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Mollenhauer B, Batrla R, El-Agnaf O, Galasko DR, Lashuel HA, Merchant KM, Shaw LM, Selkoe DJ, Umek R, Vanderstichele H, Zetterberg H, Zhang J, Caspell-Garcia C, Coffey C, Hutten SJ, Frasier M, Taylor P. A user's guide for α-synuclein biomarker studies in biological fluids: Perianalytical considerations. Mov Disord 2017; 32:1117-1130. [PMID: 28734051 PMCID: PMC5638072 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease biomarkers are needed to increase diagnostic accuracy, to objectively monitor disease progression and to assess therapeutic efficacy as well as target engagement when evaluating novel drug and therapeutic strategies. This article summarizes perianalytical considerations for biomarker studies (based on immunoassays) in Parkinson's disease, with emphasis on quantifying total α‐synuclein protein in biological fluids. Current knowledge and pitfalls are discussed, and selected perianalytical variables are presented systematically, including different temperature of sample collection and types of collection tubes, gradient sampling, the addition of detergent, aliquot volume, the freezing time, and the different thawing methods. We also discuss analytical confounders. We identify gaps in the knowledge and delineate specific areas that require further investigation, such as the need to identify posttranslational modifications of α‐synuclein and antibody‐independent reference methods for quantification, as well as the analysis of potential confounders, such as comorbidities, medication, and phenotypes of Parkinson's disease in larger cohorts. This review could be used as a guideline for future Parkinson's disease biomarker studies and will require regular updating as more information arises in this growing field, including new technical developments as they become available. In addition to reviewing best practices, we also identify the current technical limitations and gaps in the knowledge that should be addressed to enable accurate and quantitative assessment of α‐synuclein levels in the clinical setting. © 2017 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brit Mollenhauer
- Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Richard Batrla
- Roche Diagnostics International Ltd, Rotkreuz, Switzerland
| | - Omar El-Agnaf
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), and College of Science and Engineering, HBKU, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Hilal A Lashuel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Science, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Lesley M Shaw
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dennis J Selkoe
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert Umek
- MesoScale Discovery, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Jing Zhang
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chelsea Caspell-Garcia
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Chris Coffey
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Samantha J Hutten
- Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mark Frasier
- Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, New York, USA
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Brudek T, Winge K, Folke J, Christensen S, Fog K, Pakkenberg B, Pedersen LØ. Autoimmune antibody decline in Parkinson's disease and Multiple System Atrophy; a step towards immunotherapeutic strategies. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:44. [PMID: 28592329 PMCID: PMC5463400 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0187-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson’s’ disease (PD) and Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) are progressive brain disorders characterized by intracellular accumulations of α-synuclein and nerve cell loss in specific brain areas. This loss causes problems with movement, balance and/or autonomic functions. Naturally occurring autoantibodies (NAbs) play potentially an important role in clearing or/and blocking circulating pathological proteins. Little is known about the functional properties of anti-α-synuclein NAbs in PD and MSA, and there have been opposing reports regarding their plasma concentrations in these disorders. Methods We have investigated the apparent affinity of anti-α-synuclein NAbs in plasma samples from 46 PD patients, 18 MSA patients and 41 controls using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) set-ups. Results We found that the occurrence of high affinity anti-α-synuclein NAbs in plasma from PD patients is reduced compared to healthy controls, and nearly absent in plasma from MSA patients. Also, levels of α-synuclein/NAbs immunocomplexes is substantially reduced in plasma from both patient groups. Further, cross binding of anti-α-synuclein NAbs with β- and γ-synuclein monomers suggest, the high affinity anti-α-synuclein plasma component, seen in healthy individuals, is directed mainly against C-terminal epitopes. Furthermore, we also observed reduced occurrence of high affinity anti-phosphorylated-α-synuclein NAbs in plasma from PD and MSA patients. Conclusions One interpretation implies that these patients may have impaired ability to clear and/or block the effects of pathological α-synuclein due to insufficient/absent concentration of NAbs and as such provides a rationale for testing immune-based therapeutic strategies directed against pathological α-synuclein. Following this interpretation, we can hypothesize that high affinity autoantibodies efficiently bind and clear potentially pathological species of α-synuclein in healthy brain, and that this mechanism is impaired or absent in PD and MSA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Brudek
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400, Copenhagen N, Denmark. .,Bispebjerg Movement Disorders Biobank, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Kristian Winge
- Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400, Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Bispebjerg Movement Disorders Biobank, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jonas Folke
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | | | - Karina Fog
- , H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Valby, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Pakkenberg
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400, Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Giacomelli C, Daniele S, Martini C. Potential biomarkers and novel pharmacological targets in protein aggregation-related neurodegenerative diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 131:1-15. [PMID: 28159621 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation of specific proteins plays a pivotal role in the etiopathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). β-Amyloid (Aβ) peptide-containing plaques and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated protein tau are the two main neuropathological lesions in Alzheimer's disease. Meanwhile, Parkinson's disease is defined by the presence of intraneuronal inclusions (Lewy bodies), in which α-synuclein (α-syn) has been identified as a major protein component. The current literature provides considerable insights into the mechanisms underlying oligomeric-related neurodegeneration, as well as the relationship between protein aggregation and ND, thus facilitating the development of novel putative biomarkers and/or pharmacological targets. Recently, α-syn, tau and Aβ have been shown to interact each other or with other "pathological proteins" to form toxic heteroaggregates. These latest findings are overcoming the concept that each neurodegenerative disease is related to the misfolding of a single specific protein. In this review, potential opportunities and pharmacological approaches targeting α-syn, tau and Aβ and their oligomeric forms are highlighted with examples from recent studies. Protein aggregation as a biomarker of NDs, in both the brain and peripheral fluids, is deeply explored. Finally, the relationship between biomarker establishment and assessment and their use as diagnostics or therapeutic targets are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Giacomelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Daniele
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Martini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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54
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Emelyanov A, Andoskin P, Pchelina S. Dataset of total, oligomeric alpha-synuclein and hemoglobin levels in plasma in Parkinson׳s disease. Data Brief 2016; 10:182-185. [PMID: 27981207 PMCID: PMC5149047 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2016.11.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This data article presents a dataset of total, oligomeric alpha-synuclein and hemoglobin levels in plasma of drug-naïve PD patients and controls. This is the first attempt to assess the effect of hemolysis rate on oligomeric alpha-synuclein levels in peripheral plasma. The data are associated with the research article “Oligomeric alpha-synuclein and glucocerebrosidase activity levels in GBA-associated Parkinson׳s disease” (Pchelina et al., 2016) [1].
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Affiliation(s)
- A Emelyanov
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia; Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia; St. Petersburg Academic University - Nanothecnology Research and Education Centre, RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - P Andoskin
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - S Pchelina
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia; Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia; St. Petersburg Academic University - Nanothecnology Research and Education Centre, RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
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55
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Relationship between the plasma levels of neurodegenerative proteins and motor subtypes of Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 124:353-360. [PMID: 27878377 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1650-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study is to examine the plasma levels of the four kinds of neurodegenerative proteins in plasma: α-syn, T-tau, P-tau181, and Aβ-42 in Parkinson's disease (PD) and to evaluate the relationship between their plasma levels and PD motor subtypes. 84 patients with PD were enrolled in our study, and finally, 73 of them were classified into the tremor-dominant subtype (TD) and the postural instability gait difficulty subtype (PIGD). Their motor performance was evaluated by a series of clinical assessments: Freezing of Gait Questionnaire (FOGQ), Timed Up and Go (TUGs), Tinetti balance, and Tinetti gait. Plasma levels of these proteins were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The plasma level of α-syn was significantly higher in PD patients when compared to controls (p = 0.004), and significantly higher in the PIGD group when compared to the TD group (p = 0.03). While the plasma level of Aβ-42 was significantly lower in PD patients than in controls (p = 0.002), and significantly lower in the PIGD group than in the TD group (p = 0.05). In PD patients, the plasma level of α-syn (r = -0.355, p < 0.001) was significantly related to the severity of Tenitti Gait score, even after performing multiple linear regression (p = 0.002). While the plasma level of Aβ-42 (r = -0.261, p < 0.05) was significantly associated with the severity of PIGD score and remained correlate when performed multiple linear regression (p = 0.005). The patients with PIGD subtype are characterized with a lower level of plasma Aβ-42 and a higher plasma level of α-syn, which may be used as biomarkers for diagnosis and progression of the subtypes of PD.
