51
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Formica ML, Legeay S, Bejaud J, Montich GG, Ullio Gamboa GV, Benoit JP, Palma SD. Novel hybrid lipid nanocapsules loaded with a therapeutic monoclonal antibody - Bevacizumab - and Triamcinolone acetonide for combined therapy in neovascular ocular pathologies. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 119:111398. [PMID: 33321575 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to design and develop a novel hybrid formulation based on lipid nanocapsules containing bevacizumab (BVZ), an effective therapeutic antibody, on the surface and triamcinolone acetonide (TA) in the inner core (BVZ-TA-LNC) intended to improve ocular therapy. Hence, a phase inversion-insertion one step method was developed to drug loading and surface modification of lipid nanocapsules by post-insertion of a bifunctional polymer, followed by antibody coupling using "click" chemistry. The covalent bond and antibody capacity binding to its specific antigen were confirmed by thermal analysis and immunoassay, respectively. BVZ-TA-LNC presented nanometric size (102 nm), negative surface potential (-19 mV) and exhibiting 56% of TA in the lipid core. BVZ-TA-LNC tended to prevent the endothelial cell migration and significantly prevented the capillary formation induced by the vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF). The novel hybrid system allowed the co-loading of two different therapeutic molecules and may be promising to improve the therapy of eye disorders that occur with inflammation and/or neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Lina Formica
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET and Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Samuel Legeay
- Micro et Nanomédecines Translationnelles, MINT, INSERM U1066, CNRS UMR 6021, Université d'Angers, Angers 49933, France.
| | - Jérôme Bejaud
- Micro et Nanomédecines Translationnelles, MINT, INSERM U1066, CNRS UMR 6021, Université d'Angers, Angers 49933, France.
| | - Guillermo Gabriel Montich
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina; Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Gabriela Verónica Ullio Gamboa
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET and Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jean-Pierre Benoit
- Micro et Nanomédecines Translationnelles, MINT, INSERM U1066, CNRS UMR 6021, Université d'Angers, Angers 49933, France.
| | - Santiago Daniel Palma
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET and Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina.
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52
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Krieg D, Berner C, Winter G, Svilenov HL. Biophysical Characterization of Binary Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody Mixtures. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:2971-2986. [PMID: 32687367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Coformulations containing two therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) could offer various benefits like enhanced therapeutic efficacy and better patient compliance. However, there are very few published studies on coformulations and binary mixtures of mAbs. It remains unclear to what extent mAbs with different physicochemical properties can be combined in solution without detrimental effects on protein stability. Here, we present a study including six model mAbs of the IgG1 subclass that are commercially available. In silico and biophysical characterization shows that the proteins have different physicochemical properties. Thus, their combinations represent various scenarios for coformulation development. We prepared all possible binary mixtures of the six mAbs and determined several biophysical parameters that are assessed during early-stage protein drug product development. The measured biophysical parameters are indicative of the conformational protein stability (inflection points of the thermal protein unfolding transitions) and the colloidal protein stability (aggregation onset temperatures and interaction parameter kD from dynamic light scattering). Remarkably, all 15 binary mAb mixtures do not exhibit biophysical parameters that indicate inferior conformational or colloidal stability compared to the least stable mAb in the mixture. Our findings suggest that the coformulation of some therapeutic monoclonal antibodies of the IgG1 subclass could be possible in a straightforward way as severe detrimental effects on the stability of these proteins in binary mixtures were not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Krieg
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Munich D-81377, Germany
| | - Carolin Berner
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Munich D-81377, Germany
| | - Gerhard Winter
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Munich D-81377, Germany
| | - Hristo L Svilenov
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Munich D-81377, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Garching 85747, Germany
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53
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Lu X, Lin S, De Mel N, Parupudi A, Delmar J, Pandey M, Wang X, Wang J. Deamidation in Moxetumomab Pasudotox Leading to Conformational Change and Immunotoxin Activity Loss. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:2676-2683. [PMID: 32534028 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Asparagine (Asn) deamidation is a common posttranslational modification in which Asn is converted to aspartic acid or isoaspartic acid. By introducing a negative charge, deamidation could potentially impact the binding interface and biological activities of protein therapeutics. We identified a deamidation variant in moxetumomab pasudotox, an immunotoxin Fv fusion protein drug derived from a 38-kDa truncated Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE38) for the treatment of hairy-cell leukemia. Although the deamidation site, Asn-358, was outside of the binding interface, the modification had a significant impact on the biological activity of moxetumomab pasudotox. Surprisingly, the variant eluted earlier than its unmodified form on anion exchange chromatography, which often leads to the conclusion that it has a higher positive charge. Here we describe the characterization of the deamidation variant with differential scanning calorimetry and hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, which revealed that the Asn-358 deamidation caused the conformational changes in the catalytic domain of the PE38 region. These results provide an explanation for why the deamidation affected the biological activity of moxetumomab pasudotox and suggest the approach that can be used for process control to ensure product quality and process consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Lu
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Shihua Lin
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Niluka De Mel
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Arun Parupudi
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Jared Delmar
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Madhu Pandey
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Jihong Wang
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878.
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54
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Augustijn D, Kulakova A, Mahapatra S, Harris P, Rinnan Å. Isothermal Chemical Denaturation: Data Analysis, Error Detection, and Correction by PARAFAC2. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6958-6967. [PMID: 32323977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of a protein's conformational stability is a key step in the development of biotherapeutics, where protein unfolding leads to adverse properties, such as aggregation and loss of efficacy. Isothermal chemical denaturation (ICD) can be applied to determine chemical stability, aiming to identify the optimal solvent conditions, in terms of pH, salt concentration, and added excipients. For seven monoclonal antibodies, this study investigates the observed intrinsic protein fluorescence emission spectra as a function of denaturant concentration. Protein formulations are screened in two experimental series. We show how the peak shapes of folded and unfolded proteins are preserved under added salt (0-140 mM NaCl) and added excipients concentrations, as typically found in biotherapeutic formulations and that only minor effects in tryptophan fluorescence peak tailing are observed over a large pH range (5.5-9.0). The data of seven mAbs, where GuHCl was a suitable denaturant, are modeled using PARAFAC2. PARAFAC2, a linear decomposition method, is well suited for the data and yields robust, valid, and automated models that allow for the detection of erroneous measurements. Analysis of the errors show correlation with the well-based experimental setup, and differences in observed errors between the two experimental series. We additionally show a correction method for these outliers based on PARAFAC2 model scores, such that full transition curves can be retrieved, increasing the accuracy of any subsequent analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillen Augustijn
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Alina Kulakova
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sujata Mahapatra
