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Zafar M, Manwar R, McGuire LS, Charbel FT, Avanaki K. Ultra-widefield and high-speed spiral laser scanning OR-PAM: System development and characterization. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2023:e202200383. [PMID: 36998211 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202200383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is a high-resolution imaging modality that has been mainly implemented with small field of view applications. Here, we developed a fast PAM system that utilizes a unique spiral laser scanning mechanism and a wide acoustic detection unit. The developed system can image an area of 12.5 cm2 in 6.4 s. The system has been characterized using highly detailed phantoms. Finally, the imaging capabilities of the system were further demonstrated by imaging a sheep brain ex vivo and a rat brain in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Zafar
- The Richard and Loan Hill, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Rayyan Manwar
- The Richard and Loan Hill, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Laura S McGuire
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago - College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Fady T Charbel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago - College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kamran Avanaki
- The Richard and Loan Hill, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Zhang Y, Hu P, Li L, Cao R, Khadria A, Maslov K, Tong X, Zeng Y, Jiang L, Zhou Q, Wang LV. Single-shot 3D photoacoustic tomography using a single-element detector for ultrafast imaging of hemodynamics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.14.532661. [PMID: 36993341 PMCID: PMC10055152 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.14.532661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Imaging hemodynamics is crucial for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of vascular diseases. However, current imaging techniques are limited due to the use of ionizing radiation or contrast agents, short penetration depth, or complex and expensive data acquisition systems. Photoacoustic tomography shows promise as a solution to these issues. However, existing photoacoustic tomography methods collect signals either sequentially or through numerous detector elements, leading to either low imaging speed or high system complexity and cost. To address these issues, here we introduce a method to capture a 3D photoacoustic image of vasculature using a single laser pulse and a single-element detector that functions as 6,400 virtual ones. Our method enables ultrafast volumetric imaging of hemodynamics in the human body at up to 1 kHz and requires only a single calibration for different objects and for long-term operations. We demonstrate 3D imaging of hemodynamics at depth in humans and small animals, capturing the variability in blood flow speeds. This concept can inspire other imaging technologies and find applications such as home-care monitoring, biometrics, point-of-care testing, and wearable monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yide Zhang
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Peng Hu
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Rui Cao
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Anjul Khadria
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Konstantin Maslov
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Xin Tong
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Yushun Zeng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Laiming Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Qifa Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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53
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Shi C, Yan Y, Mehrmohammadi M, Zhang J. A versatile multimodal optical modality based on Brillouin light scattering and photoacoustic effect. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.10.532144. [PMID: 36945550 PMCID: PMC10028970 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.10.532144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Multimodal optical imaging techniques are useful for various applications, including imaging biological samples for providing comprehensive material properties. In this work, we developed a new modality that can measure a set of mechanical, optical, and acoustical properties of a sample at microscopic resolution, which is based on the integration of Brillouin (Br) and photoacoustic (PA) microscopy. The proposed multimodal imaging technique not only can acquire co-registered Br and PA signals but also allows us to utilize the sound speed measured by PA to quantify the sample’s refractive index, which is a fundamental property of the material and cannot be measured by either technique individually. We demonstrated the colocalization of Br and time-resolved PA signals in a synthetic phantom made of kerosene and CuSO 4 aqueous solution. In addition, we measured the refractive index of saline solutions and validated the result against published data with a relative error of 0.3 %. This multimodal Br-PA modality could open a new way for characterizing biological samples in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Investigating mechanisms of laser pulse-induced reflectivity modulations in photoacoustic remote sensing with a 10 million frames-per-second camera. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3751. [PMID: 36882492 PMCID: PMC9992668 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30831-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustic remote sensing has been recently developed as an all-optical imaging modality capable of imaging a variety of endogenous contrast agents label-free. Initially predicted laser pulse-induced refractive index perturbation-based interrogation beam reflectivity modulations have been found to be orders of magnitude smaller than those typically observed experimentally. In this report we utilize a 10 million frames-per-second camera to further investigate these predicted reflectivity modulations, while also exploring other potential mechanisms of laser pulse-induced reflectivity modulations. Laser-induced motion is demonstrated both laterally for gold wires suspended and submerged in air and water, respectively, and carbon fibers submerged in water, and axial motion is observed in gold wires submerged in a depth gradient of intralipid solution. This laser-induced sample motion is anticipated to cause reflectivity modulations local to the interrogation beam profile in microscopy set-ups. Non-motion-based maximum intensity modulations of 3% are also observed in gold wires submerged in water, indicating the presence of the originally predicted reflectivity modulations. Overall, these observations are important as they provide a widefield view of laser-pulse interactions unavailable in previous point scanning-based photoacoustic remote sensing microscopy configurations, where observed mechanisms occur on time-scales orders of magnitude faster than equivalent field of view point scanning capabilities.
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Ranjan A, Ahmad A, Ahluwalia BS, Melandsø F. Laser-Generated Scholte Waves in Floating Microparticles. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1776. [PMID: 36850374 PMCID: PMC9961672 DOI: 10.3390/s23041776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to demonstrate the generation and detection of Scholte waves inside polystyrene microparticles. This was proven using both experimental analysis and COMSOL simulation. Microspheres of different sizes were excited optically with a pulsed laser (532 nm), and the acoustic signals were detected using a transducer (40 MHz). On analyzing the laser-generated ultrasound signals, the results obtained experimentally and from COMSOL are in close agreement both in the time and frequency domain. A simplified analysis of Scholte wave generation by laser irradiation for homogeneous, isotropic microspheres is presented. The theoretical wave velocity of the Scholte wave was calculated and found close to our experimental results. A representation of pressure wave motion showing the Scholte wave generation is presented at different times.
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Seong D, Lee E, Kim Y, Han S, Lee J, Jeon M, Kim J. Three-dimensional reconstructing undersampled photoacoustic microscopy images using deep learning. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 29:100429. [PMID: 36544533 PMCID: PMC9761854 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Spatial sampling density and data size are important determinants of the imaging speed of photoacoustic microscopy (PAM). Therefore, undersampling methods that reduce the number of scanning points are typically adopted to enhance the imaging speed of PAM by increasing the scanning step size. Since undersampling methods sacrifice spatial sampling density, by considering the number of data points, data size, and the characteristics of PAM that provides three-dimensional (3D) volume data, in this study, we newly reported deep learning-based fully reconstructing the undersampled 3D PAM data. The results of quantitative analyses demonstrate that the proposed method exhibits robustness and outperforms interpolation-based reconstruction methods at various undersampling ratios, enhancing the PAM system performance with 80-times faster-imaging speed and 800-times lower data size. The proposed method is demonstrated to be the closest model that can be used under experimental conditions, effectively shortening the imaging time with significantly reduced data size for processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daewoon Seong
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Euimin Lee
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonseok Kim
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyeob Han
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyul Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mansik Jeon
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeehyun Kim
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Hwang SH, Kim J, Heo C, Yoon J, Kim H, Lee SH, Park HW, Heo MS, Moon HE, Kim C, Paek SH, Jang J. 3D printed multi-growth factor delivery patches fabricated using dual-crosslinked decellularized extracellular matrix-based hybrid inks to promote cerebral angiogenesis. Acta Biomater 2023; 157:137-148. [PMID: 36460287 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Generally, brain angiogenesis is a tightly regulated process, which scarcely occurred in the absence of specific pathological conditions. Delivery of exogenous angiogenic factors enables the induction of desired angiogenesis by stimulating neovasculature formation. However, effective strategies of mimicking the angiogenesis process with exogenous factors have not yet been fully explored. Herein, we develop a 3D printed spatiotemporally compartmentalized cerebral angiogenesis inducing (SCAI) hydrogel patch, releasing dual angiogenic growth factors (GFs), using extracellular matrix-based hybrid inks. We introduce a new hybrid biomaterial-based ink for printing patches through dual crosslinking mechanisms: Chemical crosslinking with aza-Michael addition reaction with combining methacrylated hyaluronic acid (HAMA) and vascular-tissue-derived decellularized extracellular matrix (VdECM), and thermal crosslinking of VdECM. 3D printing technology, a useful approach with fabrication versatility with customizable systems and multiple biomaterials, is adopted to print three-layered hydrogel patch with spatially separated dual GFs as outer- and inner-layers that provide tunable release profiles of multiple GFs and fabrication versatility. Consequently, these layers of the patch spatiotemporally separated with dual GFs induce excellent neovascularization in the brain area, monitored by label-free photoacoustic microscopy in vivo. The developed multi-GFs releasing patch may offer a promising therapeutic approach of spatiotemporal drugs releasing such as cerebral ischemia, ischemic heart diseases, diabetes, and even use as vaccines. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Effective strategies of mimicking the angiogenesis process with exogenous factors have not yet been fully explored. In this study, we develop a 3D printed spatiotemporally compartmentalized cerebral angiogenesis inducing (SCAI) hydrogel patch, releasing dual angiogenic growth factors (GFs) using extracellular matrix-based hybrid inks. We introduce a new hybrid biomaterial-based ink through dual crosslinking mechanisms: Chemical crosslinking with aza-Michael addition, and thermal crosslinking. 3D printing technology is adopted to print three-layered hydrogel patch with spatially separated dual GFs as outer- and inner-layers that provide tunable release profiles of multiple GFs and fabrication versatility. Consequently, these layers of the patch spatiotemporally separated with dual GFs induce excellent neovascularization in the brain area, monitored by photoacoustic microscopy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hyeon Hwang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongbeom Kim
