51
|
Yusof SR, Avdeef A, Abbott NJ. In vitro porcine blood-brain barrier model for permeability studies: pCEL-X software pKa(FLUX) method for aqueous boundary layer correction and detailed data analysis. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 65:98-111. [PMID: 25239510 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) models from primary brain endothelial cells can closely resemble the in vivo BBB, offering valuable models to assay BBB functions and to screen potential central nervous system drugs. We have recently developed an in vitro BBB model using primary porcine brain endothelial cells. The model shows expression of tight junction proteins and high transendothelial electrical resistance, evidence for a restrictive paracellular pathway. Validation studies using small drug-like compounds demonstrated functional uptake and efflux transporters, showing the suitability of the model to assay drug permeability. However, one limitation of in vitro model permeability measurement is the presence of the aqueous boundary layer (ABL) resulting from inefficient stirring during the permeability assay. The ABL can be a rate-limiting step in permeation, particularly for lipophilic compounds, causing underestimation of the permeability. If the ABL effect is ignored, the permeability measured in vitro will not reflect the permeability in vivo. To address the issue, we explored the combination of in vitro permeability measurement using our porcine model with the pKa(FLUX) method in pCEL-X software to correct for the ABL effect and allow a detailed analysis of in vitro (transendothelial) permeability data, Papp. Published Papp using porcine models generated by our group and other groups are also analyzed. From the Papp, intrinsic transcellular permeability (P0) is derived by simultaneous refinement using a weighted nonlinear regression, taking into account permeability through the ABL, paracellular permeability and filter restrictions on permeation. The in vitro P0 derived for 22 compounds (35 measurements) showed good correlation with P0 derived from in situ brain perfusion data (r(2)=0.61). The analysis also gave evidence for carrier-mediated uptake of naloxone, propranolol and vinblastine. The combination of the in vitro porcine model and the software analysis provides a useful tool to better predict BBB permeability in vivo and gain better mechanistic information about BBB permeation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siti R Yusof
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Franklin Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford St., London SE1 9NH, UK; HICoE Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia; Center for Neuroscience Services and Research, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Alex Avdeef
- in-ADME Research, 1732 First Ave., #102, New York, NY 10128, USA
| | - N Joan Abbott
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Franklin Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford St., London SE1 9NH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Eiamphungporn W, Yainoy S, Prachayasittikul V. Angiopep-2-Mediated Delivery of Human Manganese Superoxide Dismutase in Brain Endothelial Cells and its Protective Effect Against Oxidative Stress. Int J Pept Res Ther 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-014-9433-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
53
|
A stable and reproducible human blood-brain barrier model derived from hematopoietic stem cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99733. [PMID: 24936790 PMCID: PMC4061029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The human blood brain barrier (BBB) is a selective barrier formed by human brain endothelial cells (hBECs), which is important to ensure adequate neuronal function and protect the central nervous system (CNS) from disease. The development of human in vitro BBB models is thus of utmost importance for drug discovery programs related to CNS diseases. Here, we describe a method to generate a human BBB model using cord blood-derived hematopoietic stem cells. The cells were initially differentiated into ECs followed by the induction of BBB properties by co-culture with pericytes. The brain-like endothelial cells (BLECs) express tight junctions and transporters typically observed in brain endothelium and maintain expression of most in vivo BBB properties for at least 20 days. The model is very reproducible since it can be generated from stem cells isolated from different donors and in different laboratories, and could be used to predict CNS distribution of compounds in human. Finally, we provide evidence that Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway mediates in part the BBB inductive properties of pericytes.
Collapse
|
54
|
Jansson D, Rustenhoven J, Feng S, Hurley D, Oldfield RL, Bergin PS, Mee EW, Faull RLM, Dragunow M. A role for human brain pericytes in neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:104. [PMID: 24920309 PMCID: PMC4105169 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain inflammation plays a key role in neurological disease. Although much research has been conducted investigating inflammatory events in animal models, potential differences in human brain versus rodent models makes it imperative that we also study these phenomena in human cells and tissue. METHODS Primary human brain cell cultures were generated from biopsy tissue of patients undergoing surgery for drug-resistant epilepsy. Cells were treated with pro-inflammatory compounds IFNγ, TNFα, IL-1β, and LPS, and chemokines IP-10 and MCP-1 were measured by immunocytochemistry, western blot, and qRT-PCR. Microarray analysis was also performed on late passage cultures treated with vehicle or IFNγ and IL-1β. RESULTS Early passage human brain cell cultures were a mixture of microglia, astrocytes, fibroblasts and pericytes. Later passage cultures contained proliferating fibroblasts and pericytes only. Under basal culture conditions all cell types showed cytoplasmic NFκB indicating that they were in a non-activated state. Expression of IP-10 and MCP-1 were significantly increased in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli. The two chemokines were expressed in mixed cultures as well as cultures of fibroblasts and pericytes only. The expression of IP-10 and MCP-1 were regulated at the mRNA and protein level, and both were secreted into cell culture media. NFκB nuclear translocation was also detected in response to pro-inflammatory cues (except IFNγ) in all cell types. Microarray analysis of brain pericytes also revealed widespread changes in gene expression in response to the combination of IFNγ and IL-1β treatment including interleukins, chemokines, cellular adhesion molecules and much more. CONCLUSIONS Adult human brain cells are sensitive to cytokine challenge. As expected 'classical' brain immune cells, such as microglia and astrocytes, responded to cytokine challenge but of even more interest, brain pericytes also responded to such challenge with a rich repertoire of gene expression. Immune activation of brain pericytes may play an important role in communicating inflammatory signals to and within the brain interior and may also be involved in blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption . Targeting brain pericytes, as well as microglia and astrocytes, may provide novel opportunities for reducing brain inflammation and maintaining BBB function and brain homeostasis in human brain disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mike Dragunow