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.,Novozymes A/S, Biologiens Vej 2, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pernille Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Åsmund Rinnan
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Reslan M, Sifniotis V, Cruz E, Sumer-Bayraktar Z, Cordwell S, Kayser V. Enhancing the stability of adalimumab by engineering additional glycosylation motifs. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 158:189-196. [PMID: 32360204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are of high value in the diagnostic and treatment of many debilitating diseases such as cancers, auto-immune disorders and infections. Unfortunately, protein aggregation is one of the ongoing challenges, limiting the development and application of mAbs as therapeutic products by decreasing half-life, increasing immunogenicity and reducing activity. We engineered an aggregation-prone region of adalimumab, the top selling mAb product worldwide - with additional glycosylation sites to enhance its resistance to aggregation by steric hindrance as a next generation biologic. We found that the addition of N-glycans in the Fab domain significantly enhanced its conformational stability, with some variants increasing the melting temperature of the Fab domain by >6 °C. The mutations tested had minimal impact on antigen binding affinity, or affinity to Fcγ receptors responsible for effector function. Our findings highlight the significant utility of this rational engineering approach for enhancing the conformational stability of therapeutic mAbs and other next-generation antibody formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouhamad Reslan
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Vicki Sifniotis
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Esteban Cruz
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Zeynep Sumer-Bayraktar
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Stuart Cordwell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Veysel Kayser
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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56
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Melien R, Garidel P, Hinderberger D, Blech M. Thermodynamic Unfolding and Aggregation Fingerprints of Monoclonal Antibodies Using Thermal Profiling. Pharm Res 2020; 37:78. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02792-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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57
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Fast Confirmation of Antibody Identity by MALDI-TOF MS Fingerprints. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:antib9020008. [PMID: 32224944 PMCID: PMC7362173 DOI: 10.3390/antib9020008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thousands of antibodies for diagnostic and other analytical purposes are on the market. However, it is often difficult to identify duplicates, reagent changes, and to assign the correct original publications to an antibody. This slows down scientific progress and might even be a cause of irreproducible research and a waste of resources. Recently, activities were started to suggest the sole use of recombinant antibodies in combination with the open communication of their sequence. In this case, such uncertainties should be eliminated. Unfortunately, this approach seems to be rather a long-term vision since the development and manufacturing of recombinant antibodies remain quite expensive in the foreseeable future. Nearly all commercial antibody suppliers also may be reluctant to publish the sequence of their antibodies, since they fear counterfeiting. De novo sequencing of antibodies is also not feasible today for a reagent user without access to the hybridoma clone. Nevertheless, it seems to be crucial for any scientist to have the opportunity to identify an antibody undoubtedly to guarantee the traceability of any research activity using antibodies from a third party as a tool. For this purpose, we developed a method for the identification of antibodies based on a MALDI-TOF MS fingerprint. To circumvent lengthy denaturation, reduction, alkylation, and enzymatic digestion steps, the fragmentation was performed with a simple formic acid hydrolysis step. Eighty-nine unknown monoclonal antibodies were used for this study to examine the feasibility of this approach. Although the molecular assignment of peaks was rarely possible, antibodies could be easily recognized in a blinded test, simply from their mass-spectral fingerprint. A general protocol is given, which could be used without any optimization to generate fingerprints for a database. We want to propose that, in most scientific projects relying critically on antibody reagents, such a fingerprint should be established to prove and document the identity of the used antibodies, as well as to assign a specific reagent to a datasheet of a commercial supplier, public database record, or antibody ID.
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58
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Garidel P, Eiperle A, Blech M, Seelig J. Thermal and Chemical Unfolding of a Monoclonal IgG1 Antibody: Application of the Multistate Zimm-Bragg Theory. Biophys J 2020; 118:1067-1075. [PMID: 32049058 PMCID: PMC7063443 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermal unfolding of a recombinant monoclonal antibody IgG1 (mAb) was measured with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The DSC thermograms reveal a pretransition at 72°C with an unfolding enthalpy of ΔHcal ∼200-300 kcal/mol and a main transition at 85°C with an enthalpy of ∼900-1000 kcal/mol. In contrast to small single-domain proteins, mAb unfolding is a complex reaction that is analyzed with the multistate Zimm-Bragg theory. For the investigated mAb, unfolding is characterized by a cooperativity parameter σ ∼6 × 10-5 and a Gibbs free energy of unfolding of gnu ∼100 cal/mol per amino acid. The enthalpy of unfolding provides the number of amino acid residues ν participating in the unfolding reaction. On average, ν∼220 ± 50 amino acids are involved in the pretransition and ν∼850 ± 30 in the main transition, accounting for ∼90% of all amino acids. Thermal unfolding was further studied in the presence of guanidineHCl. The chemical denaturant reduces the unfolding enthalpy ΔHcal and lowers the midpoint temperature Tm. Both parameters depend linearly on the concentration of denaturant. The guanidineHCl concentrations needed to unfold mAb at 25°C are predicted to be 2-3 M for the pretransition and 5-7 M for the main transition, varying with pH. GuanidineHCl binds to mAb with an exothermic binding enthalpy, which partially compensates the endothermic mAb unfolding enthalpy. The number of guanidineHCl molecules bound upon unfolding is deduced from the DSC thermograms. The bound guanidineHCl-to-unfolded amino acid ratio is 0.79 for the pretransition and 0.55 for the main transition. The pretransition binds more denaturant molecules and is more sensitive to unfolding than the main transition. The current study shows the strength of the Zimm-Bragg theory for the quantitative description of unfolding events of large, therapeutic proteins, such as a monoclonal antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
| | - Andrea Eiperle
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Michaela Blech
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Joachim Seelig
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, Basel, Switzerland.
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59
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Mills BJ, Kruger T, Bruncko M, Zhang X, Jameel F. Effect of Linker-Drug Properties and Conjugation Site on the Physical Stability of ADCs. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:1662-1672. [PMID: 32027921 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The physical stability of antibody drug conjugates is dictated by the properties of the antibody, linker-drug, and conjugation site. Two linker-drugs were chosen that are different in terms of hydrophobicity and polar surface area to evaluate the effect of linker-drug properties on antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) behavior. Site-specific and non-site-specific conjugation was used to investigate the role of conjugation site in conformational and colloidal stability. Finally, 2 antibodies were selected to determine if the observed results were antibody-specific. The conformational stability is affected, with the highest degree of destabilization observed when conjugation results in the removal of interchain disulfide bonds. Although conformational destabilization occurred in the domain in which conjugation occurred and domains distinct from the conjugation site, no correlation could be drawn between linker-drug properties and conformational stability. Evaluation of aggregation by size exclusion HPLC confirmed a relationship between linker-drug hydrophobicity and aggregation propensity under thermal stress in all ADCs tested. The extent of aggregation was far greater in the conjugates generated with a more hydrophobic antibody, illustrating that the properties of both the antibody and linker-drug contribute to aggregation. These studies emphasize that the distinct properties of the molecule as a whole warrant a case-by-case evaluation of each ADC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney J Mills
- Drug Product Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064.
