas of MVs in the extracellular matrix by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Together these findings highlight a critical role for VIC‐derived MVs in CAVD. Furthermore, we identify calcium as a key driver of aortic valve calcification, which may directly underpin the increased susceptibility of ESRD patients to accelerated development of CAVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cui
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nabil A Rashdan
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Dongxing Zhu
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Elspeth M Milne
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Ajuh
- Gemini Biosciences Ltd, Liverpool Science Park, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Milne
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Miep H Helfrich
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Kelvin Lim
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Infirmary Hospital of Edinburgh (NHS Lothian), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sai Prasad
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Infirmary Hospital of Edinburgh (NHS Lothian), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel A Lerman
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Infirmary Hospital of Edinburgh (NHS Lothian), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alex T Vesey
- University/BHF Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marc R Dweck
- University/BHF Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - William S Jenkins
- University/BHF Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David E Newby
- University/BHF Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Farquharson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Vicky E Macrae
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Salvi GE, Bosshardt DD, Lang NP, Abrahamsson I, Berglundh T, Lindhe J, Ivanovski S, Donos N. Temporal sequence of hard and soft tissue healing around titanium dental implants. Periodontol 2000 2017; 68:135-52. [PMID: 25867984 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present review was to summarize the evidence available on the temporal sequence of hard and soft tissue healing around titanium dental implants in animal models and in humans. A search was undertaken to find animal and human studies reporting on the temporal dynamics of hard and soft tissue integration of titanium dental implants. Moreover, the influence of implant surface roughness and chemistry on the molecular mechanisms associated with osseointegration was also investigated. The findings indicated that the integration of titanium dental implants into hard and soft tissue represents the result of a complex cascade of biological events initiated by the surgical intervention. Implant placement into alveolar bone induces a cascade of healing events starting with clot formation and continuing with the maturation of bone in contact with the implant surface. From a genetic point of view, osseointegration is associated with a decrease in inflammation and an increase in osteogenesis-, angiogenesis- and neurogenesis-associated gene expression during the early stages of wound healing. The attachment and maturation of the soft tissue complex (i.e. epithelium and connective tissue) to implants becomes established 6-8 weeks following surgery. Based on the findings of the present review it can be concluded that improved understanding of the mechanisms associated with osseointegration will provide leads and targets for strategies aimed at enhancing the clinical performance of titanium dental implants.
Collapse
|
65
|
Extracellular Vesicles and Autophagy in Osteoarthritis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:2428915. [PMID: 28078284 PMCID: PMC5203887 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2428915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a type of chronic joint disease that is characterized by the degeneration and loss of articular cartilage and hyperplasia of the synovium and subchondral bone. There is reasonable knowledge about articular cartilage physiology, biochemistry, and chondrocyte metabolism. However, the etiology and pathogenesis of OA remain unclear and need urgent clarification to guide the early diagnosis and treatment of OA. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-linking particles that are released from cells. In recent decades, several special biological properties have been found in EV, especially in terms of cartilage. Autophagy plays a critical role in the regulation of cellular homeostasis. Likewise, more and more research has gradually focused on the effect of autophagy on chondrocyte proliferation and function in OA. The synthesis and release of EV are closely associated with autophagy. At the same time, both EV and autophagy play a role in OA development. Based on the mechanism of EV and autophagy in OA development, EV may be beneficial in the early diagnosis of OA; on the other hand, the combination of EV and autophagy-related regulatory drugs may provide insight into possible OA therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
66
|
Segeletz S, Hoflack B. Proteomic approaches to study osteoclast biology. Proteomics 2016; 16:2545-2556. [PMID: 27350065 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bone is a dynamic tissue whose remodeling throughout life is orchestrated by repeated cycles of destruction mediated by osteoclasts and rebuilding by osteoblasts. Current understanding of osteoclast biology has largely relied on the generation of knockout mice exhibiting an abnormal bone phenotype. This has provided a better understanding of osteoclast biology and the key proteins that support osteoclast function. However, mouse models alone do not provide an integrated view on protein networks and post-translational modifications that might be important for osteoclast function. During the past years, a number of MS-based quantitative methods have been developed to investigate the complexity of biological systems. This review will summarize how such approaches have contributed to the understanding of osteoclast differentiation and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Segeletz
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bernard Hoflack
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Cui L, Houston DA, Farquharson C, MacRae VE. Characterisation of matrix vesicles in skeletal and soft tissue mineralisation. Bone 2016; 87:147-58. [PMID: 27072517 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The importance of matrix vesicles (MVs) has been repeatedly highlighted in the formation of cartilage, bone, and dentin since their discovery in 1967. These nano-vesicular structures, which are found in the extracellular matrix, are believed to be one of the sites of mineral nucleation that occurs in the organic matrix of the skeletal tissues. In the more recent years, there have been numerous reports on the observation of MV-like particles in calcified vascular tissues that could be playing a similar role. Therefore, here, we review the characteristics MVs possess that enable them to participate in mineral deposition. Additionally, we outline the content of skeletal tissue- and soft tissue-derived MVs, and discuss their key mineralisation mediators that could be targeted for future therapeutic use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Cui
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - D A Houston
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - C Farquharson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - V E MacRae
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Krohn JB, Hutcheson JD, Martínez-Martínez E, Aikawa E. Extracellular vesicles in cardiovascular calcification: expanding current paradigms. J Physiol 2016; 594:2895-903. [PMID: 26824781 PMCID: PMC4887674 DOI: 10.1113/jp271338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is a major contributor to the progression of cardiovascular disease, one of the leading causes of death in industrialized countries. New evidence on the mechanisms of mineralization identified calcification-competent extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from smooth muscle cells, valvular interstitial cells and macrophages as the mediators of calcification in diseased heart valves and atherosclerotic plaques. However, the regulation of EV release and the mechanisms of interaction between EVs and the extracellular matrix leading to the formation of destabilizing microcalcifications remain unclear. This review focuses on current limits in our understanding of EVs in cardiovascular disease and opens up new perspectives on calcific EV biogenesis, release and functions within and beyond vascular calcification. We propose that, unlike bone-derived matrix vesicles, a large population of EVs implicated in cardiovascular calcification are of exosomal origin. Moreover, the milieu-dependent loading of EVs with microRNA and calcification inhibitors fetuin-A and matrix Gla protein suggests a novel role for EVs in intercellular communication, adding a new mechanism to the pathogenesis of vascular mineralization. Similarly, the cell type-dependent enrichment of annexins 2, 5 or 6 in calcifying EVs posits one of several emerging factors implicated in the regulation of EV release and calcifying potential. This review aims to emphasize the role of EVs as essential mediators of calcification, a major determinant of cardiovascular mortality. Based on recent findings, we pinpoint potential targets for novel therapies to slow down the progression and promote the stability of atherosclerotic plaques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jona B Krohn
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Plotkin LI, Laird DW, Amedee J. Role of connexins and pannexins during ontogeny, regeneration, and pathologies of bone. BMC Cell Biol 2016; 17 Suppl 1:19. [PMID: 27230612 PMCID: PMC4896274 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-016-0088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Electron micrographs revealed the presence of gap junctions in osteoblastic cells over 40 years ago. These intercellular channels formed from connexins are present in bone forming osteoblasts, bone resorbing osteoclasts, and osteocytes (mature osteoblasts embedded in the mineralized bone matrix). More recently, genetic and pharmacologic studies revealed the role of connexins, and in particular Cx43, in the differentiation and function of all bone types. Furthermore, mutations in the gene encoding Cx43 were found to be causally linked to oculodentodigital dysplasia, a condition that results in an abnormal skeleton. Pannexins, molecules with similar structure and single-membrane channel forming potential as connexins when organized as hemichannels, are also expressed in osteoblastic cells. The function of pannexins in bone and cartilage is beginning to be uncovered, but more research is needed to determine the role of pannexins in bone development, adult bone mass and skeletal homeostasis. We describe here the current knowledge on the role of connexins and pannexins on skeletal health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilian I Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. .,Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center Indiana, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Dale W Laird