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Ariga T. Pathogenic role of ganglioside metabolism in neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:1227-42. [PMID: 24903509 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ganglioside metabolism is altered in several neurodegenerative diseases, and this may participate in several events related to the pathogenesis of these diseases. Most changes occur in specific areas of the brain and their distinct membrane microdomains or lipid rafts. Antiganglioside antibodies may be involved in dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier and disease progression in these diseases. In lipid rafts, interactions of glycosphingolipids, including ganglioside, with proteins may be responsible for the misfolding events that cause the fibril and/or aggregate processing of disease-specific proteins, such as α-synuclein, in Parkinson's disease, huntingtin protein in Huntington's disease, and copper-zinc superoxide dismutase in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Targeting ganglioside metabolism may represent an underexploited opportunity to design novel therapeutic strategies for neurodegeneration in these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Ariga
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
An in vitro blood-brain barrier model combining shear stress and endothelial cell/astrocyte co-culture. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 232:165-72. [PMID: 24858797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) models can be useful for understanding leukocyte-endothelial interactions at this unique vascular-tissue interface. Desirable features of such a model include shear stress, non-transformed cells and co-cultures of brain microvascular endothelial cells with astrocytes. Recovery of transmigrated leukocytes for further analysis is also appealing. NEW METHODS We report an in vitro BBB model for leukocyte transmigration incorporating shear stress with co-culture of conditionally immortalized human endothelial cell line (hBMVEC) and human astrocyte cell line (hAST). Transmigrated leukocytes can be recovered for comparison with input and non-transmigrated cells. RESULT hBMVEC and hAST exhibited physiological and morphological BBB properties when cocultured back-to-back on membranes. In particular, astrocyte processes protruded through 3 μm membrane pores, terminating in close proximity to the hBMVEC with a morphology reminiscent of end-feet. Co-culture with hAST also decreased the permeability of hBMVEC. In our model, astrocytes promoted transendothelial leukocyte transmigration. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS This model offers the opportunity to evaluate whether BBB properties and leukocyte transmigration across cytokine-activated hBMVEC are influenced by human astrocytes. CONCLUSIONS We present a BBB model for leukocyte transmigration incorporating shear stress with co-culture of hBMVEC and hAST. We demonstrate that hAST promoted leukocyte transmigration and also increased certain barrier functions of hBMVEC. This model provides reproducible assays for leukocyte transmigration with robust results, which will enable further defining the relationships among leukocytes and the cellular elements of the BBB.
Collapse
|
57
|
Tasaki A, Shimizu F, Sano Y, Fujisawa M, Takahashi T, Haruki H, Abe M, Koga M, Kanda T. Autocrine MMP-2/9 secretion increases the BBB permeability in neuromyelitis optica. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2014; 85:419-30. [PMID: 24259591 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2013-305907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pathological breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is thought to constitute the beginning of the disease process in neuromyelitis optica (NMO). In the current study, we investigated possible molecular mechanisms responsible for the breakdown of BBB using NMO sera. METHODS We analysed the effects of sera obtained from anti-aquaporin 4 (AQP4) antibody-positive NMO spectrum disorder (NMOSD) patients, multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and control subjects on the production of claudin-5, matrix-metalloproteinases (MMPs)-2/9, and vascular cell adhesion protein-1 (VCAM-1) in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). We also examined whether immunoglobulin G (IgG) purified from NMOSD sera influences the claudin-5 or VCAM-1 protein expression. RESULTS The disturbance of BBB properties in BMECs following exposure to NMOSD sera was restored after adding the MMP inhibitor, GM6001. The secretion of MMP-2/9 by BMECs significantly increased after applying the NMOSD sera. The sera from NMOSD patients also increased both the MMP-2/9 secretion and the VCAM-1 protein level by BMECs. The IgG purified from NMOSD sera did not influence the BBB properties or the amount of MMP-2/9 proteins, although it did increase the amount of VCAM-1 proteins in BMECs. Reduction in anti-AQP4 antibody titre was not correlated with a reduction in VCAM-1 expression. CONCLUSIONS The autocrine secretion of MMP-2/9 by BMECs induced by humoral factors, other than IgG, in sera obtained from NMOSD patients potentially increases BBB permeability. IgG obtained from NMOSD sera, apart from anti-AQP4 antibodies, affect the BBB by upregulating VCAM, thereby facilitating the entry of inflammatory cells into the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Tasaki