| | - Terra Kruger
- Drug Product Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064; Division of Pharmaceutics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Milan Bruncko
- Global Biologics, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Global Biologics, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064
| | - Feroz Jameel
- Drug Product Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064
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60
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Gao K, Oerlemans R, Groves MR. Theory and applications of differential scanning fluorimetry in early-stage drug discovery. Biophys Rev 2020; 12:85-104. [PMID: 32006251 PMCID: PMC7040159 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-020-00619-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) is an accessible, rapid, and economical biophysical technique that has seen many applications over the years, ranging from protein folding state detection to the identification of ligands that bind to the target protein. In this review, we discuss the theory, applications, and limitations of DSF, including the latest applications of DSF by ourselves and other researchers. We show that DSF is a powerful high-throughput tool in early drug discovery efforts. We place DSF in the context of other biophysical methods frequently used in drug discovery and highlight their benefits and downsides. We illustrate the uses of DSF in protein buffer optimization for stability, refolding, and crystallization purposes and provide several examples of each. We also show the use of DSF in a more downstream application, where it is used as an in vivo validation tool of ligand-target interaction in cell assays. Although DSF is a potent tool in buffer optimization and large chemical library screens when it comes to ligand-binding validation and optimization, orthogonal techniques are recommended as DSF is prone to false positives and negatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Gao
- Structure Biology in Drug Design, Drug Design Group XB20, Departments of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Oerlemans
- Structure Biology in Drug Design, Drug Design Group XB20, Departments of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew R Groves
- Structure Biology in Drug Design, Drug Design Group XB20, Departments of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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61
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Vázquez NAR. Adsorption of terbium ion on Fc/dymethylacrylamide: application of Monte Carlo simulation. POLIMEROS 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-1428.08419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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62
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Hajduk J, Brunner C, Malik S, Bangerter J, Schneider G, Thomann M, Reusch D, Zenobi R. Interaction analysis of glycoengineered antibodies with CD16a: a native mass spectrometry approach. MAbs 2020; 12:1736975. [PMID: 32167012 PMCID: PMC7153833 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1736975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Minor changes in the quality of biologically manufactured monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can affect their bioactivity and efficacy. One of the most important variations concerns the N-glycosylation pattern, which directly affects an anti-tumor mechanism called antibody-dependent cell-meditated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Thus, careful engineering of mAbs is expected to enhance both protein-receptor binding and ADCC. The specific aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of terminal carbohydrates within the Fc region on the interaction with the FcγRIIIa/CD16a receptor in native and label-free conditions. The single mAb molecule comprises variants with minimal and maximal galactosylation, as well as α2,3 and α2,6-sialic acid isomers. Here, we apply native electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to determine the solution-phase antibody-receptor equilibria and by using temperature-controlled nanoelectrospray, a thermal stability of the complex is examined. Based on these, we prove that the galactosylation of a fucosylated Fc region increases the binding to CD16a 1.5-fold when compared with the non-galactosylated variant. The α2,6-sialylation has no significant effect on the binding, whereas the α2,3-sialylation decreases it 1.72-fold. In line with expectation, the galactoslylated and α2,6-sialylated mAb:CD16a complex exhibit higher thermal stability when measured in the temperature gradient from 20 to 50°C. The similar binding pattern is observed based on surface plasmon resonance analysis and immunofluorescence staining using natural killer cells. The results of our study provide new insight into N-glycosylation-based interaction of the mAb:CD16a complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Hajduk
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cyrill Brunner
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Malik
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Jana Bangerter
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gisbert Schneider
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Thomann
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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63
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Liu P, Gao X, Lundin V, Shi C, Adem Y, Lin K, Jiang G, Kao YH, Yang F, Michels D, Marshall AG, Zhang HM. Probing the Impact of the Knob-into-Hole Mutations on the Structure and Function of a Therapeutic Antibody. Anal Chem 2019; 92:1582-1588. [PMID: 31815436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) have drawn increasing interest in the biopharmaceutical industry due to their advantage to bind two distinct antigens simultaneously. The knob-into-hole approach is an effective way to produce bispecific antibodies by driving heterodimerization with mutations in the CH3 domain of each half antibody. To better understand the conformational impact by the knob and hole mutations, we combined size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (H/D exchange MS), to characterize the global and peptide-level conformational changes. We found no significant alteration in structure or conformational dynamics induced by the knob-into-hole framework, and the conformational stability is similar to the wild-type (WT) IgG4 molecules (except for some small difference in the CH3 domain) expressed in E. coli. Functional studies including antigen-binding and neonatal fragment crystallizable (Fc) receptor (FcRn) binding demonstrated no difference between the knob-into-hole and WT IgG4 molecules in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilu Liu
- Proten Analytical Chemistry , Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 95 Chieftain Way , Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida 32304 , United States
| | - Xuan Gao
- Biological Technologies , Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Victor Lundin
- Proten Analytical Chemistry , Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Catherine Shi
- Pharmaceutical Development , Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Yilma Adem
- Pharmaceutical Development , Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Kevin Lin
- Analytical Operations , Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Guoying Jiang
- Biological Technologies , Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Yung-Hsiang Kao
- Proten Analytical Chemistry , Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Feng Yang
- Proten Analytical Chemistry , Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - David Michels
- Proten Analytical Chemistry , Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Alan G Marshall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 95 Chieftain Way , Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida 32304 , United States.,Ion Cyclotron Resonance Program , National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , 1800 E. Paul Dirac Drive , Tallahassee , Florida 32310 , United States
| | - Hui-Min Zhang
- Proten Analytical Chemistry , Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
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Coupling Multi-Angle Light Scattering to Reverse-Phase Ultra-High-Pressure Chromatography (RP-UPLC-MALS) for the characterization monoclonal antibodies. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14965. [PMID: 31628369 PMCID: PMC6800455 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51233-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-angle light scattering coupled with size-exclusion chromatography (SEC-MALS) is a standard approach for protein characterization. Recently MALS detection has been coupled with ion-exchange chromatography (IEX) which demonstrated the feasibility and high value of MALS in combination with non-sized-based fractionation methods. In this study we coupled reverse-phase ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography (RP-UPLC) with a low-dispersion MALS detector for the characterization of intact monoclonal antibody (mAbs) and their fragments. We confirmed a constant refractive index increment value for mAbs in RP gradients, in good agreement with the values in literature for other classes of proteins. We showed that the impurities eluting from a RP column can often be related to aggregated species and we confirmed that in most cases those oligomers are present also in SEC-MALS. Yet, in few cases small aggregates fractions in RP-UPLC are an artifact. In fact, proteins presenting thermal and physical stability not suitable for the harsh condition applied during the RP separation of mAbs (i.e. organic solvents at high temperature) can aggregate. Further, we applied RP-UPLC-MALS during a long term stability studies. The different principle of separation used in RP-UPLC- MALS provides an additional critical level of protein characterization compared to SEC-MALS and IEX-MALS.
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65
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Framework Mutations of the 10-1074 bnAb Increase Conformational Stability, Manufacturability, and Stability While Preserving Full Neutralization Activity. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:233-246. [PMID: 31348937 PMCID: PMC6941225 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The broadly neutralizing anti-HIV antibody, 10-1074, is a highly somatically hypermutated IgG1 being developed for prophylaxis in sub-Saharan Africa. A series of algorithms were applied to identify potentially destabilizing residues in the framework of the Fv region. Of 17 residues defined, a variant was identified encompassing 1 light and 3 heavy chain residues, with significantly increased conformational stability while maintaining full neutralization activity. Central to the stabilization was the replacement of the heavy chain residue T108 with R108 at the base of the CDR3 loop which allowed for the formation of a nascent salt bridge with heavy chain residue D137. Three additional mutations were necessary to confer increased conformational stability as evidenced by differential scanning fluorimetry and isothermal chemical unfolding. In addition, we observed increased stability during low pH incubation in which 40% of the parental monomer aggregated while the combinatorial variant showed no increase in aggregation. Incubation of the variant at 100 mg/mL for 6 weeks at 40°C showed a 9-fold decrease in subvisible particles ≥2 μm relative to the parental molecule. Stability-based designs have also translated to improved pharmacokinetics. Together, these data show that increasing conformational stability of the Fab can have profound effects on the manufacturability and long-term stability of a monoclonal antibody.
