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A New Protocol of Computer-Assisted Image Analysis Highlights the Presence of Hemocytes in the Regenerating Cephalic Tentacles of Adult Pomacea canaliculata. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22095023. [PMID: 34065143 PMCID: PMC8126035 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22095023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, injuries and diseases can result in irreversible tissue or organ loss. This well-known fact has prompted several basic studies on organisms capable of adult regeneration, such as amphibians, bony fish, and invertebrates. These studies have provided important biological information and helped to develop regenerative medicine therapies, but important gaps concerning the regulation of tissue and organ regeneration remain to be elucidated. To this aim, new models for studying regenerative biology could prove helpful. Here, the description of the cephalic tentacle regeneration in the adult of the freshwater snail Pomacea canaliculata is presented. In this invasive mollusk, the whole tentacle is reconstructed within 3 months. Regenerating epithelial, connective, muscular and neural components are already recognizable 72 h post-amputation (hpa). Only in the early phases of regeneration, several hemocytes are retrieved in the forming blastema. In view of quantifying the hemocytes retrieved in regenerating organs, granular hemocytes present in the tentacle blastema at 12 hpa were counted, with a new and specific computer-assisted image analysis protocol. Since it can be applied in absence of specific cell markers and after a common hematoxylin-eosin staining, this protocol could prove helpful to evidence and count the hemocytes interspersed among regenerating tissues, helping to unveil the role of immune-related cells in sensory organ regeneration.
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West AC, Mizoro Y, Wood SH, Ince LM, Iversen M, Jørgensen EH, Nome T, Sandve SR, Martin SAM, Loudon ASI, Hazlerigg DG. Immunologic Profiling of the Atlantic Salmon Gill by Single Nuclei Transcriptomics. Front Immunol 2021; 12:669889. [PMID: 34017342 PMCID: PMC8129531 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.669889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Anadromous salmonids begin life adapted to the freshwater environments of their natal streams before a developmental transition, known as smoltification, transforms them into marine-adapted fish. In the wild, smoltification is a photoperiod-regulated process, involving radical remodeling of gill function to cope with the profound osmotic and immunological challenges of seawater (SW) migration. While prior work has highlighted the role of specialized "mitochondrion-rich" cells (MRCs) and accessory cells (ACs) in delivering this phenotype, recent RNA profiling experiments suggest that remodeling is far more extensive than previously appreciated. Here, we use single-nuclei RNAseq to characterize the extent of cytological changes in the gill of Atlantic salmon during smoltification and SW transfer. We identify 20 distinct cell clusters, including known, but also novel gill cell types. These data allow us to isolate cluster-specific, smoltification-associated changes in gene expression and to describe how the cellular make-up of the gill changes through smoltification. As expected, we noted an increase in the proportion of seawater mitochondrion-rich cells, however, we also identify previously unknown reduction of several immune-related cell types. Overall, our results provide fresh detail of the cellular complexity in the gill and suggest that smoltification triggers unexpected immune reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C. West
- Arctic seasonal timekeeping initiative (ASTI), Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Yasutaka Mizoro
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA Institute, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Shona H. Wood
- Arctic seasonal timekeeping initiative (ASTI), Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Louise M. Ince
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Iversen
- Arctic seasonal timekeeping initiative (ASTI), Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Even H. Jørgensen
- Arctic seasonal timekeeping initiative (ASTI), Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Torfinn Nome
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences (IHA), Faculty of Life Sciences (BIOVIT), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Simen Rød Sandve
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences (IHA), Faculty of Life Sciences (BIOVIT), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Samuel A. M. Martin
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S. I. Loudon
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David G. Hazlerigg
- Arctic seasonal timekeeping initiative (ASTI), Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Iversen M, Mulugeta T, West AC, Jørgensen EH, Martin SAM, Sandve SR, Hazlerigg D. Photoperiod-dependent developmental reprogramming of the transcriptional response to seawater entry in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2021; 11:6169000. [PMID: 33710311 PMCID: PMC8049429 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The developmental transition of juvenile salmon from a freshwater resident morph (parr) to a seawater (SW) migratory morph (smolt), known as smoltification, entails a reorganization of gill function to cope with the altered water environment. Recently, we used RNAseq to characterize the breadth of transcriptional change which takes place in the gill in the FW phase of smoltification. This highlighted the importance of extended exposure to short, winter-like photoperiods (SP) followed by a subsequent increase in photoperiod for completion of transcriptional reprogramming in FW and efficient growth following transfer to SW. Here, we extend this analysis to examine the consequences of this photoperiodic history-dependent reprogramming for subsequent gill responses upon exposure to SW. We use RNAseq to analyze gill samples taken from fish raised on the photoperiod regimes we used previously and then challenged by SW exposure for 24 hours. While fish held on constant light (LL) throughout were able to hypo-osmoregulate during a 24 hours SW challenge, the associated gill transcriptional response was highly distinctive from that in fish which had experienced a 7-week period of exposure to SP followed by a return to LL (SPLL) and had consequently acquired the characteristics of fully developed smolts. Fish transferred from LL to SP, and then held on SP for the remainder of the study was unable to hypo-osmoregulate, and the associated gill transcriptional response to SW exposure featured many transcripts apparently regulated by the glucocorticoid stress axis and by the osmo-sensing transcription factor NFAT5. The importance of these pathways for the gill transcriptional response to SW exposure appears to diminish as a consequence of photoperiod mediated induction of the smolt phenotype, presumably reflecting preparatory developmental changes taking place during this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Iversen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT -The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø NO-9037, Norway
| | - Teshome Mulugeta
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås NO-1432, Norway
| | - Alexander C West
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT -The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø NO-9037, Norway
| | - Even H Jørgensen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT -The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø NO-9037, Norway
| | - Samuel A M Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Simen Rød Sandve
- Centre for Integrative Genetics, Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås NO-1432, Norway
| | - David Hazlerigg
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT -The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø NO-9037, Norway
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54
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Alkan Z, Oğuz AR. Investigation of gill mucus cells of Lake Van fish (Alburnus tarichi) during reproductive migration. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2021; 47:409-419. [PMID: 33409806 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00921-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lake Van is the largest lake in Turkey. It is one of the few soda lakes in the world. Its water is brackish and soda. The lake water has a salinity rate of 19‰ and a pH of 9.8. The salty-soda content of the lake greatly limits biodiversity. Since the Lake Van fish is anadromous, it migrates from the extreme conditions of Lake Van to the freshwater pouring into the lake to spawn. In the same way, once they have emerged from the eggs, the newly hatched fish return to the lake environment to feed again. In this study, the changes in Lake Van fish gill mucus cell histochemistry were examined using different histological stains. The area and density of the mucus cells were observed to have changed in the aquatic areas of different physicochemical properties due to reproductive migration. The intensity of the mucus staining was also found to vary in different aquatic locations and gill regions. As a result, it was clearly demonstrated that mucus cell glycoprotein contents and levels found in Lake Van fish gills varied in different lake freshwater and aquatic environments. In addition, it was determined that the area and density of the mucus cells varied during reproductive migration. It is thought that the change in mucus cells was caused by salinity, pH, and bacterial and parasitic infections encountered in different aquatic environments. These changes in the gill mucus cells play an important role in the aquatic adaptation of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Alkan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, 65080, Van, Turkey
| | - Ahmet R Oğuz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, 65080, Van, Turkey.