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, , Ube, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Shimizu F, Tasaki A, Sano Y, Ju M, Nishihara H, Oishi M, Koga M, Kawai M, Kanda T. Sera from remitting and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis patients disrupt the blood-brain barrier. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92872. [PMID: 24686948 PMCID: PMC3970956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathological destruction of blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been thought to be the initial key event in the process of developing multiple sclerosis (MS). The purpose of the present study was to clarify the possible molecular mechanisms responsible for the malfunction of BBB by sera from relapse-remitting MS (RRMS) and secondary progressive MS (SPMS) patients. METHODS We evaluated the effects of sera from the patients in the relapse phase of RRMS (RRMS-R), stable phase of RRMS (RRMS-S) and SPMS on the expression of tight junction proteins and vascular cell adhesion protein-1 (VCAM-1), and on the transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). RESULTS Sera from the RRMS-R or SPMS patients decreased the claudin-5 protein expression and the TEER in BMECs. In RRMS-R, this effect was restored after adding an MMP inhibitor, and the MMP-2/9 secretion by BMECs was significantly increased after the application of patients' sera. In SPMS, the immunoglobulin G (IgG) purified from patients' sera also decreased the claudin-5 protein expression and the TEER in BMECs. The sera and purified IgG from all MS patients increased the VCAM-1 protein expression in BMECs. CONCLUSIONS The up-regulation of autocrine MMP-2/9 by BMECs after exposure to sera from RRMS-R patients or the autoantibodies against BMECs from SPMS patients can compromise the BBB. Both RRMS-S and SPMS sera increased the VCAM-1 expression in the BBB, thus indicating that targeting the VCAM-1 in the BBB could represent a possible therapeutic strategy for even the stable phase of MS and SPMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Shimizu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Ayako Tasaki
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Sano
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Mihua Ju
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nishihara
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Mariko Oishi
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Michiaki Koga
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Motoharu Kawai
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Takashi Kanda
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Bicker J, Alves G, Fortuna A, Falcão A. Blood-brain barrier models and their relevance for a successful development of CNS drug delivery systems: a review. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 87:409-32. [PMID: 24686194 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
During the research and development of new drugs directed at the central nervous system, there is a considerable attrition rate caused by their hampered access to the brain by the blood-brain barrier. Throughout the years, several in vitro models have been developed in an attempt to mimic critical functionalities of the blood-brain barrier and reliably predict the permeability of drug candidates. However, the current challenge lies in developing a model that retains fundamental blood-brain barrier characteristics and simultaneously remains compatible with the high throughput demands of pharmaceutical industries. This review firstly describes the roles of all elements of the neurovascular unit and their influence on drug brain penetration. In vitro models, including non-cell based and cell-based models, and in vivo models are herein presented, with a particular emphasis on their methodological aspects. Lastly, their contribution to the improvement of brain drug delivery strategies and drug transport across the blood-brain barrier is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Bicker
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Alves
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Ana Fortuna
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Amílcar Falcão
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Liu MC, Chen WH, Wu LC, Hsu WC, Lo WC, Yeh SD, Wang MF, Zeng R, Deng WP. Establishment of a Promising Human Nucleus Pulposus Cell Line for Intervertebral Disc Tissue Engineering. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2014; 20:1-10. [PMID: 23675702 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Che Liu
- College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Hong Chen
- Stem Cell Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ling-Chiao Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Che Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wen-Cheng Lo
- School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shauh-Der Yeh
- Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Fu Wang
- Department of Food Science, Yuanpei University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Win-Ping Deng
- Stem Cell Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Takeuchi D, Akeda Y, Nakayama T, Kerdsin A, Sano Y, Kanda T, Hamada S, Dejsirilert S, Oishi K. The contribution of suilysin to the pathogenesis of Streptococcus suis meningitis. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:1509-19. [PMID: 24285845 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus suis is an emerging zoonotic pathogen, and causes sepsis and meningitis in humans. Although sequence type (ST) 1 and ST104 strains are capable of causing sepsis, ST1 strains commonly cause meningitis. In this study, we investigated the role of suilysin, a member of cholesterol-dependent cytolysins, in differential pathogenicity between ST1 and ST104 strains. METHODS The levels of transcription and translation of the sly gene and messenger RNA of both ST strains were compared by means of quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Survival rates and bacterial densities in brain were compared between mice infected with wild-type and sly-knockout ST1 strain. ST104 infections with or without complementation of suilysin were also assessed. RESULTS The amounts of suilysin produced by ST1 strains were much higher than those produced by ST104 strains. Lower production of suilysin by ST104 strains were attributed to the attenuated sly gene expression, which seemed to be associated with 2 nucleotide insertions in sly promoter region. Furthermore, suilysin contributed to the higher bacterial density and enhanced inflammation in brain and increased mortality. CONCLUSIONS Our data may explain why ST1 strains, but not ST104 strains, commonly cause meningitis and also suggest the contribution of suilysin to the pathogenesis of meningitis in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Takeuchi
