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Rahman MS, Hadi Esfahani S, Zhang Y, Queen A, Aljarrah M, Kandil H, Baez A, Abbruscato TJ, Karamyan VT, Trippier PC. Imidazole Bioisostere Activators of Endopeptidase Neurolysin with Enhanced Potency and Metabolic Stability. ACS Med Chem Lett 2024; 15:510-517. [PMID: 38628788 PMCID: PMC11017387 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The peptidase neurolysin (Nln) has been validated as a potential target for developing therapeutics for ischemic stroke (IS). Overexpression of Nln in a mouse model of IS provides significant cerebroprotection, leading to reduced infarction size and edema volume. Pharmacological inhibition of Nln in the post-stroke brain worsens neurological outcomes. A virtual screen identified dipeptide small-molecule activators of Nln. Optimization studies resulted in a class of peptidomimetic compounds with promising activity. However, these compounds still possessed an amide bond that compromised their stability in plasma and the brain. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of a series of amide bioisosteres based on our peptidomimetic leads. Imidazole-based bioisosteres afford scaffolds with increased potency to activate Nln combined with enhanced mouse plasma stability and significantly better brain permeability over the original dipeptide hits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Shafikur Rahman
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Shiva Hadi Esfahani
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
- Laboratory
for Neurodegenerative Disease & Drug Discovery, William Beaumont
School of Medicine, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, United States
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
| | - Aarfa Queen
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Manar Aljarrah
- Laboratory
for Neurodegenerative Disease & Drug Discovery, William Beaumont
School of Medicine, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, United States
- Biological
and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, United States
| | - Haya Kandil
- Laboratory
for Neurodegenerative Disease & Drug Discovery, William Beaumont
School of Medicine, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, United States
- Biological
and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, United States
| | - Andrew Baez
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
| | - Thomas J. Abbruscato
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
- Center
for Blood Brain Barrier Research, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
| | - Vardan T. Karamyan
- Laboratory
for Neurodegenerative Disease & Drug Discovery, William Beaumont
School of Medicine, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, United States
- Department
of Foundational Medical Studies, William Beaumont School of Medicine, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, United States
| | - Paul C. Trippier
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
- UNMC
Center for Drug Design and Innovation, University
of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
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2
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Zhang Y, Sharma S, Jonnalagadda S, Kumari S, Queen A, Esfahani SH, Archie SR, Nozohouri S, Patel D, Trippier PC, Karamyan VT, Abbruscato TJ. Discovery of the Next Generation of Non-peptidomimetic Neurolysin Activators with High Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability: a Pharmacokinetics Study in Healthy and Stroke Animals. Pharm Res 2023; 40:2747-2758. [PMID: 37833570 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03619-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is growing interest in seeking pharmacological activation of neurolysin (Nln) for stroke treatment. Discovery of central nervous system drugs remains challenging due to the protection of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The previously reported peptidomimetic Nln activators display unsatisfactory BBB penetration. Herein, we investigate the next generation of non-peptidomimetic Nln activators with high BBB permeability. METHODS A BBB-mimicking model was used to evaluate their in vitro BBB permeability. Protein binding, metabolic stability, and efflux assays were performed to determine their unbound fraction, half-lives in plasma and brains, and dependence of BBB transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp). The in vivo pharmacokinetic profiles were elucidated in healthy and stroke mice. RESULTS Compounds KS52 and KS73 out of this generation exhibit improved peptidase activity and BBB permeability compared to the endogenous activator and previous peptidomimetic activators. They show reasonable plasma and brain protein binding, improved metabolic stability, and independence of P-gp-mediated efflux. In healthy animals, they rapidly distribute into brains and reach peak levels of 18.69% and 12.10% injected dose (ID)/ml at 10 min. After 4 h, their total brain concentrations remain 7.78 and 12.34 times higher than their A50(minimal concentration required for enhancing 50% peptidase activity). Moreover, the ipsilateral hemispheres of stroke animals show comparable uptake to the corresponding contralateral hemispheres and healthy brains. CONCLUSIONS This study provides essential details about the pharmacokinetic properties of a new generation of potent non-peptidomimetic Nln activators with high BBB permeability and warrants the future development of these agents as potential neuroprotective pharmaceutics for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry. H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
- Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research, Jerry. H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Sejal Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry. H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
- Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research, Jerry. H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Shirisha Jonnalagadda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, 68106, USA
- UNMC Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, 68106, USA
| | - Shikha Kumari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, 68106, USA
- UNMC Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, 68106, USA
| | - Aarfa Queen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, 68106, USA
- UNMC Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, 68106, USA
| | - Shiva Hadi Esfahani
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, William Beaumont School of Medicine, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, 48309, USA
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease & Drug Discovery, William Beaumont School of Medicine, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, 48309, USA
| | - Sabrina Rahman Archie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry. H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
- Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research, Jerry. H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Saeideh Nozohouri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry. H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
- Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research, Jerry. H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Dhavalkumar Patel
- Office of Sciences, Jerry. H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Paul C Trippier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, 68106, USA
- UNMC Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, 68106, USA
| | - Vardan T Karamyan
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, William Beaumont School of Medicine, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, 48309, USA
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease & Drug Discovery, William Beaumont School of Medicine, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, 48309, USA
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry. H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA.
- Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research, Jerry. H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA.
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Archie SR, Sifat AE, Mara D, Ahn Y, Akter KA, Zhang Y, Cucullo L, Abbruscato TJ. Impact of in-utero electronic cigarette exposure on neonatal neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial function. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1227145. [PMID: 37693917 PMCID: PMC10484598 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1227145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Despite the prevalence of the perception that electronic cigarettes (e-cig) are a safer alternative to tobacco smoke, growing concern about their potential toxic impact warrants adequate investigation focusing on special populations like maternal and pediatric groups. This study evaluated the consequences of maternal e-cig use on neonatal neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial function in primary cultured neurons and postnatal day (PD) 7 and 90 brain. Methodology: Pregnant CD1 mice were exposed to e-cig vapor (2.4% nicotine) from gestational day 5 (E5) till PD7, and the primary neurons were isolated from pups at E16/17. Cellular total reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial superoxide were measured in primary neurons using CM-H2DCFDA and Mitosox red, respectively. Mitochondrial function was assessed by Seahorse XF Cell Mitostress analysis. The level of pro-inflammatory cytokines was measured in primary neurons and PD7 and PD90 brains by RT-PCR and immunobead assay. Western blot analysis evaluated the expression of antioxidative markers (SOD-2, HO-1, NRF2, NQO1) and that of the proinflammatory modulator NF-κB. Results: Significantly higher level of total cellular ROS (p < 0.05) and mitochondrial superoxide (p < 0.01) was observed in prenatally e-cig-exposed primary neurons. We also observed significantly reduced antioxidative marker expression and increased proinflammatory modulator and cytokines expression in primary neurons and PD7 (p < 0.05) but not in PD90 postnatal brain. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that prenatal e-cig exposure induces postnatal neuroinflammation by promoting oxidative stress (OS), increasing cytokines' levels, and disrupting mitochondrial function. These damaging events can alter the fetal brain's immune functions, making such offspring more vulnerable to brain insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Rahman Archie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, United States
| | - Ali Ehsan Sifat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, United States
| | - David Mara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, United States
| | - Yeseul Ahn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, United States
| | - Khondker Ayesha Akter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, United States
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, United States
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Foundation Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, United States
| | - Thomas J. Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, United States
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Shahbazi Nia S, Hossain MA, Ji G, Jonnalagadda SK, Obeng S, Rahman MA, Sifat AE, Nozohouri S, Blackwell C, Patel D, Thompson J, Runyon S, Hiranita T, McCurdy CR, McMahon L, Abbruscato TJ, Trippier PC, Neugebauer V, German NA. Studies on diketopiperazine and dipeptide analogs as opioid receptor ligands. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 254:115309. [PMID: 37054561 PMCID: PMC10634475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Using the structure of gliotoxin as a starting point, we have prepared two different chemotypes with selective affinity to the kappa opioid receptor (KOR). Using medicinal chemistry approaches and structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies, structural features required for the observed affinity were identified, and advanced molecules with favorable Multiparameter Optimization (MPO) and Ligand Lipophilicity (LLE) profiles were prepared. Using the Thermal Place Preference Test (TPPT), we have shown that compound2 blocks the antinociceptive effect of U50488, a known KOR agonist. Multiple reports suggest that modulation of KOR signaling is a promising therapeutic strategy in treating neuropathic pain (NP). As a proof-of-concept study, we tested compound 2 in a rat model of NP and recorded its ability to modulate sensory and emotional pain-related behaviors. Observed in vitro and in vivo results suggest that these ligands can be used to develop compounds with potential application as pain therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Shahbazi Nia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Mohammad Anwar Hossain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Guangchen Ji
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA; Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
| | - Sravan K Jonnalagadda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Samuel Obeng
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Social and Administrative Sciences, McWhorter School of Pharmacy, Samford University, Birmingham, AL, 35229, USA
| | - Md Ashrafur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Ali Ehsan Sifat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Saeideh Nozohouri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Collin Blackwell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Dhavalkumar Patel
- Office of Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Jon Thompson
- Veterinary School of Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Scott Runyon
- Reserach Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Takato Hiranita
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Christopher R McCurdy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Lance McMahon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Paul C Trippier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA; UNMC Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68106, USA
| | - Volker Neugebauer
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA; Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA; Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
| | - Nadezhda A German
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA; Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA.