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaejeong Heo
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungbin Yoon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonji Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Hwan Lee
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Woo Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Research Institute, Ischemia/Hypoxia Disease Institute, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Seung Heo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Research Institute, Ischemia/Hypoxia Disease Institute, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Eun Moon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Research Institute, Ischemia/Hypoxia Disease Institute, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhong Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea; Departments of Electrical Engineering, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea; School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea; Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sun Ha Paek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Research Institute, Ischemia/Hypoxia Disease Institute, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinah Jang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea; School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea; Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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58
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Thomas A, Paul S, Singh MS. Energy compensated synthetic aperture focusing technique for photoacoustic microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2023; 16:e202200157. [PMID: 36097262 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202200157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report an adaptive energy-compensated synthetic aperture focusing technique (eC-SAFT) for improving the imaging performance of photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) in terms of depth of field (DOF), spatial resolution (both axial and lateral), and SNR. In addition to coherency and time-delay (in conventional SAFT), our beamforming-based reconstruction algorithm takes into account acoustic energy loss-a primary physical parameter in acoustic wave propagation-following Beer-Lambert's law. Experimental validation studies were performed in tissue-mimicking (Agar) phantoms, complex leaf veins, and chicken breast tissues. Results demonstrate that our proposed eC-SAFT+CF outperforms conventional SAFT+CF to improve axial resolution (up to ∼ 5 % ), lateral resolution (up to ∼ 5 % ), SNR (up to ∼ 6 % ) and CR (up to ∼ 8 % ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Thomas
- Biomedical Instrumentation and Imaging Laboratory (BIIL), School of Physics (SoP), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM), Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Souradip Paul
- Biomedical Instrumentation and Imaging Laboratory (BIIL), School of Physics (SoP), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM), Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Mayanglambam Suheshkumar Singh
- Biomedical Instrumentation and Imaging Laboratory (BIIL), School of Physics (SoP), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM), Thiruvananthapuram, India
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59
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Choi W, Park B, Choi S, Oh D, Kim J, Kim C. Recent Advances in Contrast-Enhanced Photoacoustic Imaging: Overcoming the Physical and Practical Challenges. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 36642892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
For decades now, photoacoustic imaging (PAI) has been investigated to realize its potential as a niche biomedical imaging modality. Despite its highly desirable optical contrast and ultrasonic spatiotemporal resolution, PAI is challenged by such physical limitations as a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), diminished image contrast due to strong optical attenuation, and a lower-bound on spatial resolution in deep tissue. In addition, contrast-enhanced PAI has faced practical limitations such as insufficient cell-specific targeting due to low delivery efficiency and difficulties in developing clinically translatable agents. Identifying these limitations is essential to the continuing expansion of the field, and substantial advances in developing contrast-enhancing agents, complemented by high-performance image acquisition systems, have synergistically dealt with the challenges of conventional PAI. This review covers the past four years of research on pushing the physical and practical challenges of PAI in terms of SNR/contrast, spatial resolution, targeted delivery, and clinical application. Promising strategies for dealing with each challenge are reviewed in detail, and future research directions for next generation contrast-enhanced PAI are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonseok Choi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Byullee Park
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongwook Choi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyeon Oh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongbeom Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhong Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang37673, Republic of Korea
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60
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Pushpa NB, Patra A, Ravi KS. Advances in Microscopy and Its Applications with Special Reference to Fluorescence Microscope: An Overview. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1406:3-17. [PMID: 37016108 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26462-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
The microscope has revolutionized the understanding of an organism's structural details and cellular functions. With the invention of highly evolved microscopes, the diagnosis and treatment of diseases has gained momentum. Technology has immensely helped demonstrate cellular events like phagocytosis, cell movement, cell division, etc. with enhanced temporal and spatial resolution. One of these advanced inventions is the fluorescent microscope which has enabled scanning through various physiological activities of the cell. A fluorescence microscope uses the property of fluorescence to create an image. In addition to visualizing the structural details of the cells, a fluorescence microscope also aids in witnessing cellular activities. With an immunofluorescence microscope, cellular antigens can be localized. This chapter highlights the basics of microscopy, types of microscopes, principles, and types of fluorescence microscopes, and recent advances in microscopy and its application.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Pushpa
- Department of Anatomy, JSS Medical College, JSSAHER, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Apurba Patra
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Kumar Satish Ravi
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
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61
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Recent advances on organelle specific Ru(II)/Ir(III)/Re(I) based complexes for photodynamic therapy. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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62
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Samant P, Trevisi LM, Chen Y, Zwart T, Xiang L. 3-D Protoacoustic Imaging Through a Planar Ultrasound Array: A Simulation Workflow. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RADIATION AND PLASMA MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 7:83-95. [PMID: 37588600 PMCID: PMC10427128 DOI: 10.1109/trpms.2022.3177236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Bragg peak range uncertainties are a persistent constraint in proton therapy. Pulsed proton beams generate protoacoustic emissions proportional to absorbed proton energy, thereby encoding dosimetry information in a detectable acoustic wave. Here, we seek to derive and model 3D protoacoustic imaging with an ultrasound array and examine the frequency characteristics of protoacoustic emissions. A formalism is presented through which protoacoustic signals can be characterized considering transducer bandwidth as well as pulse duration of the incident beam. We have also collected an experimental proton beam intensity signal from a Mevion S250 clinical machine to analyze our formalism. We also show that proton-acoustic image reconstruction is possible even when the noise amplitude is larger than the signal amplitude on individual transducers. We find that a 4μ s Gaussian proton pulse can generate a signal in the range of MHz as long as the spatial heating function has sufficiently high temperature gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Samant
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, 73071, USA and now is with the Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Luis M Trevisi
- Chemical, Biological, & Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, 73071, USA
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Townsend Zwart
- Vice President of Advanced Development at Mevion Medical Systems, Littleton, MA, 01460, USA
| | - Liangzhong Xiang
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA and Beckman Laser Institute & Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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63
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Jung U, Ryu J, Choi H. Optical Light Sources and Wavelengths within the Visible and Near-Infrared Range Using Photoacoustic Effects for Biomedical Applications. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12121154. [PMID: 36551121 PMCID: PMC9775951 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The photoacoustic (PA) effect occurs when sound waves are generated by light according to the thermodynamic and optical properties of the materials; they are absorption spectroscopic techniques that can be applied to characterize materials that absorb pulse or continuous wave (CW)-modulated electromagnetic radiation. In addition, the wavelengths and properties of the incident light significantly impact the signal-to-ratio and contrast with photoacoustic signals. In this paper, we reviewed how absorption spectroscopic research results have been used in applying actual photoacoustic effects, focusing on light sources of each wavelength. In addition, the characteristics and compositions of the light sources used for the applications were investigated and organized based on the absorption spectrum of the target materials. Therefore, we expect that this study will help researchers (who desire to study photoacoustic effects) to more efficiently approach the appropriate conditions or environments for selecting the target materials and light sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unsang Jung
- Production Technology Research Center, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61 Daehak-ro, Gumi 39177, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemyung Ryu
- Department of Optical Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 350-27 Gumi-daero, Gumi 39253, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojong Choi