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A-5C1, Canada
| | - Joelle Amedee
- INSERM U1026, Tissue Bioengineering, Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux, F-33076, France
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Chaudhary SC, Kuzynski M, Bottini M, Beniash E, Dokland T, Mobley CG, Yadav MC, Poliard A, Kellermann O, Millán JL, Napierala D. Phosphate induces formation of matrix vesicles during odontoblast-initiated mineralization in vitro. Matrix Biol 2016; 52-54:284-300. [PMID: 26883946 PMCID: PMC4875887 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mineralization is a process of deposition of calcium phosphate crystals within a fibrous extracellular matrix (ECM). In mineralizing tissues, such as dentin, bone and hypertrophic cartilage, this process is initiated by a specific population of extracellular vesicles (EV), called matrix vesicles (MV). Although it has been proposed that MV are formed by shedding of the plasma membrane, the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating formation of mineralization-competent MV are not fully elucidated. In these studies, 17IIA11, ST2, and MC3T3-E1 osteogenic cell lines were used to determine how formation of MV is regulated during initiation of the mineralization process. In addition, the molecular composition of MV secreted by 17IIA11 cells and exosomes from blood and B16-F10 melanoma cell line was compared to identify the molecular characteristics distinguishing MV from other EV. Western blot analyses demonstrated that MV released from 17IIA11 cells are characterized by high levels of proteins engaged in calcium and phosphate regulation, but do not express the exosomal markers CD81 and HSP70. Furthermore, we uncovered that the molecular composition of MV released by 17IIA11 cells changes upon exposure to the classical inducers of osteogenic differentiation, namely ascorbic acid and phosphate. Specifically, lysosomal proteins Lamp1 and Lamp2a were only detected in MV secreted by cells stimulated with osteogenic factors. Quantitative nanoparticle tracking analyses of MV secreted by osteogenic cells determined that standard osteogenic factors stimulate MV secretion and that phosphate is the main driver of their secretion. On the molecular level, phosphate-induced MV secretion is mediated through activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases Erk1/2 and is accompanied by re-organization of filamentous actin. In summary, we determined that mineralization-competent MV are distinct from exosomes, and we identified a new role of phosphate in the process of ECM mineralization. These data provide novel insights into the mechanisms of MV formation during initiation of the mineralization process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep C Chaudhary
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Maria Kuzynski
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Massimo Bottini
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Inflammatory and Infectious Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Elia Beniash
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Terje Dokland
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Callie G Mobley
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Manisha C Yadav
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anne Poliard
- EA2496 UFR d'Odontologie, Université Paris Descartes, Montrouge, France
| | - Odile Kellermann
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Université René Descartes Paris 5, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, Paris, France
| | - José Luis Millán
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dobrawa Napierala
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Cui Y, Xu Q, Luan J, Hu S, Pan J, Han J, Ji Z. MVsCarta: A protein database of matrix vesicles to aid understanding of biomineralization. Biosci Trends 2016; 9:190-2. [PMID: 26166372 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2015.01061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Matrix vesicles (MVs) are membranous nanovesicles released by chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and odontoblasts. They play a critical role in modulating mineralization. Here, we present a manually curated database of MV proteins, namely MVsCara to provide comprehensive information on MVs of protein components. In the current version, the database contains 2,713 proteins of six organisms identified in bone, cartilage, tooth tissues, and cells capable of producing a mineralized bone matrix. The MVsCarta database is now freely assessed at http://bioinf.xmu.edu.cn/MVsCarta. The search and browse methods were developed for better retrieval of data. In addition, bioinformatic tools like Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, network visualization and protein-protein interaction analysis were implemented for a functional understanding of MVs components. Similar database hasn't been reported yet. We believe that this free web-based database might serve as a useful repository to elucidate the novel function and regulation of MVs during mineralization, and to stimulate the advancement of MV studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Cui
- Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Center, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs Ministry of Health
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Tian H, Li CS, Zhao KW, Wang JC, Duarte MEL, David CL, Phan K, Atti E, Brochmann EJ, Murray SS. A carboxy terminal BMP/TGF-β binding site in secreted phosphoprotein 24 kD independently affects BMP-2 activity. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:667-76. [PMID: 25418420 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Secreted phosphoprotein 24 kD (spp24) is a bone matrix protein isolated during attempts to identify osteogenic proteins. It is not osteogenic but performs other important roles in the regulation of bone metabolism, at least in part, by binding to and affecting the activity of members of the BMP/TGF-β family of cytokines. Spp24 exists in a number of forms that preserve the N-terminus and are truncated at the C-terminus. The hypothesized cytokine binding domain is present within the cystatin domain which is preserved in all of the N-terminal products. In this report, we describe a C-terminal fragment that is distinct from the cystatin domain and which independently binds to BMP-2 and TGF-β. This fragment inhibited BMP-2 activity in an ectopic bone forming assay. A shorter C-terminal product did not inhibit BMP-2 activity but improved bone quality induced by BMP-2 and produced increased calcium deposition outside of bone. Spp24 has been used to develop several potential therapeutic proteins. These results provide more information on the function of spp24 and provide other materials that can be exploited for clinical interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Tian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, P.R. China; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90024
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Hutcheson JD, Goettsch C, Bertazzo S, Maldonado N, Ruiz JL, Goh W, Yabusaki K, Faits T, Bouten C, Franck G, Quillard T, Libby P, Aikawa M, Weinbaum S, Aikawa E. Genesis and growth of extracellular-vesicle-derived microcalcification in atherosclerotic plaques. NATURE MATERIALS 2016; 15:335-43. [PMID: 26752654 PMCID: PMC4767675 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Clinical evidence links arterial calcification and cardiovascular risk. Finite-element modelling of the stress distribution within atherosclerotic plaques has suggested that subcellular microcalcifications in the fibrous cap may promote material failure of the plaque, but that large calcifications can stabilize it. Yet the physicochemical mechanisms underlying such mineral formation and growth in atheromata remain unknown. Here, by using three-dimensional collagen hydrogels that mimic structural features of the atherosclerotic fibrous cap, and high-resolution microscopic and spectroscopic analyses of both the hydrogels and of calcified human plaques, we demonstrate that calcific mineral formation and maturation results from a series of events involving the aggregation of calcifying extracellular vesicles, and the formation of microcalcifications and ultimately large calcification areas. We also show that calcification morphology and the plaque's collagen content-two determinants of atherosclerotic plaque stability-are interlinked.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Hutcheson
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claudia Goettsch
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sergio Bertazzo
- Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Natalia Maldonado
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica L. Ruiz
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wilson Goh
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katsumi Yabusaki
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tyler Faits
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carlijn Bouten
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gregory Franck
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thibaut Quillard
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Libby
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sheldon Weinbaum
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), spherical bilayered proteolipids, behave as paracrine effectors since they are released from cells to deliver signals to other cells. They control a diverse range of biological processes by transferring proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids between cells and are secreted by a wide spectrum of cell types and are found in various biological fluids. EVs are formed at the plasma membrane or in endosomes and are heterogeneous in size and composition. Increasing understanding of the working mechanisms is promising for therapeutic and diagnostic opportunities. In this review, we will focus on the recent developments in this emerging field with special emphasis on the role of EVs in the bone microenvironment, with a central role for the osteoblasts in the communication with a diversity of cells, including bone metastases.