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5
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Lahooti B, Akwii RG, Patel D, ShahbaziNia S, Lamprou M, Madadi M, Abbruscato TJ, Astrinidis A, Bickel U, Al-Ahmad A, German NA, Mattheolabakis G, Mikelis CM. Endothelial-Specific Targeting of RhoA Signaling via CD31 Antibody-Conjugated Nanoparticles. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2023; 385:35-49. [PMID: 36746610 PMCID: PMC10029826 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Existing vascular endothelial growth factor-oriented antiangiogenic approaches are known for their high potency. However, significant side effects associated with their use drive the need for novel antiangiogenic strategies. The small GTPase RhoA is an established regulator of actin cytoskeletal dynamics. Previous studies have highlighted the impact of endothelial RhoA pathway on angiogenesis. Rho-associate kinase (ROCK), a direct RhoA effector, is potently inhibited by Fasudil, a clinically relevant ROCK inhibitor. Here, we aimed to target the RhoA signaling in endothelial cells by generating Fasudil-encapsulated CD31-targeting liposomes as a potential antiangiogenic therapy. The liposomes presented desirable characteristics, preferential binding to CD31-expressing HEK293T cells and to endothelial cells, inhibited stress fiber formation and cytoskeletal-related morphometric parameters, and inhibited in vitro angiogenic functions. Overall, this work shows that the nanodelivery-mediated endothelial targeting of RhoA signaling can offer a promising strategy for angiogenesis inhibition in vascular-related diseases. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Systemic administration of antiangiogenic therapeutics induces side effects to non-targeted tissues. This study, among others, has shown the impact of the RhoA signaling in the endothelial cells and their angiogenic functions. Here, to minimize potential toxicity, this study generated CD31-targeting liposomes with encapsulated Fasudil, a clinically relevant Rho kinase inhibitor, and successfully targeted endothelial cells. In this proof-of-principle study, the efficient Fasudil delivery, its impact on the endothelial signaling, morphometric alterations, and angiogenic functions verify the benefits of site-targeted antiangiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Lahooti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas (B.L., R.G.A., D.P., S.S., T.J.A., U.B., A.A.-A., N.A.G., C.M.M.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece(M.L., C.M.M.); Department of Marketing and Business Analytics, Lucas College and Graduate School of Business, San Jose State University, San Jose, California (M.M.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.A.); and School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana (G.M.)
| | - Racheal G Akwii
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas (B.L., R.G.A., D.P., S.S., T.J.A., U.B., A.A.-A., N.A.G., C.M.M.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece(M.L., C.M.M.); Department of Marketing and Business Analytics, Lucas College and Graduate School of Business, San Jose State University, San Jose, California (M.M.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.A.); and School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana (G.M.)
| | - Dhavalkumar Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas (B.L., R.G.A., D.P., S.S., T.J.A., U.B., A.A.-A., N.A.G., C.M.M.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece(M.L., C.M.M.); Department of Marketing and Business Analytics, Lucas College and Graduate School of Business, San Jose State University, San Jose, California (M.M.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.A.); and School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana (G.M.)
| | - Siavash ShahbaziNia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas (B.L., R.G.A., D.P., S.S., T.J.A., U.B., A.A.-A., N.A.G., C.M.M.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece(M.L., C.M.M.); Department of Marketing and Business Analytics, Lucas College and Graduate School of Business, San Jose State University, San Jose, California (M.M.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.A.); and School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana (G.M.)
| | - Margarita Lamprou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas (B.L., R.G.A., D.P., S.S., T.J.A., U.B., A.A.-A., N.A.G., C.M.M.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece(M.L., C.M.M.); Department of Marketing and Business Analytics, Lucas College and Graduate School of Business, San Jose State University, San Jose, California (M.M.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.A.); and School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana (G.M.)
| | - Mahboubeh Madadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas (B.L., R.G.A., D.P., S.S., T.J.A., U.B., A.A.-A., N.A.G., C.M.M.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece(M.L., C.M.M.); Department of Marketing and Business Analytics, Lucas College and Graduate School of Business, San Jose State University, San Jose, California (M.M.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.A.); and School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana (G.M.)
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas (B.L., R.G.A., D.P., S.S., T.J.A., U.B., A.A.-A., N.A.G., C.M.M.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece(M.L., C.M.M.); Department of Marketing and Business Analytics, Lucas College and Graduate School of Business, San Jose State University, San Jose, California (M.M.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.A.); and School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana (G.M.)
| | - Aristotelis Astrinidis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas (B.L., R.G.A., D.P., S.S., T.J.A., U.B., A.A.-A., N.A.G., C.M.M.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece(M.L., C.M.M.); Department of Marketing and Business Analytics, Lucas College and Graduate School of Business, San Jose State University, San Jose, California (M.M.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.A.); and School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana (G.M.)
| | - Ulrich Bickel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas (B.L., R.G.A., D.P., S.S., T.J.A., U.B., A.A.-A., N.A.G., C.M.M.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece(M.L., C.M.M.); Department of Marketing and Business Analytics, Lucas College and Graduate School of Business, San Jose State University, San Jose, California (M.M.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.A.); and School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana (G.M.)
| | - Abraham Al-Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas (B.L., R.G.A., D.P., S.S., T.J.A., U.B., A.A.-A., N.A.G., C.M.M.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece(M.L., C.M.M.); Department of Marketing and Business Analytics, Lucas College and Graduate School of Business, San Jose State University, San Jose, California (M.M.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.A.); and School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana (G.M.)
| | - Nadezhda A German
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas (B.L., R.G.A., D.P., S.S., T.J.A., U.B., A.A.-A., N.A.G., C.M.M.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece(M.L., C.M.M.); Department of Marketing and Business Analytics, Lucas College and Graduate School of Business, San Jose State University, San Jose, California (M.M.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.A.); and School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana (G.M.)
| | - George Mattheolabakis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas (B.L., R.G.A., D.P., S.S., T.J.A., U.B., A.A.-A., N.A.G., C.M.M.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece(M.L., C.M.M.); Department of Marketing and Business Analytics, Lucas College and Graduate School of Business, San Jose State University, San Jose, California (M.M.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.A.); and School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana (G.M.)
| | - Constantinos M Mikelis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas (B.L., R.G.A., D.P., S.S., T.J.A., U.B., A.A.-A., N.A.G., C.M.M.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece(M.L., C.M.M.); Department of Marketing and Business Analytics, Lucas College and Graduate School of Business, San Jose State University, San Jose, California (M.M.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.A.); and School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana (G.M.)
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Archie SR, Sifat AE, Zhang Y, Villalba H, Sharma S, Nozohouri S, Abbruscato TJ. Maternal e-cigarette use can disrupt postnatal blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and deteriorates motor, learning and memory function: influence of sex and age. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:17. [PMID: 36899432 PMCID: PMC9999561 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00416-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), also commonly known as electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) are considered in most cases as a safer alternative to tobacco smoking and therefore have become extremely popular among all age groups and sex. It is estimated that up to 15% of pregnant women are now using e-cigs in the US which keeps increasing at an alarming rate. Harmful effects of tobacco smoking during pregnancy are well documented for both pregnancy and postnatal health, however limited preclinical and clinical studies exist to evaluate the long-term effects of prenatal e-cig exposure on postnatal health. Therefore, the aim of our study is to evaluate the effect of maternal e-cig use on postnatal blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and behavioral outcomes of mice of varying age and sex. In this study, pregnant CD1 mice (E5) were exposed to e-Cig vapor (2.4% nicotine) until postnatal day (PD) 7. Weight of the offspring was measured at PD0, PD7, PD15, PD30, PD45, PD60 and PD90. The expression of structural elements of the BBB, tight junction proteins (ZO-1, claudin-5, occludin), astrocytes (GFAP), pericytes (PDGFRβ) and the basement membrane (laminin α1, laminin α4), neuron specific marker (NeuN), water channel protein (AQP4) and glucose transporter (GLUT1) were analyzed in both male and female offspring using western blot and immunofluorescence. Estrous cycle was recorded by vaginal cytology method. Long-term motor and cognitive functions were evaluated using open field test (OFT), novel object recognition test (NORT) and morris water maze test (MWMT) at adolescence (PD 40-45) and adult (PD 90-95) age. In our study, significantly reduced expression of tight junction proteins and astrocyte marker were observed in male and female offspring until PD 90 (P < 0.05). Additionally, prenatally e-cig exposed adolescent and adult offspring showed impaired locomotor, learning, and memory function compared to control offspring (P < 0.05). Our findings suggest that prenatal e-cig exposure induces long-term neurovascular changes of neonates by disrupting postnatal BBB integrity and worsening behavioral outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Rahman Archie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Ali Ehsan Sifat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Heidi Villalba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Sejal Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Saeideh Nozohouri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA.
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Zhang Y, Archie SR, Ghanwatkar Y, Sharma S, Nozohouri S, Burks E, Mdzinarishvili A, Liu Z, Abbruscato TJ. Correction: Potential role of astrocyte angiotensin converting enzyme 2 in the neural transmission of COVID-19 and a neuroinflammatory state induced by smoking and vaping. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:91. [PMCID: PMC9670072 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00388-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX USA
| | - Sabrina Rahman Archie
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX USA
| | - Yashwardhan Ghanwatkar
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX USA
| | - Sejal Sharma
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX USA
| | - Saeideh Nozohouri
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX USA
| | - Elizabeth Burks
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX USA
| | - Alexander Mdzinarishvili
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Imaging Core at Office of Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX USA
| | - Zijuan Liu
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Imaging Core at Office of Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX USA
| | - Thomas J. Abbruscato
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX USA
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Barthels D, Prateeksha P, Nozohouri S, Villalba H, Zhang Y, Sharma S, Anderson S, Howlader MSI, Nambiar A, Abbruscato TJ, Das H. Dental Pulp-Derived Stem Cells Preserve Astrocyte Health During Induced Gliosis by Modulating Mitochondrial Activity and Functions. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022:10.1007/s10571-022-01291-8. [PMID: 36201091 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes have been implicated in the onset and complication of various central nervous system (CNS) injuries and disorders. Uncontrolled astrogliosis (gliosis), while a necessary process for recovery after CNS trauma, also causes impairments in CNS performance and functions. The ability to preserve astrocyte health and better regulate the gliosis process could play a major role in controlling damage in the aftermath of acute insults and during chronic dysfunction. Here in, we demonstrate the ability of dental pulp-derived stem cells (DPSCs) in protecting the health of astrocytes during induced gliosis. First of all, we have characterized the expression of genes in primary astrocytes that are relevant to the pathological conditions of CNS by inducing gliosis. Subsequently, we found that astrocytes co-cultured with DPSCs reduced ROS production, NRF2 and GCLM expressions, mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial functions compared to the astrocytes that were not co-cultured with DPSCs in gliosis condition. In addition, hyperactive autophagy was also decreased in astrocytes that were co-cultured with DPSCs compared to the astrocytes that were not co-cultured with DPSCs during gliosis. This reversal and mitigation of gliosis in astrocytes were partly due to induction of neurogenesis in DPSCs through enhanced expressions of the neuronal genes like GFAP, NeuN, and Synapsin in DPSCs and by secretion of higher amounts of neurotropic factors, such as BDNF, GDNF, and TIMP-2. Protein-Protein docking analysis suggested that BDNF and GDNF can bind with CSPG4 and block the downstream signaling. Together these findings demonstrate novel functions of DPSCs to preserve astrocyte health during gliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Barthels
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, ARB Suite 2116, 1406 South Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Prateeksha Prateeksha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, ARB Suite 2116, 1406 South Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Saeideh Nozohouri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, ARB Suite 2116, 1406 South Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Heidi Villalba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, ARB Suite 2116, 1406 South Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, ARB Suite 2116, 1406 South Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Sejal Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, ARB Suite 2116, 1406 South Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Sarah Anderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, ARB Suite 2116, 1406 South Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Md Sariful Islam Howlader
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, ARB Suite 2116, 1406 South Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Adarsh Nambiar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, ARB Suite 2116, 1406 South Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, ARB Suite 2116, 1406 South Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Hiranmoy Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, ARB Suite 2116, 1406 South Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA.