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66
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Manikwar P, Mulagapati SHR, Kasturirangan S, Moez K, Rainey GJ, Lobo B. Characterization of a Novel Bispecific Antibody With Improved Conformational and Chemical Stability. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:220-232. [PMID: 31288034 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies containing single-chain variable fragment (scFv) appended to immunoglobulins G offer unique development challenges. Here, we describe the stability of a novel bispecific format, BiS5, where the scFv is tethered to the CH3 domain. BiS5 showed an improved conformational and chemical stability compared with that of BiS4 in which the scFv is appended in the hinge region between the Fab and Fc. By switching the location of the scFv from hinge region to the CH3, there was an improved stabilization of CH2 and scFv domains. Interestingly, no noticeable impact was observed on the conformational stability of CH3 and Fab domains. BiS4 and BiS5 showed different aggregation and fragmentation rates under accelerated temperature stress conditions. BiS4 showed higher fragmentation rates compared with BiS5 likely owing to fragmentation in the linker region on either side of the scFv while BiS5 is more resistant toward fragmentation owing to tethering of scFv to the CH3 domain at its N and C terminus. In conclusion, the location of scFv affects both aggregation and fragmentation kinetics. These insights into the molecular structure and correlations with their physical and chemical stability will help formulation development of these novel bispecific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Manikwar
- Dosage Form Design & Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878.
| | | | - Srinath Kasturirangan
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Khashayar Moez
- Dosage Form Design & Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Godfrey Jonah Rainey
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Brian Lobo
- Dosage Form Design & Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
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67
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Kerr RA, Keire DA, Ye H. The impact of standard accelerated stability conditions on antibody higher order structure as assessed by mass spectrometry. MAbs 2019; 11:930-941. [PMID: 30913973 PMCID: PMC6601562 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1599632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein therapeutic higher order structure (HOS) is a quality attribute that can be assessed to help predict shelf life. To model product shelf-life values, possible sample-dependent pathways of degradation that may affect drug efficacy or safety need to be evaluated. As changes in drug thermal stability over time can be correlated with an increased risk of HOS perturbations, the effect of long-term storage on the product should be measured as a function of temperature. Here, complementary high-resolution mass spectrometry methods for HOS analysis were used to identify storage-dependent changes of biotherapeutics (bevacizumab (Avastin), trastuzumab (Herceptin), rituximab (Rituxan), and the NIST reference material 8671 (NISTmAb)) under accelerated or manufacturer-recommended storage conditions. Collision-induced unfolding ion mobility-mass spectrometry data showed changes in monoclonal antibody folded stability profiles that were consistent with the appearance of a characteristic unfolded population. Orthogonal hydrogen-deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry data revealed that the observed changes in unfolding occurred in parallel to changes in HOS localized to the periphery of the hinge region. Using intact reverse-phase liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, we identified several mass species indicative of peptide backbone hydrolysis, located between the variable and constant domains of the heavy chain of bevacizumab. Taken together, our data highlighted the capability of these approaches to identify age- or temperature-dependent changes in biotherapeutic HOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Kerr
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis, USA
| | - David A. Keire
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis, USA
| | - Hongping Ye
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis, USA
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68
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Sifniotis V, Cruz E, Eroglu B, Kayser V. Current Advancements in Addressing Key Challenges of Therapeutic Antibody Design, Manufacture, and Formulation. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:E36. [PMID: 31544842 PMCID: PMC6640721 DOI: 10.3390/antib8020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic antibody technology heavily dominates the biologics market and continues to present as a significant industrial interest in developing novel and improved antibody treatment strategies. Many noteworthy advancements in the last decades have propelled the success of antibody development; however, there are still opportunities for improvement. In considering such interest to develop antibody therapies, this review summarizes the array of challenges and considerations faced in the design, manufacture, and formulation of therapeutic antibodies, such as stability, bioavailability and immunological engagement. We discuss the advancement of technologies that address these challenges, highlighting key antibody engineered formats that have been adapted. Furthermore, we examine the implication of novel formulation technologies such as nanocarrier delivery systems for the potential to formulate for pulmonary delivery. Finally, we comprehensively discuss developments in computational approaches for the strategic design of antibodies with modulated functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Sifniotis
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia.
| | - Esteban Cruz
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia.
| | - Barbaros Eroglu
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia.
| | - Veysel Kayser
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia.
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69
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Koksal AC, Pennini ME, Marelli M, Xiao X, Dall'Acqua WF. Functional mimetic of the G-protein coupled receptor CXCR4 on a soluble antibody scaffold. MAbs 2019; 11:725-734. [PMID: 30900513 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1596703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute major drug targets due to their involvement in critical biological functions and pathophysiological disorders. The leading challenge in their structural and functional characterization has been the need for a lipid environment to accommodate their hydrophobic cores. Here, we report an antibody scaffold mimetic (ASM) platform where we have recapitulated the extracellular functional domains of the GPCR, C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) on a soluble antibody framework. The engineered ASM molecule can accommodate the N-terminal loop and all three extracellular loops of CXCR4. These extracellular features are important players in ligand recruitment and interaction for allostery and signal transduction. Our study shows that ASMCXCR4 can be recognized by the anti-CXCR4 antibodies, MEDI3185, 2B11, and 12G5, and that ASMCXCR4 can bind the HIV-1 glycoprotein ligand gp120, and the natural chemokine ligand SDF-1α. Further, we show that ASMCXCR4 can competitively inhibit the SDF-1α signaling pathway, and be used as an immunogen to generate CXCR4-specific antibodies. This platform will be useful in the study of GPCR biology in a soluble receptor context for evaluating its extracellular ligand interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adem C Koksal
- a Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , AstraZeneca , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Meghan E Pennini
- b Microbial Sciences , MedImmune, AstraZeneca , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Marcello Marelli
- a Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , AstraZeneca , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Xiaodong Xiao
- a Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , AstraZeneca , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - William F Dall'Acqua
- a Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , AstraZeneca , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
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70
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Xu Y, Xie L, Zhang E, Gao W, Wang L, Cao Y, Xie MH, Jiang W, Liu S. Physicochemical and functional assessments demonstrating analytical similarity between rituximab biosimilar HLX01 and the MabThera®. MAbs 2019; 11:606-620. [PMID: 30794092 PMCID: PMC6512903 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1578147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of bio-therapeutics has exhibited exponential growth in China over the past decade. However, no biosimilar drug has been approved in China (CN) due to the lack of a national biosimilar regulatory guidance. HLX01, a rituximab biosimilar developed in China under European Medicines Agency biosimilar guidelines and requirements, was the first such drug submitted for regulatory review in China, and it is expected to receive approval there as a biosimilar product. To demonstrate the analytical similarities of HLX01, CN-rituximab (sourced in China but manufactured in Europe) and EU-rituximab (sourced and manufactured in Europe), an extensive 3-way physicochemical and functional similarity assessment using a series of orthogonal and state-of-the-art techniques was conducted, following the similarity requirement guidelines recently published by China's Center for Drug Evaluation. The results of the similarity study showed an identical protein amino acid sequence and highly similar primary structures between HLX01 and the reference product (RP) MabThera®, along with high similarities in higher order structures, potency, integrity, purity and impurity profiles, biological and immunological binding functions, as well as degradation behaviors under stress conditions. In addition, HLX01 presented slightly lower aggregates and better photostability compared with the RP. Despite slight changes in relative abundance of glycan moieties and heavy chain C-terminal lysine modification, no differences in biological activities and immunological properties were observed between the RP and HLX01. In conclusion, HLX01 is highly similar to CN- and EU-sourced RP in terms of physicochemical properties and biological activities, suggesting similar product quality, efficacy, and safety. The regulatory requirements interpreted and applied towards the HLX01 marketing application sets a precedent for analytical similarity assessment of biosimilar products in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanpeng Xu
- Shanghai Henlius Biotech, Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Liqi Xie
- Shanghai Henlius Biotech, Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Erhui Zhang
- Shanghai Henlius Biotech, Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- Shanghai Henlius Biotech, Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Shanghai Henlius Biotech, Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Shanghai Henlius Biotech, Inc., Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Scott Liu
- Shanghai Henlius Biotech, Inc., Shanghai, China
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71
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Multistate design of influenza antibodies improves affinity and breadth against seasonal viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:1597-1602. [PMID: 30642961 PMCID: PMC6358683 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1806004116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is an annual threat to global public health, in part because of constant antigenic drift that facilitates evasion of the antibody response. Rapid changes in the influenza HA protein make it difficult for an antibody to achieve broad activity against different virus subtypes. We developed a computational method that can optimize an antibody sequence to be robust against seasonal variation. As a proof of concept, we tested this method by redesigning a known antibody against a set of diverse HA antigens and showed that the variant redesigned antibodies have improved activity against the virus panel, as predicted. This work shows that computational design can improve naturally occurring antibodies for recognition of different virus strains. Influenza is a yearly threat to global public health. Rapid changes in influenza surface proteins resulting from antigenic drift and shift events make it difficult to readily identify antibodies with broadly neutralizing activity against different influenza subtypes with high frequency, specifically antibodies targeting the receptor binding domain (RBD) on influenza HA protein. We developed an optimized computational design method that is able to optimize an antibody for recognition of large panels of antigens. To demonstrate the utility of this multistate design method, we used it to redesign an antiinfluenza antibody against a large panel of more than 500 seasonal HA antigens of the H1 subtype. As a proof of concept, we tested this method on a variety of known antiinfluenza antibodies and identified those that could be improved computationally. We generated redesigned variants of antibody C05 to the HA RBD and experimentally characterized variants that exhibited improved breadth and affinity against our panel. C05 mutants exhibited improved affinity for three of the subtypes used in design by stabilizing the CDRH3 loop and creating favorable electrostatic interactions with the antigen. These mutants possess increased breadth and affinity of binding while maintaining high-affinity binding to existing targets, surpassing a major limitation up to this point.