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55
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Slinger J, Adams MB, Wynne JW. Comparison of bacterial diversity and distribution on the gills of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): an evaluation of sampling techniques. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 131:80-92. [PMID: 33326661 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Assess bacterial diversity and richness in mucus samples from the gills of Atlantic salmon in comparison to preserved or fixed gill filament tissues. Ascertain whether bacterial diversity and richness are homogeneous upon different arches of the gill basket. METHODS AND RESULTS Bacterial communities contained within gill mucus were profiled using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. No significant difference in taxa richness, alpha (P > 0·05) or beta diversity indices (P > 0·05) were found between the bacterial communities of RNAlater preserved gill tissues and swab-bound mucus. A trend of lower richness and diversity indices were observed in bacterial communities from posterior hemibranchs. CONCLUSIONS Non-lethal swab sampling of gill mucus provides a robust representation of bacterial communities externally upon the gills. Bacterial communities from the fourth arch appeared to be the least representative overall. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The external mucosal barriers of teleost fish (e.g. gill surface) play a vital role as a primary defence line against infection. While research effort on the role of microbial communities on health and immunity of aquaculture species continues, the collection and sampling processes to obtain these data require evaluation so methodologies are consistently applied across future studies that aim to evaluate the composition of branchial microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Slinger
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Aquaculture Program, Bribie Island, Qld, Australia.,Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - M B Adams
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - J W Wynne
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Aquaculture Program, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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Fiedler S, Wünnemann H, Hofmann I, Theobalt N, Feuchtinger A, Walch A, Schwaiger J, Wanke R, Blutke A. A practical guide to unbiased quantitative morphological analyses of the gills of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in ecotoxicological studies. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243462. [PMID: 33296424 PMCID: PMC7725368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are frequently used as experimental animals in ecotoxicological studies, in which they are experimentally exposed to defined concentrations of test substances, such as heavy metals, pesticides, or pharmaceuticals. Following exposure to a broad variety of aquatic pollutants, early morphologically detectable toxic effects often manifest in alterations of the gills. Suitable methods for an accurate and unbiased quantitative characterization of the type and the extent of morphological gill alterations are therefore essential prerequisites for recognition, objective evaluation and comparison of the severity of gill lesions. The aim of the present guidelines is to provide practicable, standardized and detailed protocols for the application of unbiased quantitative stereological analyses of relevant morphological parameters of the gills of rainbow trout. These gill parameters inter alia include the total volume of the primary and secondary gill lamellae, the surface area of the secondary gill lamellae epithelium (i.e., the respiratory surface) and the thickness of the diffusion barrier. The featured protocols are adapted to fish of frequently used body size classes (300-2000 g). They include well-established, conventional sampling methods, probes and test systems for unbiased quantitative stereological analyses of light- and electron microscopic 2-D gill sections, as well as the application of modern 3-D light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) of optically cleared gill samples as an innovative, fast and efficient quantitative morphological analysis approach. The methods shown here provide a basis for standardized and representative state-of-the-art quantitative morphological analyses of trout gills, ensuring the unbiasedness and reproducibility, as well as the intra- and inter-study comparability of analyses results. Their broad implementation will therefore significantly contribute to the reliable identification of no observed effect concentration (NOEC) limits in ecotoxicological studies and, moreover, to limit the number of experimental animals by reduction of unnecessary repetition of experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Fiedler
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hannah Wünnemann
- Unit 73 Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Microbial Ecology, Bavarian Environment Agency, Wielenbach, Germany
| | - Isabel Hofmann
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Natalie Theobalt
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Feuchtinger
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Axel Walch
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Julia Schwaiger
- Unit 73 Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Microbial Ecology, Bavarian Environment Agency, Wielenbach, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Wanke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Blutke
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Oğuz AR, Kaval Oğuz E, Özok N. Effects of chlorpyrifos on primary gill cell culture of Lake Van fish ( Alburnus tarichi Güldenstaadt 1814). Toxicol Res (Camb) 2020; 9:741-745. [PMID: 33447359 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfaa076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Lake Van fish (Alburnus tarichi Guldenstadt 1814) is the only fish that can adapt to the extreme conditions (pH 9.8 salinity 0.2% and alkalinity 151.2 meq/L) of Lake Van. In this study, it was aimed to determine the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of chlorpyrifos (CPF) on Lake Van fish primary gill cell culture. Gill epithelium from Lake Van fish was isolated enzymatically and grown in primary culture on Leibovitz's L-15 medium. After different doses (0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 μM) of CPF were applied to the gill cells, the total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and DNA damage levels (8-hydroxyguanine (8-OHdG)) were examined at the end of 24 and 48 h. It was determined that the TOS, MDA, and 8-OHdG levels increased in the cells exposed to high doses (1 and 10 μM) of CPF and the TAS was decreased (P < 0.05). It was revealed from this study that CPF administered at a dose higher than 1 μM can cause oxidative stress and DNA damage in the primary gill cell culture of Lake Van fish. In addition, the findings showed that Lake Van fish primary gill cell culture was useful in determining the effects of toxic substances likely to be the contaminants of a lake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Regaib Oğuz
- Department of Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Elif Kaval Oğuz
- Department of Science Education, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Necati Özok
- Department of Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey
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58
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Cadiz L, Jonz MG. A comparative perspective on lung and gill regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:223/19/jeb226076. [PMID: 33037099 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.226076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The ability to continuously grow and regenerate the gills throughout life is a remarkable property of fish and amphibians. Considering that gill regeneration was first described over one century ago, it is surprising that the underlying mechanisms of cell and tissue replacement in the gills remain poorly understood. By contrast, the mammalian lung is a largely quiescent organ in adults but is capable of facultative regeneration following injury. In the course of the past decade, it has been recognized that lungs contain a population of stem or progenitor cells with an extensive ability to restore tissue; however, despite recent advances in regenerative biology of the lung, the signaling pathways that underlie regeneration are poorly understood. In this Review, we discuss the common evolutionary and embryological origins shared by gills and mammalian lungs. These are evident in homologies in tissue structure, cell populations, cellular function and genetic pathways. An integration of the literature on gill and lung regeneration in vertebrates is presented using a comparative approach in order to outline the challenges that remain in these areas, and to highlight the importance of using aquatic vertebrates as model organisms. The study of gill regeneration in fish and amphibians, which have a high regenerative potential and for which genetic tools are widely available, represents a unique opportunity to uncover common signaling mechanisms that may be important for regeneration of respiratory organs in all vertebrates. This may lead to new advances in tissue repair following lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cadiz
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie Pvt., Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5
| | - Michael G Jonz
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie Pvt., Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5
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Li X, Zhang Y, Fu S. Effects of short-term fasting on spontaneous activity and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption in four juvenile fish species with different foraging strategies. Biol Open 2020; 9:9/9/bio051755. [PMID: 32994283 PMCID: PMC7541337 DOI: 10.1242/bio.051755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects of short-term fasting on spontaneous activity and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) in sit-and-wait carnivorous southern catfish (Silurus meridionalis), active carnivorous black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus), active herbivorous grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and active filter-feeding silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), each species was divided into a control group and a fasting group (deprived of food for 14 days). Both groups were maintained at 25°C and, at the end of the experimental period, the total movement distance (TMD), percent time spent moving (PTM), ventilation frequency (Vf), pre-exercise oxygen consumption (M(•)O2) and EPOC response of the experimental fish were measured. The TMD and PTM obtained for the control group of southern catfish were lower than those found for the control groups of the three active species. Short-term fasting resulted in decreases in the TMD and PTM of the southern catfish and black carp and increases in the TMD of grass carp and silver carp. The Vf of southern catfish was significantly higher than those of grass carp and silver carp, whereas the latter was also significantly higher than that of black carp. Short-term fasting resulted in significant increases in the Vf and decreases in the pre-exercise M(•)O2 of southern catfish and silver carp. Southern catfish and black carp exhibited lower peak post-exercise M(•)O2 and recovery rates, and relatively higher EPOC magnitudes than grass carp and silver carp. Short-term fasting exerted no significant effects on the peak post-exercise M(•)O2, but resulted in relatively higher EPOC magnitudes in the four fish species. These results suggest that (1) different fish species exhibit significantly different levels of spontaneous activity and post-exercise M(•)O2 profiles with different characteristics and that (2) short-term fasting exerts different effects on the level of spontaneous activity in four fish species with different foraging strategies. Summary: This study compares the spontaneous behavior and exhaustive exercise of four warm-water fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuming Li
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 400047, China
| | - Yaoguang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Education Ministry), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Shijian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 400047, China