- Laboratory for Clinical Research on Infectious Diseases, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Eigenmann DE, Xue G, Kim KS, Moses AV, Hamburger M, Oufir M. Comparative study of four immortalized human brain capillary endothelial cell lines, hCMEC/D3, hBMEC, TY10, and BB19, and optimization of culture conditions, for an in vitro blood-brain barrier model for drug permeability studies. Fluids Barriers CNS 2013; 10:33. [PMID: 24262108 PMCID: PMC4176484 DOI: 10.1186/2045-8118-10-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reliable human in vitro blood–brain barrier (BBB) models suitable for high-throughput screening are urgently needed in early drug discovery and development for assessing the ability of promising bioactive compounds to overcome the BBB. To establish an improved human in vitro BBB model, we compared four currently available and well characterized immortalized human brain capillary endothelial cell lines, hCMEC/D3, hBMEC, TY10, and BB19, with respect to barrier tightness and paracellular permeability. Co-culture systems using immortalized human astrocytes (SVG-A cell line) and immortalized human pericytes (HBPCT cell line) were designed with the aim of positively influencing barrier tightness. Methods Tight junction (TJ) formation was assessed by transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements using a conventional epithelial voltohmmeter (EVOM) and an automated CellZscope system which records TEER and cell layer capacitance (CCL) in real-time. Paracellular permeability was assessed using two fluorescent marker compounds with low BBB penetration (sodium fluorescein (Na-F) and lucifer yellow (LY)). Conditions were optimized for each endothelial cell line by screening a series of 24-well tissue culture inserts from different providers. For hBMEC cells, further optimization was carried out by varying coating material, coating procedure, cell seeding density, and growth media composition. Biochemical characterization of cell type-specific transmembrane adherens junction protein VE-cadherin and of TJ proteins ZO-1 and claudin-5 were carried out for each endothelial cell line. In addition, immunostaining for ZO-1 in hBMEC cell line was performed. Results The four cell lines all expressed the endothelial cell type-specific adherens junction protein VE-cadherin. The TJ protein ZO-1 was expressed in hCMEC/D3 and in hBMEC cells. ZO-1 expression could be confirmed in hBMEC cells by immunocytochemical staining. Claudin-5 expression was detected in hCMEC/D3, TY10, and at a very low level in hBMEC cells. Highest TEER values and lowest paracellular permeability for Na-F and LY were obtained with mono-cultures of hBMEC cell line when cultivated on 24-well tissue culture inserts from Greiner Bio-one® (transparent PET membrane, 3.0 μm pore size). In co-culture models with SVG-A and HBPCT cells, no increase of TEER could be observed, suggesting that none of the investigated endothelial cell lines responded positively to stimuli from immortalized astrocytic or pericytic cells. Conclusions Under the conditions examined in our experiments, hBMEC proved to be the most suitable human cell line for an in vitro BBB model concerning barrier tightness in a 24-well mono-culture system intended for higher throughput. This BBB model is being validated with several compounds (known to cross or not to cross the BBB), and will potentially be selected for the assessment of BBB permeation of bioactive natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela E Eigenmann
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Ito S, Matsumiya K, Ohtsuki S, Kamiie J, Terasaki T. Contributions of degradation and brain-to-blood elimination across the blood-brain barrier to cerebral clearance of human amyloid-β peptide(1-40) in mouse brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:1770-7. [PMID: 23963369 PMCID: PMC3824175 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to estimate the relative contributions of degradation and brain-to-blood elimination processes to the clearance of microinjected human amyloid-β peptide(1-40) (hAβ(1-40)) from mouse cerebral cortex, using a solid-phase extraction method together with a newly developed ultraperformance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS) quantitation method for intact hAβ(1-40). The clearance rate constant of hAβ(1-40) in mouse cerebral cortex was determined to be 3.21 × 10(-2)/min under conditions where the saturable brain-to-blood elimination process across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was expected to be saturated. Thus, this clearance rate constant should mainly reflect degradation. The [(125)I]hAβ(1-40) elimination rate across the BBB under nonsaturating conditions was determined to be 1.48 × 10(-2)/min. Inhibition studies suggested that processes sensitive to insulin and phosphoramidon, which inhibit neprilysin, insulin-degrading enzyme, and endothelin-converting enzyme, are involved not only in degradation, but also in elimination of hAβ(1-40). In conclusion, our results suggest a dominant contribution of degradation to cerebral hAβ(1-40) clearance, and also indicate that a sequential process of degradation and elimination of degradation products is involved in cerebral hAβ(1-40) clearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Ito
- 1] Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan [2] SORST of the Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan [3] Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Maeda T, Sano Y, Abe M, Shimizu F, Kashiwamura Y, Ohtsuki S, Terasaki T, Obinata M, Ueda M, Kanda T. Establishment and characterization of spinal cord microvascular endothelial cell lines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/cen3.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Maeda
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience; Graduate School of Medicine; Yamaguchi University; Ube Japan
| | - Yasuteru Sano
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience; Graduate School of Medicine; Yamaguchi University; Ube Japan
| | - Masaaki Abe
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience; Graduate School of Medicine; Yamaguchi University; Ube Japan
| | - Fumitaka Shimizu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience; Graduate School of Medicine; Yamaguchi University; Ube Japan
| | - Yoko Kashiwamura
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience; Graduate School of Medicine; Yamaguchi University; Ube Japan
| | - Sumio Ohtsuki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto Japan
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- Department of Molecular Biopharmacy and Genetics; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Masuo Obinata
- Department of Cell Biology; Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | | | - Takashi Kanda
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience; Graduate School of Medicine; Yamaguchi University; Ube Japan
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuteru Sano
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience; Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine; Ube; Yamaguchi; Japan
| | - Takashi Kanda
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience; Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine; Ube; Yamaguchi; Japan