Collapse
|
75
|
Zou F, Zhao N, Fu X, Diao J, Ma Y, Cao X, Wan S, Zhong S, Wang Y. Enhanced osteogenic differentiation and biomineralization in mouse mesenchymal stromal cells on a β-TCP robocast scaffold modified with collagen nanofibers. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra26670j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
B-TCP robocast scaffolds modified with collagen nanofibers promote osteoblastic differentiation and biomineralization of mMSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fen Zou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
| | - Naru Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
| | - Xiaoling Fu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
| | - Jingjing Diao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
| | - Yijuan Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
| | - Xiaodong Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
| | - Shuangyan Wan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
| | - Shizhen Zhong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Southern Medical University
- Guangzhou 510515
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjun Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Schmidt JR, Kliemt S, Preissler C, Moeller S, von Bergen M, Hempel U, Kalkhof S. Osteoblast-released Matrix Vesicles, Regulation of Activity and Composition by Sulfated and Non-sulfated Glycosaminoglycans. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 15:558-72. [PMID: 26598647 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.049718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Our aging population has to deal with the increasing threat of age-related diseases that impair bone healing. One promising therapeutic approach involves the coating of implants with modified glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that mimic the native bone environment and actively facilitate skeletogenesis. In previous studies, we reported that coatings containing GAGs, such as hyaluronic acid (HA) and its synthetically sulfated derivative (sHA1) as well as the naturally low-sulfated GAG chondroitin sulfate (CS1), reduce the activity of bone-resorbing osteoclasts, but they also induce functions of the bone-forming cells, the osteoblasts. However, it remained open whether GAGs influence the osteoblasts alone or whether they also directly affect the formation, composition, activity, and distribution of osteoblast-released matrix vesicles (MV), which are supposed to be the active machinery for bone formation. Here, we studied the molecular effects of sHA1, HA, and CS1 on MV activity and on the distribution of marker proteins. Furthermore, we used comparative proteomic methods to study the relative protein compositions of isolated MVs and MV-releasing osteoblasts. The MV proteome is much more strongly regulated by GAGs than the cellular proteome. GAGs, especially sHA1, were found to severely impact vesicle-extracellular matrix interaction and matrix vesicle activity, leading to stronger extracellular matrix formation and mineralization. This study shows that the regulation of MV activity is one important mode of action of GAGs and provides information on underlying molecular mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes R Schmidt
- From the ‡Department of Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kliemt
- From the ‡Department of Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carolin Preissler
- the ‖Institute of Physiological Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Martin von Bergen
- From the ‡Department of Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; the ‡‡Department of Metabolomics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; §§Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark
| | - Ute Hempel
- the ‖Institute of Physiological Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Stefan Kalkhof
- From the ‡Department of Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; the ¶¶Department of Bioanalytics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Coburg, 96450 Coburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Shapiro IM, Landis WJ, Risbud MV. Matrix vesicles: Are they anchored exosomes? Bone 2015; 79:29-36. [PMID: 25980744 PMCID: PMC4501874 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have documented that matrix vesicles are unique extracellular membrane-bound microparticles that serve as initial sites for mineral formation in the growth plate and most other vertebrate mineralizing tissues. Microparticle generation is not confined to hard tissues, as cells in soft tissues generate similar structures; numerous studies have shown that a common type of extracellular particle, termed an exosome, a product of the endosomal pathway, shares many characteristics of matrix vesicles. Indeed, analyses of size, morphology and lipid and protein content indicate that matrix vesicles and exosomes are homologous structures. Such a possibility impacts our understanding of the biogenesis, processing and function of matrix vesicles (exosomes) in vertebrate hard tissues and explains in part how cells control the earliest stages of mineral deposition. Moreover, since exosomes influence a spectrum of functions, including cell-cell communication, it is suggested that this type of microparticle may provide a mechanism for the transfer of signaling molecules between cells within the growth plate and thereby regulate endochondral bone development and formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irving M Shapiro
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - William J Landis
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, OH, USA
| | - Makarand V Risbud
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Plotkin LI, Stains JP. Connexins and pannexins in the skeleton: gap junctions, hemichannels and more. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2853-67. [PMID: 26091748 PMCID: PMC4503509 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1963-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of bone homeostasis depends on the concerted actions of bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts, controlled by osteocytes, cells derived from osteoblasts surrounded by bone matrix. The control of differentiation, viability and function of bone cells relies on the presence of connexins. Connexin43 regulates the expression of genes required for osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation directly or by changing the levels of osteocytic genes, and connexin45 may oppose connexin43 actions in osteoblastic cells. Connexin37 is required for osteoclast differentiation and its deletion results in increased bone mass. Less is known on the role of connexins in cartilage, ligaments and tendons. Connexin43, connexin45, connexin32, connexin46 and connexin29 are expressed in chondrocytes, while connexin43 and connexin32 are expressed in ligaments and tendons. Similarly, although the expression of pannexin1, pannexin2 and pannexin3 has been demonstrated in bone and cartilage cells, their function in these tissues is not fully understood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilian I Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Dr., MS 5035, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA,
| | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Oh SK, Shin JO, Baek JI, Lee J, Bae JW, Ankamerddy H, Kim MJ, Huh TL, Ryoo ZY, Kim UK, Bok J, Lee KY. Pannexin 3 is required for normal progression of skeletal development in vertebrates. FASEB J 2015; 29:4473-84. [PMID: 26183770 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-273722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate skeletal system has various functions, including support, movement, protection, and the production of blood cells. The development of cartilage and bones, the core components of the skeletal system, is mediated by systematic inter- and intracellular communication among multiple signaling pathways in differentiating progenitors and the surrounding tissues. Recently, Pannexin (Panx) 3 has been shown to play important roles in bone development in vitro by mediating multiple signaling pathways, although its roles in vivo have not been explored. In this study, we generated and analyzed Panx3 knockout mice and examined the skeletal phenotypes of panx3 morphant zebrafish. Panx3(-/-) embryos exhibited delays in hypertrophic chondrocyte differentiation and osteoblast differentiation as well as the initiation of mineralization, resulting in shortened long bones in adulthood. The abnormal progression of hypertrophic chondrogenesis appeared to be associated with the sustained proliferation of chondrocytes, which resulted from increased intracellular cAMP levels. Similarly, osteoblast differentiation and mineralization were delayed in panx3 morphant zebrafish. Taken together, our results provide evidence of the crucial roles of Panx3 in vertebrate skeletal development in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Se-Kyung Oh
- *Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, School of Life Sciences, BrainKorea21 PLUS Project for Kyungpook National University Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, and Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea; Department of Anatomy, BrainKorea21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeong-Oh Shin
- *Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, School of Life Sciences, BrainKorea21 PLUS Project for Kyungpook National University Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, and Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea; Department of Anatomy, BrainKorea21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeong-In Baek
- *Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, School of Life Sciences, BrainKorea21 PLUS Project for Kyungpook National University Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, and Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea; Department of Anatomy, BrainKorea21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jinwook Lee
- *Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, School of Life Sciences, BrainKorea21 PLUS Project for Kyungpook National University Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, and Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea; Department of Anatomy, BrainKorea21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jae Woong Bae
- *Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, School of Life Sciences, BrainKorea21 PLUS Project for Kyungpook National University Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, and Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea; Department of Anatomy, BrainKorea21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Harinarayana Ankamerddy
- *Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, School of Life Sciences, BrainKorea21 PLUS Project for Kyungpook National University Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, and Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea; Department of Anatomy, BrainKorea21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Myoung-Jin Kim
- *Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, School of Life Sciences, BrainKorea21 PLUS Project for Kyungpook National University Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, and Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea; Department of Anatomy, BrainKorea21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tae-Lin Huh
- *Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, School of Life Sciences, BrainKorea21 PLUS Project for Kyungpook National University Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, and Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea; Department of Anatomy, BrainKorea21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zae-Young Ryoo