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Barnawi EA, Doherty JE, Ferreira PG, Wilson JM. Extra-gastric expression of the proton pump H +/K +-ATPase in the gills and kidney of the teleost Oreochromis niloticus. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb214890. [PMID: 32611790 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.214890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Potassium regulation is essential for the proper functioning of excitable tissues in vertebrates. The H+/K+-ATPase (HKA), which is composed of the HKα1 (gene: atp4a) and HKβ (gene: atp4b) subunits, has an established role in potassium and acid-base regulation in mammals and is well known for its role in gastric acidification. However, the role of HKA in extra-gastric organs such as the gill and kidney is less clear, especially in fishes. In the present study in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, uptake of the K+ surrogate flux marker rubidium (Rb+) was demonstrated in vivo; however, this uptake was not inhibited with omeprazole, a potent inhibitor of the gastric HKA. This contrasts with gill and kidney ex vivo preparations, where tissue Rb+ uptake was significantly inhibited by omeprazole and SCH28080, another gastric HKA inhibitor. The cellular localization of this pump in both the gill and kidney was demonstrated using immunohistochemical techniques with custom-made antibodies specific for Atp4a and Atp4b. Antibodies against the two subunits showed the same apical ionocyte distribution pattern in the gill and collecting tubules/ducts in the kidney. Atp4a antibody specificity was confirmed by western blotting. RT-PCT was used to confirm the expression of both subunits in the gill and kidney. Taken together, these results indicate for the first time K+ (Rb+) uptake in O. niloticus and that HKA is implicated, as shown through the ex vivo uptake inhibition by omeprazole and SCH28080, verifying a role for HKA in K+ absorption in the gill's ionocytes and collecting tubule/duct segments of the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebtesam Ali Barnawi
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3C5
| | - Justine E Doherty
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3C5
| | | | - Jonathan M Wilson
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3C5
- Molecular Physiology, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
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Shabrangharehdasht M, Mirvaghefi A, Farahmand H. Effects of nanosilver on hematologic, histologic and molecular parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 225:105549. [PMID: 32599437 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Efficient antibacterial and antifungal properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) sparked its commercial application in several industrial and household products. Drastic increase of AgNPs production raised concerns over aquatic organisms' exposure. The toxic dose, mechanism of toxicity, physiological damages, gene expression alteration, hematological and blood parameter distortion by AgNP needs to be investigated to explore inevitable risk in aquatic animals. In this study, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (122.4 ± 1.4 g, 23.8 ± 0.7 cm) were exposed to colloidal AgNPs (28.3 ± 12.6 um) to determine the lethal concentration (LC50)(8.9 mg/l). Sub-lethal concentrations (10 %LC50, 25 %LC50, plus LC50 value) impact on hematologic, histological and molecular responses were evaluated. Results showed sever damage to blood cells morphology, and hematologic parameters change including RBC, WBC, Hct and Hb in all AgNP-treated groups. Histological damage in gill and liver of exposed fish were observed. Significant up-regulating of HSP70 and P53 genes were detected in response to AgNPs, whereas, it was found that in comparison to HSP70 gene, P53 induction occurred in lower AgNPs concentrations and lower exposure time. These results indicate adversely effects of AgNPs exposure to aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alireza Mirvaghefi
- Department of Fisheries and Environmental Science, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Hamid Farahmand
- Department of Fisheries and Environmental Science, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
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Bottiglione F, Dee CT, Lea R, Zeef LAH, Badrock AP, Wane M, Bugeon L, Dallman MJ, Allen JE, Hurlstone AFL. Zebrafish IL-4-like Cytokines and IL-10 Suppress Inflammation but Only IL-10 Is Essential for Gill Homeostasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:994-1008. [PMID: 32641385 PMCID: PMC7416321 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces such as fish gills interface between the organism and the external environment and as such are major sites of foreign Ag encounter. In the gills, the balance between inflammatory responses to waterborne pathogens and regulatory responses toward commensal microbes is critical for effective barrier function and overall fish health. In mammals, IL-4 and IL-13 in concert with IL-10 are essential for balancing immune responses to pathogens and suppressing inflammation. Although considerable progress has been made in the field of fish immunology in recent years, whether the fish counterparts of these key mammalian cytokines perform similar roles is still an open question. In this study, we have generated IL-4/13A and IL-4/13B mutant zebrafish (Danio rerio) and, together with an existing IL-10 mutant line, characterized the consequences of loss of function of these cytokines. We demonstrate that IL-4/13A and IL-4/13B are required for the maintenance of a Th2-like phenotype in the gills and the suppression of type 1 immune responses. As in mammals, IL-10 appears to have a more striking anti-inflammatory function than IL-4-like cytokines and is essential for gill homeostasis. Thus, both IL-4/13 and IL-10 paralogs in zebrafish exhibit aspects of conserved function with their mammalian counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Bottiglione
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; and
| | - Christopher T Dee
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; and
| | - Robert Lea
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; and
| | - Leo A H Zeef
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andrew P Badrock
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; and
| | - Madina Wane
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence Bugeon
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret J Dallman
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Judith E Allen
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; and
| | - Adam F L Hurlstone
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; and
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63
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Swain KK, Balasubramaniam R, Bhand S. A portable microfluidic device-based Fe 3O 4-urease nanoprobe-enhanced colorimetric sensor for the detection of heavy metals in fish tissue. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 50:1000-1013. [PMID: 32564658 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2020.1780611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A portable microfluidic device with highly sensitive enzyme nanoprobe (Fe3O4 MNPs-urease, average size 34.6 nm) was demonstrated for the analysis of heavy metals ions (Hg2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+) in fish gill and muscle tissue. The immobilized urease nanoprobe (Km = 0.05 mM) exhibited twofold sensitivity over the free enzyme assay (apparent Km = 0.1 mM). The nanoprobe was characterized using SEM, EDAX, PSA and FT-IR. The inhibition measurements were carried out for individual as well as the mixture of metal ions (CRM standards of 9 elements (CRMmix-9)). The lower limit of quantification (LOQ) (0.5, 0.1, and 0.1 ng L-1 for Hg2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+) and lower limit of detection (LOD) was achieved at 0.1 ng L-1 with sensitivity 8-14% per decade for Hg2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ ions. A visual result can be observed by the naked eye through the microfluidic device as well as with 96 transparent microwell plates. The order of relative inhibition was found to be CRMmix-9 > (Hg2+ + Cd2+ + Pb2+) > (Cd2+ + Pb2+) > (Pb2+ + Hg2+) > (Hg2+ + Cd2+) > Pb2+ > Cd2+ > Hg2+, respectively. The recovery % in fish tissues were found to be 88-98% for Hg2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kumari Swain
- Biosensor Lab, Department of Chemistry, BITS Pilani KK Birla Goa Campus, South Goa, India
| | - R Balasubramaniam
- Precision Machining Section, Precision Engineering Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Sunil Bhand
- Biosensor Lab, Department of Chemistry, BITS Pilani KK Birla Goa Campus, South Goa, India
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64
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Lymphoid Tissue in Teleost Gills: Variations on a Theme. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9060127. [PMID: 32549335 PMCID: PMC7344468 DOI: 10.3390/biology9060127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In bony fish, the gill filaments are essential for gas exchanges, but also are vulnerable to infection by water-borne microorganisms. Omnipresent across fish, gill-associated lymphoid tissues (GIALT) regulate interactions with local microbiota and halt infection by pathogens. A special GIALT structure has recently been found in Salmonids, the interbranchial lymphoid tissue (ILT). However, the structural variation of GIALT across bony fish remains largely unknown. Here, we show how this critical zone of interaction evolved across fishes. By labeling a conserved T-cell epitope on tissue sections, we find that several basal groups of teleosts possess typical ILT, while modern teleosts have lymphoepithelium of different shape and size at the base of primary gill filaments. Within Cypriniformes, neither body size variation between two related species, zebrafish and common carp, nor morphotype variation, did have a drastic effect on the structure of ILT. Thereby this study is the first to describe the presence of ILT in zebrafish. The ILT variability across fish orders seems to represent different evolutionary solutions to balancing trade-offs between multiple adaptations of jaws and pharyngeal region, and immune responses. Our data point to a wide structural variation in gill immunity between basal groups and modern teleosts.
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65
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Storm TJ, Nolan KE, Roberts EM, Sanderson SL. Oropharyngeal morphology related to filtration mechanisms in suspension-feeding American shad (Clupeidae). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2020; 333:493-510. [PMID: 32342660 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
To assess potential filtration mechanisms, scanning electron microscopy was used in a comprehensive quantification and analysis of the morphology and surface ultrastructure for all five branchial arches in the ram suspension-feeding fish, American shad (Alosa sapidissima, Clupeidae). The orientation of the branchial arches and the location of mucus cells on the gill rakers were more consistent with mechanisms of crossflow filtration and cross-step filtration rather than conventional dead-end sieving. The long, thin gill rakers could lead to a large area for the exit of water from the oropharyngeal cavity during suspension feeding (high fluid exit ratio). The substantial elongation of gill rakers along the dorsal-ventral axis formed d-type ribs with a groove aspect ratio of 0.5 and a Reynolds number of approximately 500, consistent with the potential operation of cross-step filtration. Mucus cell abundance differed significantly along the length of the raker and the height of the raker. The mucus cell abundance data and the observed sloughing of denticles along the gill raker margins closest to the interior of the oropharyngeal cavity suggest that gill raker growth may occur primarily at the raker tips, the denticle bases, and the internal raker margins along the length of the raker. These findings will be applied in ongoing experiments with 3D-printed physical models of fish oral cavities in flow tanks, and in future ecological studies on the diet and nutrition of suspension-feeding fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy James Storm
- Department of Biology, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia.,Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Geisinger Wyoming Valley Medical Center, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
| | - Katherine Ericson Nolan
- Department of Biology, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia.,University Laboratory Animal Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Erin Michele Roberts
- Department of Biology, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia.,Fisheries, Animal, and Veterinary Science Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
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Sarkar S, Biswas A, Purkait T, Das M, Kamboj N, Dey RS. Unravelling the Role of Fe–Mn Binary Active Sites Electrocatalyst for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction and Rechargeable Zn-Air Batteries. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:5194-5205. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subhajit Sarkar
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, S. A. S. Nagar, Sector-64, Mohali-160062, Punjab India
| | - Ashmita Biswas
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, S. A. S. Nagar, Sector-64, Mohali-160062, Punjab India
| | - Taniya Purkait
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, S. A. S. Nagar, Sector-64, Mohali-160062, Punjab India
| | - Manisha Das
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, S. A. S. Nagar, Sector-64, Mohali-160062, Punjab India
| | - Navpreet Kamboj
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, S. A. S. Nagar, Sector-64, Mohali-160062, Punjab India
| | - Ramendra Sundar Dey
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, S. A. S. Nagar, Sector-64, Mohali-160062, Punjab India