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Saito K, Shimizu F, Koga M, Sano Y, Tasaki A, Abe M, Haruki H, Maeda T, Suzuki S, Kusunoki S, Mizusawa H, Kanda T. Blood-brain barrier destruction determines Fisher/Bickerstaff clinical phenotypes: an in vitro study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2013; 84:756-65. [PMID: 23584494 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2012-304306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To ascertain the hypothesis that the phenotypic differences between Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis (BBE) and Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS) are derived from the differences in the effects of sera on blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-nerve barrier. BACKGROUND Antibodies against GQ1b are frequently detected in BBE and MFS, and these two disorders may share the same pathogenesis, but the clinical phenotypes of BBE and MFS are substantially different. METHODS The effects of sera obtained from BBE patients, MFS patients and control subjects were evaluated with regard to the expression of tight junction proteins and transendothelial electrical resistance in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) and human peripheral nerve microvascular endothelial cells. RESULTS The sera obtained from BBE patients decreased the transendothelial electrical resistance values and claudin-5 protein expression in BMECs, although the sera obtained from MFS patients had no effect on BMECs or peripheral nerve microvascular endothelial cells. This effect was reversed after the application of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor, GM6001. The presence or absence of anti-GQ1b antibodies did not significantly influence the results. MMP-9 secreted by BMECs was significantly increased after exposure to the sera obtained from BBE patients, whereas it was not changed after exposure to the sera obtained from MFS patients. CONCLUSIONS Only the sera obtained from BBE patients destroyed BBB and it might explain the phenotypical differences between BBE and MFS. BBE sera disrupted BBB, possibly via the autocrine secretion of MMP-9 from BBB-composing endothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Saito
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 7558505, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Passeleu-Le Bourdonnec C, Carrupt PA, Scherrmann JM, Martel S. Methodologies to assess drug permeation through the blood-brain barrier for pharmaceutical research. Pharm Res 2013; 30:2729-56. [PMID: 23801086 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1119-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The drug discovery process for drugs that target the central nervous system suffers from a very high rate of failure due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier, which limits the entry of xenobiotics into the brain. To minimise drug failure at different stages of the drug development process, new methodologies have been developed to understand the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) profile of drug candidates at early stages of drug development. Additionally, understanding the permeation of drug candidates is also important, particularly for drugs that target the central nervous system. During the first stages of the drug discovery process, in vitro methods that allow for the determination of permeability using high-throughput screening methods are advantageous. For example, performing the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay followed by cell-based models with interesting hits is a useful technique for identifying potential drugs. In silico models also provide interesting information but must be confirmed by in vitro models. Finally, in vivo models, such as in situ brain perfusion, should be studied to reduce a large number of drug candidates to a few lead compounds. This article reviews the different methodologies used in the drug discovery and drug development processes to determine the permeation of drug candidates through the blood-brain barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Passeleu-Le Bourdonnec
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva University of Lausanne, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Anti-Chol-1 antigen, GQ1bα, antibodies are associated with Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63326. [PMID: 23717411 PMCID: PMC3662770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of amyloid β-proteins (Aβ) with membrane gangliosides has been reported to be an early event in Aβ fibril formation in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Neuronal degeneration in AD has been postulated to be associated with the presence of anti-ganglioside antibodies in patient sera. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) immunostaining, sera from 27 individuals (10 with AD, 6 with vascular dementia (VD), and 11 non-demented age-matched pathological controls) were examined in order to detect anti-glycosphingolipid (GSL) antibodies, including anti-cholinergic-specific antigen (Chol-1α; GQ1bα) antibodies. All sera had natural antibodies against ganglio-N-tetraosyl gangliosides (brain-type gangliosides). However, sera of demented patients with AD and VD had significantly higher titers of anti-GSL antibodies than those in age-matched pathological controls. Although most serum antibodies, including anti- GM1, -GT1b, -GQ1b, -GQ1bα, were of the IgM type, the presence of the IgG type antibodies was also significantly elevated in the sera of demented patients with AD. Anti-GT1b antibodies of the IgG type were elevated in AD (90%, 9 of 10 cases) and VD (100%), respectively. Most surprisingly, anti-GQ1bα antibodies (IgM) were found in 90% (9/10) and 100% (6/6) in the sera of patients with AD and VD, respectively. Since GQ1bα is present in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, the presence of anti-GQ1bα antibodies may play an important role in disrupting cholinergic synaptic transmission and may participate in the pathogenesis of dementia. We conclude that elevated anti-GSL antibody titers may be useful as an aid for clinical diagnosis of those dementias.
Collapse
|
69
|
Weksler B, Romero IA, Couraud PO. The hCMEC/D3 cell line as a model of the human blood brain barrier. Fluids Barriers CNS 2013; 10:16. [PMID: 23531482 PMCID: PMC3623852 DOI: 10.1186/2045-8118-10-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 483] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first attempts in the 1970s to isolate cerebral microvessel endothelial cells (CECs) in order to model the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vitro, the need for a human BBB model that closely mimics the in vivo phenotype and is reproducible and easy to grow, has been widely recognized by cerebrovascular researchers in both academia and industry. While primary human CECs would ideally be the model of choice, the paucity of available fresh human cerebral tissue makes wide-scale studies impractical. The brain microvascular endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3 represents one such model of the human BBB that can be easily grown and is amenable to cellular and molecular studies on pathological and drug transport mechanisms with relevance to the central nervous system (CNS). Indeed, since the development of this cell line in 2005 over 100 studies on different aspects of cerebral endothelial biology and pharmacology have been published. Here we review the suitability of this cell line as a human BBB model for pathogenic and drug transport studies and we critically consider its advantages and limitations.