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Sifat AE, Archie SR, Nozohouri S, Villalba H, Zhang Y, Sharma S, Ghanwatkar Y, Vaidya B, Mara D, Cucullo L, Abbruscato TJ. Short-term exposure to JUUL electronic cigarettes can worsen ischemic stroke outcome. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:74. [PMID: 36085043 PMCID: PMC9463848 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00371-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The short and long-term health effects of JUUL electronic cigarette (e-Cig) are largely unknown and warrant extensive research. We hypothesized that JUUL exposure could cause cerebrovascular toxicities impacting the progression and outcome of ischemic stroke comparable to tobacco smoke (TS) exposure.
Methods
We exposed male C57 mice to TS/JUUL vapor for 14 days. LCMS/MS was used to measure brain and plasma nicotine and cotinine level. Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) followed by reperfusion was used to mimic ischemic stroke. Plasma levels of IL-6 and thrombomodulin were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. At the same time, western blotting was used to study blood–brain barrier (BBB) tight junction (TJ) proteins expression and key inflammatory and oxidative stress markers.
Results
tMCAO upregulated IL-6 and decreased plasma thrombomodulin levels. Post-ischemic brain injury following tMCAO was significantly worsened by JUUL/TS pre-exposure. TJ proteins expression was also downregulated by JUUL/TS pre-exposure after tMCAO. Like TS, exposure to JUUL downregulated the expression of the antioxidant Nrf2. ICAM-1 was upregulated in mice subjected to tMCAO following pre-exposure to TS or JUUL, with a greater effect of TS than JUUL.
Conclusions
These results suggest that JUUL exposure could negatively impact the cerebrovascular system, although to a lesser extent than TS exposure.
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Sifat AE, Nozohouri S, Archie SR, Chowdhury EA, Abbruscato TJ. Brain Energy Metabolism in Ischemic Stroke: Effects of Smoking and Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158512. [PMID: 35955647 PMCID: PMC9369264 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper regulation of energy metabolism in the brain is crucial for maintaining brain activity in physiological and different pathophysiological conditions. Ischemic stroke has a complex pathophysiology which includes perturbations in the brain energy metabolism processes which can contribute to worsening of brain injury and stroke outcome. Smoking and diabetes are common risk factors and comorbid conditions for ischemic stroke which have also been associated with disruptions in brain energy metabolism. Simultaneous presence of these conditions may further alter energy metabolism in the brain leading to a poor clinical prognosis after an ischemic stroke event. In this review, we discuss the possible effects of smoking and/or diabetes on brain glucose utilization and mitochondrial energy metabolism which, when present concurrently, may exacerbate energy metabolism in the ischemic brain. More research is needed to investigate brain glucose utilization and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in ischemic stroke in the presence of smoking and/or diabetes, which would provide further insights on the pathophysiology of these comorbid conditions and facilitate the development of therapeutic interventions.
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Zhang Y, Archie SR, Ghanwatkar Y, Sharma S, Nozohouri S, Burks E, Mdzinarishvili A, Liu Z, Abbruscato TJ. Potential role of astrocyte angiotensin converting enzyme 2 in the neural transmission of COVID-19 and a neuroinflammatory state induced by smoking and vaping. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:46. [PMID: 35672716 PMCID: PMC9171490 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00339-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Knowledge of the entry receptors responsible for SARS-CoV-2 is key to understand the neural transmission and pathogenesis of COVID-19 characterized by a neuroinflammatory scenario. Understanding the brain distribution of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the primary entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2, remains mixed. Smoking has been shown as a risk factor for COVID-19 severity and it is not clear how smoking exacerbates the neural pathogenesis in smokers. Methods Immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR and western blot assays were used to systemically examine the spatial-, cell type- and isoform-specific expression of ACE2 in mouse brain and primary cultured brain cells. Experimental smoking exposure was conducted to evaluate the effect of smoking on brain expression. Results We observed ubiquitous expression of ACE2 but uneven brain distribution, with high expression in the cerebral microvasculature, medulla oblongata, hypothalamus, subventricular zones, and meninges around medulla oblongata and hypothalamus. Co-staining with cell type-specific markers demonstrates ACE2 is primarily expressed in astrocytes around the microvasculature, medulla oblongata, hypothalamus, ventricular and subventricular zones of cerebral ventricles, and subependymal zones in rhinoceles and rostral migratory streams, radial glial cells in the lateral ventricular zones, tanycytes in the third ventricle, epithelial cells and stroma in the cerebral choroid plexus, as well as cerebral pericytes, but rarely detected in neurons and cerebral endothelial cells. ACE2 expression in astrocytes is further confirmed in primary cultured cells. Furthermore, isoform-specific analysis shows astrocyte ACE2 has the peptidase domain responsible for SARS-CoV-2 entry, indicating astrocytes are indeed vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Finally, our data show experimental tobacco smoking and electronic nicotine vaping exposure increase proinflammatory and/or immunomodulatory cytokine IL-1a, IL-6 and IL-5 without significantly affecting ACE2 expression in the brain, suggesting smoking may pre-condition a neuroinflammatory state in the brain. Conclusions The present study demonstrates a spatial- and cell type-specific expression of ACE2 in the brain, which might help to understand the acute and lasting post-infection neuropsychological manifestations in COVID-19 patients. Our data highlights a potential role of astrocyte ACE2 in the neural transmission and pathogenesis of COVID-19. This also suggests a pre-conditioned neuroinflammatory and immunocompromised scenario might attribute to exacerbated COVID-19 severity in the smokers.
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Rahman MS, Esfahani SH, Nozohouri S, Kumari S, Kocot J, Zhang Y, Abbruscato TJ, Karamyan VT, Trippier PC. Structure-activity relationship studies of functionalized aromatic peptidomimetics as neurolysin activators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 64:128669. [PMID: 35292343 PMCID: PMC8985228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Modulating peptidase neurolysin (Nln) has been identified as a potential cerebroprotective target for the development of therapeutics for ischemic stroke. Continued structure-activity relationship studies on peptidomimetic small molecule activators of Nln bearing electron-donating and electron- withdrawing functionalized phenyls are explored. Incorporation of fluorine or trifluoromethyl groups produces Nln activators with enhanced A50, while methoxy substitution produces derivatives with enhanced Amax. Selected activators containing methoxy or trifluoromethyl substitution are selective for Nln over related peptidases and possess increased blood-brain barrier penetrability than initial hits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shafikur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Shiva Hadi Esfahani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Saeideh Nozohouri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Shikha Kumari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Joanna Kocot
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Vardan T Karamyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Paul C Trippier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; UNMC Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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13
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Esfahani SH, Abbruscato TJ, Trippier PC, Karamyan VT. Small molecule neurolysin activators, potential multi-mechanism agents for ischemic stroke therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:401-404. [PMID: 35543670 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2077190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Hadi Esfahani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA.,Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Paul C Trippier
- Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Vardan T Karamyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA.,Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
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14
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Rahman MS, Kumari S, Hadi Esfahani S, Nozohouri S, Jayaraman S, Kinarivala N, Kocot J, Baez A, Farris D, Abbruscato TJ, Karamyan VT, Trippier PC. Correction to "Discovery of First-in-Class Peptidomimetic Neurolysin Activators Possessing Enhanced Brain Penetration and Stability". J Med Chem 2022; 65:890. [PMID: 34935384 PMCID: PMC10443906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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15
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Jayaraman S, Kocot J, Esfahani SH, Wangler NJ, Uyar A, Mechref Y, Trippier PC, Abbruscato TJ, Dickson A, Aihara H, Ostrov DA, Karamyan VT. Identification and Characterization of Two Structurally Related Dipeptides that Enhance Catalytic Efficiency of Neurolysin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 379:191-202. [PMID: 34389655 PMCID: PMC8626779 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurolysin (Nln) is a recently recognized endogenous mechanism functioning to preserve the brain from ischemic injury. To further understand the pathophysiological function of this peptidase in stroke and other neurologic disorders, the present study was designed to identify small molecule activators of Nln. Using a computational approach, the structure of Nln was explored, which was followed by docking and in silico screening of ∼140,000 molecules from the National Cancer Institute Developmental Therapeutics Program database. Top ranking compounds were evaluated in an Nln enzymatic assay, and two hit histidine-dipeptides were further studied in detail. The identified dipeptides enhanced the rate of synthetic substrate hydrolysis by recombinant (human and rat) and mouse brain-purified Nln in a concentration-dependent manner (micromolar A50 and Amax ≥ 300%) but had negligible effect on activity of closely related peptidases. Both dipeptides also enhanced hydrolysis of Nln endogenous substrates neurotensin, angiotensin I, and bradykinin and increased efficiency of the synthetic substrate hydrolysis (Vmax/Km ratio) in a concentration-dependent manner. The dipeptides and competitive inhibitor dynorphin A (1-13) did not affect each other's affinity for Nln, suggesting differing nature of their respective binding sites. Lastly, drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) and differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) assays confirmed concentration-dependent interaction of Nln with the activator molecule. This is the first study demonstrating that Nln activity can be enhanced by small molecules, although the peptidic nature and low potency of the activators limit their application. The identified dipeptides provide a chemical scaffold to develop high-potency, drug-like molecules as research tools and potential drug leads. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study describes discovery of two molecules that selectively enhance activity of peptidase Nln-a newly recognized cerebroprotective mechanism in the poststroke brain. The identified molecules will serve as a chemical scaffold for development of drug-like molecules to further study Nln and may become lead structures for a new class of drugs. In addition, our conceptual and methodological framework and research findings might be used for other peptidases and enzymes, the activation of which bears therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinidhi Jayaraman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J., J.K., S.H.E., N.J.W., T.J.A., V.T.K.) and Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research (T.J.A., V.T.K.), School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (A.U., A.D.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas (Y.M.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska (P.C.T.); Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (H.A.); and Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (D.A.O.)
| | - Joanna Kocot
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J., J.K., S.H.E., N.J.W., T.J.A., V.T.K.) and Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research (T.J.A., V.T.K.), School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (A.U., A.D.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas (Y.M.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska (P.C.T.); Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (H.A.); and Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (D.A.O.)
| | - Shiva Hadi Esfahani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J., J.K., S.H.E., N.J.W., T.J.A., V.T.K.) and Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research (T.J.A., V.T.K.), School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (A.U., A.D.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas (Y.M.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska (P.C.T.); Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (H.A.); and Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (D.A.O.)
| | - Naomi J Wangler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J., J.K., S.H.E., N.J.W., T.J.A., V.T.K.) and Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research (T.J.A., V.T.K.), School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (A.U., A.D.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas (Y.M.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska (P.C.T.); Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (H.A.); and Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (D.A.O.)
| | - Arzu Uyar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J., J.K., S.H.E., N.J.W., T.J.A., V.T.K.) and Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research (T.J.A., V.T.K.), School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (A.U., A.D.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas (Y.M.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska (P.C.T.); Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (H.A.); and Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (D.A.O.)