- *Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, School of Life Sciences, BrainKorea21 PLUS Project for Kyungpook National University Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, and Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea; Department of Anatomy, BrainKorea21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Un-Kyung Kim
- *Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, School of Life Sciences, BrainKorea21 PLUS Project for Kyungpook National University Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, and Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea; Department of Anatomy, BrainKorea21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jinwoong Bok
- *Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, School of Life Sciences, BrainKorea21 PLUS Project for Kyungpook National University Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, and Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea; Department of Anatomy, BrainKorea21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kyu-Yup Lee
- *Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, School of Life Sciences, BrainKorea21 PLUS Project for Kyungpook National University Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, and Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea; Department of Anatomy, BrainKorea21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Bellingham SA, Guo B, Hill AF. The secret life of extracellular vesicles in metal homeostasis and neurodegeneration. Biol Cell 2015; 107:389-418. [PMID: 26032945 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201500030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Biologically active metals such as copper, zinc and iron are fundamental for sustaining life in different organisms with the regulation of cellular metal homeostasis tightly controlled through proteins that coordinate metal uptake, efflux and detoxification. Many of the proteins involved in either uptake or efflux of metals are localised and function on the plasma membrane, traffic between intracellular compartments depending upon the cellular metal environment and can undergo recycling via the endosomal pathway. The biogenesis of exosomes also occurs within the endosomal system, with several major neurodegenerative disease proteins shown to be released in association with these vesicles, including the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide in Alzheimer's disease and the infectious prion protein involved in Prion diseases. Aβ peptide and the prion protein also bind biologically active metals and are postulated to play important roles in metal homeostasis. In this review, we will discuss the role of extracellular vesicles in Alzheimer's and Prion diseases and explore their potential contribution to metal homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shayne A Bellingham
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Belinda Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew F Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Ha SW, Jang HL, Nam KT, Beck GR. Nano-hydroxyapatite modulates osteoblast lineage commitment by stimulation of DNA methylation and regulation of gene expression. Biomaterials 2015; 65:32-42. [PMID: 26141836 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HA) is the primary structural component of the skeleton and dentition. Under biological conditions, HA does not occur spontaneously and therefore must be actively synthesized by mineralizing cells such as osteoblasts. The mechanism(s) by which HA is actively synthesized by cells and deposited to create a mineralized matrix are not fully understood and the consequences of mineralization on cell function are even less well understood. HA can be chemically synthesized (HAp) and is therefore currently being investigated as a promising therapeutic biomaterial for use as a functional scaffold and implant coating for skeletal repair and dental applications. Here we investigated the biological effects of nano-HAp (10 × 100 nm) on the lineage commitment and differentiation of bone forming osteoblasts. Exposure of early stage differentiating osteoblasts resulted in dramatic and sustained changes in gene expression, both increased and decreased, whereas later stage osteoblasts were much less responsive. Analysis of the promoter region one of the most responsive genes, alkaline phosphatase, identified the stimulation of DNA methylation following cell exposure to nano-HAp. Collectively, the results reveal the novel epigenetic regulation of cell function by nano-HAp which has significant implication on lineage determination as well as identifying a novel potential therapeutic use of nanomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Woo Ha
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Metabolism and Lipids, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Hae Lin Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Tae Nam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
| | - George R Beck
- The Atlanta Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Metabolism and Lipids, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; The Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Kreimer S, Belov AM, Ghiran I, Murthy SK, Frank DA, Ivanov AR. Mass-spectrometry-based molecular characterization of extracellular vesicles: lipidomics and proteomics. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:2367-84. [PMID: 25927954 DOI: 10.1021/pr501279t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are submicron-scale, anuclear, phospholipid bilayer membrane enclosed vesicles that contain lipids, metabolites, proteins, and RNA (micro and messenger). They are shed from many, if not all, cell types and are present in biological fluids and conditioned cell culture media. The term EV, as coined by the International Society of Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV), encompasses exosomes (30-100 nm in diameter), microparticles (100-1000 nm), apoptotic blebs, and other EV subsets. EVs have been implicated in cell-cell communication, coagulation, inflammation, immune response modulation, and disease progression. Multiple studies report that EV secretion from disease-affected cells contributes to disease progression, e.g., tumor niche formation and cancer metastasis. EVs are attractive sources of biomarkers due to their biological relevance and relatively noninvasive accessibility from a range of physiological fluids. This review is focused on the molecular profiling of the protein and lipid constituents of EVs, with emphasis on mass-spectrometry-based "omic" analytical techniques. The challenges in the purification and molecular characterization of EVs, including contamination of isolates and limitations in sample quantities, are discussed along with possible solutions. Finally, the review discusses the limited but growing investigation of post-translational modifications of EV proteins and potential strategies for future in-depth molecular characterization of EVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ionita Ghiran
- ∥Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | | | - David A Frank
- ⊥Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,#Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Kapustin AN, Chatrou MLL, Drozdov I, Zheng Y, Davidson SM, Soong D, Furmanik M, Sanchis P, De Rosales RTM, Alvarez-Hernandez D, Shroff R, Yin X, Muller K, Skepper JN, Mayr M, Reutelingsperger CP, Chester A, Bertazzo S, Schurgers LJ, Shanahan CM. Vascular smooth muscle cell calcification is mediated by regulated exosome secretion. Circ Res 2015; 116:1312-23. [PMID: 25711438 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.305012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Matrix vesicles (MVs), secreted by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), form the first nidus for mineralization and fetuin-A, a potent circulating inhibitor of calcification, is specifically loaded into MVs. However, the processes of fetuin-A intracellular trafficking and MV biogenesis are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to investigate the regulation, and role, of MV biogenesis in VSMC calcification. METHODS AND RESULTS Alexa488-labeled fetuin-A was internalized by human VSMCs, trafficked via the endosomal system, and exocytosed from multivesicular bodies via exosome release. VSMC-derived exosomes were enriched with the tetraspanins CD9, CD63, and CD81, and their release was regulated by sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 3. Comparative proteomics showed that VSMC-derived exosomes were compositionally similar to exosomes from other cell sources but also shared components with osteoblast-derived MVs including calcium-binding and extracellular matrix proteins. Elevated extracellular calcium was found to induce sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 3 expression and the secretion of calcifying exosomes from VSMCs in vitro, and chemical inhibition of sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 3 prevented VSMC calcification. In vivo, multivesicular bodies containing exosomes were observed in vessels from chronic kidney disease patients on dialysis, and CD63 was found to colocalize with calcification. Importantly, factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α and platelet derived growth factor-BB were also found to increase exosome production, leading to increased calcification of VSMCs in response to calcifying conditions. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies MVs as exosomes and shows that factors that can increase exosome release can promote vascular calcification in response to environmental calcium stress. Modulation of the exosome release pathway may be as a novel therapeutic target for prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Kapustin
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, The James Black Centre, London, United Kingdom (A.N.K., I.D., D.S., M.F., P.S., D.A.-H., X.Y., M.M., C.M.S.); Department of Biochemistry-Vascular Aspects, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.L.L.C., C.P.R., L.J.S.); Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom (Y.Z., S.M.D.); Department of Imaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (R.T.M.D.R.); Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Anatomy, Multi-Imaging Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.M., J.N.S.); Heart Science Centre, Harefield, United Kingdom (A.C.); and Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (S.B.)
| | - Martijn L L Chatrou
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, The James Black Centre, London, United Kingdom (A.N.K., I.D., D.S., M.F., P.S., D.A.-H., X.Y., M.M., C.M.S.); Department of Biochemistry-Vascular Aspects, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.L.L.C., C.P.R., L.J.S.); Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom (Y.Z., S.M.D.); Department of Imaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (R.T.M.D.R.); Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Anatomy, Multi-Imaging Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.M., J.N.S.); Heart Science Centre, Harefield, United Kingdom (A.C.); and Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (S.B.)
| | - Ignat Drozdov
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, The James Black Centre, London, United Kingdom (A.N.K., I.D., D.S., M.F., P.S., D.A.-H., X.Y., M.M., C.M.S.); Department of Biochemistry-Vascular Aspects, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.L.L.C., C.P.R., L.J.S.); Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom (Y.Z., S.M.D.); Department of Imaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (R.T.M.D.R.); Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Anatomy, Multi-Imaging Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.M., J.N.S.); Heart Science Centre, Harefield, United Kingdom (A.C.); and Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (S.B.)