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam 13420, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Menozzi L, Yang W, Feng W, Yao J. Sound out the impaired perfusion: Photoacoustic imaging in preclinical ischemic stroke. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1055552. [PMID: 36532279 PMCID: PMC9751426 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1055552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Acoustically detecting the optical absorption contrast, photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is a highly versatile imaging modality that can provide anatomical, functional, molecular, and metabolic information of biological tissues. PAI is highly scalable and can probe the same biological process at various length scales ranging from single cells (microscopic) to the whole organ (macroscopic). Using hemoglobin as the endogenous contrast, PAI is capable of label-free imaging of blood vessels in the brain and mapping hemodynamic functions such as blood oxygenation and blood flow. These imaging merits make PAI a great tool for studying ischemic stroke, particularly for probing into hemodynamic changes and impaired cerebral blood perfusion as a consequence of stroke. In this narrative review, we aim to summarize the scientific progresses in the past decade by using PAI to monitor cerebral blood vessel impairment and restoration after ischemic stroke, mostly in the preclinical setting. We also outline and discuss the major technological barriers and challenges that need to be overcome so that PAI can play a more significant role in preclinical stroke research, and more importantly, accelerate its translation to be a useful clinical diagnosis and management tool for human strokes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Menozzi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Wei Yang
- Multidisciplinary Brain Protection Program, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Wuwei Feng
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Junjie Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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65
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Chen M, Jiang L, Cook C, Zeng Y, Vu T, Chen R, Lu G, Yang W, Hoffmann U, Zhou Q, Yao J. High-speed wide-field photoacoustic microscopy using a cylindrically focused transparent high-frequency ultrasound transducer. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 28:100417. [PMID: 36299642 PMCID: PMC9589025 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Combining focused optical excitation and high-frequency ultrasound detection, optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) can provide micrometer-level spatial resolution with millimeter-level penetration depth and has been employed in a variety of biomedical applications. However, it remains a challenge for OR-PAM to achieve a high imaging speed and a large field of view at the same time. In this work, we report a new approach to implement high-speed wide-field OR-PAM, using a cylindrically-focused transparent ultrasound transducer (CFT-UT). The CFT-UT is made of transparent lithium niobate coated with indium-tin-oxide as electrodes. A transparent cylindrical lens is attached to the transducer surface to provide an acoustic focal line with a length of 9 mm. The excitation light can pass directly through the CFT-UT from the above and thus enables a reflection imaging mode. High-speed imaging is achieved by fast optical scanning of the focused excitation light along the CFT-UT focal line. With the confocal alignment of the optical excitation and acoustic detection, a relatively high detection sensitivity is maintained over the entire scanning range. The CFT-UT-based OR-PAM system has achieved a cross-sectional frame rate of 500 Hz over the scanning range of 9 mm. We have characterized the system's performance on phantoms and demonstrated its application on small animal models in vivo. We expect the new CFT-UT-based OR-PAM will find matched biomedical applications that need high imaging speed over a large field of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maomao Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Laiming Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Clare Cook
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Yushun Zeng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Tri Vu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ruimin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Gengxi Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Multidisciplinary Brain Protection Program, Department of Anaesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ulrike Hoffmann
- Multidisciplinary Brain Protection Program, Department of Anaesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Qifa Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Junjie Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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66
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Chen J, Zhang Y, Zhu J, Tang X, Wang L. Freehand scanning photoacoustic microscopy with simultaneous localization and mapping. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 28:100411. [PMID: 36254241 PMCID: PMC9568868 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy offers high-resolution, label-free hemodynamic and functional imaging to many biomedical applications. However, long-standing technical barriers, such as limited field of view, bulky scanning probes, and slow imaging speed, have limited the application of optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy. Here, we present freehand scanning photoacoustic microscopy (FS-PAM) that can flexibly image various anatomical sites. We develop a compact handheld photoacoustic probe to acquire 3D images with high speed, and great flexibility. The high scanning speed not only enables video camera mode imaging but also allows for the first implementation of simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) in photoacoustic microscopy. We demonstrate fast in vivo imaging of some mouse organs, and human oral mucosa. The high imaging speed greatly reduces motion artifacts and distortions from tissue moving, breathing, and unintended handshaking. We demonstrate small-lesion localization in a large region of the brain. FS-PAM offers a flexible high-speed imaging tool with an extendable field of view, enabling more biomedical imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbo Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Yachao Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Jingyi Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Xu Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Lidai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Yuexing Yi Dao, Shenzhen, Guang Dong 518057, China
- Corresponding author at: Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
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67
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Zheng Y, Liu M, Jiang L. Progress of photoacoustic imaging combined with targeted photoacoustic contrast agents in tumor molecular imaging. Front Chem 2022; 10:1077937. [PMID: 36479441 PMCID: PMC9720136 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1077937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging visualizes, characterizes, and measures biological processes at the molecular and cellular level. In oncology, molecular imaging is an important technology to guide integrated and precise diagnosis and treatment. Photoacoustic imaging is mainly divided into three categories: photoacoustic microscopy, photoacoustic tomography and photoacoustic endoscopy. Different from traditional imaging technology, which uses the physical properties of tissues to detect and identify diseases, photoacoustic imaging uses the photoacoustic effect to obtain the internal information of tissues. During imaging, lasers excite either endogenous or exogenous photoacoustic contrast agents, which then send out ultrasonic waves. Currently, photoacoustic imaging in conjunction with targeted photoacoustic contrast agents is frequently employed in the research of tumor molecular imaging. In this study, we will examine the latest advancements in photoacoustic imaging technology and targeted photoacoustic contrast agents, as well as the developments in tumor molecular imaging research.
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68
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Li Y, Jiang Y, Lan L, Ge X, Cheng R, Zhan Y, Chen G, Shi L, Wang R, Zheng N, Yang C, Cheng JX. Optically-generated focused ultrasound for noninvasive brain stimulation with ultrahigh precision. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:321. [PMID: 36323662 PMCID: PMC9630534 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-01004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
High precision neuromodulation is a powerful tool to decipher neurocircuits and treat neurological diseases. Current non-invasive neuromodulation methods offer limited precision at the millimeter level. Here, we report optically-generated focused ultrasound (OFUS) for non-invasive brain stimulation with ultrahigh precision. OFUS is generated by a soft optoacoustic pad (SOAP) fabricated through embedding candle soot nanoparticles in a curved polydimethylsiloxane film. SOAP generates a transcranial ultrasound focus at 15 MHz with an ultrahigh lateral resolution of 83 µm, which is two orders of magnitude smaller than that of conventional transcranial-focused ultrasound (tFUS). Here, we show effective OFUS neurostimulation in vitro with a single ultrasound cycle. We demonstrate submillimeter transcranial stimulation of the mouse motor cortex in vivo. An acoustic energy of 0.6 mJ/cm2, four orders of magnitude less than that of tFUS, is sufficient for successful OFUS neurostimulation. OFUS offers new capabilities for neuroscience studies and disease treatments by delivering a focus with ultrahigh precision non-invasively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueming Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Ying Jiang
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Lu Lan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Xiaowei Ge
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Ran Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Yuewei Zhan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Linli Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Runyu Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Nan Zheng
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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69
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Mukhangaliyeva L, Kocer S, Warren A, Bell K, Boktor M, Yavuz M, Abdel-Rahman E, Haji Reza P. Deformable mirror-based photoacoustic remote sensing (PARS) microscopy for depth scanning. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:5643-5653. [PMID: 36733742 PMCID: PMC9872901 DOI: 10.1364/boe.471770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Optically shifting the focal plane to allow depth scanning of delicate biological structures and processes in their natural environment offers an appealing alternative to conventional mechanical scanning. Our technique uses a deformable mirror-based photoacoustic remote sensing microscopy (PARS) with a focus shifting of Δz ∼ 240 µm. We achieve this by integrating a deformable mirror that functions as a varifocal mirror for axial scanning. First, the system's focal shift capability was demonstrated with USAF resolution targets and carbon fiber phantoms, followed by in-vivo visualizations of blood vessels in chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). This work represents an initial step toward developing a non-contact, label-free, and aberration-free PARS imaging system with axial scanning capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyazzat Mukhangaliyeva
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Samed Kocer
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Alkris Warren
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Kevan Bell
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Marian Boktor
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Mustafa Yavuz
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Eihab Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Parsin Haji Reza
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
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70
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Zhou C, Lin Z, Huang S, Li B, Gao A. Progress in Probe-Based Sensing Techniques for In Vivo Diagnosis. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:943. [PMID: 36354452 PMCID: PMC9688418 DOI: 10.3390/bios12110943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in robotic surgery help to improve the endoluminal diagnosis and treatment with minimally invasive or non-invasive intervention in a precise and safe manner. Miniaturized probe-based sensors can be used to obtain information about endoluminal anatomy, and they can be integrated with medical robots to augment the convenience of robotic operations. The tremendous benefit of having this physiological information during the intervention has led to the development of a variety of in vivo sensing technologies over the past decades. In this paper, we review the probe-based sensing techniques for the in vivo physical and biochemical sensing in China in recent years, especially on in vivo force sensing, temperature sensing, optical coherence tomography/photoacoustic/ultrasound imaging, chemical sensing, and biomarker sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhou