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J., J.K., S.H.E., N.J.W., T.J.A., V.T.K.) and Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research (T.J.A., V.T.K.), School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (A.U., A.D.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas (Y.M.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska (P.C.T.); Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (H.A.); and Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (D.A.O.)
| | - Paul C Trippier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J., J.K., S.H.E., N.J.W., T.J.A., V.T.K.) and Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research (T.J.A., V.T.K.), School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (A.U., A.D.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas (Y.M.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska (P.C.T.); Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (H.A.); and Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (D.A.O.)
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J., J.K., S.H.E., N.J.W., T.J.A., V.T.K.) and Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research (T.J.A., V.T.K.), School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (A.U., A.D.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas (Y.M.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska (P.C.T.); Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (H.A.); and Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (D.A.O.)
| | - Alex Dickson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J., J.K., S.H.E., N.J.W., T.J.A., V.T.K.) and Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research (T.J.A., V.T.K.), School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (A.U., A.D.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas (Y.M.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska (P.C.T.); Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (H.A.); and Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (D.A.O.)
| | - Hideki Aihara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J., J.K., S.H.E., N.J.W., T.J.A., V.T.K.) and Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research (T.J.A., V.T.K.), School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (A.U., A.D.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas (Y.M.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska (P.C.T.); Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (H.A.); and Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (D.A.O.)
| | - David A Ostrov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J., J.K., S.H.E., N.J.W., T.J.A., V.T.K.) and Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research (T.J.A., V.T.K.), School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (A.U., A.D.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas (Y.M.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska (P.C.T.); Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (H.A.); and Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (D.A.O.)
| | - Vardan T Karamyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J., J.K., S.H.E., N.J.W., T.J.A., V.T.K.) and Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research (T.J.A., V.T.K.), School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (A.U., A.D.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas (Y.M.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska (P.C.T.); Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (H.A.); and Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (D.A.O.)
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16
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Nozohouri S, Zhang Y, Albekairi TH, Vaidya B, Abbruscato TJ. Glutamate Buffering Capacity and Blood-Brain Barrier Protection of Opioid Receptor Agonists Biphalin and Nociceptin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 379:260-269. [PMID: 34663677 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids play crucial roles in the regulation of many important brain functions including pain, memory, and neurogenesis. Activation of opioid receptors is reported to have neuroprotective effects after ischemic reperfusion injury. The objective of this study was to understand the role of biphalin and nociceptin, opioid receptor agonists, on blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity during ischemic stroke. In this study, we aimed to measure the effect of biphalin and nociceptin on astrocytic glutamate uptake and on expression of excitatory amino acid transporter to study the indirect role of astrocytes on opioid receptor-mediated BBB protection during in vitro stroke conditions. We used mouse brain endothelial cells (bEnd.3) and primary astrocytes as an in vitro BBB model. Restrictive BBB properties were evaluated by measuring [14C] sucrose paracellular permeability and the redistribution of the tight junction proteins. The protective effect of biphalin and nociceptin on BBB integrity was assessed after exposing cells to oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) and glutamate. It was observed that combined stress (2 mM glutamate and 2 hours of OGD) significantly reduced glutamate uptake by astrocytes; however, biphalin and nociceptin treatment increased glutamate uptake in primary astrocytes. This suggests a role of increased astrocytic buffering capacity in opioid-meditated protection of the BBB during ischemic stroke. It was also found that the combined stress significantly increased [14C] sucrose paracellular permeability in an in vitro BBB model. Biphalin and nociceptin treatment attenuated the effect of the combined stress, which was reversed by the opioid receptor antagonists, suggesting the role of opioid receptors in biphalin and nociception's BBB modulatory activity. SIGNIFICANT STATEMENT: There is an unmet need for discovering new efficacious therapeutic agents to offset the deleterious effects of ischemic stroke. Given the confirmed roles of opioid receptors in the regulation of central nervous system functions, opioid receptor agonists have been studied as potential neuroprotective options in ischemic conditions. This study adds to the knowledge about the cerebrovascular protective effects of opioid receptor agonists and provides insight about the mechanism of action of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Nozohouri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas (S.N., Y.Z., T.H.A., B.V., T.J.A.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.H.A.)
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas (S.N., Y.Z., T.H.A., B.V., T.J.A.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.H.A.)
| | - Thamer H Albekairi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas (S.N., Y.Z., T.H.A., B.V., T.J.A.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.H.A.)
| | - Bhuvaneshwar Vaidya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas (S.N., Y.Z., T.H.A., B.V., T.J.A.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.H.A.)
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas (S.N., Y.Z., T.H.A., B.V., T.J.A.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.H.A.)
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17
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Rahman MS, Kumari S, Esfahani SH, Nozohouri S, Jayaraman S, Kinarivala N, Kocot J, Baez A, Farris D, Abbruscato TJ, Karamyan VT, Trippier PC. Discovery of First-in-Class Peptidomimetic Neurolysin Activators Possessing Enhanced Brain Penetration and Stability. J Med Chem 2021; 64:12705-12722. [PMID: 34436882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peptidase neurolysin (Nln) is an enzyme that functions to cleave various neuropeptides. Upregulation of Nln after stroke has identified the enzyme as a critical endogenous cerebroprotective mechanism and validated target for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Overexpression of Nln in a mouse model of stroke results in dramatic improvement of stroke outcomes, while pharmacological inhibition aggravates them. Activation of Nln has therefore emerged as an intriguing target for drug discovery efforts for ischemic stroke. Herein, we report the discovery and hit-to-lead optimization of first-in-class Nln activators based on histidine-containing dipeptide hits identified from a virtual screen. Adopting a peptidomimetic approach provided lead compounds that retain the pharmacophoric histidine moiety and possess single-digit micromolar potency over 40-fold greater than the hit scaffolds. These compounds exhibit 5-fold increased brain penetration, significant selectivity over highly homologous peptidases, greater than 65-fold increase in mouse brain stability, and 'drug-like' fraction unbound in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shafikur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Shikha Kumari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Shiva Hadi Esfahani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
| | - Saeideh Nozohouri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
| | - Srinidhi Jayaraman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
| | - Nihar Kinarivala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
| | - Joanna Kocot
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
| | - Andrew Baez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
| | - Delaney Farris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States.,Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
| | - Vardan T Karamyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States.,Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
| | - Paul C Trippier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States.,Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States.,UNMC Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
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18
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Kadry H, Noorani B, Bickel U, Abbruscato TJ, Cucullo L. Comparative assessment of in vitro BBB tight junction integrity following exposure to cigarette smoke and e-cigarette vapor: a quantitative evaluation of the protective effects of metformin using small-molecular-weight paracellular markers. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:28. [PMID: 34158083 PMCID: PMC8220771 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00261-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The blood–brain barrier (BBB) plays a critical role in protecting the central nervous system (CNS) from blood-borne agents and potentially harmful xenobiotics. Our group’s previous data has shown that tobacco smoke (TS) and electronic cigarettes (EC) affect the BBB integrity, increase stroke incidence, and are considered a risk factor for multiple CNS disorders. Metformin was also found to abrogate the adverse effects of TS and EC. Methods We used sucrose and mannitol as paracellular markers to quantitatively assess TS and EC’s impact on the BBB in-vitro. Specifically, we used a quantitative platform to determine the harmful effects of smoking on the BBB and study the protective effect of metformin. Using a transwell system and iPSCs-derived BMECs, we assessed TS and EC’s effect on sucrose and mannitol permeability with and without metformin pre-treatment at different time points. Concurrently, using immunofluorescence (IF) and Western blot (WB) techniques, we evaluated the expression and distribution of tight junction proteins, including ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-5. Results Our data showed that TS and EC negatively affect sucrose and mannitol permeability starting after 6 h and up to 24 h. The loss of barrier integrity was associated with a reduction of TEER values. While the overall expression level of ZO-1 and occludin was not significantly downregulated, the distribution of ZO-1 was altered, and discontinuation patterns were evident through IF imaging. In contrast to occludin, claudin-5 expression was significantly decreased by TS and EC, as demonstrated by WB and IF data. Conclusion In agreement with previous studies, our data showed the metformin could counteract the negative impact of TS and EC on BBB integrity, thus suggesting the possibility of repurposing this drug to afford cerebrovascular protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam Kadry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Behnam Noorani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Ulrich Bickel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA.,Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA. .,Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA.
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Foundation Medical Studies, Oakland University, William Beaumont School of Medicine586 Pioneer Dr, 460 O'Dowd Hall, Office 415, Rochester, MI, 48309, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Ischemic stroke, a leading cause of mortality, results in severe neurological outcomes in the patients. Effective stroke therapies may significantly decrease the extent of injury. For this purpose, novel and efficient drug delivery strategies need to be developed. Among a myriad of therapeutic and drug delivery techniques, exosomes have shown promising results in ischemic stroke either by their intrinsic therapeutic characteristics, which can result in angiogenesis and neurogenesis or by acting as competent, biocompatible drug delivery vehicles to transport neurotherapeutic agents into the brain. In this review, we have discussed different methods of exosome isolation and cargo loading techniques, advantages and disadvantages of using exosomes as a drug delivery carrier and the therapeutic applications of exosomes with a focus on ischemic stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Nozohouri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX-79106, United States
| | - Bhuvaneshwar Vaidya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX-79106, United States
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX-79106, United States
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20
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Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a vital biological interface that regulates transfer of different molecules between blood and brain and, therefore, maintains the homeostatic environment of the CNS. In order to perform high-throughput screening of therapeutics in drug discovery, specific properties of the BBB are investigated within in vitro BBB platforms. In this chapter, we detail the process and steps for the iPSC to BMEC and astrocyte differentiation as well as TEER and permeability measurement in Transwell platform of in vitro BBB model. Also, advanced microfluidic iPSCs-derived BMECs on chip and permeability measurement within this model have been elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Nozohouri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
- Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Behnam Noorani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
- Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Abraham Al-Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
- Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA.
- Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA.
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21
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Sifat AE, Nozohouri S, Villalba H, Vaidya B, Abbruscato TJ. The Role of Smoking and Nicotine in the Transmission and Pathogenesis of COVID-19. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 375:498-509. [PMID: 33033170 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus, is turning out to be one of the most devastating global pandemics in the history of humankind. There is a shortage of effective therapeutic strategies or preventative vaccines for this disease to date. A rigorous investigation is needed for identifying and developing more effective therapeutic strategies for COVID-19. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a crucial factor in COVID-19 pathogenesis, has been identified as a potential target for COVID-19 treatment. Smoking and vaping are potential risk factors for COVID-19 that are also shown to upregulate ACE2 expression. In this review, we have discussed the pathobiology of COVID-19 in the lungs and brain and the role of ACE2 in the transmission and pathobiology of this disease. Furthermore, we have shown possible interactions between nicotine/smoking and ACE2 in the lungs and brain, which could aggravate the transmission and pathobiology of COVID-19, resulting in a poor disease outcome. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review addresses the present global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with respect to its pathobiology in the lungs and brain. It focuses on the potential negative impact of tobacco and nicotine exposure on the outcomes of this disease by interaction with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor. It adds to the time-sensitive and critically important growing knowledge about the risk factors, transmission, pathobiology, and prognosis of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ehsan Sifat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas
| | - Saeideh Nozohouri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas
| | - Heidi Villalba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas
| | - Bhuvaneshwar Vaidya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas
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22
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Villalba H, Vaidya B, Cucullo L, Abbruscato TJ. Myo‐Inositol Improves Ischemic Stroke Outcome After both Nicotine Containing Electronic Cigarette and Tobacco Smoke Exposure. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.06803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Villalba
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy
| | - Bhuvaneshwar Vaidya
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy
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23
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Nozohouri S, Sifat AE, Vaidya B, Abbruscato TJ. Novel approaches for the delivery of therapeutics in ischemic stroke. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:535-551. [PMID: 31978522 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Here, we review novel approaches to deliver neuroprotective drugs to salvageable penumbral brain areas of stroke injury with the goals of offsetting ischemic brain injury and enhancing recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Nozohouri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Ali Ehsan Sifat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Bhuvaneshwar Vaidya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
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24
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Jayaraman S, Al Shoyaib A, Kocot J, Villalba H, Alamri FF, Rashid M, Wangler NJ, Chowdhury EA, German N, Arumugam TV, Abbruscato TJ, Karamyan VT. Peptidase neurolysin functions to preserve the brain after ischemic stroke in male mice. J Neurochem 2019; 153:120-137. [PMID: 31486527 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies documented up-regulation of peptidase neurolysin (Nln) after brain ischemia, however, the significance of Nln function in the post-stroke brain remained unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the functional role of Nln in the brain after ischemic stroke. Administration of a specific Nln inhibitor Agaricoglyceride A (AgaA) to mice after stroke in a middle cerebral artery occlusion model, dose-dependently aggravated injury measured by increased infarct and edema volumes, blood-brain barrier disruption, increased levels of interleukin 6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, neurological and motor deficit 24 h after stroke. In this setting, AgaA resulted in inhibition of Nln in the ischemic hemisphere leading to increased levels of Nln substrates bradykinin, neurotensin, and substance P. AgaA lacked effects on several physiological parameters and appeared non-toxic to mice. In a reverse approach, we developed an adeno-associated viral vector (AAV2/5-CAG-Nln) to overexpress Nln in the mouse brain. Applicability of AAV2/5-CAG-Nln to transduce catalytically active Nln was confirmed in primary neurons and in vivo. Over-expression of Nln in the mouse brain was also accompanied by decreased levels of its substrates. Two weeks after in vivo transduction of Nln using the AAV vector, mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion and the same outcome measures were evaluated 72 h later. These experiments revealed that abundance of Nln in the brain protects animals from stroke. This study is the first to document functional significance of Nln in pathophysiology of stroke and provide evidence that Nln is an endogenous mechanism functioning to preserve the brain from ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinidhi Jayaraman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, TTUHSC, Amarillo, Texas, USA
| | - Abdullah Al Shoyaib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, TTUHSC, Amarillo, Texas, USA
| | - Joanna Kocot
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, TTUHSC, Amarillo, Texas, USA
| | - Heidi Villalba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, TTUHSC, Amarillo, Texas, USA
| | - Faisal F Alamri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, TTUHSC, Amarillo, Texas, USA
| | - Mamoon Rashid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, TTUHSC, Amarillo, Texas, USA
| | - Naomi J Wangler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, TTUHSC, Amarillo, Texas, USA
| | - Ekram A Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, TTUHSC, Amarillo, Texas, USA
| | - Nadezhda German
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, TTUHSC, Amarillo, Texas, USA
| | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, TTUHSC, Amarillo, Texas, USA.,Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research, School of Pharmacy, TTUHSC, Amarillo, Texas, USA
| | - Vardan T Karamyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, TTUHSC, Amarillo, Texas, USA.,Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research, School of Pharmacy, TTUHSC, Amarillo, Texas, USA
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Villalba H, Albekairi T, Vaidya B, Abbruscato TJ. Role of
Myo
‐inositol in Ischemic Stroke Outcome in a Preclinical Tobacco Smoke Exposed Mouse Model. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.500.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Villalba
- School of Pharmacy‐Pharmaceutical SciencesTexas Tech University Health Sciences CenterAmarilloTX
| | - Thamer Albekairi
- School of Pharmacy‐Pharmaceutical SciencesTexas Tech University Health Sciences CenterAmarilloTX
| | - Bhuvaneshwar Vaidya
- School of Pharmacy‐Pharmaceutical SciencesTexas Tech University Health Sciences CenterAmarilloTX
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- School of Pharmacy‐Pharmaceutical SciencesTexas Tech University Health Sciences CenterAmarilloTX
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Jayaraman S, Rashid M, Wangler NJ, Villalba H, German N, Arumugam TV, Abbruscato TJ, Karamyan VT. Abstract 157: Peptidase Neurolysin Functions to Preserve the Brain After Ischemic Stroke in Mice. Stroke 2019. [DOI: 10.1161/str.50.suppl_1.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the functional role of peptidase neurolysin (Nln) in the brain after ischemic stroke. Nln is known to inactivate bradykinin, substance P, neurotensin, and angiotensin II, which are cerebrotoxic in the ischemic brain, and to generate angiotensin-(1-7) and Met/Leu-enkephalins, which are cerebroprotective/restorative peptides. To study the functional significance of Nln upregulation in the post-stroke brain we utilized a specific inhibitor of Nln, Agaricoglyceride A (AgaA), in a mouse MCAO model of stroke. Administration of AgaA (10 and 50 mg/kg, i.p.) to mice 1 h after reperfusion (1 h occlusion) aggravated stroke injury measured by increased infarct and edema volume (p < 0.01) and neurological deficit (p < 0.01), in a dose-dependent manner at 24 h after stroke. In this setting, AgaA resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of Nln in the ischemic but not in the contralateral hemisphere, which, based on preliminary experiments, was also accompanied by increased levels of Nln substrate neuropeptides. In a reverse approach, we developed an adeno-associated virus serotype 2/5 vector encoding mouse Nln driven by cytomegalovirus enhancer/chicken β-actin hybrid (CAG) promoter (AAV2/5-CAG-Nln) to overexpress Nln in the mouse brain prior to stroke. Applicability of AAV2/5-CAG-Nln to transduce catalytically active Nln was confirmed in mouse primary cortical neurons and in mice. In the later experiment, overexpression of Nln in the mouse brain was also accompanied by decreased levels of Nln substrate neuropeptides. Two weeks after
in vivo
transduction using the AAV5-CAG-Nln, or a control AAV5-CAG-eGFP vector (intrastriatal administration; 1.5 x 10
11
genome copies) mice were subjected to MCAO (1 h occlusion followed by 72 h reperfusion). The results of these experiments revealed that abundance of Nln in the brain protects animals from stroke injury measured by reduced infarct and edema volume (p < 0.01 and 0.05, respectively), and improved neurological deficit (p < 0.05). Based on these observations and the knowledge about endogenous substrates of Nln, we view this peptidase as one of brain’s self-protective mechanisms directed towards preservation and recovery of brain after stroke.