| | - Ying Zheng
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, The James Black Centre, London, United Kingdom (A.N.K., I.D., D.S., M.F., P.S., D.A.-H., X.Y., M.M., C.M.S.); Department of Biochemistry-Vascular Aspects, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.L.L.C., C.P.R., L.J.S.); Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom (Y.Z., S.M.D.); Department of Imaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (R.T.M.D.R.); Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Anatomy, Multi-Imaging Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.M., J.N.S.); Heart Science Centre, Harefield, United Kingdom (A.C.); and Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (S.B.)
| | - Sean M Davidson
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, The James Black Centre, London, United Kingdom (A.N.K., I.D., D.S., M.F., P.S., D.A.-H., X.Y., M.M., C.M.S.); Department of Biochemistry-Vascular Aspects, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.L.L.C., C.P.R., L.J.S.); Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom (Y.Z., S.M.D.); Department of Imaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (R.T.M.D.R.); Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Anatomy, Multi-Imaging Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.M., J.N.S.); Heart Science Centre, Harefield, United Kingdom (A.C.); and Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (S.B.)
| | - Daniel Soong
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, The James Black Centre, London, United Kingdom (A.N.K., I.D., D.S., M.F., P.S., D.A.-H., X.Y., M.M., C.M.S.); Department of Biochemistry-Vascular Aspects, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.L.L.C., C.P.R., L.J.S.); Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom (Y.Z., S.M.D.); Department of Imaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (R.T.M.D.R.); Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Anatomy, Multi-Imaging Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.M., J.N.S.); Heart Science Centre, Harefield, United Kingdom (A.C.); and Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (S.B.)
| | - Malgorzata Furmanik
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, The James Black Centre, London, United Kingdom (A.N.K., I.D., D.S., M.F., P.S., D.A.-H., X.Y., M.M., C.M.S.); Department of Biochemistry-Vascular Aspects, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.L.L.C., C.P.R., L.J.S.); Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom (Y.Z., S.M.D.); Department of Imaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (R.T.M.D.R.); Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Anatomy, Multi-Imaging Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.M., J.N.S.); Heart Science Centre, Harefield, United Kingdom (A.C.); and Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (S.B.)
| | - Pilar Sanchis
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, The James Black Centre, London, United Kingdom (A.N.K., I.D., D.S., M.F., P.S., D.A.-H., X.Y., M.M., C.M.S.); Department of Biochemistry-Vascular Aspects, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.L.L.C., C.P.R., L.J.S.); Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom (Y.Z., S.M.D.); Department of Imaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (R.T.M.D.R.); Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Anatomy, Multi-Imaging Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.M., J.N.S.); Heart Science Centre, Harefield, United Kingdom (A.C.); and Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (S.B.)
| | - Rafael Torres Martin De Rosales
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, The James Black Centre, London, United Kingdom (A.N.K., I.D., D.S., M.F., P.S., D.A.-H., X.Y., M.M., C.M.S.); Department of Biochemistry-Vascular Aspects, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.L.L.C., C.P.R., L.J.S.); Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom (Y.Z., S.M.D.); Department of Imaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (R.T.M.D.R.); Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Anatomy, Multi-Imaging Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.M., J.N.S.); Heart Science Centre, Harefield, United Kingdom (A.C.); and Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (S.B.)
| | - Daniel Alvarez-Hernandez
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, The James Black Centre, London, United Kingdom (A.N.K., I.D., D.S., M.F., P.S., D.A.-H., X.Y., M.M., C.M.S.); Department of Biochemistry-Vascular Aspects, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.L.L.C., C.P.R., L.J.S.); Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom (Y.Z., S.M.D.); Department of Imaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (R.T.M.D.R.); Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Anatomy, Multi-Imaging Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.M., J.N.S.); Heart Science Centre, Harefield, United Kingdom (A.C.); and Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (S.B.)
| | - Rukshana Shroff
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, The James Black Centre, London, United Kingdom (A.N.K., I.D., D.S., M.F., P.S., D.A.-H., X.Y., M.M., C.M.S.); Department of Biochemistry-Vascular Aspects, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.L.L.C., C.P.R., L.J.S.); Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom (Y.Z., S.M.D.); Department of Imaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (R.T.M.D.R.); Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Anatomy, Multi-Imaging Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.M., J.N.S.); Heart Science Centre, Harefield, United Kingdom (A.C.); and Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (S.B.)
| | - Xiaoke Yin
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, The James Black Centre, London, United Kingdom (A.N.K., I.D., D.S., M.F., P.S., D.A.-H., X.Y., M.M., C.M.S.); Department of Biochemistry-Vascular Aspects, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.L.L.C., C.P.R., L.J.S.); Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom (Y.Z., S.M.D.); Department of Imaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (R.T.M.D.R.); Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Anatomy, Multi-Imaging Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.M., J.N.S.); Heart Science Centre, Harefield, United Kingdom (A.C.); and Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (S.B.)
| | - Karin Muller
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, The James Black Centre, London, United Kingdom (A.N.K., I.D., D.S., M.F., P.S., D.A.-H., X.Y., M.M., C.M.S.); Department of Biochemistry-Vascular Aspects, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.L.L.C., C.P.R., L.J.S.); Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom (Y.Z., S.M.D.); Department of Imaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (R.T.M.D.R.); Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Anatomy, Multi-Imaging Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.M., J.N.S.); Heart Science Centre, Harefield, United Kingdom (A.C.); and Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (S.B.)
| | - Jeremy N Skepper
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, The James Black Centre, London, United Kingdom (A.N.K., I.D., D.S., M.F., P.S., D.A.-H., X.Y., M.M., C.M.S.); Department of Biochemistry-Vascular Aspects, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.L.L.C., C.P.R., L.J.S.); Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom (Y.Z., S.M.D.); Department of Imaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (R.T.M.D.R.); Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Anatomy, Multi-Imaging Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.M., J.N.S.); Heart Science Centre, Harefield, United Kingdom (A.C.); and Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (S.B.)
| | - Manuel Mayr
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, The James Black Centre, London, United Kingdom (A.N.K., I.D., D.S., M.F., P.S., D.A.-H., X.Y., M.M., C.M.S.); Department of Biochemistry-Vascular Aspects, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.L.L.C., C.P.R., L.J.S.); Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom (Y.Z., S.M.D.); Department of Imaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (R.T.M.D.R.); Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Anatomy, Multi-Imaging Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.M., J.N.S.); Heart Science Centre, Harefield, United Kingdom (A.C.); and Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (S.B.)
| | - Chris P Reutelingsperger
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, The James Black Centre, London, United Kingdom (A.N.K., I.D., D.S., M.F., P.S., D.A.-H., X.Y., M.M., C.M.S.); Department of Biochemistry-Vascular Aspects, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.L.L.C., C.P.R., L.J.S.); Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom (Y.Z., S.M.D.); Department of Imaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (R.T.M.D.R.); Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Anatomy, Multi-Imaging Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.M., J.N.S.); Heart Science Centre, Harefield, United Kingdom (A.C.); and Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (S.B.)
| | - Adrian Chester
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, The James Black Centre, London, United Kingdom (A.N.K., I.D., D.S., M.F., P.S., D.A.-H., X.Y., M.M., C.M.S.); Department of Biochemistry-Vascular Aspects, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.L.L.C., C.P.R., L.J.S.); Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom (Y.Z., S.M.D.); Department of Imaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (R.T.M.D.R.); Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Anatomy, Multi-Imaging Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.M., J.N.S.); Heart Science Centre, Harefield, United Kingdom (A.C.); and Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (S.B.)
| | - Sergio Bertazzo
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, The James Black Centre, London, United Kingdom (A.N.K., I.D., D.S., M.F., P.S., D.A.-H., X.Y., M.M., C.M.S.); Department of Biochemistry-Vascular Aspects, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.L.L.C., C.P.R., L.J.S.); Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom (Y.Z., S.M.D.); Department of Imaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (R.T.M.D.R.); Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Anatomy, Multi-Imaging Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.M., J.N.S.); Heart Science Centre, Harefield, United Kingdom (A.C.); and Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (S.B.)
| | - Leon J Schurgers
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, The James Black Centre, London, United Kingdom (A.N.K., I.D., D.S., M.F., P.S., D.A.-H., X.Y., M.M., C.M.S.); Department of Biochemistry-Vascular Aspects, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.L.L.C., C.P.R., L.J.S.); Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom (Y.Z., S.M.D.); Department of Imaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (R.T.M.D.R.); Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Anatomy, Multi-Imaging Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.M., J.N.S.); Heart Science Centre, Harefield, United Kingdom (A.C.); and Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (S.B.)
| | - Catherine M Shanahan
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, The James Black Centre, London, United Kingdom (A.N.K., I.D., D.S., M.F., P.S., D.A.-H., X.Y., M.M., C.M.S.); Department of Biochemistry-Vascular Aspects, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.L.L.C., C.P.R., L.J.S.); Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom (Y.Z., S.M.D.); Department of Imaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (R.T.M.D.R.); Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Anatomy, Multi-Imaging Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.M., J.N.S.); Heart Science Centre, Harefield, United Kingdom (A.C.); and Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (S.B.).