- Institute of Medical Robotics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zecai Lin
- Institute of Medical Robotics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shaoping Huang
- Institute of Medical Robotics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Bing Li
- Institute for Materials Discovery, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Anzhu Gao
- Institute of Medical Robotics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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71
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Mirg S, Turner KL, Chen H, Drew PJ, Kothapalli SR. Photoacoustic imaging for microcirculation. Microcirculation 2022; 29:e12776. [PMID: 35793421 PMCID: PMC9870710 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Microcirculation facilitates the blood-tissue exchange of nutrients and regulates blood perfusion. It is, therefore, essential in maintaining tissue health. Aberrations in microcirculation are potentially indicative of underlying cardiovascular and metabolic pathologies. Thus, quantitative information about it is of great clinical relevance. Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is a capable technique that relies on the generation of imaging contrast via the absorption of light and can image at micron-scale resolution. PAI is especially desirable to map microvasculature as hemoglobin strongly absorbs light and can generate a photoacoustic signal. This paper reviews the current state of the art for imaging microvascular networks using photoacoustic imaging. We further describe how quantitative information about blood dynamics such as the total hemoglobin concentration, oxygen saturation, and blood flow rate is obtained using PAI. We also discuss its importance in understanding key pathophysiological processes in neurovascular, cardiovascular, ophthalmic, and cancer research fields. We then discuss the current challenges and limitations of PAI and the approaches that can help overcome these limitations. Finally, we provide the reader with an overview of future trends in the field of PAI for imaging microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Mirg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Kevin L. Turner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Haoyang Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA,Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Patrick J. Drew
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA,Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA,Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA,Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sri-Rajasekhar Kothapalli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA,Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA,Graduate Program in Acoustics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA,Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA,Corresponding author: Sri-Rajasekhar Kothapalli, 325 CBE Building, State College, PA, 16802, USA,
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72
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Deep learning alignment of bidirectional raster scanning in high speed photoacoustic microscopy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16238. [PMID: 36171249 PMCID: PMC9519743 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20378-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous point-by-point raster scanning of optical and acoustic beams has been widely adapted to high-speed photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) using a water-immersible microelectromechanical system or galvanometer scanner. However, when using high-speed water-immersible scanners, the two consecutively acquired bidirectional PAM images are misaligned with each other because of unstable performance, which causes a non-uniform time interval between scanning points. Therefore, only one unidirectionally acquired image is typically used; consequently, the imaging speed is reduced by half. Here, we demonstrate a scanning framework based on a deep neural network (DNN) to correct misaligned PAM images acquired via bidirectional raster scanning. The proposed method doubles the imaging speed compared to that of conventional methods by aligning nonlinear mismatched cross-sectional B-scan photoacoustic images during bidirectional raster scanning. Our DNN-assisted raster scanning framework can further potentially be applied to other raster scanning-based biomedical imaging tools, such as optical coherence tomography, ultrasound microscopy, and confocal microscopy.
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73
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Zhang P, Miao Y, Ma Y, Niu P, Zhang L, Zhang L, Gao F. All-optical ultrasonic detector based on differential interference. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:4790-4793. [PMID: 36107091 DOI: 10.1364/ol.470486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report on an all-optical ultrasonic detecting method based on differential interference. A linearly polarized probe beam is split into two closely separated ones with orthogonal polarization. After interacting with propagating ultrasonic waves in a coupling media, the split beams are recombined into one beam, with its polarization being changed into an elliptical one by the elastic-optical effect. The recombined beam is filtered by an analyzer and detected by a photodetector. The bandwidth and noise-equivalent pressure (NEP) of the acoustic detector are determined to be 107.4 MHz and 2.18 kPa, respectively. We also demonstrate its feasibility for photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) using agar-embedded phantoms.
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74
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Liu L, Zhao Y, Li A, Yu X, Xiao X, Liu S, Meng MQH. A photoacoustics-enhanced drilling probe for radiation-free pedicle screw implantation in spinal surgery. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1000950. [PMID: 36185423 PMCID: PMC9520603 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1000950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This article proposes a novel intra-operative navigation and sensing system that optimizes the functional accuracy of spinal pedicle screw implantation. It does so by incorporating radiation-free and multi-scale macroscopic 3D ultrasound (US) imaging and local tissue-awareness from in situ photoacoustic (PA) sensing at a clinically relevant mesoscopic scale. More specifically, 3D US imaging is employed for online status updates of spinal segment posture to determine the appropriate entry point and coarse drilling path once non-negligible or relative patient motion occurs between inter-vertebral segments in the intra-operative phase. Furthermore, a sophisticated sensor-enhanced drilling probe has been developed to facilitate fine-grained local navigation that integrates a PA endoscopic imaging component for in situ tissue sensing. The PA signals from a sideways direction to differentiate cancellous bone from harder cortical bone, or to indicate weakened osteoporotic bone within the vertebrae. In so doing it prevents cortical breaches, strengthens implant stability, and mitigates iatrogenic injuries of the neighboring artery and nerves. To optimize this PA-enhanced endoscopic probe design, the light absorption spectrum of cortical bone and cancellous bone are measured in vitro, and the associated PA signals are characterized. Ultimately, a pilot study is performed on an ex vivo bovine spine to validate our developed multi-scale navigation and sensing system. The experimental results demonstrate the clinical feasibility, and hence the great potential, for functionally accurate screw implantation in complex spinal stabilization interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Li Liu, ; Siyu Liu,
| | - Yongjian Zhao
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ang Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xianghu Yu
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Siyu Liu
- School of Science, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Li Liu, ; Siyu Liu,
| | - Max Q.-H. Meng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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75
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Qu Z, Liu C, Zhu J, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Wang L. Two-step proximal gradient descent algorithm for photoacoustic signal unmixing. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 27:100379. [PMID: 35722270 PMCID: PMC9198964 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic microscopy uses multiple wavelengths to measure concentrations of different absorbers. The speed of sound limits the shortest wavelength switching time to sub-microseconds, which is a bottleneck for high-speed broad-spectrum imaging. Via computational separation of overlapped signals, we can break the sound-speed limit on the wavelength switching time. This paper presents a new signal unmixing algorithm named two-step proximal gradient descent. It is advantageous in separating multiple wavelengths with long overlapping and high noise. In the simulation, we can unmix up to nine overlapped signals and successfully separate three overlapped signals with 12-ns delay and 15.9-dB signal-to-noise ratio. We apply this technique to separate three-wavelength photoacoustic images in microvessels. In vivo results show that the algorithm can successfully unmix overlapped multi-wavelength photoacoustic signals, and the unmixed data can improve accuracy in oxygen saturation imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Qu
- City University of Hong Kong, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chao Liu
- City University of Hong Kong, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jingyi Zhu
- City University of Hong Kong, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yachao Zhang
- City University of Hong Kong, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yingying Zhou
- City University of Hong Kong, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lidai Wang
- City University of Hong Kong, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Yuexing Yi Dao, Shenzhen, Guang Dong 518057, China
- Corresponding author at: City University of Hong Kong, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kowloon, .Hong Kong, China
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76
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Osman MS, Chen H, Creamer K, Minotto J, Liu J, Mirg S, Christian J, Bai X, Agrawal S, Kothapalli SR. A Novel Matching Layer Design for Improving the Performance of Transparent Ultrasound Transducers. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2022; 69:2672-2680. [PMID: 35921343 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2022.3195998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Transparent ultrasound transducer (TUT) technology allows easy co-alignment of optical and acoustic beams in the development of compact photoacoustic imaging (PAI) devices with minimum acoustic coupling. However, TUTs suffer from narrow bandwidth and low pulse-echo sensitivity due to the lack of suitable transparent acoustic matching and backing layers. Here, we studied translucent glass beads (GB) in transparent epoxy as an acoustic matching layer for the transparent lithium niobate piezoelectric material-based TUTs (LN-TUTs). The acoustic and optical properties of various volume fractions of GB matching layers were studied using theoretical calculations, simulations, and experiments. These results demonstrated that the GB matching layer has significantly enhanced the pulse-echo sensitivity and bandwidth of the TUTs. Moreover, the GB matching layer served as a light diffuser to help achieve uniform optical fluence on the tissue surface and also improved the photoacoustic (PA) signal bandwidth. The proposed GB matching layer fabrication is low cost, easy to manufacture using conventional ultrasound transducer fabrication tools, acoustically compatible with soft tissue, and minimizes the use of the acoustic coupling medium.