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Abstract
Methamphetamine has the second highest prevalence of drug abuse after cannabis, with estimates of 35 million users worldwide. The ( S)-(+)-enantiomer is the illicit drug, active neurostimulant, and eutomer, while the ( R)-(-)-enantiomer is contained in over the counter decongestants. While designated a schedule II drug in 1970, ( S)-(+)-methamphetamine is available by prescription for the treatment of attention-deficit disorder and obesity. The illicit use of ( S)-(+)-methamphetamine results in the sudden "rush" of stimulation to the motivation, movement, pleasure, and reward centers in the brain, caused by rapid release of dopamine. In this review, we will provide an overview of the synthesis, pharmacology, adverse effects, and drug metabolism of this widely abused psychostimulant that distinguish it as a DARK classic in Chemical Neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
| | - Paul C. Trippier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
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Sifat AE, Vaidya B, Kaisar MA, Cucullo L, Abbruscato TJ. Nicotine and electronic cigarette (E-Cig) exposure decreases brain glucose utilization in ischemic stroke. J Neurochem 2018; 147:204-221. [PMID: 30062776 PMCID: PMC6394831 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that nicotine exposure decreases glucose transport across the blood-brain barrier in ischemia-reperfusion conditions. We hypothesize that nicotine can also dysregulate brain parenchymal glucose utilization by altering glucose transporters with effects on sensitivity to ischemic stroke. In this study, we investigated the effects of nicotine exposure on neuronal glucose utilization using an in vitro ischemic stroke model. We also tested the effects of e-Cig vaping on ischemic brain glucose utilization using an acute brain slice technique. Primary cortical neurons and brain slices were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation followed by reoxygenation to mimic ischemia-reperfusion injury. We estimated brain cell glucose utilization by measuring the uptake of [3 H] deoxy-d-glucose. Immunofluorescence and western blotting were done to characterize glucose transporters (GLUTs) and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) expression. Furthermore, we used a glycolytic stress test to measure the effects of nicotine exposure on neuronal glucose metabolism. We observed that short- and long-term nicotine/cotinine exposure significantly decreased neuronal glucose utilization in ischemic conditions and the non-specific nAChR antagonist, mecamylamine reversed this effect. Nicotine/cotinine exposure also decreased neuronal GLUT1 and up-regulated α7 nAChR expression and decreased glycolysis. Exposure of mice to e-Cig vapor for 7 days likewise decreases brain glucose uptake under normoxic and ischemic conditions along with down-regulation of GLUT1 and GLUT3 expressions. These data support, from a cerebrovascular perspective, that nicotine and/or e-Cig vaping induce a state of glucose deprivation at the neurovascular unit which could lead to enhanced ischemic brain injury and/or stroke risk. OPEN PRACTICES: Open Science: This manuscript was awarded with the Open Materials Badge. For more information see: https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali E Sifat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, USA
| | - Bhuvaneshwar Vaidya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, USA
| | - Mohammad A Kaisar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, USA
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, USA
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Sifat AE, Vaidya B, Villalba H, Albekairi TH, Abbruscato TJ. Neurovascular unit transport responses to ischemia and common coexisting conditions: smoking and diabetes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 316:C2-C15. [PMID: 30207783 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00187.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transporters at the neurovascular unit (NVU) are vital for the regulation of normal brain physiology via ion, water, and nutrients movement. In ischemic stroke, the reduction of cerebral blood flow causes several complex pathophysiological changes in the brain, one of which includes alterations of the NVU transporters, which can exacerbate stroke outcome by increased brain edema (by altering ion, water, and glutamate transporters), altered energy metabolism (by altering glucose transporters), and enhanced drug toxicity (by altering efflux transporters). Smoking and diabetes are common risk factors as well as coexisting conditions in ischemic stroke that are also reported to change the expression and function of NVU transporters. Coexistence of these conditions could cause an additive effect in terms of the alterations of brain transporters that might lead to worsened ischemic stroke prognosis and recovery. In this review, we have discussed the effects of ischemic stroke, smoking, and diabetes on some essential NVU transporters and how the simultaneous presence of these conditions can affect the clinical outcome after an ischemic episode. Further scientific investigations are required to elucidate changes in NVU transport in cerebral ischemia, which can lead to better, personalized therapeutic interventions tailor-made for these comorbid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali E Sifat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Amarillo, Texas
| | - Bhuvaneshwar Vaidya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Amarillo, Texas
| | - Heidi Villalba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Amarillo, Texas
| | - Thamer H Albekairi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Amarillo, Texas
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Amarillo, Texas
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Villalba H, Shah K, Albekairi TH, Sifat AE, Vaidya B, Abbruscato TJ. Potential role of myo-inositol to improve ischemic stroke outcome in diabetic mouse. Brain Res 2018; 1699:166-176. [PMID: 30165043 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Brain edema is one of the critical factors causing hightened disability and mortality in stroke patients, which is exaggerated further in diabetic patients. Organic osmolytes could play a critical role in the maintenance of cytotoxic edema. The present study was aimed to assess the role of myo-inositol, an organic osmolyte, on stroke outcome in diabetic and non-diabetic animals. In situ brain perfusion and acute brain slice methods were used to assess transport of myo-inositol across the blood-brain barrier and uptake by brain cells using non-diabetic (C57BL/6) and diabetic (streptozotocin-induced) mice, respectively. In vitro studies were conducted to assess the role of myo-inositol during and after ischemia utilizing oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) and reperfusion. Further, the expression of transporters, such as SGLT6, SMIT1 and AQP4 were measured using immunofluorescence. Therapeutic efficacy of myo-inositol was evaluated in a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) mouse model using non-diabetic (C57BL/6) and diabetic (db/db) mice. Myo-inositol release from and uptake in astrocytes and altered expression of myo-inositol transporters at different OGD timepoints revealed the role of myo-inositol and myo-inositol transporters during ischemia reperfusion. Further, hyperglycemic conditions reduced myo-inositol uptake in astrocytes. Interestingly, in in-vivo tMCAO, infarct and edema ratios following 24 h reperfusion decreased in myo-inositol treated mice. These results were supported by improvement in behavioral outcomes in open-field test, corner test and neurological score in both non-diabetic and db/db animals. Our data suggest that myo-inositol and myo-inositol transporters may provide neuroprotection during/following stroke both in non-diabetic and diabetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Villalba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Kaushik Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Thamer H Albekairi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Ali E Sifat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Bhuvaneshwar Vaidya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
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Islam MR, Yang L, Lee YS, Hruby VJ, Karamyan VT, Abbruscato TJ. Enkephalin-Fentanyl Multifunctional Opioids as Potential Neuroprotectants for Ischemic Stroke Treatment. Curr Pharm Des 2017; 22:6459-6468. [PMID: 27510489 DOI: 10.2174/1381612822666160720170124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in the world and effective neuroprotectants are yet to be developed. Recent studies have demonstrated excellent neuroprotective effects of a bivalent enkephalin opioid agonist, biphalin in multiple stroke models. METHODS The purpose of this study is to evaluate novel multifunctional enkephalin-fentanyl opioid agonists, LYS436, LYS739 and LYS416 for their neuroprotective potential using in vitro and in vivo ischemic stroke models and to compare the effect to that of biphalin. RESULTS In general, all non-selective opioid agonists significantly decreased neuronal cell death and levels of reactive oxygen species in primary neurons subjescted to hypoxia-aglycemia/re-oxygenation or NMDA neurotoxicity. Fluorinated enkephalin-fentanyl conjugate, LYS739 showed enhanced neuroprotection in both in vitro models compared to biphalin. Based on further in vitro screening and comparative studies to biphalin, LYS739 was selected as a lead for in vivo experimentation. A mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) stroke model was utilized to study biphalin and the lead analog, LYS739. Both agonists significantly decreased brain infarct and edema ratios compared to saline treated group. Neurological impairment after stroke was statistically significantly improved in terms of neurological score and locomotor activities with LYS739 and biphalin treatment. Importantly, LYS739 and biphalin demonstrated better neuroprotection compared to fentanyl, and this effect was reversed by non-selective opioid antagonist naltrexone. CONCLUSION In summary, the results of this study suggest that the multifunctional fluorinated enkephalin analog, LYS739 can be considered as a potential lead for ischemic stroke research and may provide advantages given the multimeric peptide-opiate structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Chair, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, 79106, United States
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Kaisar MA, Villalba H, Prasad S, Liles T, Sifat AE, Sajja RK, Abbruscato TJ, Cucullo L. Offsetting the impact of smoking and e-cigarette vaping on the cerebrovascular system and stroke injury: Is Metformin a viable countermeasure? Redox Biol 2017. [PMID: 28646795 PMCID: PMC5480985 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently published in vitro and in vivo findings strongly suggest that BBB impairment and increased risk for stroke by tobacco smoke (TS) closely resemble that of type-2 diabetes (2DM) and develop largely in response to common key modulators such oxidative stress (OS), inflammation and alterations of the endogenous antioxidative response system (ARE) regulated by the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2). Preclinical studies have also shown that nicotine (the principal e-liquid's ingredient used in e-cigarettes) can also cause OS, exacerbation of cerebral ischemia and secondary brain injury. Herein we provide evidence that likewise to TS, chronic e-Cigarette (e-Cig) vaping can be prodromal to the loss of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and vascular inflammation as well as act as a promoting factor for the onset of stroke and worsening of post-ischemic brain injury. In addition, recent reports have shown that Metformin (MF) treatment before and after ischemic injury reduces stress and inhibits inflammatory responses. Recent published data by our group revealead that MF promotes the activation of counteractive mechanisms mediated by the activation of Nrf2 which drastically reduce TS toxicity at the brain and cerebrovascular levels and protect BBB integrity. In this study we provide additional in vivo evidence showing that MF can effectively reduce the oxidative and inflammatory risk for stroke and attenuate post-ischemic brain injury promoted by TS and e-Cig vaping. Our data also suggest that MF administration could be extended as prophylactic care during the time window required for the renormalization of the risk levels of stroke following smoking cessation thus further studies in that direction are warrated. Chronic cigarette and e-cigarette exposure downregulate throbomodulin and Nrf2. Chronic CS and e-Cig exposure worsen stroke outcome in mice undergoing tMCAO. Metformin ameliorate stroke outcomes in CS and e-Cig exposed mice undergoing tMCAO. MF protective effect correlates with renormalization of Nrf2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Kaisar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
| | - Heidi Villalba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
| | - Shikha Prasad
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Taylor Liles
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
| | - Ali Ehsan Sifat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
| | - Ravi K Sajja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
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Sifat AE, Vaidya B, Abbruscato TJ. Blood-Brain Barrier Protection as a Therapeutic Strategy for Acute Ischemic Stroke. AAPS J 2017; 19:957-972. [PMID: 28484963 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a vital component of the neurovascular unit (NVU) containing tight junctional (TJ) proteins and different ion and nutrient transporters which maintain normal brain physiology. BBB disruption is a major pathological hallmark in the course of ischemic stroke which is regulated by the actions of different factors working at different stages of cerebral ischemia including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), inflammatory modulators, vesicular trafficking, oxidative pathways, and junctional-cytoskeletal interactions. These components interact further to disrupt maintenance of both the paracellular and transport barriers of the central nervous system (CNS) to worsen ischemic brain injury and the propensity for hemorrhagic transformation (HT) associated with injury and/or thrombolytic therapy with tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA). We propose that these complex molecular pathways should be evaluated further so that they could be targeted alone or in combination to protect the BBB during cerebral ischemia. These types of novel interventions should be guided by advanced imaging techniques for better diagnosis of BBB damage which may exert significant therapeutic benefit including the extension of therapeutic window of tPA. This review will focus on the different stages and mechanisms of BBB damage in acute ischemic stroke and novel therapeutic strategies to target those pathways for better therapeutic outcome in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ehsan Sifat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter, Amarillo, Texas, 79106, USA
| | - Bhuvaneshwar Vaidya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter, Amarillo, Texas, 79106, USA
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter, Amarillo, Texas, 79106, USA.