Collapse
|
70
|
Weksler B, Romero IA, Couraud PO. The hCMEC/D3 cell line as a model of the human blood brain barrier. Fluids Barriers CNS 2013. [PMID: 23531482 DOI: 10.1186/2045‐8118‐10‐16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first attempts in the 1970s to isolate cerebral microvessel endothelial cells (CECs) in order to model the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vitro, the need for a human BBB model that closely mimics the in vivo phenotype and is reproducible and easy to grow, has been widely recognized by cerebrovascular researchers in both academia and industry. While primary human CECs would ideally be the model of choice, the paucity of available fresh human cerebral tissue makes wide-scale studies impractical. The brain microvascular endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3 represents one such model of the human BBB that can be easily grown and is amenable to cellular and molecular studies on pathological and drug transport mechanisms with relevance to the central nervous system (CNS). Indeed, since the development of this cell line in 2005 over 100 studies on different aspects of cerebral endothelial biology and pharmacology have been published. Here we review the suitability of this cell line as a human BBB model for pathogenic and drug transport studies and we critically consider its advantages and limitations.
Collapse
|
71
|
Shimizu F, Sano Y, Tominaga O, Maeda T, Abe MA, Kanda T. Advanced glycation end-products disrupt the blood-brain barrier by stimulating the release of transforming growth factor-β by pericytes and vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase-2 by endothelial cells in vitro. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:1902-12. [PMID: 23428182 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic encephalopathy is now accepted as an important complication of diabetes. The breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is associated with dementia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The purpose of this study was to identify the possible mechanisms responsible for the disruption of the BBB after exposure to advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). We investigated the effect of AGEs on the basement membrane and the barrier property of the BBB by Western blot analysis, using our newly established lines of human brain microvascular endothelial cell (BMEC), pericytes, and astrocytes. AGEs reduced the expression of claudin-5 in BMECs by increasing the autocrine signaling through vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) secreted by the BMECs themselves. Furthermore, AGEs increased the amount of fibronectin in the pericytes through a similar up-regulation of the autocrine transforming growth factor (TGF)-β released by pericytes. These results indicated that AGEs induce basement membrane hypertrophy of the BBB by increasing the degree of autocrine TGF-β signaling by pericytes, and thereby disrupt the BBB through the up-regulation of VEGF and MMP-2 in BMECs under diabetic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Shimizu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
|
73
|
Simmler LD, Buser TA, Donzelli M, Schramm Y, Dieu LH, Huwyler J, Chaboz S, Hoener MC, Liechti ME. Pharmacological characterization of designer cathinones in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:458-70. [PMID: 22897747 PMCID: PMC3572571 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02145.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 512] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Designer β-keto amphetamines (e.g. cathinones, 'bath salts' and 'research chemicals') have become popular recreational drugs, but their pharmacology is poorly characterized. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We determined the potencies of cathinones to inhibit DA, NA and 5-HT transport into transporter-transfected HEK 293 cells, DA and 5-HT efflux from monoamine-preloaded cells, and monoamine receptor binding affinity. KEY RESULTS Mephedrone, methylone, ethylone, butylone and naphyrone acted as non-selective monoamine uptake inhibitors, similar to cocaine. Mephedrone, methylone, ethylone and butylone also induced the release of 5-HT, similar to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) and other entactogens. Cathinone, methcathinone and flephedrone, similar to amphetamine and methamphetamine, acted as preferential DA and NA uptake inhibitors and induced the release of DA. Pyrovalerone and 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) were highly potent and selective DA and NA transporter inhibitors but unlike amphetamines did not evoke the release of monoamines. The non-β-keto amphetamines are trace amine-associated receptor 1 ligands, whereas the cathinones are not. All the cathinones showed high blood-brain barrier permeability in an in vitro model; mephedrone and MDPV exhibited particularly high permeability. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Cathinones have considerable pharmacological differences that form the basis of their suggested classification into three groups. The predominant action of all cathinones on the DA transporter is probably associated with a considerable risk of addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L D Simmler
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Departments of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
74
|
Sano Y, Kashiwamura Y, Abe M, Dieu LH, Huwyler J, Shimizu F, Haruki H, Maeda T, Saito K, Tasaki A, Kanda T. Stable human brain microvascular endothelial cell line retaining its barrier-specific nature independent of the passage number. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/cen3.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuteru Sano
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience; Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine; Yamaguchi; Japan
| | - Yoko Kashiwamura
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience; Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine; Yamaguchi; Japan
| | - Masaaki Abe
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience; Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine; Yamaguchi; Japan
| | - Le-Ha Dieu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Basel; Basel; Switzerland
| | - Jörg Huwyler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Basel; Basel; Switzerland
| | - Fumitaka Shimizu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience; Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine; Yamaguchi; Japan
| | - Hiroyo Haruki
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience; Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine; Yamaguchi; Japan
| | - Toshihiko Maeda
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience; Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine; Yamaguchi; Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Saito
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience; Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine; Yamaguchi; Japan
| | - Ayako Tasaki
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience; Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine; Yamaguchi; Japan
| | - Takashi Kanda
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience; Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine; Yamaguchi; Japan