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77
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Seong D, Yi S, Han S, Lee J, Park S, Hwang YH, Kim J, Kim HK, Jeon M. Target ischemic stroke model creation method using photoacoustic microscopy with simultaneous vessel monitoring and dynamic photothrombosis induction. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 27:100376. [PMID: 35734368 PMCID: PMC9207728 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The ischemic stroke animal model evaluates the efficacy of reperfusion and neuroprotective strategies for ischemic injuries. Various conventional methods have been reported to induce the ischemic models; however, controlling specific neurological deficits, mortality rates, and the extent of the infarction is difficult as the size of the affected region is not precisely controlled. In this paper, we report a single laser-based localized target ischemic stroke model development method by simultaneous vessel monitoring and photothrombosis induction using photoacoustic microscopy (PAM), which has minimized the infarct size at precise location with high reproducibility. The proposed method has significantly reduced the infarcted region by illuminating the precise localization. The reproducibility and validity of suggested method have been demonstrated through repeated experiments and histological analyses. These results demonstrate that our method can provide the ischemic stroke model closest to the clinical pathology for brain ischemia research from inducement, occurrence mechanisms to the recovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daewoon Seong
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, the Republic of Korea
| | - Soojin Yi
- Bio-Medical Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41404, the Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, the Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, The Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, the Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyeob Han
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, the Republic of Korea
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, the Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyul Lee
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, the Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sungjo Park
- Pohang Innotown Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, the Republic of Korea
| | - Yang-Ha Hwang
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, the Republic of Korea
| | - Jeehyun Kim
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, the Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Kyun Kim
- Bio-Medical Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41404, the Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, the Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, The Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, the Republic of Korea
| | - Mansik Jeon
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, the Republic of Korea
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78
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Muller JW, Arabul MÜ, Schwab HM, Rutten MCM, van Sambeek MRHM, Wu M, Lopata RGP. Modeling toolchain for realistic simulation of photoacoustic data acquisition. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2022; 27:096005. [PMID: 36104838 PMCID: PMC9470848 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.27.9.096005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Physics-based simulations of photoacoustic (PA) signals are used to validate new methods, to characterize PA setups and to generate training datasets for machine learning. However, a thoroughly validated PA simulation toolchain that can simulate realistic images is still lacking. AIM A quantitative toolchain was developed to model PA image acquisition in complex tissues, by simulating both the optical fluence and the acoustic wave propagation. APPROACH Sampling techniques were developed to decrease artifacts in acoustic simulations. The performance of the simulations was analyzed by measuring the point spread function (PSF) and using a rotatable three-channel phantom, filled with cholesterol, a human carotid plaque sample, and porcine blood. Ex vivo human plaque samples were simulated to validate the methods in more complex tissues. RESULTS The sampling techniques could enhance the quality of the simulated PA images effectively. The resolution and intensity of the PSF in the turbid medium matched the experimental data well. Overall, the appearance, signal-to-noise ratio and speckle of the images could be simulated accurately. CONCLUSIONS A PA toolchain was developed and validated, and the results indicate a great potential of PA simulations in more complex and heterogeneous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Willem Muller
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Photoacoustics and Ultrasound Laboratory Eindhoven, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Catharina Hospital, Department of Vascular Surgery, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mustafa Ü. Arabul
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Photoacoustics and Ultrasound Laboratory Eindhoven, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hans-Martin Schwab
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Photoacoustics and Ultrasound Laboratory Eindhoven, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel C. M. Rutten
- Cardiovascular Biomechanics Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marc R. H. M. van Sambeek
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Photoacoustics and Ultrasound Laboratory Eindhoven, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Catharina Hospital, Department of Vascular Surgery, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Min Wu
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Photoacoustics and Ultrasound Laboratory Eindhoven, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G. P. Lopata
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Photoacoustics and Ultrasound Laboratory Eindhoven, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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79
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Zhang D, Li R, Lou X, Luo J. Hessian filter-assisted full diameter at half maximum (FDHM) segmentation and quantification method for optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:4606-4620. [PMID: 36187248 PMCID: PMC9484426 DOI: 10.1364/boe.468685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy has been validated as an ideal tool for angiographic studies. Quantitative vascular analysis reveals critical information where vessel segmentation plays the key step. The comm-only used Hessian filter method suffers from varying accuracy due to the multi-kernel strategy. In this work, we developed a Hessian filter-assisted, adaptive thresholding vessel segmentation algorithm. Its performance is validated by a digital phantom and in vivo images which demonstrates a superior and consistent accuracy of 0.987 regardless of kernel selection. Subtle vessel change detection is further tested in two longitudinal studies on blood pressure agents. In the antihypotensive case, the proposed method detected a twice larger vasoconstriction over the Hessian filter method. In the antihypertensive case, the proposed method detected a vasodilation of 21.2%, while the Hessian filter method failed in change detection. The proposed algorithm may further push the limit of quantitative imaging on angiographic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Radiology,
Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing
100853, China
| | - Ran Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences,
North China University of Science and
Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
| | - Xin Lou
- Department of Radiology,
Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing
100853, China
| | - Jianwen Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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80
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Tutorial on Development of 3D Vasculature Digital Phantoms for Evaluation of Photoacoustic Image Reconstruction Algorithms. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9080538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A synthetic phantom model is typically utilized to evaluate the initial performance of a photoacoustic image reconstruction algorithm. The characteristics of the phantom model (structural, optical, and acoustic) are required to be very similar to those of the biological tissue. Typically, generic two-dimensional shapes are used as imaging targets to calibrate reconstruction algorithms. However, these structures are not representative of complex biological tissue, and therefore the artifacts that exist in reconstructed images of biological tissue vasculature are ignored. Real data from 3D MRI/CT volumes can be extrapolated to create high-quality phantom models; however, these sometimes involve complicated pre-processing and mostly are challenging, due to the inaccessibility of these datasets or the requirement for approval to utilize the data. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a 3D tissue-mimicking phantom model consisting of different compartments with characteristics that can be easily modified. In this tutorial, we present an optimized development process of a generic 3D complex digital vasculature phantom model in Blender. The proposed workflow is such that an accurate and easily editable digital phantom can be developed. Other workflows for creating the same phantom will take much longer to set up and require more time to edit. We have made a few examples of editable 3D phantom models, which are publicly available to test and modify.
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81
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Kye H, Song Y, Ninjbadgar T, Kim C, Kim J. Whole-Body Photoacoustic Imaging Techniques for Preclinical Small Animal Studies. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:5130. [PMID: 35890810 PMCID: PMC9318812 DOI: 10.3390/s22145130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging is a hybrid imaging technique that has received considerable attention in biomedical studies. In contrast to pure optical imaging techniques, photoacoustic imaging enables the visualization of optical absorption properties at deeper imaging depths. In preclinical small animal studies, photoacoustic imaging is widely used to visualize biodistribution at the molecular level. Monitoring the whole-body distribution of chromophores in small animals is a key method used in preclinical research, including drug-delivery monitoring, treatment assessment, contrast-enhanced tumor imaging, and gastrointestinal tracking. In this review, photoacoustic systems for the whole-body imaging of small animals are explored and summarized. The configurations of the systems vary with the scanning methods and geometries of the ultrasound transducers. The future direction of research is also discussed with regard to achieving a deeper imaging depth and faster imaging speed, which are the main factors that an imaging system should realize to broaden its application in biomedical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjun Kye
- Departments of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering and Optics & Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.K.); (Y.S.); (T.N.)
| | - Yuon Song
- Departments of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering and Optics & Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.K.); (Y.S.); (T.N.)
| | - Tsedendamba Ninjbadgar
- Departments of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering and Optics & Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.K.); (Y.S.); (T.N.)
| | - Chulhong Kim
- Departments of Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Electrical Engineering, School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Jeesu Kim
- Departments of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering and Optics & Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.K.); (Y.S.); (T.N.)