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Kinarivala N, Shah K, Abbruscato TJ, Trippier PC. Passage Variation of PC12 Cells Results in Inconsistent Susceptibility to Externally Induced Apoptosis. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:82-88. [PMID: 27718545 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The PC12 cell line is a widely used in vitro model for screening the neuroprotective activity of small molecule libraries. External insult due to serum deprivation or addition of etoposide induces cell death by apoptosis. While this screening method is commonly used in early stage drug discovery no protocol accounting for cell passage number effect on neuroprotective activity has been disclosed. We herein report that passage variation results in false-positive/false-negative identification of neuroprotective compounds; undifferentiated PC12 cells with high passage number are less sensitive to injury induced by serum-deprivation or etoposide treatment. In contrast, NGF differentiated PC12 cells of later passage number are more sensitive to injury induced by etoposide than lower passage number but only after 72 h. Passage number also affects the adherence phenotype of the PC12 cells, complicating screening assays. We report an optimized protocol for screening the neuroprotective activity of small molecules in PC12 cells, which accounts for passage number variations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paul C. Trippier
- Center
for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
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35
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Jayaraman S, Zhu R, Wangler NJ, Mechref Y, Abbruscato TJ, Ostrov DA, Karamyan VT. Allosteric Potentiation of Peptidase Neurolysin by Small Molecules. Biophys J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.11.2143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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36
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Abstract
When the Davis Lab was first asked to contribute to this special edition of Peptides to celebrate the career and influence of Abba Kastin on peptide research, it felt like a daunting task. It is difficult to really understand and appreciate the influence that Abba has had, not only on a generation of peptide researchers, but also on the field of blood brain barrier (BBB) research, unless you lived it as we did. When we look back at our careers and those of our former students, one can truly see that several of Abba's papers played an influential role in the development of our personal research programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Davis
- The Davis Lab, Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5050.
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX 79106
| | - Richard D Egleton
- Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755
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Shah KK, Boreddy PR, Abbruscato TJ. Nicotine pre-exposure reduces stroke-induced glucose transporter-1 activity at the blood-brain barrier in mice. Fluids Barriers CNS 2015; 12:10. [PMID: 25925411 PMCID: PMC4425877 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-015-0005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background With growing electronic cigarette usage in both the smoking and nonsmoking population, rigorous studies are needed to investigate the effects of nicotine on biological systems to determine long-term health consequences. We have previously shown that nicotine exerts specific neurovascular effects that influence blood brain barrier (BBB) function in response to stroke. In this study, we investigated the effects of nicotine on carrier-mediated glucose transport into ischemic brain. Specifically, the present study investigates glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1) function and expression at the BBB in a focal brain ischemia model of mice pre-exposed to nicotine. Methods Nicotine was administrated subcutaneously by osmotic pump at the dose of 4.5 mg/kg/day for 1, 7, or 14 days to reflect the plasma levels seen in smokers. Ischemic-reperfusion (IR) injury was induced by 1 h transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) and 24 h reperfusion. Glucose transport was estimated using an in situ brain perfusion technique with radiolabeled glucose and brain vascular GLUT1 expression was detected with immunofluorescence. Results The nicotine pre-exposure (1, 7 & 14 day) resulted in significant reduction in D-glucose influx rate (Kin) across the BBB, with a 49% reduction in 14 day nicotine-infused animals. We observed a 41% increase in carrier-mediated glucose transport across the BBB in saline-infused tMCAO animals compared to saline-infused sham animals. Interestingly, in the tMCAO group of animals pre-exposed to nicotine for 14 days had significantly attenuated increased glucose transport by 80% and 38% compared to saline-infused tMCAO and sham animals respectively. Furthermore, immunofluorescence studies of GLUT1 protein expression in the brain microvascular endothelium confirmed that GLUT1 was also induced in saline-infused tMCAO animals and this protein expression induction was reduced significantly (P < 0.01) with 14 day nicotine pre-exposure in tMCAO animals. Conclusions Nicotine pre-exposure reduced the IR-enhanced GLUT1 transporter function and expression at the BBB in a focal brain ischemia mouse model. These studies suggest that nicotine exposure prior to stroke could create an enhanced glucose deprived state at the neurovascular unit (NVU) and could provide an additional vulnerability to enhanced stroke injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik K Shah
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300S Coulter, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA.
| | - Purushotham Reddy Boreddy
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300S Coulter, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA. .,National Center for Cell Science (NCCS), Cancer Biology, Laboratory No. 6, Pune, 411007, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300S Coulter, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA.
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38
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Yang L, Islam MR, Karamyan VT, Abbruscato TJ. In vitro and in vivo efficacy of a potent opioid receptor agonist, biphalin, compared to subtype-selective opioid receptor agonists for stroke treatment. Brain Res 2015; 1609:1-11. [PMID: 25801116 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To meet the challenge of identification of new treatments for stroke, this study was designed to evaluate a potent, nonselective opioid receptor (OR) agonist, biphalin, in comparison to subtype selective OR agonists, as a potential neuroprotective drug candidate using in vitro and in vivo models of ischemic stroke. Our in vitro approach included mouse primary neuronal cells that were challenged with glutamate and hypoxic/aglycemic (H/A) conditions. We observed that 10nM biphalin, exerted a statistically significant neuroprotective effect after glutamate challenge, compared to all selective opioid agonists, according to lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. Moreover, 10nM biphalin provided superior neuroprotection after H/A-reoxygenation compared to selective opioid agonists in all cases. Our in vitro investigations were supported by in vivo studies which indicate that the nonselective opioid agonist, biphalin, achieves enhanced neuroprotective potency compared to any of the selective opioid agonists, evidenced by reduced edema and infarct ratios. Reduction of edema and infarction was accompanied by neurological improvement of the animals in two independent behavioral tests. Collectively these data strongly suggest that concurrent agonist stimulation of mu, kappa and delta ORs with biphalin is neuroprotective and superior to neuroprotection by activation of any single OR subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S Coulter Drive, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Mohammad R Islam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S Coulter Drive, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Vardan T Karamyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S Coulter Drive, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S Coulter Drive, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA.
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Rashid M, Wangler NJ, Yang L, Shah K, Arumugam TV, Abbruscato TJ, Karamyan VT. Functional up-regulation of endopeptidase neurolysin during post-acute and early recovery phases of experimental stroke in mouse brain. J Neurochem 2013; 129:179-89. [PMID: 24164478 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we provide evidence for the first time that membrane-bound endopeptidase neurolysin is up-regulated in different parts of mouse brain affected by focal ischemia-reperfusion in a middle cerebral artery occlusion model of stroke. Radioligand binding, enzymatic and immunoblotting experiments in membrane preparations of frontoparietal cortex, striatum, and hippocampus isolated from the ischemic hemisphere of mouse brain 24 h after reperfusion revealed statistically significant increase (≥ twofold) in quantity and activity of neurolysin compared with sham-operated controls. Cerebellar membranes isolated from the ischemic hemisphere served as negative control supporting the observations that up-regulation of neurolysin occurs in post-ischemic brain regions. This study also documents sustained functional up-regulation of neurolysin in frontoparietal cortical membranes for at least 7 days after stroke, which appears not to be transcriptionally or translationally regulated, but rather depends on translocation of cytosolic neurolysin to the membranes and mitochondria. Considering diversity of endogenous neurolysin substrates (neurotensin, bradykinin, angiotensins I/II, substance P, hemopressin, dynorphin A(1-8), metorphamide, somatostatin) and the well-documented role of these peptidergic systems in pathogenesis of stroke, resistance to ischemic injury and/or post-stroke brain recovery, our findings suggest that neurolysin may play a role in processes modulating the brain's response to stroke and its recovery after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoon Rashid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, USA
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Rashid M, Yang L, Arumugam TV, Abbruscato TJ, Karamyan VT. Upregulation of membrane‐bound metalloendopeptidase neurolysin in a mouse model of focal brain ischemia. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.852.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mamoon Rashid
- Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of PharmacyTexas Tech University HSCAmarilloTX
| | - Li Yang
- Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of PharmacyTexas Tech University HSCAmarilloTX
| | | | | | - Vardan T. Karamyan
- Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of PharmacyTexas Tech University HSCAmarilloTX
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Abstract
The chapter provides an introduction and brief overview of currently available in vitro blood-brain barrier models, pointing out the major advantages and disadvantages of the respective models and potential applications. Bovine brain microvessel endothelial cell isolation, culture, and transendothelial permeability measurement procedures are discussed in detail as a model system for a laboratory to begin brain vascular investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik K Shah
- School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
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Abstract
Brain stroke is a devastating cerebrovascular disease and ranks as the third most common cause of death and disability in the US. Altered blood-brain barrier (BBB) signaling and permeability characteristics during stroke can increase the risk for life-threatening hemorrhagic transformation or damaging brain edema. The BBB plays a crucial role in maintaining the permeability and CNS homeostasis under physiological/pathological conditions by protecting the brain from the fluctuations in plasma constituents. Many in vitro brain endothelial cell culture models have been developed and studied over the past several decades to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms and role of the BBB in stroke. Restrictive barrier properties of brain endothelial cells have been shown to be predominantly influenced by astrocytes and astrocyte-secreting factors using coculture systems. By using astrocyte-endothelial cocultures, it is possible to model in vivo BBB characteristics, while allowing for mechanistic studies to be performed. Hence, the application of in vitro astrocyte-endothelial coculture BBB systems is a powerful technique to understand and investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms in stroke. This approach can be utilized to uncover cell signaling pathways and that may identify new neurovascular drug targets to treat this devastating brain vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
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Yang L, Shah K, Wang H, Karamyan VT, Abbruscato TJ. Characterization of neuroprotective effects of biphalin, an opioid receptor agonist, in a model of focal brain ischemia. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 339:499-508. [PMID: 21856861 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.184127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 795,000 people experience a new or recurrent stroke in the United States annually. The purpose of this study was to assess the protective effect of a nonselective opioid receptor agonist, biphalin, in brain edema and infarct damage by using both in vitro and in vivo models of stroke. In an in vivo model of ischemia, biphalin significantly decreased edema (66.6 and 58.3%) and infarct (52.2 and 56.4%) ratios in mouse transient (60-min occlusion/24-h reperfusion) and permanent (6 h) middle cerebral artery occlusion models, respectively. Biphalin administration also showed decreased neurodegeneration in hippocampal, cortical, and striatal brain tissue after ischemia, evidenced by reduced Fluoro-Jade C staining. In addition, biphalin improved neurological function after stroke injury evidenced by neurological score and locomotor activity evaluation. Biphalin significantly decreased penumbral expression of Na(+), K(+), 2Cl(-) cotransporter (NKCC) and the translocation of the conventional isoforms of protein kinase C (PKC). It also reversed the activation of PKC-induced cell volume increase during ischemia in primary neuronal cell cultures exposed to 1 h of oxygen glucose deprivation. These data suggest that opioid receptor activation provides neuroprotection during stroke, and a possible explanation of this mechanism could be the inhibition of NKCC function via the regulation of PKC-dependent cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter, Amarillo, TX 79016, USA