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Takeshita Y, Ransohoff RM. Inflammatory cell trafficking across the blood-brain barrier: chemokine regulation and in vitro models. Immunol Rev 2012; 248:228-39. [PMID: 22725965 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the brain-specific capillary barrier that is critical for preventing toxic substances from entering the central nervous system (CNS). In contrast to vessels of peripheral organs, the BBB limits the exchange of inflammatory cells and mediators under physiological and pathological conditions. Clarifying these limitations and the role of chemokines in regulating the BBB would provide new insights into neuroprotective strategies in neuroinflammatory diseases. Because there is a paucity of in vitro BBB models, however, some mechanistic aspects of transmigration across the BBB still remain largely unknown. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of BBB cellular components, the multistep process of inflammatory cells crossing the BBB, functions of CNS-derived chemokines, and in vitro BBB models for transmigration, with a particular focus on new and recent findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Takeshita
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
Patabendige A, Skinner RA, Abbott NJ. Establishment of a simplified in vitro porcine blood-brain barrier model with high transendothelial electrical resistance. Brain Res 2012; 1521:1-15. [PMID: 22789905 PMCID: PMC3694297 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Good in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) models that mimic the in vivo BBB phenotype are essential for studies on BBB functionality and for initial screening in drug discovery programmes, as many potential therapeutic drug candidates have poor BBB permeation. Difficulties associated with the availability of human brain tissue, coupled with the time and cost associated with using animals for this kind of research have led to the development of non-human cell culture models. However, most BBB models display a low transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER), which is a measure of the tightness of the BBB. To address these issues we have established and optimised a robust, simple to use in vitro BBB model using porcine brain endothelial cells (PBECs). The PBEC model gives high TEER without the need for co-culture with astrocytes (up to 1300 O cm(2) with a mean TEER of ~800 O cm(2)) with well organised tight junctions as shown by immunostaining for occludin and claudin-5. Functional assays confirmed the presence of high levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and presence of the efflux transporter, P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1). Presence of the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP, ABCG2) was confirmed by TaqMan real-time RT-PCR assay. Real-time RT-PCR assays for BCRP, occludin and claudin-5 demonstrated no significant differences between batches of PBECs, and also between primary and passage 1 PBECs. A permeability screen of 10 compounds demonstrated the usefulness of the model as a tool for drug permeability studies. Qualitative and quantitative results from this study confirm that this in vitro porcine BBB model is reliable and robust; it is also simpler to generate than most other BBB models. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Electrical Synapses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adjanie Patabendige
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, BBB Group, Franklin Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford St, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Abe M, Sano Y, Maeda T, Shimizu F, Kashiwamura Y, Haruki H, Saito K, Tasaki A, Kawai M, Terasaki T, Kanda T. Establishment and characterization of human peripheral nerve microvascular endothelial cell lines: a new in vitro blood-nerve barrier (BNB) model. Cell Struct Funct 2012; 37:89-100. [PMID: 22672995 DOI: 10.1247/csf.11042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-nerve barrier (BNB) is a highly specialized unit that maintains the microenvironments of the peripheral nervous system. Since the breakdown of the BNB has been considered a key step in autoimmune neuropathies such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyraduculoneuropathy, it is important to understand the cellular properties of the peripheral nerve microvascular endothelial cells (PnMECs) which constitute the BNB. For this purpose, we established an immortalized cell line derived from human PnMECs. The human PnMECs were transduced with retroviral vectors encoding the temperature-sensitive SV40 large T antigen and human telomerase. This cell line, termed FH-BNB, showed a spindle fiber-shaped morphology, expression of von Willebrand factor and uptake of acetylated low density lipoprotein. These cells expressed tight junction proteins including occludin, claudin-5, ZO-1 and ZO-2 at the cell-cell boundaries. P-glycoprotein and GLUT-1 were also detected by a Western blot analysis and the cells exhibited the functional expression of p-glycoprotein. In addition, transendothelial electrical resistance experiments and paracellular permeabilities of sodium fluorescein and fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran of molecular weight 4 kDa across these cells demonstrated that FH-BNBs had functional tight junctions. These results indicated that FH-BNBs had highly specialized barrier properties and they might therefore be a useful tool to analyze the pathophysiology of various neuropathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Abe
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Krajcsi P, Jani M, Tóth B, Erdő F, Kis E, Beéry E, Sziráki I. Efflux transporters in the blood–brain interfaces –in vitroandin vivomethods and correlations. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:419-31. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.668184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
79
|
Abstract
The chapter provides an introduction and brief overview of currently available in vitro blood-brain barrier models, pointing out the major advantages and disadvantages of the respective models and potential applications. Bovine brain microvessel endothelial cell isolation, culture, and transendothelial permeability measurement procedures are discussed in detail as a model system for a laboratory to begin brain vascular investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik K Shah