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Turko AJ, Cisternino B, Wright PA. Calcified gill filaments increase respiratory function in fishes. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20192796. [PMID: 32075528 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphology of fish gills is closely linked to aerobic capacity and tolerance of environmental stressors such as hypoxia. The importance of gill surface area is well studied, but little is known about how the mechanical properties of gill tissues determine function. In some fishes, the bases of the gill filaments are surrounded by a calcified 'sheath' of unknown function. We tested two non-exclusive hypotheses: (i) calcified gill filaments enhance water flow through the gill basket, improving aquatic respiratory function, and (ii) in amphibious fishes, calcification provides support for gills out of water. In a survey of more than 100 species of killifishes and related orders, we found filament calcification was widespread and thus probably arose before the evolution of amphibious lifestyles in killifishes. Calcification also did not differ between amphibious and fully aquatic species, but terrestrial acclimation caused calcium deposition on the filaments of the killifish Kryptolebias marmoratus, suggesting a possible structural role when out of water. We found strong evidence supporting a role for filament calcification in enhancing aquatic respiratory function. First, acclimation to increased respiratory demands (hypoxia, elevated temperatures) induced calcium deposition on the filaments of K. marmoratus. Next, gentle removal of filament calcification decreased branchial resistance to water flow, indicating disruption of gill basket positioning. Thus, the mechanical properties of the gill filaments appear to play an important and previously unappreciated role in determining fish respiratory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy J Turko
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Bianca Cisternino
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Patricia A Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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68
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Ichikawa R, Toyoizumi R. Finely tuned ciliary alignment and coordinated beating generate continuous water flow across the external gills in Pleurodeles waltl larvae. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-020-00479-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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69
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Delunardo FAC, Paulino MG, Medeiros LCC, Fernandes MN, Scherer R, Chippari-Gomes AR. Morphological and histopathological changes in seahorse (Hippocampus reidi) gills after exposure to the water-accommodated fraction of diesel oil. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 150:110769. [PMID: 31785847 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Industrial activities and urbanization are the main sources of pollutants in estuarine environments. Diesel, which is widely used in urban and port activities, is an important source of hydrocarbons in the aquatic environment, and its water-accommodated fraction (WAF) is toxic to the local biota. This study was performed to analyze the effects of diesel oil WAF on fish. Specifically, we characterized the gill morphology of the seahorse Hippocampus reidi and analyzed the histopathological changes in the gills after exposure to 50% diesel oil WAF. Acute (12, 24, 48, and 96 h) and subchronic (168 and 336 h) toxicity tests were performed. Furthermore, a recovery protocol was conducted: after exposure to 50% WAF for 168 h, the fish were transferred and kept in seawater without contaminants for 336 h, for a total experimental period of 504 h. The seahorse branchial apparatus was found to be tufted with short filaments; the apical surfaces of the pavement cells in the filament and lamellar epithelia formed "crests" and had microridges. Mitochondria-rich cells were distributed exclusively in the lamellar epithelium, while mucous cells were distributed in the filament epithelium. All pathologies observed after acute and subchronic exposure featured progressive time-dependent alterations of lamellar structure that might disrupt gill physiological and metabolic functions. During the recovery period, the gill alterations were gradually repaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Augusto Cariello Delunardo
- Universidade Vila Velha (UVV), Laboratório de Ictiologia Aplicada (LAB PEIXE), Avenida Comissário José Dantas de Melo n(o) 21, Boa Vista, 29102-770 Vila Velha, ES, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Gustavo Paulino
- Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Campus Araguaína, Avenida Paraguai, s/n°, 77824-838 Araguaína, TO, Brazil; Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Laila Carine Campos Medeiros
- Universidade Vila Velha (UVV), Laboratório de Ictiologia Aplicada (LAB PEIXE), Avenida Comissário José Dantas de Melo n(o) 21, Boa Vista, 29102-770 Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - Marisa Narciso Fernandes
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Scherer
- UVV, Pós Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Avenida Comissário José Dantas de Melo n(o) 21, Boa Vista, 29102-770 Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - Adriana Regina Chippari-Gomes
- Universidade Vila Velha (UVV), Laboratório de Ictiologia Aplicada (LAB PEIXE), Avenida Comissário José Dantas de Melo n(o) 21, Boa Vista, 29102-770 Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
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70
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Oğuz AR, Oğuz EK. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry of gills of Van fish ( Alburnus tarichi Güldenstädt, 1814) infected with myxosporean parasites. J Histotechnol 2019; 43:76-82. [PMID: 31783723 DOI: 10.1080/01478885.2019.1686848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The Van fish are a cyprinid species endemic to Turkey's largest soda lake, Lake Van, and have great economic value because they are a food source. Once a year, the fish take part in reproductive migration to the fresh waters flowing into the lake. The fish migrate from an extreme environment with high salinity (2.2%) and high pH (9.8). These fish are unable to reproduce in this alkaline environment and must migrate to fresh water during their breeding season. The aim of the present study is to report the presence of the myxosporean parasites on the gills and the pathological changes. Changes in gill histopathology, mucocytes, mitochondria-rich cells, expression of Heat Shock Protein 70 (Hsp70), and ATPase (NKA) were observed in the gill tissue. As a result of the histopathological changes in gills, infected fish had abundant plasmodia with different sizes. Plasmodia were found on gill filaments inside white ovoid-shaped structures. It was observed that plasmodia were contained on the primary filament which changed the histological structure of the gill tissue to a large extent. It was determined that the density and size of mucocytes in the infected areas of the gill tissue increased, whereas the number of mitochondria-rich cells decreased. Hsp70, an indicator of stress, was not different between normal and infected fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Regaib Oğuz
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University , Van, Turkey
| | - Elif Kaval Oğuz
- Department of Science Education, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University , Van, Turkey
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71
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Mieiro CL, Martins M, da Silva M, Coelho JP, Lopes CB, da Silva AA, Alves J, Pereira E, Pardal M, Costa MH, Pacheco M. Advances on assessing nanotoxicity in marine fish - the pros and cons of combining an ex vivo approach and histopathological analysis in gills. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 217:105322. [PMID: 31639587 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The need to overcome logistic and ethical limitations of in vivo nanotoxicity evaluation in marine organisms is essential, mostly when dealing with fish. It is well established that medium/solvent conditions affect dispersion and agglomeration of nanoparticles (NPs), which represents a constraint towards a solid and realistic toxicity appraisal. In this way the pros and cons of an ex vivo approach, using a simplified exposure medium (seawater) and addressing gills histopathology, were explored. The nanotoxic potential of environmentally realistic concentrations of titanium dioxide NPs (TiO2 NPs) was also assessed, disclosing the morpho-functional effects on the gills and the possible uptake/elimination processes. Excised gills of the Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) were directly exposed in artificial seawater to 20 and 200 μg L-1 TiO2 NPs, for 2 h and 4 h. Semi-quantitative and quantitative histological analyses were applied. The normal morphology of the gill's epithelia was only slightly altered in the control, reflecting protective mechanisms against the artificiality of the experimental conditions, which, together with the absence of differences in the global histopathological index (Ih), corroborated that the gill's morpho-functional features were not compromised, thereby validating the proposed ex vivo approach. TiO2 NPs induced moderate severity and dissemination of histopathological lesions. After 2 h, a series of compensatory mechanisms occurred in NP treatments, implying an efficient response of the innate defense system (increasing number of goblet cells) and effective osmoregulatory ability (chloride cells proliferation). After 4 h, gills revealed signs of recovery (normalization of the number of chloride and goblet cells; similar Ih), highlighting the tissue viability and effective elimination and/or neutralization of NPs. The uptake of the TiO2 NPs seemed to be favored by the higher particle sizes. Overall, the proposed approach emerged as a high-throughput, reliable, accurate and ethically commendable methodology for nanotoxicity assessment in marine fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Mieiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Centre for Functional Ecology - CFE, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - M Martins
- MARE & Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Nova of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Nova of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - M da Silva
- MARE & Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Nova of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - J P Coelho
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - C B Lopes
- Department of Chemistry & CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A Alves da Silva
- Centre for Functional Ecology - CFE, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - J Alves
- Centre for Functional Ecology - CFE, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - E Pereira
- Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Pardal
- Centre for Functional Ecology - CFE, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M H Costa
- MARE & Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Nova of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - M Pacheco
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Arunima, Mistri A, Kumari U, Mittal S, Mittal AK. Modifications in the gills of hill stream Moth catfish, Hara hara (Erethistidae, Siluriformes): A light and scanning electron microscope investigation. Tissue Cell 2019; 62:101317. [PMID: 32433019 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2019.101317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Present study reports significant modifications in surface ultrastructure, histological organization, and histochemical localization of glycoproteins (GPs) in the gills of a hill stream catfish, Hara hara. Punctate microridges on free surface of epithelial cells covering gill arches, gill rakers, gill filaments and secondary lamellae are considered to provide adaptive plasticity to gills in relation to the environment inhabited by fish. Short and stout gill rakers are considered to prevent food particles to pass in opercular chamber along with respiratory current that could damage delicate gill filaments. Mucous goblet cells show presence of different classes of glycoproteins. GPs with oxidizable vicinal diols are considered to control acidity of acidic GPs. GPs with carboxyl groups have been implicated with defensive mechanism against microorganisms. GPs with O-sulphate esters are associated to trap and to lubricate food particles for easy swallowing. Taste buds on gill arches and gill rakers function to select palatable food particles. Occurrence of taste buds on the gill filaments is regarded significant adaptation to analyse the chemical nature of water. This study could play a significant role to understand adjustment of gills in the hill stream fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunima
- Skin Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India; Zoology Section, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India
| | - Arup Mistri
- Skin Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India
| | - Usha Kumari
- Skin Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India; Zoology Section, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India.
| | - Swati Mittal
- Skin Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India.
| | - Ajay Kumar Mittal
- Skin Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India.