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Lee JH, Cho JY. Proteomics approaches for the studies of bone metabolism. BMB Rep 2014; 47:141-8. [PMID: 24499667 PMCID: PMC4163882 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2014.47.3.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone is an active tissue, in which bone formation by osteoblast is followed by bone resorption by osteoclasts, in a repeating cycle. Proteomics approaches may allow the detection of changes in cell signal transduction, and the regulatory mechanism of cell differentiation. LC-MS/MS-based quantitative methods can be used with labeling strategies, such as SILAC, iTRAQ, TMT and enzymatic labeling. When used in combination with specific protein enrichment strategies, quantitative proteomics methods can identify various signaling molecules and modulators, and their interacting proteins in bone metabolism, to elucidate biological functions for the newly identified proteins in the cellular context. In this article, we will briefly review recent major advances in the application of proteomics for bone biology, especially from the aspect of cellular signaling. [BMB Reports 2014; 47(3): 141-148]
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Lee
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, BK21 and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Je-Yoel Cho
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, BK21 and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Morhayim J, van de Peppel J, Demmers JAA, Kocer G, Nigg AL, van Driel M, Chiba H, van Leeuwen JP. Proteomic signatures of extracellular vesicles secreted by nonmineralizing and mineralizing human osteoblasts and stimulation of tumor cell growth. FASEB J 2014; 29:274-85. [PMID: 25359493 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-261404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Beyond forming bone, osteoblasts play pivotal roles in various biologic processes, including hematopoiesis and bone metastasis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been implicated in intercellular communication via transfer of proteins and nucleic acids between cells. We focused on the proteomic characterization of nonmineralizing (NMOBs) and mineralizing (MOBs) human osteoblast (SV-HFOs) EVs and investigated their effect on human prostate cancer (PC3) cells by microscopic, proteomic, and gene expression analyses. Proteomic analysis showed that 97% of the proteins were shared among NMOB and MOB EVs, and 30% were novel osteoblast-specific EV proteins. Label-free quantification demonstrated mineralization stage-dependent 5-fold enrichment of 59 and 451 EV proteins in NMOBs and MOBs, respectively. Interestingly, bioinformatic analyses of the osteoblast EV proteomes and EV-regulated prostate cancer gene expression profiles showed that they converged on pathways involved in cell survival and growth. This was verified by in vitro proliferation assays where osteoblast EV uptake led to 2-fold increase in PC3 cell growth compared to cell-free culture medium-derived vesicle controls. Our findings elucidate the mineralization stage-specific protein content of osteoblast-secreted EVs, show a novel way by which osteoblasts communicate with prostate cancer, and open up innovative avenues for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jess Morhayim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Erasmus MC Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute
| | - Jeroen van de Peppel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Erasmus MC Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute
| | | | - Gulistan Kocer
- Department of Internal Medicine and Erasmus MC Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute
| | - Alex L Nigg
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Marjolein van Driel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Erasmus MC Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute
| | - Hideki Chiba
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Johannes P van Leeuwen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Erasmus MC Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute,
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Genetos DC, Wong A, Weber TJ, Karin NJ, Yellowley CE. Impaired osteoblast differentiation in annexin A2- and -A5-deficient cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107482. [PMID: 25222280 PMCID: PMC4164658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexins are a class of calcium-binding proteins with diverse functions in the regulation of lipid rafts, inflammation, fibrinolysis, transcriptional programming and ion transport. Within bone, they are well-characterized as components of mineralizing matrix vesicles, although little else is known as to their function during osteogenesis. We employed shRNA to generate annexin A2 (AnxA2)- or annexin A5 (AnxA5)-knockdown pre-osteoblasts, and determined whether proliferation or osteogenic differentiation was altered in knockdown cells, compared to pSiren (Si) controls. We report that DNA content, a marker of proliferation, was significantly reduced in both AnxA2 and AnxA5 knockdown cells. Alkaline phosphatase expression and activity were also suppressed in AnxA2- or AnxA5-knockdown after 14 days of culture. The pattern of osteogenic gene expression was altered in knockdown cells, with Col1a1 expressed more rapidly in knock-down cells, compared to pSiren. In contrast, Runx2, Ibsp, and Bglap all revealed decreased expression after 14 days of culture. In both AnxA2- and AnxA5-knockdown, interleukin-induced STAT6 signaling was markedly attenuated compared to pSiren controls. These data suggest that AnxA2 and AnxA5 can influence bone formation via regulation of osteoprogenitor proliferation, differentiation, and responsiveness to cytokines in addition to their well-studied function in matrix vesicles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damian C. Genetos
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Alice Wong
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Weber
- Systems Toxicology, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States of America
| | - Norman J. Karin
- Systems Toxicology, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States of America
| | - Clare E. Yellowley
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant tumor of bone and the third most common cancer in childhood and adolescence. Nowadays, early diagnosis, drug resistance and recurrence of the disease represent the major challenges in OS treatment. Post-genomics, and in particular proteomic technologies, offer an invaluable opportunity to address the level of biological complexity expressed by OS. Although the main goal of OS oncoproteomics is focused on diagnostic and prognostic biomarker discovery, in this review we describe and discuss global protein profiling approaches to other aspects of OS biology and pathophysiology, or to investigate the mechanism of action of chemotherapeutics. In addition, we present proteomic analyses carried out on OS cell lines as in vitro models for studying osteoblastic cell biology and the attractive opportunity offered by proteomics of OS cancer stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bernardini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, via Fiorentina 1, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
88
|
Liu C, Cui Y, Luan J, Zhou X, Liu Z, Han J. Fibroblast growth factor-2 inhibits mineralization of osteoblast-like Saos-2 cells by inhibiting the functioning of matrix vesicles. Drug Discov Ther 2014; 8:42-7. [DOI: 10.5582/ddt.8.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
89
|
Camalier CE, Yi M, Yu LR, Hood BL, Conrads KA, Lee YJ, Lin Y, Garneys LM, Bouloux GF, Young MR, Veenstra TD, Stephens RM, Colburn NH, Conrads TP, Beck GR. An integrated understanding of the physiological response to elevated extracellular phosphate. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1536-50. [PMID: 23280476 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that changes in serum phosphate levels influence pathological states associated with aging such as cancer, bone metabolism, and cardiovascular function, even in individuals with normal renal function. The causes are only beginning to be elucidated but are likely a combination of endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, and cell autonomous effects. We have used an integrated quantitative biology approach, combining transcriptomics and proteomics to define a multi-phase, extracellular phosphate-induced, signaling network in pre-osteoblasts as well as primary human and mouse mesenchymal stromal cells. We identified a rapid mitogenic response stimulated by elevated phosphate that results in the induction of immediate early genes including c-fos. The mechanism of activation requires FGF receptor signaling followed by stimulation of N-Ras and activation of AP-1 and serum response elements. A distinct long-term response also requires FGF receptor signaling and results in N-Ras activation and expression of genes and secretion of proteins involved in matrix regulation, calcification, and angiogenesis. The late response is synergistically enhanced by addition of FGF23 peptide. The intermediate phase results in increased oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production and is necessary for the late response providing a functional link between the phases. Collectively, the results define elevated phosphate, as a mitogen and define specific mechanisms by which phosphate stimulates proliferation and matrix regulation. Our approach provides a comprehensive understanding of the cellular response to elevated extracellular phosphate, functionally connecting temporally coordinated signaling, transcriptional, and metabolic events with changes in long-term cell behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinne E Camalier
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