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72
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Abstract
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a well-established technique for biomolecular stability studies. The technique is based on forced thermal denaturation of biomolecules in solution. Here we describe the use of DSC for characterization and optimization of stability of two proteins, a protein kinase and a mAb protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Bowers
- Principal Scientist/Group Leader Analytical and Formulation Development, FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies U.S.A., Inc., Morrisville, NC, USA.
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73
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Sun S, Akkapeddi P, Marques MC, Martínez-Sáez N, Torres VM, Cordeiro C, Boutureira O, Bernardes GJL. One-pot stapling of interchain disulfides of antibodies using an isobutylene motif. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:2005-2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02877j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Stable monoclonal antibodies are generated by the mild and efficient re-bridging of interchain disulfides using an isobutylene motif. Effector functions and pharmacokinetics of the stapled antibodies are maintained at a similar level as their native forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Sun
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- CB2 1EW Cambridge
- UK
| | - Padma Akkapeddi
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular
- Faculdade de Medicina
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1649-028 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Marta C. Marques
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- CB2 1EW Cambridge
- UK
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular
| | | | - Vukosava M. Torres
- Laboratório de FT-ICR e Espectrometria de Massa Estrutural
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa
- 1749-016 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Carlos Cordeiro
- Laboratório de FT-ICR e Espectrometria de Massa Estrutural
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa
- 1749-016 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Omar Boutureira
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- CB2 1EW Cambridge
- UK
| | - Gonçalo J. L. Bernardes
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- CB2 1EW Cambridge
- UK
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular
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74
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Nguyen AW, Le KC, Maynard JA. Identification of high affinity HER2 binding antibodies using CHO Fab surface display. Protein Eng Des Sel 2019; 31:91-101. [PMID: 29566240 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzy004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovery of monoclonal antibodies is most commonly performed using phage or yeast display but mammalian cells are used for production because of the complex antibody structure, including the multiple disulfide bonds and glycosylation, required for function. As this transition between host organisms is often accompanied by impaired binding, folding or expression, development pipelines include laborious plate-based screening or engineering strategies to adapt an antibody to mammalian expression. To circumvent these problems, we developed a plasmid-based Fab screening platform on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells which allows for antibody selection in the production host and in the presence of the same post-translational modifications as the manufactured product. A hu4D5 variant with low affinity for the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) growth factor receptor was mutagenized and this library of ~10(6) unique clones was screened to identify variants with up to 400-fold enhanced HER2 binding. After two rounds of fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), four unique clones exhibited improved antigen binding when expressed on the CHO surface or as purified human IgG. Three of the four clones contained free cysteines in third complementarity determining region of the antibody heavy chain, which did not impair expression or cause aggregation. The improved clones had similar yields and stabilities as hu4D5 and similar sub-nanomolar affinities as measured by equilibrium binding to target cells. The limited size of mammalian libraries restricts the utility of this approach for naïve antibody library screening, but it is a powerful approach for antibody affinity maturation or specificity enhancement and is readily generalizable to engineering other surface receptors, including T-cell receptors and chimeric antigen receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalee W Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Kevin C Le
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jennifer A Maynard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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75
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Wada R, Matsui M, Kawasaki N. Influence of N-glycosylation on effector functions and thermal stability of glycoengineered IgG1 monoclonal antibody with homogeneous glycoforms. MAbs 2018; 11:350-372. [PMID: 30466347 PMCID: PMC6380427 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1551044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation of the conserved asparagine residue in each heavy chain of IgG in the CH2 domain is known as N-glycosylation. It is one of the most common post-translational modifications and important critical quality attributes of monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics. Various studies have demonstrated the effects of the Fc N-glycosylation on safety, Fc effector functions, and pharmacokinetics, both dependent and independent of neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) pathway. However, separation of various glycoforms to investigate the biological and functional relevance of glycosylation is a major challenge, and existing studies often discuss the overall impact of N-glycans, without considering the individual contributions of each glycoform when evaluating mAbs with highly heterogeneous distributions. In this study, chemoenzymatic glycoengineering incorporating an endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (ENGase) EndoS2 and its mutant with transglycosylation activity was used to generate mAb glycoforms with highly homogeneous and well-defined N-glycans to better understand and precisely evaluate the effect of each N-glycan structure on Fc effector functions and protein stability. We demonstrated that the core fucosylation, non-reducing terminal galactosylation, sialylation, and mannosylation of IgG1 mAb N-glycans impact not only on FcγRIIIa binding, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and C1q binding, but also FcRn binding, thermal stability and propensity for protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Wada
- a Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Labs ., Pharmaceutical Technology, Astellas Pharma, Inc ., Tsukuba , Ibaraki , Japan.,b Department of Medical Life Science, Graduate School of Medical Life Science , Yokohama City University , Tsurumi , Yokohama , Japan
| | - Makoto Matsui
- a Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Labs ., Pharmaceutical Technology, Astellas Pharma, Inc ., Tsukuba , Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Nana Kawasaki
- b Department of Medical Life Science, Graduate School of Medical Life Science , Yokohama City University , Tsurumi , Yokohama , Japan
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76
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Shan L, Mody N, Sormani P, Rosenthal KL, Damschroder MM, Esfandiary R. Developability Assessment of Engineered Monoclonal Antibody Variants with a Complex Self-Association Behavior Using Complementary Analytical and in Silico Tools. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:5697-5710. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pietro Sormani
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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77
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Effect of Peroxide- Versus Alkoxyl-Induced Chemical Oxidation on the Structure, Stability, Aggregation, and Function of a Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2789-2803. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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78
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Abstract
Radiometals possess an exceptional breadth of decay properties and have been applied to medicine with great success for several decades. The majority of current clinical use involves diagnostic procedures, which use either positron-emission tomography (PET) or single-photon imaging to detect anatomic abnormalities that are difficult to visualize using conventional imaging techniques (e.g., MRI and X-ray). The potential of therapeutic radiometals has more recently been realized and relies on ionizing radiation to induce irreversible DNA damage, resulting in cell death. In both cases, radiopharmaceutical development has been largely geared toward the field of oncology; thus, selective tumor targeting is often essential for efficacious drug use. To this end, the rational design of four-component radiopharmaceuticals has become popularized. This Review introduces fundamental concepts of drug design and applications, with particular emphasis on bifunctional chelators (BFCs), which ensure secure consolidation of the radiometal and targeting vector and are integral for optimal drug performance. Also presented are detailed accounts of production, chelation chemistry, and biological use of selected main group and rare earth radiometals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas I Kostelnik
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z1 , Canada
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z1 , Canada
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79
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Methylglyoxal modified IgG generates autoimmune response in rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 118:15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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80
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Probing Conformational Diversity of Fc Domains in Aggregation-Prone Monoclonal Antibodies. Pharm Res 2018; 35:220. [PMID: 30255351 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2500-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fc domains are an integral component of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and Fc-based fusion proteins. Engineering mutations in the Fc domain is a common approach to achieve desired effector function and clinical efficacy of therapeutic mAbs. It remains debatable, however, whether molecular engineering either by changing glycosylation patterns or by amino acid mutation in Fc domain could impact the higher order structure of Fc domain potentially leading to increased aggregation propensities in mAbs. METHODS Here, we use NMR fingerprinting analysis of Fc domains, generated from selected Pfizer mAbs with similar glycosylation patterns, to address this question. Specifically, we use high resolution 2D [13C-1H] NMR spectra of Fc fragments, which fingerprints methyl sidechain bearing residues, to probe the correlation of higher order structure with the storage stability of mAbs. Thermal calorimetric studies were also performed to assess the stability of mAb fragments. RESULTS Unlike NMR fingerprinting, thermal melting temperature as obtained from calorimetric studies for the intact mAbs and fragments (Fc and Fab), did not reveal any correlation with the aggregation propensities of mAbs. Despite >97% sequence homology, NMR data suggests that higher order structure of Fc domains could be dynamic and may result in unique conformation(s) in solution. CONCLUSION The overall glycosylation pattern of these mAbs being similar, these conformation(s) could be linked to the inherent plasticity of the Fc domain, and may act as early transients to the overall aggregation of mAbs.