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Alenton RRR, Koiwai K, Nakamura R, Thawonsuwan J, Kondo H, Hirono I. A Hint of Primitive Mucosal Immunity in Shrimp through Marsupenaeus japonicus Gill C-Type Lectin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2310-2318. [PMID: 31519863 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Lectins are found in most living organisms, providing immune surveillance by binding to carbohydrate ligands. In fishes, C-type lectins were isolated from mucus of respiratory organs (skin and gills), where they aid the mucosal immune response in regulating microbiota and suppressing pathogens. In shrimp, however, no mucosal immunity or any form of gill-specific immune defense has been reported, and most identified C-type lectins are associated with hemocyte cellular and humoral responses. Interestingly, our microarray analysis revealed the localization of highly expressed novel biodefense genes in gills, among which is Marsupenaeus japonicus gill C-type lectin (MjGCTL), which we previously reported. Gill mucus collected from M. japonicus displayed similar bacterial agglutination ability as observed with recombinant MjGCTL. This agglutinating ability can be attributed to endogenous MjGCTL (nMjGCTL) detected in gill mucus, which was confirmed with an agglutination assay using purified nMjGCTL from gills. In addition, nMjGCTL also promoted in vivo bacterial phagocytosis by hemocytes. In vivo knockdown of MjGCTL resulted in a compromised immune system, which was manifested by impaired agglutination capacity of gill mucus and downregulation of the gill antimicrobial peptides, crustin and penaeidin. Shrimp immunocompromised by MjCGTL knockdown, apparently lost the ability to respond to attaching and penetrating bacteria. This was evident as increased total bacteria and Vibrio counts in both gills and hemolymph, which were correlated with low survival during a bacterial challenge. These results reveal immune defense by shrimp gills resembling a primitive form of mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rod Russel R Alenton
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan; and
| | - Keiichiro Koiwai
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan; and
| | - Rika Nakamura
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan; and
| | - Jumroensri Thawonsuwan
- Songkhla Aquatic Animal Health Research Center, Department of Fisheries, Songkhla 90100, Thailand
| | - Hidehiro Kondo
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan; and
| | - Ikuo Hirono
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan; and
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74
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Smith NC, Rise ML, Christian SL. A Comparison of the Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems in Cartilaginous Fish, Ray-Finned Fish, and Lobe-Finned Fish. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2292. [PMID: 31649660 PMCID: PMC6795676 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is composed of two subsystems-the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system. The innate immune system is the first to respond to pathogens and does not retain memory of previous responses. Innate immune responses are evolutionarily older than adaptive responses and elements of innate immunity can be found in all multicellular organisms. If a pathogen persists, the adaptive immune system will engage the pathogen with specificity and memory. Several components of the adaptive system including immunoglobulins (Igs), T cell receptors (TCR), and major histocompatibility complex (MHC), are assumed to have arisen in the first jawed vertebrates-the Gnathostomata. This review will discuss and compare components of both the innate and adaptive immune systems in Gnathostomes, particularly in Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) and in Osteichthyes [bony fish: the Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) and the Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish)]. While many elements of both the innate and adaptive immune systems are conserved within these species and with higher level vertebrates, some elements have marked differences. Components of the innate immune system covered here include physical barriers, such as the skin and gastrointestinal tract, cellular components, such as pattern recognition receptors and immune cells including macrophages and neutrophils, and humoral components, such as the complement system. Components of the adaptive system covered include the fundamental cells and molecules of adaptive immunity: B lymphocytes (B cells), T lymphocytes (T cells), immunoglobulins (Igs), and major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Comparative studies in fish such as those discussed here are essential for developing a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Smith
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Sherri L Christian
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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75
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Chang YC, Hamlin-Wright H, Monaghan S, Herath T, Baily J, Del Pozo J, Downes J, Preston A, Chalmers L, Jayasuriya N, Bron JE, Adams A, Fridman S. Changes in distribution, morphology and ultrastructure of chloride cell in Atlantic salmon during an AGD infection. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:1433-1446. [PMID: 31429104 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Amoebic gill disease (AGD) is emerging as one of the most significant health challenges affecting farmed Atlantic salmon in the marine environment. It is caused by the amphizoic amoeba Neoparamoeba perurans, with infestation of gills causing severe hyperplastic lesions, compromising overall gill integrity and function. This study used histology, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), immunohistochemistry and transcript expression to relate AGD-associated pathological changes to changes in the morphology and distribution of chloride cells (CCs) in the gills of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) showing the progression of an AGD infection. A marked reduction in numbers of immunolabelled CCs was detected, and a changing pattern in distribution and morphology was closely linked with the level of basal epithelial hyperplasia in the gill. In addition, acute degenerative ultrastructural changes to CCs at the lesion site were observed with TEM. These findings were supported by the early-onset downregulation of Na+ /K+ -ATPase transcript expression. This study provides supportive evidence that histological AGD lesion assessment was a good qualitative tool for AGD scoring and corresponded well with qPCR genomic Paramoeba perurans quantification. Ultrastructural changes induced in salmon CCs as a result of AGD are reported here for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Chung Chang
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Harry Hamlin-Wright
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Sean Monaghan
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Tharangani Herath
- Department of Animal Production, Welfare and Veterinary Sciences, Harper Adams University, Newport, UK
| | - Johanna Baily
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Jorge Del Pozo
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Midlothian, UK
| | - Jamie Downes
- Fish Health Unit, Marine Institute, Oranmore, Ireland
| | - Andrew Preston
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Lynn Chalmers
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | | | - James E Bron
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Alexandra Adams
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Sophie Fridman
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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76
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Uğurlu P, Satar Eİ, Çiçek T. The histopathological, cytopathological and ultrastructural effects of carbaryl on gills of Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 71:103217. [PMID: 31284173 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.103217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ultrastructural and histopathological reponses in the organs of living organisms are important and useful tools to determine the health condition and the effects of pollutants, such as pesticides, on the organisms. The aim of this study is to determine possible histopathological, cytopathological and ultrastructural alterations in gills of Oreochromis niloticus individuals exposed to 850 μg/L carbaryl standart at 7th, 14th and 21st days with light and electron microscopes. The fish were exposed to carbaryl for 21 days and the histopatological, ultrastructural and cytopathological alterations occuring in the gill tissues of organisms were determined by light, Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopes (SEM and TEM). At the end of the study, it was observed that carbaryl caused both histopathological and cytopathological changes in the gills of O. niloticus. It has been determined that the most of the pathological changes in the exposed organisms are the metabolic defence reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Uğurlu
- Dicle University Science and Technology Application and Research Center, 21280 Diyarbakir, Turkey.
| | - Elif İpek Satar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Dicle University, 21280 Diyarbakır, Turkey.
| | - Tarık Çiçek
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Dicle University, 21280 Diyarbakır, Turkey.
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77
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Wood CM, Ruhr IM, Schauer KL, Wang Y, Mager EM, McDonald MD, Stanton B, Grosell M. The osmorespiratory compromise in the euryhaline killifish: water regulation during hypoxia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.204818. [PMID: 31466998 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.204818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater- and seawater-acclimated Fundulus heteroclitus were exposed to acute hypoxia (10% air saturation, 3 h), followed by normoxic recovery (3 h). In both salinities, ventilation increased and heart rate fell in the classic manner, while Ṁ O2 initially declined by ∼50%, with partial restoration by 3 h of hypoxia, and no O2 debt repayment during recovery. Gill paracellular permeability (measured with [14C] PEG-4000) was 1.4-fold higher in seawater, and declined by 50% during hypoxia with post-exposure overshoot to 188%. A similar pattern with smaller changes occurred in freshwater. Drinking rate (also measured with [14C] PEG-4000) was 8-fold higher in seawater fish, but declined by ∼90% during hypoxia in both groups, with post-exposure overshoots to ∼270%. Gill diffusive water flux (measured with 3H2O) was 1.9-fold higher in freshwater fish, and exhibited a ∼35% decrease during hypoxia, which persisted throughout recovery, but was unchanged during hypoxia in seawater fish. Nevertheless, freshwater killifish gained mass while seawater fish lost mass during hypoxia, and these changes were not corrected during normoxic recovery. We conclude that this hypoxia-tolerant teleost beneficially reduces gill water permeability in a salinity-dependent fashion during hypoxia, despite attempting to simultaneously improve Ṁ O2 , but nevertheless incurs a net water balance penalty in both freshwater and seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Wood
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA .,Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Ilan M Ruhr
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA.,Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Kevin L Schauer
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Yadong Wang
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Edward M Mager
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - M Danielle McDonald
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Bruce Stanton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Martin Grosell
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA
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78
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El-Leithy AAA, Hemeda SA, El Naby WSHA, El Nahas AF, Hassan SAH, Awad ST, El-Deeb SI, Helmy ZA. Optimum salinity for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) growth and mRNA transcripts of ion-regulation, inflammatory, stress- and immune-related genes. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2019; 45:1217-1232. [PMID: 31069608 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00640-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We aim to study the optimum salinity concentration for Nile tilapia, through the assessment of its growth performance and the expression of its related genes (Gh and Igf-1), as well as its salinity adaptation and immune status through the assessment of the gene expression of ion-regulation genes (Na+/K+-ATPase α-1a and α-1b), stress-related genes (GST, HSP27, and HSP70), inflammatory-related genes (IL1, IL8, CC, and CXC chemokine), and immune-related genes (IgMH TLR7, MHC, and MX) at the osmoregulatory organs (gills, liver, and kidney). Based on the least mortality percentage and the physical appearance of the fish, three salt concentrations (6, 16, and 20 ppt) were chosen following a 6-month preliminary study using serial salt concentrations ranged from 6 to 36 ppt, which were obtained by rearing the fish in gradual elevated pond salinity through daily addition of 0.5 ppt saline water. The fish size was 10.2-12 cm and weight was 25.5-26.15 g. No significant differences in the fish weight gain were observed among the studied groups. The group reared at 16-ppt salt showed better performance than that of 20 ppt, as they have lower morality % and higher expression of ion-regulated gene (Na+/K+-ATPase α1-b), stress-related genes (GST, HSP27, and HSP70) of the gills and also GST, inflammatory-related genes (IL-1β and IL8), and TLR in the liver tissue. Higher expression of kidney-immune-related genes at 20-ppt salt may indicate that higher salinity predispose to fish infection and increased mortality. We concluded that 16-ppt salinity concentration is suitable for rearing O. niloticus as the fish are more adaptive to salinity condition without changes in their growth rate. Also, we indicate the use of immune stimulant feed additive to overcome the immune suppressive effect of hyper-salinity. Additionally, the survival of some fish at higher salinity concentrations (30-34 ppt) increase the chance for selection for salinity resistance in the Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A A El-Leithy
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Qaitbay, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Shaaban A Hemeda
- Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Walaa S H Abd El Naby
- Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Abeer F El Nahas
- Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Seham A H Hassan
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Qaitbay, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Simone T Awad
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Qaitbay, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Safaa I El-Deeb
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Qaitbay, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Zeinab A Helmy
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Qaitbay, Alexandria, Egypt
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79
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Rodriguez C, Prieto GI, Vega IA, Castro-Vazquez A. Functional and evolutionary perspectives on gill structures of an obligate air-breathing, aquatic snail. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7342. [PMID: 31396441 PMCID: PMC6679647 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ampullariids are freshwater gastropods bearing a gill and a lung, thus showing different degrees of amphibiousness. In particular, Pomacea canaliculata (Caenogastropoda, Ampullariidae) is an obligate air-breather that relies mainly or solely on the lung for dwelling in poorly oxygenated water, for avoiding predators, while burying in the mud during aestivation, and for oviposition above water level. In this paper, we studied the morphological peculiarities of the gill in this species. We found (1) the gill and lung vasculature and innervation are intimately related, allowing alternation between water and air respiration; (2) the gill epithelium has features typical of a transporting rather than a respiratory epithelium; and (3) the gill has resident granulocytes within intraepithelial spaces that may serve a role for immune defence. Thus, the role in oxygen uptake may be less significant than the roles in ionic/osmotic regulation and immunity. Also, our results provide a morphological background to understand the dependence on aerial respiration of Pomacea canaliculata. Finally, we consider these findings from a functional perspective in the light of the evolution of amphibiousness in the Ampullariidae, and discuss that master regulators may explain the phenotypic convergence of gill structures amongst this molluscan species and those in other phyla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Rodriguez
- IHEM, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Fisiología, Mendoza, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biología, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Guido I Prieto
- Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biología, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Israel A Vega
- IHEM, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Fisiología, Mendoza, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biología, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Alfredo Castro-Vazquez
- IHEM, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Fisiología, Mendoza, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biología, Mendoza, Argentina
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80
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Ahmed YH, Bashir DW, Abdel-Moneam DA, Azouz RA, Galal MK. Histopathological, biochemical and molecular studies on the toxic effect of used engine oil on the health status of Oreochromis niloticus. Acta Histochem 2019; 121:563-574. [PMID: 31072619 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The accidental spilling of petroleum oils into natural water resources expose fishes in the effluent area to serious problems.. Oreochromis niloticus were used in the current study as a model to investigate the toxicity of used engine oil and to evaluate the protective role of vitamin C against this toxicity. The oil concentration used in this study was previously determined to be 0.25 ml/l by 96 h-LC50. After 21 days of engine oil exposure, haematological and biochemical analyses revealed significant reduction in RBCs counts, haemoglobin concentrations and total proteins. However, ALT, AST and glucose levels were significantly increased by the end of the experiment indicating the damaging effects of the oil on fish tissues. Oxidative stress biomarkers were also measured; liver CAT activity was significantly decreased in the oil exposed group compared to control group, while MDA levels were significantly elevated. Histopathological examination showed the presence of several alterations in hepatic and branchial tissues in exposed group compared to the control group. Significant elevations in CYP1 A1 mRNA expression levels in hepatic tissue were also detected in the group exposed to used engine oil compared to the control group. However, supplementation of fishexposed to used engine oil with vitamin Csignificantly enhance the biochemical, oxidative and histological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine H Ahmed
- Department of Cytology and Histology Faculty of Vet. Med., Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Dina W Bashir
- Department of Cytology and Histology Faculty of Vet. Med., Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Dalia A Abdel-Moneam
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management Faculty of Vet. Med., Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Rehab A Azouz
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Vet. Med., Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Mona K Galal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Vet. Med., Cairo University, Egypt.