Simão AMS, Bolean M, Hoylaerts MF, Millán JL, Ciancaglini P. Effects of pH on the production of phosphate and pyrophosphate by matrix vesicles' biomimetics. Calcif Tissue Int 2013; 93:222-32. [PMID: 23942722 PMCID: PMC3752608 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-013-9745-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
During endochondral bone formation, chondrocytes and osteoblasts synthesize and mineralize the extracellular matrix through a process that initiates within matrix vesicles (MVs) and ends with bone mineral propagation onto the collagenous scaffold. pH gradients have been identified in the growth plate of long bones, but how pH changes affect the initiation of skeletal mineralization is not known. Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) degrades extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), a mineralization inhibitor produced by ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-1 (NPP1), while contributing Pi from ATP to initiate mineralization. TNAP and NPP1, alone or combined, were reconstituted in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes to mimic the microenvironment of MVs. The hydrolysis of ATP, ADP, AMP, and PPi was studied at pH 8 and 9 and compared to the data determined at pH 7.4. While catalytic efficiencies in general were higher at alkaline pH, PPi hydrolysis was maximal at pH 8 and indicated a preferential utilization of PPi over ATP at pH 8 versus 9. In addition, all proteoliposomes induced mineral formation when incubated in a synthetic cartilage lymph containing 1 mM ATP as substrate and amorphous calcium phosphate or calcium-phosphate-phosphatidylserine complexes as nucleators. Propagation of mineralization was significantly more efficient at pH 7.5 and 8 than at pH 9. Since a slight pH elevation from 7.4 to 8 promotes considerably more hydrolysis of ATP, ADP, and AMP primarily by TNAP, this small pH change facilitates mineralization, especially via upregulated PPi hydrolysis by both NPP1 and TNAP, further elevating the Pi/PPi ratio, thus enhancing bone mineralization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria S. Simão
- Department of Chemistry, FFCLRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maytê Bolean
- Department of Chemistry, FFCLRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marc F. Hoylaerts
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - José Luis Millán
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pietro Ciancaglini
- Department of Chemistry, FFCLRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Chemistry, FFCLRP-USP, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. Tel.: +55 16 3602-3753; Fax: +55 16 3602-4838;
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Ferreira E, Porter RM, Wehling N, O'Sullivan RP, Liu F, Boskey A, Estok DM, Harris MB, Vrahas MS, Evans CH, Wells JW. Inflammatory cytokines induce a unique mineralizing phenotype in mesenchymal stem cells derived from human bone marrow. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:29494-505. [PMID: 23970554 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.471268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow contains mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that can differentiate along multiple mesenchymal lineages. In this capacity they are thought to be important in the intrinsic turnover and repair of connective tissues while also serving as a basis for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, little is known of the biological responses of human MSCs to inflammatory conditions. When cultured with IL-1β, marrow-derived MSCs from 8 of 10 human subjects deposited copious hydroxyapatite, in which authenticity was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the production of fine needles of hydroxyapatite in conjunction with matrix vesicles. Alkaline phosphatase activity did not increase in response to inflammatory mediators, but PPi production fell, reflecting lower ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase activity in cells and matrix vesicles. Because PPi is the major physiological inhibitor of mineralization, its decline generated permissive conditions for hydroxyapatite formation. This is in contrast to MSCs treated with dexamethasone, where PPi levels did not fall and mineralization was fuelled by a large and rapid increase in alkaline phosphatase activity. Bone sialoprotein was the only osteoblast marker strongly induced by IL-1β; thus these cells do not become osteoblasts despite depositing abundant mineral. RT-PCR did not detect transcripts indicative of alternative mesenchymal lineages, including chondrocytes, myoblasts, adipocytes, ligament, tendon, or vascular smooth muscle cells. IL-1β phosphorylated multiple MAPKs and activated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Certain inhibitors of MAPK and PI3K, but not NF-κB, prevented mineralization. The findings are of importance to soft tissue mineralization, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Ferreira
- From the Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
92
|
Yang HY, Kwon J, Kook MS, Kang SS, Kim SE, Sohn S, Jung S, Kwon SO, Kim HS, Lee JH, Lee TH. Proteomic analysis of gingival tissue and alveolar bone during alveolar bone healing. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:2674-88. [PMID: 23824910 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.026740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue regeneration is orchestrated by the surrounding supporting tissues and involves the build-up of osteogenic cells, which orchestrate remodeling/healing through the expression of numerous mediators and signaling molecules. Periodontal regeneration models have proven useful for studying the interaction and communication between alveolar bone and supporting soft tissue. We applied a quantitative proteomic approach to analyze and compare proteins with altered expression in gingival soft tissue and alveolar bone following tooth extraction. For target identification and validation, hard and soft tissue were extracted from mini-pigs at the indicated times after tooth extraction. From triplicate experiments, 56 proteins in soft tissue and 27 proteins in alveolar bone were found to be differentially expressed before and after tooth extraction. The expression of 21 of those proteins was altered in both soft tissue and bone. Comparison of the activated networks in soft tissue and alveolar bone highlighted their distinct responsibilities in bone and tissue healing. Moreover, we found that there is crosstalk between identified proteins in soft tissue and alveolar bone with respect to cellular assembly, organization, and communication. Among these proteins, we examined in detail the expression patterns and associated networks of ATP5B and fibronectin 1. ATP5B is involved in nucleic acid metabolism, small molecule biochemistry, and neurological disease, and fibronectin 1 is involved in cellular assembly, organization, and maintenance. Collectively, our findings indicate that bone regeneration is accompanied by a profound interaction among networks regulating cellular resources, and they provide novel insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in the healing of periodontal tissue after tooth extraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Young Yang
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Dental Science Research Institute and the BK21 Project, Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Priam S, Bougault C, Houard X, Gosset M, Salvat C, Berenbaum F, Jacques C. Identification of Soluble 14-3-3∊ as a Novel Subchondral Bone Mediator Involved in Cartilage Degradation in Osteoarthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:1831-42. [DOI: 10.1002/art.37951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Priam
- University Pierre and Marie Curie Paris VI; Paris; France
| | | | - Xavier Houard
- University Pierre and Marie Curie Paris VI; Paris; France
| | | | - Colette Salvat
- University Pierre and Marie Curie Paris VI; Paris; France
| | - Francis Berenbaum
- University Pierre and Marie Curie Paris VI and St. Antoine Hospital; AP-HP; Paris; France
| | - Claire Jacques
- University Pierre and Marie Curie Paris VI; Paris; France
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Alves RDAM, Eijken M, Bezstarosti K, Demmers JAA, van Leeuwen JPTM. Activin A suppresses osteoblast mineralization capacity by altering extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and impairing matrix vesicle (MV) production. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:2890-900. [PMID: 23781072 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.024927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
During bone formation, osteoblasts deposit an extracellular matrix (ECM) that is mineralized via a process involving production and secretion of highly specialized matrix vesicles (MVs). Activin A, a transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily member, was previously shown to have inhibitory effects in human bone formation models through unclear mechanisms. We investigated these mechanisms elicited by activin A during in vitro osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). Activin A inhibition of ECM mineralization coincided with a strong decline in alkaline phosphatase (ALP(1)) activity in extracellular compartments, ECM and matrix vesicles. SILAC-based quantitative proteomics disclosed intricate protein composition alterations in the activin A ECM, including changed expression of collagen XII, osteonectin and several cytoskeleton-binding proteins. Moreover, in activin A osteoblasts matrix vesicle production was deficient containing very low expression of annexin proteins. ECM enhanced human mesenchymal stem cell osteogenic development and mineralization. This osteogenic enhancement was significantly decreased when human mesenchymal stem cells were cultured on ECM produced under activin A treatment. These findings demonstrate that activin A targets the ECM maturation phase of osteoblast differentiation resulting ultimately in the inhibition of mineralization. ECM proteins modulated by activin A are not only determinant for bone mineralization but also possess osteoinductive properties that are relevant for bone tissue regeneration.