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81
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Reslan M, Ranganathan V, Macfarlane DR, Kayser V. Choline ionic liquid enhances the stability of Herceptin® (trastuzumab). Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:10622-10625. [PMID: 30177986 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc06397d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of an emerging biocompatible ionic liquid, choline dihydrogen phosphate (CDHP), on the stability of high-concentration formulations of Herceptin® (trastuzumab). Our results show that CDHP significantly suppresses unfolding and aggregation of trastuzumab, demonstrating great promise as an additive in the development of stable therapeutic antibody formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouhamad Reslan
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, 2006, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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82
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Zhou L, Zhang J, DiGiammarino E, Kavishwar A, Yan B, Chumsae C, Ihnat PM, Powers D, Harlan J, Stine WB. PULSE SPR: A High Throughput Method to Evaluate the Domain Stability of Antibodies. Anal Chem 2018; 90:12221-12229. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Jun Zhang
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Enrico DiGiammarino
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Amol Kavishwar
- AbbVie Biotherapeutics, 1500 Seaport Blvd, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Bo Yan
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Chris Chumsae
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Peter M. Ihnat
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - David Powers
- AbbVie Biotherapeutics, 1500 Seaport Blvd, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - John Harlan
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - William Blaine Stine
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
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83
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Zhang J, Woods C, He F, Han M, Treuheit MJ, Volkin DB. Structural Changes and Aggregation Mechanisms of Two Different Dimers of an IgG2 Monoclonal Antibody. Biochemistry 2018; 57:5466-5479. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Christopher Woods
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66049, United States
| | - Feng He
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Mei Han
- Pharmacokinetics & Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Michael J. Treuheit
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - David B. Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66049, United States
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84
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Rowe JB, Flynn RP, Wooten HR, Noufer HA, Cancel RA, Zhang J, Subramony JA, Pechenov S, Wang Y. Submicron Aggregation of Chemically Denatured Monoclonal Antibody. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:4710-4721. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B. Rowe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403, United States
| | - Rhiannon P. Flynn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403, United States
| | - Harrison R. Wooten
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403, United States
| | - Hailey A. Noufer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403, United States
| | - Rachel A. Cancel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403, United States
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- MedImmune, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - J. Anand Subramony
- MedImmune, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Sergei Pechenov
- MedImmune, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403, United States
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85
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Quezada AG, Cabrera N, Piñeiro Á, Díaz-Salazar AJ, Díaz-Mazariegos S, Romero-Romero S, Pérez-Montfort R, Costas M. A strategy based on thermal flexibility to design triosephosphate isomerase proteins with increased or decreased kinetic stability. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:3017-3022. [PMID: 30143261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic stability of proteins determines their susceptibility to irreversibly unfold in a time-dependent process, and therefore its half-life. A residue displacement analysis of temperature-induced unfolding molecular dynamics simulations was recently employed to define the thermal flexibility of proteins. This property was found to be correlated with the activation energy barrier (Eact) separating the native from the transition state in the denaturation process. The Eact was determined from the application of a two-state irreversible model to temperature unfolding experiments using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The contribution of each residue to the thermal flexibility of proteins is used here to propose multiple mutations in triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) from Trypanosoma brucei (TbTIM) and Trypanosoma cruzi (TcTIM), two parasites closely related by evolution. These two enzymes, taken as model systems, have practically identical structure but large differences in their kinetic stability. We constructed two functional TIM variants with more than twice and less than half the activation energy of their respective wild-type reference structures. The results show that the proposed strategy is able to identify the crucial residues for the kinetic stability in these enzymes. As it occurs with other protein properties reflecting their complex behavior, kinetic stability appears to be the consequence of an extensive network of inter-residue interactions, acting in a concerted manner. The proposed strategy to design variants can be used with other proteins, to increase or decrease their functional half-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea G Quezada
- Laboratorio de Biofisicoquímica, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City 04510, Mexico.
| | - Nallely Cabrera
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Ángel Piñeiro
- Soft Matter and Molecular Biophysics Group, Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida s/n, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A Jessica Díaz-Salazar
- Laboratorio de Biofisicoquímica, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City 04510, Mexico
| | - Selma Díaz-Mazariegos
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Sergio Romero-Romero
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica e Ingeniería de Proteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Ruy Pérez-Montfort
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Miguel Costas
- Laboratorio de Biofisicoquímica, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City 04510, Mexico.
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86
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Effect of photo-degradation on the structure, stability, aggregation, and function of an IgG1 monoclonal antibody. Int J Pharm 2018; 547:438-449. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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87
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Clarkson BR, Chaudhuri R, Schön A, Cooper JW, Kueltzo L, Freire E. Long term stability of a HIV-1 neutralizing monoclonal antibody using isothermal calorimetry. Anal Biochem 2018; 554:61-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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88
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Booth BJ, Ramakrishnan B, Narayan K, Wollacott AM, Babcock GJ, Shriver Z, Viswanathan K. Extending human IgG half-life using structure-guided design. MAbs 2018; 10:1098-1110. [PMID: 29947573 PMCID: PMC6204840 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1490119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineering of antibodies for improved pharmacokinetics through enhanced binding to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) has been demonstrated in transgenic mice, non-human primates and humans. Traditionally, such approaches have largely relied on random mutagenesis and display formats, which fail to address related critical attributes of the antibody, such as effector functions or biophysical stability. We have developed a structure- and network-based framework to interrogate the engagement of IgG with multiple Fc receptors (FcRn, C1q, TRIM21, FcγRI, FcγRIIa/b, FcγRIIIa) simultaneously. Using this framework, we identified features that govern Fc-FcRn interactions and identified multiple distinct pathways for enhancing FcRn binding in a pH-specific manner. Network analysis provided a novel lens to study the allosteric impact of half-life-enhancing Fc mutations on FcγR engagement, which occurs distal to the FcRn binding site. Applying these principles, we engineered a panel of unique Fc variants that enhance FcRn binding while maintaining robust biophysical properties and wild type-like binding to activating receptors. An antibody harboring representative Fc designs demonstrates a half-life improvement of > 9 fold in transgenic mice and > 3.5 fold in cynomolgus monkeys, and maintains robust effector functions such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity.