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82
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Li X, Yeung K, Tsang VTC, Huang B, Lo CTK, Wong TTW. Low-cost high-resolution photoacoustic microscopy of blood oxygenation with two laser diodes. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:3893-3903. [PMID: 35991932 PMCID: PMC9352289 DOI: 10.1364/boe.458645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) has been widely used for imaging blood vessel and oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (sO2), providing high-resolution functional images of living animals in vivo. However, most of them require one or multiple bulky and costly pulsed lasers, hindering their applicability in preclinical and clinical settings. In this paper, we demonstrate a reflection-mode low-cost high-resolution OR-PAM system by using two cost-effective and compact laser diodes (LDs), achieving microvasculature and sO2 imaging with a high lateral resolution of ∼6 µm. The cost of the excitation sources has dramatically reduced by ∼20-40 times compared to that of the pulsed lasers used in state-of-the-art OR-PAM systems. A blood phantom study was performed to show a determination coefficient R 2 of 0.96 in linear regression analysis. Experimental results of in vivo mouse ear imaging show that the proposed dual-wavelength LD-based PAM system can provide high-resolution functional images at a low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Li
- Translational and Advanced Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kylie Yeung
- Translational and Advanced Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Victor T. C. Tsang
- Translational and Advanced Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bingxin Huang
- Translational and Advanced Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Claudia T. K. Lo
- Translational and Advanced Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Terence T. W. Wong
- Translational and Advanced Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
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83
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Chen N, Yu J, Liu L, Xu Z, Gao R, Chen T, Song L, Zheng W, Liu C. Video-rate high-resolution single-pixel nonscanning photoacoustic microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:3823-3835. [PMID: 35991922 PMCID: PMC9352284 DOI: 10.1364/boe.459363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) is widely utilized in biomedical applications because of its ability to noninvasively image biological tissues in vivo while providing high-resolution morphological and functional information. However, one drawback of conventional OR-PAM is its imaging speed, which is restricted by the scanning technique employed. To achieve a higher imaging frame rate, we present video-rate high-resolution single-pixel nonscanning photoacoustic microscopy (SPN-PAM), which utilizes Fourier orthogonal basis structured planar illumination to overcome the above-mentioned limitations. A 473 × 473 µm2 imaging field of view (FOV) with 3.73 µm lateral resolution and video-rate imaging of 30 Hz were achieved. In addition, in both in vitro cell and in vivo mouse vascular hemodynamic imaging experiments, high-quality images were obtained at ultralow sampling rates. Thus, the proposed high-resolution SPN-PAM with video-rate imaging speed provides new insights into high-speed PA imaging and could be a powerful tool for rapid biological imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningbo Chen
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Equal contributors
| | - Jia Yu
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Equal contributors
| | - Liangjian Liu
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- National Innovation Center for Advanced Medical Devices, Shenzhen 518131, China
- Equal contributors
| | - Zhiqiang Xu
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Rongkang Gao
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liang Song
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chengbo Liu
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
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84
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Wang Y, Yuan C, Jiang J, Peng K, Wang B. Photoacoustic/Ultrasound Endoscopic Imaging Reconstruction Algorithm Based on the Approximate Gaussian Acoustic Field. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12070463. [PMID: 35884265 PMCID: PMC9312499 DOI: 10.3390/bios12070463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper aims to propose a new photoacoustic/ultrasound endoscopic imaging reconstruction algorithm based on the approximate Gaussian acoustic field which significantly improves the resolution and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the out-of-focus region. We demonstrated the method by numerical calculations and investigated the applicability of the algorithm in a chicken breast phantom. The validation was finally performed by the rabbit rectal endoscopy experiment. Simulation results show that the lateral resolution of the target point in the out-of-focus region can be well optimized with this new algorithm. Phantom experimental results show that the lateral resolution of the indocyanine green (ICG) tube in the photoacoustic image is reduced from 3.975 mm to 1.857 mm by using our new algorithm, which is a 52.3% improvement. Ultrasound images also show a significant improvement in lateral resolution. The results of the rabbit rectal endoscopy experiment prove that the algorithm we proposed is capable of providing higher-quality photoacoustic/ultrasound images. In conclusion, the algorithm enables fast acoustic resolution photoacoustic/ ultrasonic dynamic focusing and effectively improves the imaging quality of the system, which has significant guidance for the design of acoustic resolution photoacoustic/ultrasound endoscopy systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bo Wang
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (B.W.)
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85
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Pampaloni F. Multi-Modal and Molecular Imaging of Cellular Microenvironment and Tissue Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137113. [PMID: 35806117 PMCID: PMC9266741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pampaloni
- Physical Biology Group, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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86
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Kang MS, Lee H, Jeong SJ, Eom TJ, Kim J, Han DW. State of the Art in Carbon Nanomaterials for Photoacoustic Imaging. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061374. [PMID: 35740396 PMCID: PMC9219987 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging using energy conversion from light to ultrasound waves has been developed as a powerful tool to investigate in vivo phenomena due to their complex characteristics. In photoacoustic imaging, endogenous chromophores such as oxygenated hemoglobin, deoxygenated hemoglobin, melanin, and lipid provide useful biomedical information at the molecular level. However, these intrinsic absorbers show strong absorbance only in visible or infrared optical windows and have limited light transmission, making them difficult to apply for clinical translation. Therefore, the development of novel exogenous contrast agents capable of increasing imaging depth while ensuring strong light absorption is required. We report here the application of carbon nanomaterials that exhibit unique physical, mechanical, and electrochemical properties as imaging probes in photoacoustic imaging. Classified into specific structures, carbon nanomaterials are synthesized with different substances according to the imaging purposes to modulate the absorption spectra and highly enhance photoacoustic signals. In addition, functional drugs can be loaded into the carbon nanomaterials composite, and effective in vivo monitoring and photothermal therapy can be performed with cell-specific targeting. Diverse applied cases suggest the high potential of carbon nanomaterial-based photoacoustic imaging in in vivo monitoring for clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Sung Kang
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (M.S.K.); (H.L.)
| | - Haeni Lee
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (M.S.K.); (H.L.)
| | - Seung Jo Jeong
- Bio-IT Fusion Technology Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea;
| | - Tae Joong Eom
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (M.S.K.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence: (T.J.E.); (J.K.); (D.-W.H.)
| | - Jeesu Kim
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (M.S.K.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence: (T.J.E.); (J.K.); (D.-W.H.)
| | - Dong-Wook Han
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (M.S.K.); (H.L.)
- Bio-IT Fusion Technology Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea;
- Correspondence: (T.J.E.); (J.K.); (D.-W.H.)
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87
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Shintate R, Ishii T, Ahn J, Kim JY, Kim C, Saijo Y. High-speed optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy with MEMS scanner using a novel and simple distortion correction method. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9221. [PMID: 35654947 PMCID: PMC9163157 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12865-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) is a remarkable biomedical imaging technique that can selectively visualize microtissues with optical-dependent high resolution. However, traditional OR-PAM using mechanical stages provides slow imaging speed, making it difficult to biologically interpret in vivo tissue. In this study, we developed a high-speed OR-PAM using a recently commercialized MEMS mirror. This system (MEMS-OR-PAM) consists of a 1-axis MEMS mirror and a mechanical stage. Furthermore, this study proposes a novel calibration method that quickly removes the spatial distortion caused by fast MEMS scanning. The proposed calibration method can easily correct distortions caused by both the scan geometry of the MEMS mirror and its nonlinear motion by running an image sequence only once using a ruler target. The combination of MEMS-OR-PAM and distortion correction method was verified using three experiments: (1) leaf skeleton phantom imaging to test the distortion correction efficacy; (2) spatial resolution and depth of field (DOF) measurement for system performance; (3) in-vivo finger capillary imaging to verify their biomedical use. The results showed that the combination could achieve a high-speed (32 s in 2 × 4 mm) and high lateral resolution (~ 6 µm) imaging capability and precisely visualize the circulating structure of the finger capillaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Shintate
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Takuro Ishii
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan.,Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 930-8555, Japan
| | - Joongho Ahn
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Electrical Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Electrical Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhong Kim
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Electrical Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoshifumi Saijo
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
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88
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Ren D, Li C, Shi J, Chen R. A Review of High-Frequency Ultrasonic Transducers for Photoacoustic Imaging Applications. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2022; 69:1848-1858. [PMID: 34941509 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2021.3138158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is a new and rapidly growing hybrid biomedical imaging modality that combines the virtues of both optical and ultrasonic (US) imaging. The nature of the interaction between light and ultrasound waves allows PAI to make good use of the rich contrast produced by optics while retaining the imaging depths in US imaging. High-frequency US transducers are an important part of the PAI systems, used to detect the high-frequency and broad-bandwidth photoacoustic signals excited by the target tissues irradiated by short laser pulses. Advancement in high-frequency US transducer technology has influenced the boost of PAI to broad applications. Here, we present a review on high-frequency US transducer technologies for PAI applications, including advanced piezoelectric materials and representative transducers. In addition, we discuss the new challenges and directions facing the development of high-frequency US transducers for PAI applications.