Collapse
|
95
|
Fujita H, Yamamoto M, Ogino T, Kobuchi H, Ohmoto N, Aoyama E, Oka T, Nakanishi T, Inoue K, Sasaki J. Necrotic and apoptotic cells serve as nuclei for calcification on osteoblastic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Cell Biochem Funct 2013; 32:77-86. [PMID: 23657822 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A close relationship between cell death and pathological calcification has recently been reported, such as vascular calcification in atherosclerosis. However, the roles of cell death in calcification by osteoblast lineage have not been elucidated in detail. In this study, we investigated whether cell death is involved in the calcification on osteoblastic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) under osteogenic culture in vitro. Apoptosis and necrosis occurred in an osteogenic culture of hMSC, and cell death preceded calcification. The generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, chromatin condensation and fragmentation, and caspase-3 activation increased in this culture. A pan-caspase inhibitor (Z-VAD-FMK) and anti-oxidants (Tiron and n-acetylcysteine) inhibited osteogenic culture-induced cell death and calcification. Furthermore, calcification was significantly promoted by the addition of necrotic dead cells or its membrane fraction. Spontaneously dead cells by osteogenic culture and exogenously added necrotic cells were surrounded by calcium deposits. Induction of localized cell death by photodynamic treatment in the osteogenic culture resulted in co-localized calcification. These findings show that necrotic and apoptotic cell deaths were induced in an osteogenic culture of hMSC and indicated that both necrotic and apoptotic cells of osteoblast lineage served as nuclei for calcification on osteoblastic differentiation of hMSC in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Fujita
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Jiang L, Cui Y, Luan J, Zhou X, Zhou X, Han J. A comparative proteomics study on matrix vesicles of osteoblast-like Saos-2 and U2-OS cells. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2013; 2:59-62. [PMID: 25343104 PMCID: PMC4204581 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2013.v2.2.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix vesicles (MVs) play an important role in the initial stage of the process of bone mineralization, and are involved in multiple rare skeletal diseases with pathological mineralization or calcification. The aim of the study was to compare the proteomic profiling of osteoblast-like cells with and without mineralization ability (Saos-2 and U2-OS), and to identify novel mineralization-associated MV proteins. MVs were extracted using ExoQuick solution from mineralization-induced Saos-2 and U2-OS cells, and then were validated by transmission electron microscopy. A label-free quantitative proteomic method was used to compare the protein profiling of MVs from Saos-2 and U2-OS cells. Western-blots were used to confirm the expression of MVs proteins identified in proteomic studies. In our proteomic studies, we identified that 89 mineralization-related proteins were significantly up-regulated in Saos-2 MVs compared with U2-OS MVs. We further validated that two MVs proteins, protein kinase C α and ras-related protein Ral-A, were up-regulated in MVs of Saos-2 cells compared to those of U2-OS cells under mineralization-induction. Our findings suggest that protein kinase C α and ras-related protein Ral-A might be involved in bone mineralization as MVs components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Jiang
- Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Medical Biotechnology Center, Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs of the Ministry of Health, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Ji'nan-Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Yazhou Cui
- Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Medical Biotechnology Center, Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs of the Ministry of Health, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Luan
- Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Medical Biotechnology Center, Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs of the Ministry of Health, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Medical Biotechnology Center, Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs of the Ministry of Health, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhou
- Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Medical Biotechnology Center, Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs of the Ministry of Health, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Jinxiang Han
- Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Medical Biotechnology Center, Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs of the Ministry of Health, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Jinxiang Han, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 18877 Jing-shi Road, Ji'nan, 250062, Shandong, China. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Choi DS, Kim DK, Kim YK, Gho YS. Proteomics, transcriptomics and lipidomics of exosomes and ectosomes. Proteomics 2013; 13:1554-71. [PMID: 23401200 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells secrete two types of extracellular vesicles either constitutively or in a regulated manner: exosomes (50-100 nm in diameter) released from the intracellular compartment and ectosomes (also called microvesicles, 100-1000 nm in diameter) shed directly from the plasma membrane. Extracellular vesicles are bilayered proteolipids enriched with proteins, mRNAs, microRNAs, and lipids. In recent years, much data have been collected regarding the specific components of extracellular vesicles from various cell types and body fluids using proteomic, transcriptomic, and lipidomic methods. These studies have revealed that extracellular vesicles harbor specific types of proteins, mRNAs, miRNAs, and lipids rather than random cellular components. These results provide valuable information on the molecular mechanisms involved in vesicular cargo-sorting and biogenesis. Furthermore, studies of these complex extracellular organelles have facilitated conceptual advancements in the field of intercellular communication under physiological and pathological conditions as well as for disease-specific biomarker discovery. This review focuses on the proteomic, transcriptomic, and lipidomic profiles of extracellular vesicles, and will briefly summarize recent advances in the biology, function, and diagnostic potential of vesicle-specific components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Sic Choi
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
98
|
Abstract
Mineralizing matrix vesicles (MVs) are extracellular organelles produced by chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and odontoblasts under physiological conditions and by vascular smooth muscle cells under pathological conditions. MVs are involved in the early stage of mineralization allowing calcium and phosphate to accumulate, and therefore providing an optimal environment facilitating hydroxyapatite formation. Here, we describe the isolation of MVs from osteoblasts and chondrocytes and present their main characteristics.
Collapse
|
99
|
Kim JM, Kim J, Kim YH, Kim KT, Ryu SH, Lee TG, Suh PG. Comparative secretome analysis of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells during osteogenesis. J Cell Physiol 2012; 228:216-24. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
100
|
Kristensen LP, Chen L, Nielsen MO, Qanie DW, Kratchmarova I, Kassem M, Andersen JS. Temporal profiling and pulsed SILAC labeling identify novel secreted proteins during ex vivo osteoblast differentiation of human stromal stem cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:989-1007. [PMID: 22801418 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.012138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that bone forming cells (osteoblasts) secrete proteins with autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine function. However, the identity and functional role for the majority of these secreted and differentially expressed proteins during the osteoblast (OB) differentiation process, is not fully established. To address these questions, we quantified the temporal dynamics of the human stromal (mesenchymal, skeletal) stem cell (hMSC) secretome during ex vivo OB differentiation using stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC). In addition, we employed pulsed SILAC labeling to distinguish genuine secreted proteins from intracellular contaminants. We identified 466 potentially secreted proteins that were quantified at 5 time-points during 14-days ex vivo OB differentiation including 41 proteins known to be involved in OB functions. Among these, 315 proteins exhibited more than 2-fold up or down-regulation. The pulsed SILAC method revealed a strong correlation between the fraction of isotope labeling and the subset of proteins known to be secreted and involved in OB differentiation. We verified SILAC data using qRT-PCR analysis of 9 identified potential novel regulators of OB differentiation. Furthermore, we studied the biological effects of one of these proteins, the hormone stanniocalcin 2 (STC2) and demonstrated its autocrine effects in enhancing osteoblastic differentiation of hMSC. In conclusion, combining complete and pulsed SILAC labeling facilitated the identification of novel factors produced by hMSC with potential role in OB differentiation. Our study demonstrates that the secretome of osteoblastic cells is more complex than previously reported and supports the emerging evidence that osteoblastic cells secrete proteins with endocrine functions and regulate cellular processes beyond bone formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars P Kristensen
- Center for Experimental Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|