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81
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Brennan RS, Healy TM, Bryant HJ, La MV, Schulte PM, Whitehead A. Integrative Population and Physiological Genomics Reveals Mechanisms of Adaptation in Killifish. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 35:2639-2653. [PMID: 30102365 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msy154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive divergence between marine and freshwater (FW) environments is important in generating phyletic diversity within fishes, but the genetic basis of this process remains poorly understood. Genome selection scans can identify adaptive loci, but incomplete knowledge of genotype-phenotype connections makes interpreting their significance difficult. In contrast, association mapping (genome-wide association mapping [GWAS], random forest [RF] analyses) links genotype to phenotype, but offer limited insight into the evolutionary forces shaping variation. Here, we combined GWAS, RF, and selection scans to identify loci important in adaptation to FW environments. We utilized FW-native and brackish water (BW)-native populations of Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) as well as a naturally admixed population between the two. We measured morphology and multiple physiological traits that differ between populations and may contribute to osmotic adaptation (salinity tolerance, hypoxia tolerance, metabolic rate, body shape) and used a reduced representation approach for genome-wide genotyping. Our results show patterns of population divergence in physiological capabilities that are consistent with local adaptation. Population genomic scans between BW-native and FW-native populations identified genomic regions evolving by natural selection, whereas association mapping revealed loci that contribute to variation for each trait. There was substantial overlap in the genomic regions putatively under selection and loci associated with phenotypic traits, particularly for salinity tolerance, suggesting that these regions and genes are important for adaptive divergence between BW and FW environments. Together, these data provide insight into the mechanisms that enable diversification of fishes across osmotic boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reid S Brennan
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA.,Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Timothy M Healy
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Heather J Bryant
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Man Van La
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Patricia M Schulte
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Andrew Whitehead
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
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82
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Kolesnikova EE. Neurophysiological Mechanisms of Respiratory Activity in Cyclostomes and Fish during Aquatic Breathing. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093019020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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83
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Stolper J, Ambrosio EM, Danciu DP, Buono L, Elliott DA, Naruse K, Martínez-Morales JR, Marciniak-Czochra A, Centanin L. Stem cell topography splits growth and homeostatic functions in the fish gill. eLife 2019; 8:e43747. [PMID: 31090541 PMCID: PMC6534379 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While lower vertebrates contain adult stem cells (aSCs) that maintain homeostasis and drive un-exhaustive organismal growth, mammalian aSCs display mainly the homeostatic function. Here, we use lineage analysis in the medaka fish gill to address aSCs and report separate stem cell populations for homeostasis and growth. These aSCs are fate-restricted during the entire post-embryonic life and even during re-generation paradigms. We use chimeric animals to demonstrate that p53 mediates growth coordination among fate-restricted aSCs, suggesting a hierarchical organisation among lineages in composite organs like the fish gill. Homeostatic and growth aSCs are clonal but differ in their topology; modifications in tissue architecture can convert the homeostatic zone into a growth zone, indicating a leading role for the physical niche defining stem cell output. We hypothesise that physical niches are main players to restrict aSCs to a homeostatic function in animals with fixed adult size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Stolper
- Centre for Organismal StudiesHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
- Murdoch Children’s Research InstituteRoyal Children’s HospitalParkvilleAustralia
| | | | | | - Lorena Buono
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del DesarrolloUniversidad Pablo de OlavideSevilleSpain
| | - David A Elliott
- Murdoch Children’s Research InstituteRoyal Children’s HospitalParkvilleAustralia
| | - Kiyoshi Naruse
- Laboratory of BioresourcesNational Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural SciencesOkazakiJapan
| | | | - Anna Marciniak-Czochra
- Institute of Applied MathematicsHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
- Bioquant CenterHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Lazaro Centanin
- Centre for Organismal StudiesHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
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84
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Differential Expression and Localization of Branchial AQP1 and AQP3 in Japanese Medaka ( Oryzias latipes). Cells 2019; 8:cells8050422. [PMID: 31072010 PMCID: PMC6562476 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) facilitate transmembrane water and solute transport, and in addition to contributing to transepithelial water transport, they safeguard cell volume homeostasis. This study examined the expression and localization of AQP1 and AQP3 in the gills of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) in response to osmotic challenges and osmoregulatory hormones, cortisol, and prolactin (PRL). AQP3 mRNA was inversely regulated in response to salinity with high levels in ion-poor water (IPW), intermediate levels in freshwater (FW), and low levels in seawater (SW). AQP3 protein levels decreased upon SW acclimation. By comparison, AQP1 expression was unaffected by salinity. In ex vivo gill incubation experiments, AQP3 mRNA was stimulated by PRL in a time- and dose-dependent manner but was unaffected by cortisol. In contrast, AQP1 was unaffected by both PRL and cortisol. Confocal microscopy revealed that AQP3 was abundant in the periphery of gill filament epithelial cells and co-localized at low intensity with Na+,K+-ATPase in ionocytes. AQP1 was present at a very low intensity in most filament epithelial cells and red blood cells. No epithelial cells in the gill lamellae showed immunoreactivity to AQP3 or AQP1. We suggest that both AQPs contribute to cellular volume regulation in the gill epithelium and that AQP3 is particularly important under hypo-osmotic conditions, while expression of AQP1 is constitutive.
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85
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Capaldo A, Gay F, Laforgia V. Changes in the gills of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) after chronic exposure to environmental cocaine concentration. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 169:112-119. [PMID: 30445241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The recent discovery of illicit drugs in the aquatic environment has raised concerns about the possible effects on the aquatic fauna, because of the pharmacological activity of these substances. Cocaine is an illicit drug widespread in surface waters since it is the third most widely used drug in North America, Western and Central Europe, and the second in Latin America and the Caribbean. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of environmental concentrations of cocaine on the gills of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla). The gills of male silver eels exposed to 20 ng L-1 of cocaine for fifty days were compared to control, vehicle control and post-exposure recovery ten days groups. The following parameters were evaluated: the thickness of the interlamellar epithelium (TIE), the length of the secondary lamellae (LSL) and the fraction of the interlamellar epithelium and the secondary lamellae occupied by the mucous cells (MC(IE-SL)FA) 3) the plasma cortisol and prolactin levels. After cocaine exposure, the gill epithelium appeared hyperplastic. The following changes were observed: proliferation in the interlamellar epithelium; partial and total fusion of the secondary lamellae, that appeared shortened and dilated; epithelial lifting and aneurism in the secondary lamellae. Moreover, in cocaine exposed eels, an increase in TIE and MC(IE-SL)FA and a decrease in LSL were observed. These changes were still present ten days after the interruption of cocaine exposure. Plasma levels of both cortisol and prolactin increased after cocaine exposure; ten days after the interruption of cocaine exposure, the plasma cortisol levels were still higher, whereas the plasma prolactin levels were lower, than control values. Our results show that even a chronic exposure to low environmental cocaine concentrations severely harms the eel gills, suggesting damages to their functions, and potentially affecting the survival of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Capaldo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, Edificio 7, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Flaminia Gay
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132 - 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Vincenza Laforgia
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, Edificio 7, 80126 Naples, Italy.
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86
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Copatti CE, Baldisserotto B, Souza CDF, Monserrat JM, Garcia L. Water pH and hardness alter ATPases and oxidative stress in the gills and kidney of pacu ( Piaractus mesopotamicus ). NEOTROPICAL ICHTHYOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20190032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study aimed to assess the effects of low and high water hardness in interaction with different water pH in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Pacu juveniles were subjected to low (50 mg CaCO3 L-1 - LWH) or high water hardness (120 mg CaCO3 L-1 - HWH) at water pH of 5.5 (acidic), 7.5 (circumneutral) or 9.0 (alkaline) for 15 days. Gills and kidneys were collected (days 1, 5 and 15). Gill Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) and vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) activities were higher in alkaline pH with HWH on day 1. Gill and kidney NKA and V-ATPase activities were higher in acidic pH with LWH on day 15. Gill NKA activity of pacus under alkaline pH with LWH was higher than those exposed to HWH. Reduced antioxidant capacity in the gills and kidney and enhanced thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels were demonstrated in fish exposed to acidic or alkaline pH, mainly with LWH. HWH increased glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity and reduced TBARS levels in the gills and kidney. On day 15, GST activity was increased at acidic pH with LWH. In conclusion, circumneutral pH presents less oxidative stress and fewer variations in ATPases and HWH reduced deleterious effects in fish exposed to acidic or alkaline pH.