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89
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Gandhi AV, Arlotta KJ, Chen HN, Owen SC, Carpenter JF. Biophysical Properties and Heating-Induced Aggregation of Lysine-Conjugated Antibody-Drug Conjugates. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:1858-1869. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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90
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Watanabe Y, Vasiljevic S, Allen JD, Seabright GE, Duyvesteyn HME, Doores KJ, Crispin M, Struwe WB. Signature of Antibody Domain Exchange by Native Mass Spectrometry and Collision-Induced Unfolding. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7325-7331. [PMID: 29757629 PMCID: PMC6008249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of domain-exchanged antibodies offers a route to high-affinity targeting to clustered multivalent epitopes, such as those associated with viral infections and many cancers. One strategy to generate these antibodies is to introduce mutations into target antibodies to drive domain exchange using the only known naturally occurring domain-exchanged anti-HIV (anti-human immunodeficiency virus) IgG1 antibody, 2G12 , as a template. Here, we show that domain exchange can be sensitively monitored by ion-mobility mass spectrometry and gas-phase collision-induced unfolding. Using native 2G12 and a mutated form that disrupts domain exchange such that it has a canonical IgG1 architecture ( 2G12 I19R ), we show that the two forms can be readily distinguished by their unfolding profiles. Importantly, the same signature of domain exchange is observed for both intact antibody and isolated Fab fragments. The development of a mass spectrometric method to detect antibody domain exchange will enable rapid screening and selection of candidate antibodies engineered to exhibit this and other unusual quaternary antibody architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Watanabe
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
- Biological Sciences & the Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Snezana Vasiljevic
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Joel D. Allen
- Biological Sciences & the Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma E. Seabright
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
- Biological Sciences & the Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Helen M. E. Duyvesteyn
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Katie J. Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Max Crispin
- Biological Sciences & the Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Weston B. Struwe
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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91
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Ferreira LM, Alonso JD, Kiill CP, Ferreira NN, Buzzá HH, Martins de Godoi DR, de Britto D, Assis OBG, Seraphim TV, Borges JC, Gremião MPD. Exploiting supramolecular interactions to produce bevacizumab-loaded nanoparticles for potential mucosal delivery. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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92
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Development of Two Analytical Methods Based on Reverse Phase Chromatographic and SDS-PAGE Gel for Assessment of Deglycosylation Yield in N-Glycan Mapping. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3909674. [PMID: 29789788 PMCID: PMC5896355 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3909674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
N-lined glycosylation is one of the critical quality attributes (CQA) for biotherapeutics impacting the safety and activity of drug product. Changes in pattern and level of glycosylation can significantly alter the intrinsic properties of the product and, therefore, have to be monitored throughout its lifecycle. Therefore fast, precise, and unbiased N-glycan mapping assay is desired. To ensure these qualities, using analytical methods that evaluate completeness of deglycosylation is necessary. For quantification of deglycosylation yield, methods such as reduced liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and reduced capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) have been commonly used. Here we present development of two additional methods to evaluate deglycosylation yield: one based on LC using reverse phase (RP) column and one based on reduced sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE gel) with offline software (GelAnalyzer). With the advent of rapid deglycosylation workflows in the market for N-glycan profiling replacing overnight incubation, we have aimed to quantify the level of deglycosylation in a selected rapid deglycosylation workflow. Our results have shown well resolved peaks of glycosylated and deglycosylated protein species with RP-LC method allowing simple quantification of deglycosylation yield of protein with high confidence. Additionally a good correlation, ≥0.94, was found between deglycosylation yields estimated by RP-LC method and that of reduced SDS-PAGE gel method with offline software. Evaluation of rapid deglycosylation protocol from GlycanAssure™ HyPerformance assay kit performed on fetuin and RNase B has shown complete deglycosylation within the recommended protocol time when evaluated with these techniques. Using this kit, N-glycans from NIST mAb were prepared in 1.4 hr and analyzed by hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) ultrahigh performance LC (UHPLC) equipped with a fluorescence detector (FLD). 37 peaks were resolved with good resolution. Excellent sample preparation repeatability was found with relative standard deviation (RSD) of <5% for peaks with >0.5% relative area.
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93
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Characterization of Individual Human Antibodies That Bind Pertussis Toxin Stimulated by Acellular Immunization. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00004-18. [PMID: 29581192 PMCID: PMC5964521 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00004-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite high vaccination rates, the incidence of whooping cough has steadily been increasing in developing countries for several decades. The current acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines all include the major protective antigen pertussis toxin (PTx) and are safer, but they appear to be less protective than infection or older, whole-cell vaccines. To better understand the attributes of individual antibodies stimulated by aP, we isolated plasmablast clones recognizing PTx after booster immunization of two donors. Five unique antibody sequences recognizing native PTx were recovered and expressed as recombinant human IgG1 antibodies. The antibodies all bind different epitopes on the PTx S1 subunit, B oligomer, or S1-B subunit interface, and just one clone neutralized PTx in an in vitro assay. To better understand the epitopes bound by the nonneutralizing S1-subunit antibodies, comprehensive mutagenesis with yeast display provided a detailed map of the epitope recognized by antibodies A8 and E12. Residue R76 is required for antibody A8 binding and is present on the S1 surface but is only partially exposed in the holotoxin, providing a structural explanation for A8's inability to neutralize holotoxin. The B-subunit-specific antibody D8 inhibited PTx binding to a model receptor and neutralized PTx in vitro as well as in an in vivo leukocytosis assay. This is the first study, to our knowledge, to identify individual human antibodies stimulated by the acellular pertussis vaccine and demonstrates the feasibility of using these approaches to address outstanding issues in pertussis vaccinology, including mechanisms of accelerated waning of protective immunity despite repeated aP immunization.