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89
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Xu Z, Pan Y, Chen N, Zeng S, Liu L, Gao R, Zhang J, Fang C, Song L, Liu C. Visualizing tumor angiogenesis and boundary with polygon-scanning multiscale photoacoustic microscopy. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 26:100342. [PMID: 35433255 PMCID: PMC9010793 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we developed an integrated optical-resolution (OR) and acoustic-resolution (AR) PAM, which has multiscale imaging capability using different resolutions. However, limited by the scanning method, a tradeoff exists between the imaging speed and field of view, which impedes its wider applications. Here, we present an improved multiscale PAM which achieves high-speed wide-field imaging based on a homemade polygon scanner. Encoder trigger mode was proposed to avoid jittering of the polygon scanner during imaging. Distortions caused by polygon scanning were analyzed theoretically and compared with traditional types of distortions in optical-scanning PAM. Then a depth correction method was proposed and verified to compensate for the distortions. System characterization of OR-PAM and AR-PAM was performed prior to in vivo imaging. Blood reperfusion of an in vivo mouse ear was imaged continuously to demonstrate the feasibility of the multiscale PAM for high-speed imaging. Results showed that the maximum B-scan rate could be 14.65 Hz in a fixed range of 10 mm. Compared with our previous multiscale system, the imaging speed of the improved system was increased by a factor of 12.35. In vivo imaging of a subcutaneously inoculated B-16 melanoma of a mouse was performed. Results showed that the blood vasculature around the melanoma could be resolved and the melanoma could be visualized at a depth up to 1.6 mm using the multiscale PAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Xu
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yinhao Pan
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ningbo Chen
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Silue Zeng
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery I, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Liangjian Liu
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Rongkang Gao
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jianhui Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chihua Fang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery I, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Liang Song
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chengbo Liu
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Corresponding author.
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90
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Hirasawa T, Tachi K, Miyashita M, Okawa S, Kushibiki T, Ishihara M. Spectroscopic photoacoustic microscopic imaging during single spatial scan using broadband excitation light pulses with wavelength-dependent time delay. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 26:100364. [PMID: 35574189 PMCID: PMC9096666 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In most multispectral optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM), spatial scanning is repeated for each excitation wavelength, which decreases throughput and causes motion artifacts during spectral processing. This study proposes a new spectroscopic OR-PAM technique to acquire information on the photoacoustic signal intensity and excitation wavelength from single spatial scans. The technique involves irradiating an imaging target with two broadband optical pulses with and without wavelength-dependent time delays. The excitation wavelength of the sample is then calculated by measuring the time delay between the photoacoustic signals generated by the two optical pulses. This technique is validated by measuring the excitation wavelengths of dyes in tubes. Furthermore, we demonstrate the three-dimensional spectroscopic OR-PAM of cells stained with suitable dyes. Although the tradeoff between excitation efficiency and excitation bandwidth must be adjusted based on the application, combining the proposed technique with fast spatial scanning methods can significantly contribute to recent OR-PAM applications, such as monitoring quick biological events and microscale tracking of moving materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hirasawa
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Defense Medical College, 3–2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359–8513, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Tachi
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Defense Medical College, 3–2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359–8513, Japan
- Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College, 3–2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359–8513, Japan
| | - Manami Miyashita
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Defense Medical College, 3–2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359–8513, Japan
| | - Shinpei Okawa
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Defense Medical College, 3–2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359–8513, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kushibiki
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Defense Medical College, 3–2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359–8513, Japan
| | - Miya Ishihara
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Defense Medical College, 3–2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359–8513, Japan
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91
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Gao R, Xue Q, Ren Y, Zhang H, Song L, Liu C. Achieving depth-independent lateral resolution in AR-PAM using the synthetic-aperture focusing technique. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 26:100328. [PMID: 35242539 PMCID: PMC8861412 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2021.100328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (AR-PAM) is a promising imaging modality that renders images with ultrasound resolution and extends the imaging depth beyond the optical ballistic regime. To achieve a high lateral resolution, a large numerical aperture (NA) of a focused transducer is usually applied for AR-PAM. However, AR-PAM fails to hold its performance in the out-of-focus region. The lateral resolution and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) degrade substantially, thereby leading to a significantly deteriorated image quality outside the focal area. Based on the concept of the synthetic-aperture focusing technique (SAFT), various strategies have been developed to address this challenge. These include 1D-SAFT, 2D-SAFT, adaptive-SAFT, spatial impulse response (SIR)-based schemes, and delay-multiply-and-sum (DMAS) strategies. These techniques have shown progress in achieving depth-independent lateral resolution, while several challenges remain. This review aims to introduce these developments in SAFT-based approaches, highlight their fundamental mechanisms, underline the advantages and limitations of each approach, and discuss the outlook of the remaining challenges for future advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongkang Gao
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qiang Xue
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, The Shenzhen Medical Ultrasound Engineering Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Yaguang Ren
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, The Shenzhen Medical Ultrasound Engineering Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518020, China
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Clinical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Liang Song
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chengbo Liu
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Corresponding author.
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92
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Ecclestone BR, Bell K, Sparkes S, Dinakaran D, Mackey JR, Haji Reza P. Label-free complete absorption microscopy using second generation photoacoustic remote sensing. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8464. [PMID: 35589763 PMCID: PMC9120477 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11235-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decades, absorption modalities have emerged as powerful tools for label-free functional and structural imaging of cells and tissues. Many biomolecules present unique absorption spectra providing chromophore-specific information on properties such as chemical bonding, and sample composition. As chromophores absorb photons the absorbed energy is emitted as photons (radiative relaxation) or converted to heat and under specific conditions pressure (non-radiative relaxation). Modalities like fluorescence microscopy may capture radiative relaxation to provide contrast, while modalities like photoacoustic microscopy may leverage non-radiative heat and pressures. Here we show an all-optical non-contact total-absorption photoacoustic remote sensing (TA-PARS) microscope, which can capture both radiative and non-radiative absorption effects in a single acquisition. The TA-PARS yields an absorption metric proposed as the quantum efficiency ratio (QER), which visualizes a biomolecule’s proportional radiative and non-radiative absorption response. The TA-PARS provides label-free visualization of a range of biomolecules enabling convincing analogues to traditional histochemical staining of tissues, effectively providing label-free Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E)-like visualizations. These findings establish an effective all-optical non-contact total-absorption microscope for label-free inspection of biological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Ecclestone
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.,IllumiSonics Inc, 22 King Street South, Suite 300, Waterloo, ON, N2J 1N8, Canada
| | - Kevan Bell
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.,IllumiSonics Inc, 22 King Street South, Suite 300, Waterloo, ON, N2J 1N8, Canada
| | - Sarah Sparkes
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Deepak Dinakaran
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2V1, Canada
| | - John R Mackey
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2V1, Canada
| | - Parsin Haji Reza
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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93
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Zhu X, Huang Q, DiSpirito A, Vu T, Rong Q, Peng X, Sheng H, Shen X, Zhou Q, Jiang L, Hoffmann U, Yao J. Real-time whole-brain imaging of hemodynamics and oxygenation at micro-vessel resolution with ultrafast wide-field photoacoustic microscopy. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:138. [PMID: 35577780 PMCID: PMC9110749 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00836-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
High-speed high-resolution imaging of the whole-brain hemodynamics is critically important to facilitating neurovascular research. High imaging speed and image quality are crucial to visualizing real-time hemodynamics in complex brain vascular networks, and tracking fast pathophysiological activities at the microvessel level, which will enable advances in current queries in neurovascular and brain metabolism research, including stroke, dementia, and acute brain injury. Further, real-time imaging of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (sO2) can capture fast-paced oxygen delivery dynamics, which is needed to solve pertinent questions in these fields and beyond. Here, we present a novel ultrafast functional photoacoustic microscopy (UFF-PAM) to image the whole-brain hemodynamics and oxygenation. UFF-PAM takes advantage of several key engineering innovations, including stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) based dual-wavelength laser excitation, water-immersible 12-facet-polygon scanner, high-sensitivity ultrasound transducer, and deep-learning-based image upsampling. A volumetric imaging rate of 2 Hz has been achieved over a field of view (FOV) of 11 × 7.5 × 1.5 mm3 with a high spatial resolution of ~10 μm. Using the UFF-PAM system, we have demonstrated proof-of-concept studies on the mouse brains in response to systemic hypoxia, sodium nitroprusside, and stroke. We observed the mouse brain's fast morphological and functional changes over the entire cortex, including vasoconstriction, vasodilation, and deoxygenation. More interestingly, for the first time, with the whole-brain FOV and micro-vessel resolution, we captured the vasoconstriction and hypoxia simultaneously in the spreading depolarization (SD) wave. We expect the new imaging technology will provide a great potential for fundamental brain research under various pathological and physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Qiang Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Anthony DiSpirito
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Tri Vu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Qiangzhou Rong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Xiaorui Peng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Huaxin Sheng
- Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Xiling Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Qifa Zhou
- Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Laiming Jiang
- Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| | - Ulrike Hoffmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| | - Junjie Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
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94
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Kim J, Kim G, Li L, Zhang P, Kim JY, Kim Y, Kim HH, Wang LV, Lee S, Kim C. Deep learning acceleration of multiscale superresolution localization photoacoustic imaging. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:131. [PMID: 35545614 PMCID: PMC9095876 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00820-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A superresolution imaging approach that localizes very small targets, such as red blood cells or droplets of injected photoacoustic dye, has significantly improved spatial resolution in various biological and medical imaging modalities. However, this superior spatial resolution is achieved by sacrificing temporal resolution because many raw image frames, each containing the localization target, must be superimposed to form a sufficiently sampled high-density superresolution image. Here, we demonstrate a computational strategy based on deep neural networks (DNNs) to reconstruct high-density superresolution images from far fewer raw image frames. The localization strategy can be applied for both 3D label-free localization optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) and 2D labeled localization photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT). For the former, the required number of raw volumetric frames is reduced from tens to fewer than ten. For the latter, the required number of raw 2D frames is reduced by 12 fold. Therefore, our proposed method has simultaneously improved temporal (via the DNN) and spatial (via the localization method) resolutions in both label-free microscopy and labeled tomography. Deep-learning powered localization PA imaging can potentially provide a practical tool in preclinical and clinical studies requiring fast temporal and fine spatial resolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongbeom Kim
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, and Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyuwon Kim
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, and Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Lei Li
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., MC 138-78, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, and Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Opticho, 532, CHANGeUP GROUND, 87 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongsangbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonggeun Kim
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, and Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Ham Kim
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, and Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Lihong V Wang
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., MC 138-78, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
| | - Seungchul Lee
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, and Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chulhong Kim
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, and Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Opticho, 532, CHANGeUP GROUND, 87 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongsangbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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95
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Ghavami M, Ilkhechi AK, Zemp R. Flexible transparent CMUT arrays for photoacoustic tomography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:15877-15894. [PMID: 36221443 DOI: 10.1364/oe.455796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the fabrication and characterization of the first flexible transparent capacitive micromachined ultrasound transducer (CMUT) array for through-illumination photoacoustic tomography. Fabricated based on an adhesive wafer bonding technique and a PDMS backfill approach, the array has a maximum transparency of 67% in visible light range and can be bent to a radius of curvature of less than 5 mm without the structural layers being damaged. With a center frequency of 3.5 MHz, 80% fractional bandwidth, and noise equivalent pressure (NEP) of 62 mPa/H z, the array was successfully used in limited-view photoacoustic tomography of a 100 µm wire target, demonstrating lateral and axial resolutions of 293 µm and 382 µm, respectively, with 46 dB signal-to-noise ratio. Additionally, deep tissue photoacoustic tomography was also demonstrated on a blood tube within a chicken tissue using the fabricated CMUT arrays.