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87
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Sharma A, Paul A, Parida S, Pattanayak S, Mohapatra A, Rajesh Kumar P, Sahoo MK, Sundaray JK, Sahoo PK. Dynamics of expression of antibacterial and antioxidant defence genes in Indian major carp, Labeo rohita in response to Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Microb Pathog 2018; 125:108-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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88
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Bigman JS, Pardo SA, Prinzing TS, Dando M, Wegner NC, Dulvy NK. Ecological lifestyles and the scaling of shark gill surface area. J Morphol 2018; 279:1716-1724. [PMID: 30427064 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fish gill surface area varies across species and with respect to ecological lifestyles. The majority of previous studies only qualitatively describe gill surface area in relation to ecology and focus primarily on teleosts. Here, we quantitatively examined the relationship of gill surface area with respect to specific ecological lifestyle traits in elasmobranchs, which offer an independent evaluation of observed patterns in teleosts. As gill surface area increases ontogenetically with body mass, examination of how gill surface area varies with ecological lifestyle traits must be assessed in the context of its allometry (scaling). Thus, we examined how the relationship of gill surface area and body mass across 11 shark species from the literature and one species for which we made measurements, the Gray Smoothhound Mustelus californicus, varied with three ecological lifestyle traits: activity level, habitat, and maximum body size. Relative gill surface area (gill surface area at a specified body mass; here we used 5,000g, termed the 'standardized intercept') ranged from 4,724.98 to 35,694.39 cm2 (mean and standard error: 17,796.65 ± 2,948.61 cm2 ) and varied across species and the ecological lifestyle traits examined. Specifically, larger-bodied, active, oceanic species had greater relative gill surface area than smaller-bodied, less active, coastal species. In contrast, the rate at which gill surface area scaled with body mass (slope) was generally consistent across species (0.85 ± 0.02) and did not differ statistically with activity level, habitat, or maximum body size. Our results suggest that ecology may influence relative gill surface area, rather than the rate at which gill surface area scales with body mass. Future comparisons of gill surface area and ecological lifestyle traits using the quantitative techniques applied in this study can provide further insight into patterns dictating the relationship between gill surface area, metabolism, and ecological lifestyle traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Bigman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sebastián A Pardo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Tanya S Prinzing
- Department of Biological Sciences, Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marc Dando
- Wild Nature Press, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas C Wegner
- Fisheries Resource Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, La Jolla, California
| | - Nicholas K Dulvy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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89
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Downie AT, Wallace H, Taylor S, Kieffer JD. The impact of acute salinity exposure and temperature on the survival, osmoregulation, and hematology of juvenile shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum). CAN J ZOOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2017-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum Lesueur, 1818) were exposed to seawater and freshwater for 24 h to evaluate the osmoregulatory capabilities over a seasonal temperature gradient (5, 10, 15, 20 °C). Additionally, juveniles were exposed to 5 °C seawater and freshwater over 72 h to evaluate survival and osmoregulatory capacity under cold water conditions. Osmoregulatory capability was evaluated using standard metrics: survival rate, mass loss, plasma chloride ion (Cl–) concentrations, osmolality, oxygen-carrying variables, and energy metabolites. Three mortalities occurred following 24 h exposure to 20 °C seawater (73% survival) and one mortality occurred within 72 h in 5 °C seawater (89% survival). Plasma Cl– concentrations and osmolality were elevated in seawater-exposed juveniles at every exposure time, regardless of temperature. The least mass was lost in juveniles exposed to 5 and 10 °C seawater, versus 15 and 20 °C seawater. Low mass loss is likely due to a lower metabolic rate and lower ventilation, which would slow the rate by which osmotic stress would occur under cold conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T. Downie
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences and MADSAM Sturgeon Eco-Physiological Lab, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Hannah Wallace
- Department of Biological Sciences and MADSAM Sturgeon Eco-Physiological Lab, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Samantha Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences and MADSAM Sturgeon Eco-Physiological Lab, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - James D. Kieffer
- Department of Biological Sciences and MADSAM Sturgeon Eco-Physiological Lab, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada
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90
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Smith SA, Newman SJ, Coleman MP, Alex C. Characterization of the histologic appearance of normal gill tissue using special staining techniques. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:688-698. [PMID: 30029586 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718791819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Anatomic pathologists are familiar with stains used in light microscopy to identify cells, storage products, tissue deposits, and pathogens. Assessment of the surrounding tissue with special stains may reveal aspects of interest for the tissue or the species. We illustrate the expected staining characteristics of normal rainbow trout gill tissue with routine hematoxylin and eosin and 18 other histochemical stains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Smith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (Smith, Coleman, Alex).,College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Newman)
| | - Shelley J Newman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (Smith, Coleman, Alex).,College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Newman)
| | - Matthew P Coleman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (Smith, Coleman, Alex).,College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Newman)
| | - Charles Alex
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (Smith, Coleman, Alex).,College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Newman)
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91
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Hess S, Prescott LJ, Hoey AS, McMahon SA, Wenger AS, Rummer JL. Species-specific impacts of suspended sediments on gill structure and function in coral reef fishes. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.1279. [PMID: 29093217 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced water quality, in particular increases in suspended sediments, has been linked to declines in fish abundance on coral reefs. Changes in gill structure induced by suspended sediments have been hypothesized to impair gill function and may provide a mechanistic basis for the observed declines; yet, evidence for this is lacking. We exposed juveniles of three reef fish species (Amphiprion melanopus, Amphiprion percula and Acanthochromis polyacanthus) to suspended sediments (0-180 mg l-1) for 7 days and examined changes in gill structure and metabolic performance (i.e. oxygen consumption). Exposure to suspended sediments led to shorter gill lamellae in A. melanopus and A. polyacanthus and reduced oxygen diffusion distances in all three species. While A. melanopus exhibited impaired oxygen uptake after suspended sediment exposure, i.e. decreased maximum and increased resting oxygen consumption rates resulting in decreased aerobic scope, the oxygen consumption rates of the other two species remained unaffected. These findings imply that species sensitive to changes in gill structure such as A. melanopus may decline in abundance as reefs become more turbid, whereas species that are able to maintain metabolic performance despite suspended sediment exposure, such as A. polyacanthus or A. percula, may be able to persist or gain a competitive advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybille Hess
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Townsville, 4811 Queensland, Australia .,College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811 Queensland, Australia
| | - Leteisha J Prescott
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Townsville, 4811 Queensland, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811 Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew S Hoey
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Townsville, 4811 Queensland, Australia
| | - Shannon A McMahon
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Townsville, 4811 Queensland, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811 Queensland, Australia
| | - Amelia S Wenger
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072 Queensland, Australia
| | - Jodie L Rummer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Townsville, 4811 Queensland, Australia
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92
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Turko AJ, Kültz D, Fudge D, Croll RP, Smith FM, Stoyek MR, Wright PA. Skeletal stiffening in an amphibious fish out of water is a response to increased body weight. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 220:3621-3631. [PMID: 29046415 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.161638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial animals must support their bodies against gravity, while aquatic animals are effectively weightless because of buoyant support from water. Given this evolutionary history of minimal gravitational loading of fishes in water, it has been hypothesized that weight-responsive musculoskeletal systems evolved during the tetrapod invasion of land and are thus absent in fishes. Amphibious fishes, however, experience increased effective weight when out of water - are these fishes responsive to gravitational loading? Contrary to the tetrapod-origin hypothesis, we found that terrestrial acclimation reversibly increased gill arch stiffness (∼60% increase) in the amphibious fish Kryptolebias marmoratus when loaded normally by gravity, but not under simulated microgravity. Quantitative proteomics analysis revealed that this change in mechanical properties occurred via increased abundance of proteins responsible for bone mineralization in other fishes as well as in tetrapods. Type X collagen, associated with endochondral bone growth, increased in abundance almost ninefold after terrestrial acclimation. Collagen isoforms known to promote extracellular matrix cross-linking and cause tissue stiffening, such as types IX and XII collagen, also increased in abundance. Finally, more densely packed collagen fibrils in both gill arches and filaments were observed microscopically in terrestrially acclimated fish. Our results demonstrate that the mechanical properties of the fish musculoskeletal system can be fine-tuned in response to changes in effective body weight using biochemical pathways similar to those in mammals, suggesting that weight sensing is an ancestral vertebrate trait rather than a tetrapod innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy J Turko
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Dietmar Kültz
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Meyer Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Douglas Fudge
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1.,Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, 1 University Dr., Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Roger P Croll
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Frank M Smith
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Matthew R Stoyek
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2.,Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Patricia A Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
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93
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Mohan DS, Arumugam S, Ramaiah S. Diversification and microscopic structure of tissues in endemic and endangered species of Dawkinsia tambraparniei from the river Tamiraparani, Tamil Nadu, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:6570-6583. [PMID: 29255982 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0896-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the study on the endemic and endangered species of Dawkinsia tambraparniei were confined only the areas of the river Tamiraparani. These species are under threats due to the menace of anthropogenic stress. To recognize the crisis behind the particular species, it was analyzed histologically and molecularly from the five pollutant levels of river Tamiraparani. Histologically, the microscopic examinations were also carried out from the crucial organs such as the brain, gill, heart, kidney, and liver, which confirm the spiky survivability of the endemic fish. Assessment of fish organ damages was observed highly in Kokkirakulam and Vannarapettai. Probably with conserved molecular sequences, the species can be identified out from the encountered surveillance of the particular taxa leading to the evolutionary circumstances. The phylogenetic analysis of Dawkinsia tambraparniei populations showed that Cheranmadevi and Vallandau sites populations were closely distributed. Even though the species have similarity sequences of each population were shown that the closely related with same genus but other sub-species. The observed results emphasize the conventional measures to conserve the endemic species and more effectual planning to the proximity of endurances in inhabited zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Sapphire Mohan
- Sri Paramakalyani Centre of Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tamil Nadu, 627412, India
| | - Sabaridasan Arumugam
- PG and Research Department of Biotechnology, Sri Vinayaga College of Arts and Science, Ulundurpet, Villupuram District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Soranam Ramaiah
- Sri Paramakalyani Centre of Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tamil Nadu, 627412, India.