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94
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Kemter K, Altrichter J, Derwand R, Kriehuber T, Reinauer E, Scholz M. Amino Acid-Based Advanced Liquid Formulation Development for Highly Concentrated Therapeutic Antibodies Balances Physical and Chemical Stability and Low Viscosity. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1700523. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Kemter
- LEUKOCARE AG; Am Klopferspitz 19; 82152 Martinsried/Munich Germany
| | - Jens Altrichter
- LEUKOCARE AG; Am Klopferspitz 19; 82152 Martinsried/Munich Germany
| | - Roland Derwand
- LEUKOCARE AG; Am Klopferspitz 19; 82152 Martinsried/Munich Germany
| | - Thomas Kriehuber
- LEUKOCARE AG; Am Klopferspitz 19; 82152 Martinsried/Munich Germany
| | - Eva Reinauer
- LEUKOCARE AG; Am Klopferspitz 19; 82152 Martinsried/Munich Germany
| | - Martin Scholz
- LEUKOCARE AG; Am Klopferspitz 19; 82152 Martinsried/Munich Germany
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95
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Schaefer JV, Sedlák E, Kast F, Nemergut M, Plückthun A. Modification of the kinetic stability of immunoglobulin G by solvent additives. MAbs 2018. [PMID: 29537925 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1450126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biophysical properties of antibody-based biopharmaceuticals are a critical part of their release criteria. In this context, finding the appropriate formulation is equally important as optimizing their intrinsic biophysical properties through protein engineering, and both are mutually dependent. Most previous studies have empirically tested the impact of additives on measures of colloidal stability, while mechanistic aspects have usually been limited to only the thermodynamic stability of the protein. Here we emphasize the kinetic impact of additives on the irreversible denaturation steps of immunoglobulins G (IgG) and their antigen-binding fragments (Fabs), as these are the key committed steps preceding aggregation, and thus especially informative in elucidating the molecular parameters of activity loss. We examined the effects of ten additives on the conformational kinetic stability by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), using a recently developed three-step model containing both reversible and irreversible steps. The data highlight and help to rationalize different effects of the additives on the properties of full-length IgG, analyzed by onset and aggregation temperatures as well as by kinetic parameters derived from our model. Our results further help to explain the observation that stabilizing mutations in the antigen-binding fragment (Fab) significantly affect the kinetic parameters of its thermal denaturation, but not the aggregation properties of the full-length IgGs. We show that the proper analysis of DSC scans for full-length IgGs and their corresponding Fabs not only helps in ranking their stability in different formats and formulations, but provides important mechanistic insights for improving the conformational kinetic stability of IgGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas V Schaefer
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Erik Sedlák
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich , Switzerland.,b Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, P.J. Šafárik University , Jesenná 5, Košice , Slovakia
| | - Florian Kast
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Michal Nemergut
- c Department of Biophysics , P.J. Šafárik University , Jesenná 5, Košice , Slovakia
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich , Switzerland
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96
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Wozniak-Knopp G, Stadlmayr G, Perthold JW, Stadlbauer K, Gotsmy M, Becker S, Rüker F. An antibody with Fab-constant domains exchanged for a pair of CH3 domains. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195442. [PMID: 29630643 PMCID: PMC5891013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have designed a complete antibody-like construct where the CH1 and Cκ domains are exchanged for a pair of the CH3 domains and efficient pairing of the heavy and light variable domain is achieved using “Knobs-into-Holes” strategy. This construct, composed of only naturally occurring immunoglobulin sequences without artificial linkers, expressed at a high level in mammalian cells, however exhibited low solubility. Rational mutagenesis aimed at the amino acid residues located at the interface of the variable domains and the exchanged CH3 domains was applied to improve the biophysical properties of the molecule. The domain-exchanged construct, including variable domains of the HER2/neu specific antibody trastuzumab, was able to bind to the surface of the strongly HER2/neu positive cell line SK-BR3 4-fold weaker than trastuzumab, but could nevertheless incite a more potent response in an antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) reporter assay with FcγRIIIa-overexpressing T-cells. This could be explained with a stronger binding to the FcγRIIIa. Importantly, the novel construct could mediate a specific ADCC effect with natural killer cells similar to the parental antibody.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity
- Cell Line
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Constant Regions/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin Constant Regions/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Constant Regions/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin G/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Models, Molecular
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Protein Domains
- Protein Engineering
- Receptor, ErbB-2/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/chemistry
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Trastuzumab/chemistry
- Trastuzumab/genetics
- Trastuzumab/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Wozniak-Knopp
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapeutics, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Gerhard Stadlmayr
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapeutics, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Walther Perthold
- Institute of Molecular Modeling and Simulation, Department of Material Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Stadlbauer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapeutics, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Gotsmy
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapeutics, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Becker
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Florian Rüker
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapeutics, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
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97
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Islam S, Mir AR, Arfat MY, Khan F, Zaman M, Ali A. Structural and immunological characterization of hydroxyl radical modified human IgG: Clinical correlation in rheumatoid arthritis. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 194:194-201. [PMID: 29351859 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Structural alterations in proteins under oxidative stress have been widely implicated in the immuno-pathology of various disorders. This study has evaluated the extent of damage in the conformational characteristics of IgG by hydroxyl radical (OH) and studied its implications in the immuno-pathology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Using various biophysical and biochemical techniques, changes in aromatic microenvironment of the IgG and the protein aggregation became evident after treatment with OH. The SDS-PAGE study confirmed the protein aggregation while far ultraviolet circular dichroism spectroscopy (Far-UV CD) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) inferred towards the alterations in secondary structure of IgG under OH stress. Dynamic light scattering showed that the modification increased the hydrodynamic radius and polydispersity of IgG. The free arginine and lysine content reduced upon modification. OH induced aggregation was confirmed by enhanced thioflavin-T (ThT) fluorescence and red shift in the congo red (CR) absorbance. The study on experimental animals reiterates the earlier findings of enhanced immunogenicity of OH treated IgG (OH-IgG) compared to that of native IgG. OH-IgG strongly interacted with the antibodies derived from the serum of 80 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. The overwhelming and strong tendency of OH-IgG to bind the antibodies derived from the serum of RA patients points towards the modification of IgG under patho-physiological conditions in RA that generate neo-epitopes and eventually cause the generation of auto antibodies that circulate in the patient sera. Further studies on this aspect may possibly lead to the development of a biomarker for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawarharlal Nehru Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India
| | - Abdul Rouf Mir
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawarharlal Nehru Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India
| | - Mir Yasir Arfat
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawarharlal Nehru Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India
| | - Farzana Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawarharlal Nehru Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India
| | - Masihuz Zaman
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India
| | - Asif Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawarharlal Nehru Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India
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98
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Pawlowski JW, Bajardi-Taccioli A, Houde D, Feschenko M, Carlage T, Kaltashov IA. Influence of glycan modification on IgG1 biochemical and biophysical properties. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 151:133-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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99
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Understanding the Increased Aggregation Propensity of a Light-Exposed IgG1 Monoclonal Antibody Using Hydrogen Exchange Mass Spectrometry, Biophysical Characterization, and Structural Analysis. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:1498-1511. [PMID: 29408480 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This work compares the conformational stability, backbone flexibility, and aggregation propensity of monomer and dimer fractions of an IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) generated on UVA light exposure for up to 72 h collected by preparative size-exclusion chromatography, compared with unstressed control. UVA light exposure induced covalent aggregation, and fragmentation as measured by size-exclusion chromatography, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and extensive oxidation of specific methionine residues (Met 257, Met 433, and Met 109) in both size fractions identified by reverse phase chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Compared with unstressed mAb, both the monomer and dimer fractionated from 72 h UVA light-exposed mAb had decreased thermal melting temperatures (Tm1) by 1.4°C as measured by differential scanning calorimetry, minor changes in tertiary structure as measured by near-UV CD, increased monomer loss, and aggregation on accelerated storage at 35°C. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry identified local segments with increased flexibility in CH2 and CH3 domains of both size fractions, and decreased flexibility in few segments of Fab and CH1 domains in the dimer fraction. Segment 247-256 in heavy chain, an established aggregation hotspot in IgG1 mAbs had large increase in flexibility in both size fractions compared with unstressed mAb.
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100
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In-Depth Comparison of Lysine-Based Antibody-Drug Conjugates Prepared on Solid Support Versus in Solution. Antibodies (Basel) 2018; 7:antib7010006. [PMID: 31544859 PMCID: PMC6698837 DOI: 10.3390/antib7010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates are a rapidly growing form of targeted chemotherapeutics. As companies and researchers move to develop new antibody–drug conjugate (ADC) candidates, high-throughput methods will become increasingly common. Here we use advanced characterization techniques to assess two trastuzumab-DM1 (T-DM1) ADCs; one produced using Protein A immobilization and the other produced in solution. Following determination of payload site and distribution with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS), thermal stability, heat-induced aggregation, tertiary structure, and binding affinity were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Raman spectroscopy, and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), respectively. Small differences in the thermal stability of the CH2 domain of the antibody as well as aggregation onset temperatures were observed from DSC and DLS, respectively. However, no significant differences in secondary and tertiary structure were observed with Raman spectroscopy, or binding affinity as measured by ITC. Lysine-based ADC conjugation produces an innately heterogeneous population that can generate significant variability in the results of sensitive characterization techniques. Characterization of these ADCs indicated nominal differences in thermal stability but not in tertiary structure or binding affinity. Our results lead us to conclude that lysine-based ADCs synthesized following Protein A immobilization, common in small-scale conjugations, are highly similar to equivalent ADCs produced in larger scale, solution-based methods.
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