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96
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Hybrid confocal fluorescence and photoacoustic microscopy for the label-free investigation of melanin accumulation in fish scales. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7173. [PMID: 35504968 PMCID: PMC9065085 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11262-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower vertebrates, including fish, can rapidly alter skin lightness through changes in melanin concentration and melanosomes’ mobility according to various factors, which include background color, light intensity, ambient temperature, social context, husbandry practices and acute or chronic stressful stimuli. Within this framework, the determination of skin chromaticity parameters in fish species is estimated either in specific areas using colorimeters or at the whole animal level using image processing and analysis software. Nevertheless, the accurate quantification of melanin content or melanophore coverage in fish skin is quite challenging as a result of the laborious chemical analysis and the typical application of simple optical imaging methods, requiring also to euthanize the fish in order to obtain large skin samples for relevant investigations. Here we present the application of a novel hybrid confocal fluorescence and photoacoustic microscopy prototype for the label-free imaging and quantification of melanin in fish scales samples with high spatial resolution, sensitivity and detection specificity. The hybrid images are automatically processed through optimized algorithms, aiming at the accurate and rapid extraction of various melanin accumulation indices in large datasets (i.e., total melanin content, melanophores’ area, density and coverage) corresponding to different fish species and groups. Furthermore, convolutional neural network-based algorithms have been trained using the recorded data towards the classification of different scales’ samples with high accuracy. In this context, we demonstrate that the proposed methodology may increase substantially the precision, as well as, simplify and expedite the relevant procedures for the quantification of melanin content in marine organisms.
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97
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Asao Y, Nagae K, Miyasaka K, Sekiguchi H, Aiso S, Watanabe S, Sato M, Kizaka-Kondoh S, Nakajima Y, Kishi K, Yagi T. In Vivo Label-Free Observation of Tumor-Related Blood Vessels in Small Animals Using a Newly Designed Photoacoustic 3D Imaging System. ULTRASONIC IMAGING 2022; 44:96-104. [PMID: 35549598 PMCID: PMC9207988 DOI: 10.1177/01617346221099201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) technology can be used for non-invasive imaging of blood vessels. In this paper, we report on our prototype PA imaging system with a newly designed ultrasound sensor and its visualization performance of microvascular in animal. We fabricated an experimental system for animals using a high-frequency sensor. The system has two modes: still image mode by wide scanning and moving image mode by small rotation of sensor array. Optical test target, euthanized mice and rats, and live mice were used as objects. The results of optical test target showed that the spatial resolution was about two times higher than that of our conventional prototype. The image performance in vivo was evaluated in euthanized healthy mice and rats, allowing visualization of detailed blood vessels in the liver and kidneys. In tumor-bearing mice, different results of vascular induction were shown depending on the type of tumor and the method of transplantation. By utilizing the video imaging function, we were able to observe the movement of blood vessels around the tumor. We have demonstrated the feasibility of the system as a less invasive animal experimental device, as it can acquire vascular images in animals in a non-contrast and non-invasive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marika Sato
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Kazuo Kishi
- Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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98
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Han S, Lee H, Kim C, Kim J. Review on Multispectral Photoacoustic Analysis of Cancer: Thyroid and Breast. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12050382. [PMID: 35629886 PMCID: PMC9143964 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12050382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, photoacoustic imaging has been used widely in biomedical research, providing molecular and functional information from biological tissues in vivo. In addition to being used for research in small animals, photoacoustic imaging has also been utilized for in vivo human studies, achieving a multispectral photoacoustic response in deep tissue. There have been several clinical trials for screening cancer patients by analyzing multispectral responses, which in turn provide metabolomic information about the underlying biological tissues. This review summarizes the methods and results of clinical photoacoustic trials available in the literature to date to classify cancerous tissues, specifically of the thyroid and breast. From the review, we can conclude that a great potential exists for photoacoustic imaging to be used as a complementary modality to improve diagnostic accuracy for suspicious tumors, thus significantly benefitting patients’ healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongyi Han
- Departments of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering and Optics & Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (S.H.); (H.L.)
| | - Haeni Lee
- Departments of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering and Optics & Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (S.H.); (H.L.)
| | - Chulhong Kim
- Departments of Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Electrical Engineering, School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea;
| | - Jeesu Kim
- Departments of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering and Optics & Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (S.H.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence:
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99
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Photoacoustic Imaging in Biomedicine and Life Sciences. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12040588. [PMID: 35455079 PMCID: PMC9028050 DOI: 10.3390/life12040588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Photo-acoustic imaging, also known as opto-acoustic imaging, has become a widely popular modality for biomedical applications. This hybrid technique possesses the advantages of high optical contrast and high ultrasonic resolution. Due to the distinct optical absorption properties of tissue compartments and main chromophores, photo-acoustics is able to non-invasively observe structural and functional variations within biological tissues including oxygenation and deoxygenation, blood vessels and spatial melanin distribution. The detection of acoustic waves produced by a pulsed laser source yields a high scaling range, from organ level photo-acoustic tomography to sub-cellular or even molecular imaging. This review discusses significant novel technical solutions utilising photo-acoustics and their applications in the fields of biomedicine and life sciences.
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Functional photoacoustic microscopy of hemodynamics: a review. Biomed Eng Lett 2022; 12:97-124. [PMID: 35529339 PMCID: PMC9046529 DOI: 10.1007/s13534-022-00220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional blood imaging can reflect tissue metabolism and organ viability, which is important for life science and biomedical studies. However, conventional imaging modalities either cannot provide sufficient contrast or cannot support simultaneous multi-functional imaging for hemodynamics. Photoacoustic imaging, as a hybrid imaging modality, can provide sufficient optical contrast and high spatial resolution, making it a powerful tool for in vivo vascular imaging. By using the optical-acoustic confocal alignment, photoacoustic imaging can even provide subcellular insight, referred as optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM). Based on a multi-wavelength laser source and developed the calculation methods, OR-PAM can provide multi-functional hemodynamic microscopic imaging of the total hemoglobin concentration (CHb), oxygen saturation (sO2), blood flow (BF), partial oxygen pressure (pO2), oxygen extraction fraction, and metabolic rate of oxygen (MRO2). This concise review aims to systematically introduce the principles and methods to acquire various functional parameters for hemodynamics by photoacoustic microscopy in recent studies, with characteristics and advantages comparison, typical biomedical applications introduction, and future outlook discussion.
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