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94
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Serum osmolality and ions, and gill Na + /K + -ATPase of spottedtail goby Synechogobius ommaturus (R.) in response to acute salinity changes. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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95
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Alves RN, Sundell KS, Anjos L, Sundh H, Harboe T, Norberg B, Power DM. Structural and functional maturation of skin during metamorphosis in the Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). Cell Tissue Res 2018; 372:469-492. [PMID: 29464365 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2794-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To establish if the developmental changes in the primary barrier and osmoregulatory capacity of Atlantic halibut skin are modified during metamorphosis, histological, histochemical, gene expression and electrophysiological measurements were made. The morphology of the ocular and abocular skin started to diverge during the metamorphic climax and ocular skin appeared thicker and more stratified. Neutral mucins were the main glycoproteins produced by the goblet cells in skin during metamorphosis. Moreover, the number of goblet cells producing neutral mucins increased during metamorphosis and asymmetry in their abundance was observed between ocular and abocular skin. The increase in goblet cell number and their asymmetric abundance in skin was concomitant with the period that thyroid hormones (THs) increase and suggests that they may be under the control of these hormones. Several mucin transcripts were identified in metamorphosing halibut transcriptomes and Muc18 and Muc5AC were characteristic of the body skin. Na+, K+-ATPase positive (NKA) cells were observed in skin of all metamorphic stages but their number significantly decreased with the onset of metamorphosis. No asymmetry was observed between ocular and abocular skin in NKA cells. The morphological changes observed were linked to modified skin barrier function as revealed by modifications in its electrophysiological properties. However, the maturation of the skin functional characteristics preceded structural maturation and occurred at stage 8 prior to the metamorphic climax. Treatment of Atlantic halibut with the THs disrupter methimazole (MMI) affected the number of goblet cells producing neutral mucins and the NKA cells. The present study reveals that the asymmetric development of the skin in Atlantic halibut is TH sensitive and is associated with metamorphosis and that this barrier's functional properties mature earlier and are independent of metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo N Alves
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology Group (CEIB), CCMAR, CIMAR Laboratório Associado, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.,King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Kristina S Sundell
- Fish Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Liliana Anjos
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology Group (CEIB), CCMAR, CIMAR Laboratório Associado, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Henrik Sundh
- Fish Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Torstein Harboe
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, 5392, Storebø, Norway
| | - Birgitta Norberg
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, 5392, Storebø, Norway
| | - Deborah M Power
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology Group (CEIB), CCMAR, CIMAR Laboratório Associado, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
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96
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Oğuz AR. Development of osmoregulatory tissues in the Lake van fish (Alburnus tarichi) during larval development. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2018; 44:227-233. [PMID: 28952027 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-017-0427-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lake Van is one of the largest alkaline lakes worldwide and Lake Van Fish (Alburnus tarichi Güldenstädt, 1814) is the only vertebrate species inhabiting it. Lake Van Fish is an anadromous species that migrates to the streams (salinity 0.02%, pH 8.42) flowing into Lake Van (salinity 0.22%, pH 9.8) during the spawning period (April-July). Following spawning, fish return to Lake Van while larvae remain in fresh water. This study examined the development of osmoregulatory organs and the distribution of ionocytes in Lake Van Fish larvae adapting to the highly alkaline water characterizing the lake. Ionocytes were marked immunohistochemically and observed in whole mounts with immunofluorescence staining using the Na+/K+ ATPase antibody. Ionocytes were first identified in the yolk sac membrane and skin, and then in the gills, digestive tract, and kidneys of larvae. The number of ionocytes on yolk sac membrane and skin decreased during larval development, indicating ionocytes on these tissues have a role in larvae osmoregulation. Larvae hatched from eggs in stream waters die when transferred to Lake Van water but survived in lake water diluted with deionized water. Thus, larvae need to go through certain alterations at the cellular and organ levels in order to adapt to the conditions of Lake Van water, indicating they do not enter this lake immediately after hatching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet R Oğuz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, 65080, Van, Turkey.
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97
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Tessier LR, Long TAF, Wilkie MP. Influence of body size, metabolic rate and life history stage on the uptake and excretion of the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) by invasive sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 194:27-36. [PMID: 29132032 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Invasive sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) are controlled in the Great Lakes using the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM), which is applied to streams infested with larval lamprey. However, lamprey that survive treatments (residuals) remain a challenge because they may subsequently undergo metamorphosis into parasitic juvenile animals that migrate downstream to the Great Lakes, where they feed on important sport and commercial fishes. The goal of this study was to determine if body size and life stage could potentially influence sea lamprey tolerance to TFM by influencing patterns of TFM uptake and elimination. Because mass specific rates of oxygen consumption (M˙O2) are lower in larger compared to smaller lamprey, we predicted that TFM uptake would be negatively correlated to body size, suggesting that large larvae would be more tolerant to TFM exposure. Accordingly, TFM uptake and M˙O2 were measured in larvae ranging in size from 0.2-4.2g using radio-labelled TFM (14C-TFM) and static respirometry. Both were inversely proportional to wet mass (M), and could be described usingthe allometric power relationship: Y=aMb, in which M˙O2=1.86M0.53 and TFM Uptake=7.24M0.34. We also predicted that body size would extend to rates of TFM elimination, which was measured following the administration of 14C-TFM (via intraperitoneal injection). However, there were no differences in the half-lives of elimination of TFM (T 1/2-TFM). There were also no differences in M˙O2 or TFM uptake amongst size-matched larval, metamorphosing (stages 6-7), or post-metamorphic (juvenile) sea lamprey. However, the T1/2-TFM was significantly lower in larval than post-metamorphic lamprey (juvenile), indicating the larval lamprey cleared TFM more efficiently than juvenile lamprey. We conclude that larger larval sea lamprey are more likely to survive TFM treatments suggesting that body size might be an important variable to consider when treating streams with TFM to control these invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Tessier
- Department of Biology and Laurier Institute for Water Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Tristan A F Long
- Department of Biology and Laurier Institute for Water Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Michael P Wilkie
- Department of Biology and Laurier Institute for Water Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada.
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98
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Maunder RJ, Baron MG, Owen SF, Jha AN. Investigations to extend viability of a rainbow trout primary gill cell culture. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2017; 26:1314-1326. [PMID: 29127661 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-017-1856-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The primary culture of fish gill cells can provide functional, cell diverse, model in vitro platforms able to tolerate an aqueous exposure analogous to in vivo tissues. The utility of such models could be extended to a variety of longer term exposure scenarios if a method could be established to extend culture viability when exposed to water for longer periods. Here we report findings of a series of experiments to establish increased longevity, as monitored by culture transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and concurrent histological developments. Experimental cultures improved TEER during apical freshwater exposure for a mean of twelve days, compared to previous viabilities of up to 3 days. Cultures with larger surface areas and the use of trout serum rather than foetal bovine serum (FBS) contributed to the improvement, while perfusion of the intact gill prior to cell harvest resulted in a significantly faster preparation. Detailed scanning electron microscopy analysis of cultures revealed diverse surface structures that changed with culture age. Cultures grown on membranes with an increased porosity, collagen coating or 3D structure were of no benefit compared to standard membranes. Increased culture longevity, achieved in this study and reported for the first time, is a significant breakthrough and opens up a variety of future experimentation that has previously not been possible. The extended viability facilitates exploration of in vitro chronic or pulse-exposure test paradigms, longer term physiological and environmental monitoring studies and the potential for interactive co-culture with other organoid micro-tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Maunder
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Matthew G Baron
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Stewart F Owen
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TF, UK
| | - Awadhesh N Jha
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK.
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Effect of combined stress (salinity and temperature) in European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax osmoregulatory processes. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 215:45-54. [PMID: 29056479 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax undertake seasonal migrations to estuaries and lagoons that are characterized by fluctuations in environmental conditions. Their ability to cope with these unstable habitats is undeniable, but it is still not clear how and to what extent salinity acclimation mechanisms are affected at temperatures higher than in the sea. In this study, juvenile sea bass were pre-acclimated to seawater (SW) at 18°C (temperate) or 24°C (warm) for 2weeks and then transferred to fresh water (FW) or SW at the respective temperature. Transfer to FW for two weeks resulted in decreased blood osmolalities and plasma Cl- at both temperatures. In FW warm conditions, plasma Na+ was ~15% lower and Cl- was ~32% higher than in the temperate-water group. Branchial Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) activity measured at the acclimation temperature (Vapparent) did not change according to the conditions. Branchial Na+/K+-ATPase activity measured at 37°C (Vmax) was lower in warm conditions and increased in FW compared to SW conditions whatever the considered temperature. Mitochondrion-rich cell (MRC) density increased in FW, notably due to the appearance of lamellar MRCs, but this increase was less pronounced in warm conditions where MRC's size was lower. In SW warm conditions, pavement cell apical microridges are less developed than in other conditions. Overall gill morphometrical parameters (filament thickness, lamellar length and width) differ between fish that have been pre-acclimated to different temperatures. This study shows that a thermal change affects gill plasticity affecting whole-organism ion balance two weeks after salinity transfer.
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100
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Leguen I. Gills of the medaka (Oryzias latipes
): A scanning electron microscopy study. J Morphol 2017; 279:97-108. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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