- School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Naik P, Cucullo L. In vitro blood-brain barrier models: current and perspective technologies. J Pharm Sci 2011; 101:1337-54. [PMID: 22213383 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Even in the 21st century, studies aimed at characterizing the pathological paradigms associated with the development and progression of central nervous system diseases are primarily performed in laboratory animals. However, limited translational significance, high cost, and labor to develop the appropriate model (e.g., transgenic or inbred strains) have favored parallel in vitro approaches. In vitro models are of particular interest for cerebrovascular studies of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which plays a critical role in maintaining the brain homeostasis and neuronal functions. Because the BBB dynamically responds to many events associated with rheological and systemic impairments (e.g., hypoperfusion), including the exposure of potentially harmful xenobiotics, the development of more sophisticated artificial systems capable of replicating the vascular properties of the brain microcapillaries are becoming a major focus in basic, translational, and pharmaceutical research. In vitro BBB models are valuable and easy to use supporting tools that can precede and complement animal and human studies. In this article, we provide a detailed review and analysis of currently available in vitro BBB models ranging from static culture systems to the most advanced flow-based and three-dimensional coculture apparatus. We also discuss recent and perspective developments in this ever expanding research field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Naik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Shimizu F, Sano Y, Saito K, Abe MA, Maeda T, Haruki H, Kanda T. Pericyte-derived glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor increase the expression of claudin-5 in the blood-brain barrier and the blood-nerve barrier. Neurochem Res 2011; 37:401-9. [PMID: 22002662 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0626-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The destruction of blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-nerve barrier (BNB) has been considered to be a key step in the disease process of a number of neurological disorders including cerebral ischemia, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and diabetic neuropathy. Although glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) facilitate neuronal or axonal regeneration in the brain or peripheral nerves, their action in the BBB and BNB remains unclear. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate whether these neurotrophic factors secreted from the brain or peripheral nerve pericytes increase the barrier function of the BBB or BNB, using our newly established human brain microvascular endothelial cell (BMEC) line or peripheral nerve microvascular endothelial cell (PnMEC) line. GDNF increased the expression of claudin-5 and the transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) of BMECs and PnMECs, whereas BDNF did not have this effect. Furthermore, we herein demonstrate that the GDNF secreted from the brain and peripheral nerve pericytes was one of the key molecules responsible for the up-regulation of claudin-5 expression and the TEER value in the BBB and BNB. These results indicate that the regulation of GDNF secreted from pericytes may therefore be a novel therapeutic strategy to modify the BBB or BNB functions and promote brain or peripheral nerve regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Shimizu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 7558505, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
82
|
Poller B, Wagenaar E, Tang SC, Schinkel AH. Double-transduced MDCKII cells to study human P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) and breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2) interplay in drug transport across the blood-brain barrier. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:571-82. [PMID: 21309545 DOI: 10.1021/mp1003898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp/ABCB1) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) combination knockout mice display disproportionately increased brain penetration of shared substrates, including topotecan and several tyrosine kinase inhibitors, compared to mice deficient for only one transporter. To better study the interplay of both transporters also in vitro, we generated a transduced polarized MDCKII cell line stably coexpressing substantial levels of human ABCB1 and ABCG2 (MDCKII-ABCB1/ABCG2). Next, we measured concentration-dependent transepithelial transport of topotecan, sorafenib and sunitinib. By blocking either one or both of the transporters simultaneously, using specific inhibitors, we aimed to mimic the ABCB1-ABCG2 interplay at the blood-brain barrier in wild-type, single or combination knockout mice. ABCB1 and ABCG2 contributed to similar extents to topotecan transport, which was only partly saturable. For sorafenib transport, ABCG2 was the major determinant at low concentrations. However, saturation of ABCG2-mediated transport occurred at higher sorafenib concentrations, where ABCB1 was still fully active. Furthermore, sunitinib was transported equally by ABCB1 and ABCG2 at low concentrations, but ABCG2-mediated transport became saturated at lower concentrations than ABCB1-mediated transport. The relative impact of these transporters can thus be affected by the applied drug concentrations. A comparison of the in vitro observed (inverse) transport ratios and cellular accumulation of the drugs at low concentrations with in vivo brain penetration data from corresponding Abcb1a/1b⁻/⁻, Abcg2⁻/⁻ and Abcb1a/1b;Abcg2⁻/⁻ mouse strains revealed very similar qualitative patterns for each of the tested drugs. MDCKII-ABCB1/ABCG2 cells thus present a useful in vitro model to study the interplay of ABCB1 and ABCG2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birk Poller
- Division of Molecular Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Experimental models for assaying microvascular endothelial cell pathophysiology in stroke. Molecules 2010; 15:9104-34. [PMID: 21150829 PMCID: PMC6259215 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15129104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is important to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying neuron death following stroke in order to develop effective neuroprotective strategies. Since studies on human stroke are extremely limited due to the difficulty in collecting post-mortem tissue at different time points after the onset of stroke, brain ischaemia research focuses on information derived from in-vitro models of neuronal death through ischaemic injury [1]. This review aims to provide an update on the different in-vitro stroke models with brain microvascular endothelial cells that are currently being used. These models provide a physiologically relevant tool to screen potential neuroprotective drugs in stroke and to study the molecular mechanisms involved in brain ischaemia.
Collapse
|
84
|
Label-free screening assays: a strategy for finding better drug candidates. Future Med Chem 2010; 2:1703-16. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.10.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The last 10 years have seen advances in automation and high-throughput biochemistry in the drug-discovery arena. However, these advances have not led to improvements in drug-discovery success. Drug programs must find new ways to identify superior compounds. Advances in label-free assay technologies may provide advantages needed for improved drug discovery. In this article, we will discuss high-throughput MS, a technology that allows screening with native substrates and with targets inaccessible to standard assay formats. We will then discuss cell-based label-free biosensors, focusing on the increased information content available when using these platforms. We will conclude with speculation on the future and ways to obtain relevant biological information early in development to ensure the best compounds are promoted to medicinal chemistry campaigns.
Collapse
|