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Yang L, Wang H, Shah K, Karamyan VT, Abbruscato TJ. Opioid receptor agonists reduce brain edema in stroke. Brain Res 2011; 1383:307-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Paulson JR, Yang T, Selvaraj PK, Mdzinarishvili A, Van der Schyf CJ, Klein J, Bickel U, Abbruscato TJ. Nicotine exacerbates brain edema during in vitro and in vivo focal ischemic conditions. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 332:371-9. [PMID: 19889792 PMCID: PMC2812118 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.157776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that nicotine, the addictive component of tobacco products, alters the blood-brain barrier (BBB) Na(+),K(+),2Cl(-) cotransporter (NKCC) during in vitro hypoxia-aglycemia exposure. Attenuation of abluminal NKCC suggests that accumulation of ions in the brain extracellular fluid would result in an increase of fluid or cytotoxic edema in the brain during hypoxia-aglycemia or stroke conditions. To further investigate whether nicotine products have the potential to worsen stroke outcome by increasing edema formation, two separate models to mimic stroke conditions were utilized to decipher the effects of short-term and long-term administrations of nicotine products on brain edema following stroke. Oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) was studied in rat hippocampal slices with short-term or long-term exposure to nicotine and cigarette smoke constituents. During short-term exposure, the presence of nicotine at a concentration mimicking heavy smokers increased water content of hippocampal slices during OGD. Furthermore, long-term 1-week administration of nicotine increased water content in hippocampal slices that could be attenuated with nicotine acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonists, suggesting nicotine increase edema during OGD via nAChRs. A second model of focal ischemia, middle cerebral artery occlusion, showed an increase of infarct size during short-term exposure to nicotine and an increase of edema during both short-term and long-term administration of nicotine, compared with saline controls. These findings support the paradigm that nicotine products not only increase the incidence of stroke but also have the potential to worsen stroke outcome by increased edema formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Paulson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University, Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, USA
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Alfonso LF, Srivenugopal KS, Arumugam TV, Abbruscato TJ, Weidanz JA, Bhat GJ. Aspirin inhibits camptothecin-induced p21CIP1 levels and potentiates apoptosis in human breast cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2009; 34:597-608. [PMID: 19212664 DOI: 10.3892/ijo_00000185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of aspirin to trigger apoptosis in cancer cells is well known and is consistent with the clinical and epidemiological evidence on its chemopreventive effects in curtailing epithelial cancers, including breast cancer. We hypothesized that the anticancer effects of aspirin may involve acetylation of the tumor suppressor protein p53, a known regulator of apoptosis. In the present study, we determined if aspirin at the physiologically achievable concentration of 100 microM acetylates p53 and modulates the expression of p21CIP1, a protein involved in cell cycle arrest, and Bax, a pro-apoptotic protein. Using MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells, we demonstrate that aspirin at 100 microM concentration markedly acetylated the p53 protein, which was primarily localized to the nucleus. Aspirin induced p21CIP1 protein levels in a transient fashion in contrast to the sustained induction of Bax. The induction of p21CIP1 protein levels began at 3 h and was maximal at 6-8 h; however, it decreased to control levels by 30 h. In contrast, the anticancer drug, camptothecin (CPT) induced a steady accumulation of p21CIP1 protein. Remarkably, when cells were co-treated with aspirin and CPT, p21CIP1 levels were drastically downregulated, and this phenomenon was observed in many cancer cell lines. Incubation of recombinant p21 with cytoplasmic extracts from aspirin-treated cells caused its degradation suggesting the involvement of proteases in the disappearance of p21CIP1. Consistent with this data, aspirin decreased the survival of CPT-treated cells and greatly increased the extent of apoptosis. Our observation that aspirin has the ability to inhibit p21CIP1 after its initial induction has important implications in chemotherapy, and suggests its potential use to increase the efficacy of anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd F Alfonso
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cancer Biology Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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Vemula S, Roder KE, Yang T, Bhat GJ, Thekkumkara TJ, Abbruscato TJ. A functional role for sodium-dependent glucose transport across the blood-brain barrier during oxygen glucose deprivation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 328:487-95. [PMID: 18981287 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.146589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we determined the functional significance of sodium-dependent/-independent glucose transporters at the neurovasculature during oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD). Confluent brain endothelial cells cocultured with astrocytes were exposed to varying degrees of in vitro stroke conditions. Glucose transporter (GLUT) 1 and sodium glucose cotransporter (SGLT) activity were investigated by luminal membrane uptake and transport studies using [(3)H]D-glucose and also by [(14)C]alpha-methyl D-glucopyranoside (AMG), a specific, nonmetabolized substrate of SGLT. In vivo middle cerebral artery occlusion experiments were tested to determine whether blood-brain barrier (BBB) SGLT activity was induced during ischemia. Increases in luminal D-glucose and AMG uptake and transport were observed with in vitro stroke conditions. Specific inhibitor experiments suggest a combined role for both SGLT and GLUT1 at the BBB during OGD. A time-dependent increase in the uptake of AMG was also seen in mice exposed to permanent focal ischemia, and this increase was sensitive to the SGLT inhibitor, phlorizin. Infarct and edema ratio during ischemia were significantly decreased by the inhibition of this transporter. These results show that both GLUT1 and SGLT play a role at the BBB in the blood-to-brain transport of glucose during ischemic conditions, and inhibition of SGLT during stroke has the potential to improve stroke outcome. Pharmacological modulation of this novel BBB transporter could prove to be a brain vascular target in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharanya Vemula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79016, USA
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48
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Bai S, Yang T, Abbruscato TJ, Ahsan F. Evaluation of human nasal RPMI 2650 cells grown at an air-liquid interface as a model for nasal drug transport studies. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:1165-78. [PMID: 17628494 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study tests the hypothesis that human nasal RPMI 2650 cells grown at an air-liquid interface is a feasible model for drug transport studies via the nasal route. RPMI 2650 cells were cultured in Eagle's minimal essential medium (MEM) at both air-liquid and liquid-liquid interfaces. For each culture regimen, monolayer integrity was tested by measuring the transepithelial resistance (TEER) as well as the transport of paracellular and transcellular markers across the monolayer. The expression of tight junction proteins-differentiation markers-in cells of the different monolayers was studied by western blot analysis and confocal microscopy. The highest TEER values (192 +/- 3 Omega . cm2) were observed for RPMI 2650 cells seeded onto collagen-coated permeable polytetrafluoroethylene inserts and grown at an air-liquid interface for 10 days; a seeding density of 4 x 10(5)/cm2 generated and maintained a cell monolayer with suitable barrier properties at days 9-12. Microscopic examination showed that RPMI 2650 cells grown on filter inserts formed a fully confluent monolayer. The apparent permeability coefficients of the paracellular marker, [14C] mannitol, and the transcellular marker, [3H] propranolol, were 5.07 +/- 0.01 x 10(-6) cm/s and 16.1 +/- 0.1 x 10(-6) cm/s, respectively. Western blot analysis indicated the presence of four tight junction proteins: ZO-1, occludin, claudin-1 and E-cadherin; and the quantities of ZO-1, occludin, and E-cadherin were significantly higher in cells grown at an air-liquid interface than in cells grown at a liquid-liquid interface. Confocal microscopic studies showed ZO-1, F-actin, occludin and claudin-1 proteins at cell-cell contacts and revealed significant differences in the distributions and densities of ZO-1 protein in cells grown at the two types of interface. The data indicate that RPMI 2650 cells grown at an air-liquid interface form polarized monolayers with the cells interconnected by tight junction proteins. This human nasal cell line model could provide a useful tool for in vitro screening of nasal drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Bai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 Coulter Drive, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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Yang T, Roder KE, Abbruscato TJ. Evaluation of bEnd5 cell line as an in vitro model for the blood-brain barrier under normal and hypoxic/aglycemic conditions. J Pharm Sci 2008; 96:3196-213. [PMID: 17828743 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to assess the suitability of the mouse endothelial cell line bEnd5 as a blood-brain barrier (BBB) model under normal or pathologic (stroke) conditions. In comparison to the well-established bovine brain endothelial cell (BBMEC) model, cultured bEnd5 monolayers reached a maximal transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) of 121 Omega cm(2) on day 7, and possessed oval and spindle shape morphology. Structurally, confluent monolayers of bEnd5 cells and BBMECs exhibit peripheral band staining of the tight junction protein ZO-1 and occludin. Both bEnd5 and BBMECs express important tight junctional proteins, ZO-1, occludin and claudin-1, as well as the transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp), NKCC, GLUT1, and most PKC isoforms. Marker permeability experiments suggest that bEnd5 cells form a tight barrier that compares to well-established in vitro BBB models, such as the BBMEC. After short durations of hypoxia/aglycemia (H/A), hyperpermeability was seen in the bEnd5 endothelial monolayer compared to later time periods for BBMECs, suggesting that bEnd5 cells are more sensitive to hypoxia/algycemia treatment than BBMECs. Taken together, bEnd5 cell culture model may provide a useful in vitro model of the BBB for drug delivery studies and modeling pathological states such as oxygen glucose deprivation associated with stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhi Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University, Health Sciences Center, 1300 Coulter Drive, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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Hao J, Mdzinarishvili A, Abbruscato TJ, Klein J, Geldenhuys WJ, Van der Schyf CJ, Bickel U. Neuroprotection in mice by NGP1-01 after transient focal brain ischemia. Brain Res 2008; 1196:113-20. [PMID: 18234166 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 11/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the polycyclic cage amine NGP1-01, a dual action antagonist at both L-type calcium channels and NMDA receptors, was measured after transient (1 h) focal cerebral ischemia in the mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. Mice were left untreated, or received NGP1-01 (20 mg/kg per dose intraperitoneally), memantine (20 mg/kg per dose intraperitoneally), or vehicle (DMSO) at 15 min, 24 h and 48 h after reperfusion. Sensorimotor function was tested daily for two weeks using the "corner test", a proven paradigm for the assessment of functional integrity in rodents. NGP1-01 significantly reduced sensorimotor deficits over the 2-week period (p<0.001, ANOVA). Although memantine was less effective than NGP1-01 (p<0.05), it still significantly attenuated sensorimotor deficits in the animals. In a separate study, brain damage 3 days after stroke was determined histologically in mice receiving no treatment, DMSO, or NGP1-01 (dosages and dosage schedule same as above). Serial brain sections were stained for nonviable neurons with Fluoro-Jade B and the volume of damaged tissue was estimated. NGP1-01 treated mice had a significantly lower volume of brain damage (13+/-7 mm(3), p<0.01) than both control groups (no treatment: 47+/-4 mm(3), DMSO: 50+/-10 mm(3)). In conclusion, at weight-equivalent doses, NGP1-01 was at least as neuroprotective as the established NMDA receptor antagonist memantine. It may be a promising lead structure for the development of novel multiple-action drugs in treating ischemic stroke and other neurodegenerative diseases with an excitotoxic component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiukuan Hao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and PATOS Stroke Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
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