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56
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Sensitive analysis of α-synuclein by nonlinear laser wave mixing coupled with capillary electrophoresis. Anal Biochem 2016; 500:51-9. [PMID: 26874019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Multi-photon nonlinear laser wave-mixing spectroscopy is a novel absorption-based technique that offers excellent detection sensitivity for biomedical applications, including early diagnosis and investigation of neurodegenerative diseases. α-Synuclein is linked to Parkinson's disease (PD), and characterization of its oligomers and quantification of the protein may contribute to understanding PD. The laser wave-mixing signal has a quadratic dependence on analyte concentration, and hence the technique is effective in monitoring small changes in concentration within biofluids. A wide variety of labels can be employed for laser wave-mixing detection due to its ability to detect both chromophores and fluorophores. In this investigation, two fluorophores and a chromophore are studied and used as labels for the detection of α-synuclein. Wave-mixing detection limits of PD-related protein conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate, QSY 35 acetic acid, succinimidyl ester, and Chromeo P503 were determined to be 1.4 × 10(-13) M, 1.4 × 10(-10) M, and 1.9 × 10(-13) M, respectively. Based on the laser probe volume used, the corresponding mass detection limits were determined to be 1.1 × 10(-23) mol, 1.1 × 10(-20) mol, and 1.5 × 10(-23) mol. This study also presents molecular-based separation and quantification of α-synuclein by laser wave mixing coupled with capillary electrophoresis.
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Alpha-Synuclein as a Diagnostic Biomarker for Parkinson’s Disease. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3560-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Simonsen AH, Kuiperij B, El-Agnaf OMA, Engelborghs S, Herukka SK, Parnetti L, Rektorova I, Vanmechelen E, Kapaki E, Verbeek M, Mollenhauer B. The utility of α-synuclein as biofluid marker in neurodegenerative diseases: a systematic review of the literature. Biomark Med 2016; 10:19-34. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm.14.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of α-synuclein (α-syn) as a major component of Lewy bodies, neuropathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies and of glial inclusions in multiple system atrophy initiated the investigation of α-syn as a biomarker in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Due to the involvement of the periphery in PD the quantification of α-syn in peripheral fluids such as serum, plasma and saliva has been investigated as well. We review how the development of multiple assays for the quantification of α-syn has yielded novel insights into the variety of α-syn species present in the different fluids; the optimal preanalytical conditions required for robust quantification and the potential clinical value of α-syn as biomarker. We also suggest future approaches to use of CSF α-syn in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Hviid Simonsen
- Memory Disorders Research Group, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bea Kuiperij
- Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Omar Mukhtar Ali El-Agnaf
- College of Science and Engineering, Hamid Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Education City, PO Box 5825 Doha, Qatar
| | - Sebastian Engelborghs
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp & Department of Neurology & Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sanna-Kaisa Herukka
- Institute of Clinical Medicine – Neurology University of Eastern Finland School of Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lucilla Parnetti
- Centro Disturbi della Memoria- Unità Valutativa Alzheimer, Clinica Neurologica, Università di Perugia, Italy
| | - Irena Rektorova
- Applied Neuroscience Research Group, CEITEC MU, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eugeen Vanmechelen
- ADx NeuroSciences, VIB-Bioincubator, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 4, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Kapaki
- National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Marcel Verbeek
- Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Brit Mollenhauer
- Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel & University Medical Center (Departments of Neuropathology & Neurosurgery), Georg-August University Goettingen, Germany
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Kempuraj D, Thangavel R, Yang E, Pattani S, Zaheer S, Santillan DA, Santillan MK, Zaheer A. Dopaminergic Toxin 1-Methyl-4-Phenylpyridinium, Proteins α-Synuclein and Glia Maturation Factor Activate Mast Cells and Release Inflammatory Mediators. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135776. [PMID: 26275153 PMCID: PMC4537263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by the presence of Lewy bodies and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), a metabolite of neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and Lewy body component α-synuclein activates glia in PD pathogenesis. Mast cells and glia maturation factor (GMF) are implicated in neuroinflammatory conditions including Multiple Sclerosis. However, the role of mast cells in PD is not yet known. We have analyzed the effect of recombinant GMF, MPP+, α-synuclein and interleukin-33 (IL-33) on mouse bone marrow-derived cultured mast cells (BMMCs), human umbilical cord blood-derived cultured mast cells (hCBMCs) and mouse brain-derived cultured astrocytes by quantifying cytokines/chemokines released using ELISA or by detecting the expression of co-stimulatory molecules CD40 and CD40L by flow cytometry. GMF significantly released chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) from BMMCs but its release was reduced in BMMCs from GMF knockout mice. GMF, α-synuclein and MPP+ released IL-1β, β-hexosaminidase from BMMCs, and IL-8 from hCBMCs. GMF released CCL5, and IL-33- induced the expression of GMF from hCBMCs. Novel GMF expression was detected in hCBMCs and BMMCs by immunocytochemistry. GMF released tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) from mouse astrocytes, and this release was greater in BMMC- astrocyte coculture than in individual cultures. Flow cytometry results showed increased IL-33 expression by GMF and MPP+, and GMF-induced CD40 expression in astrocytes. Proinflammatory mediator release by GMF, MPP+ and α-synuclein, as well as GMF expression by mast cells indicate a potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases including PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Evert Yang
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Sagar Pattani
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Donna A. Santillan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Mark K. Santillan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rodriguez-Araujo G, Nakagami H, Takami Y, Katsuya T, Akasaka H, Saitoh S, Shimamoto K, Morishita R, Rakugi H, Kaneda Y. Low alpha-synuclein levels in the blood are associated with insulin resistance. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12081. [PMID: 26159928 PMCID: PMC4498217 DOI: 10.1038/srep12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the protein alpha-synuclein (SNCA) have been linked to Parkinson's disease. We recently reported that non-mutated SNCA enhanced glucose uptake through the Gab1-PI3 kinase-Akt pathway and elucidated its effects on glucose regulation. Here, we examined the association of SNCA with insulin resistance (IR), a condition that is characterized by decreased tissue glucose uptake. Our observations include those from a population study as well as a SNCA-deficient mouse model, which had not previously been characterized in an IR scenario. In 1,152 patients, we found that serum SNCA levels were inversely correlated with IR indicators--body mass index, homeostatic model assessment for IR (HOMA-IR) and immunoreactive insulin (IRI)--and, to a lesser extent, with blood pressure and age. Additionally, SNCA-deficient mice displayed alterations in glucose and insulin responses during diet-induced IR. Moreover, during euglycemic clamp assessments, SNCA knock-out mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) showed severe IR in adipose tissues and skeletal muscle. These findings provide new insights into IR and diabetes and point to SNCA as a potential candidate for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yoichi Takami
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Katsuya
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akasaka
- Sapporo Medical University Hospital, Second Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Shigeyuki Saitoh
- Sapporo Medical University Hospital, Second Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Kazuaki Shimamoto
- Sapporo Medical University Hospital, Second Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Ryuichi Morishita
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiromi Rakugi
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Inekci D, Jonesco DS, Kennard S, Karsdal MA, Henriksen K. The potential of pathological protein fragmentation in blood-based biomarker development for dementia - with emphasis on Alzheimer's disease. Front Neurol 2015; 6:90. [PMID: 26029153 PMCID: PMC4426721 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of dementia is challenging and early stages are rarely detected limiting the possibilities for early intervention. Another challenge is the overlap in the clinical features across the different dementia types leading to difficulties in the differential diagnosis. Identifying biomarkers that can detect the pre-dementia stage and allow differential diagnosis could provide an opportunity for timely and optimal intervention strategies. Also, such biomarkers could help in selection and inclusion of the right patients in clinical trials of both Alzheimer’s disease and other dementia treatment candidates. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been the most investigated source of biomarkers and several candidate proteins have been identified. However, looking solely at protein levels is too simplistic to provide enough detailed information to differentiate between dementias, as there is a significant crossover between the proteins involved in the different types of dementia. Additionally, CSF sampling makes these biomarkers challenging for presymptomatic identification. We need to focus on disease-specific protein fragmentation to find a fragment pattern unique for each separate dementia type – a form of protein fragmentology. Targeting protein fragments generated by disease-specific combinations of proteins and proteases opposed to detecting the intact protein could reduce the overlap between diagnostic groups as the extent of processing as well as which proteins and proteases constitute the major hallmark of each dementia type differ. In addition, the fragments could be detectable in blood as they may be able to cross the blood–brain barrier due to their smaller size. In this review, the potential of the fragment-based biomarker discovery for dementia diagnosis and prognosis is discussed, especially highlighting how the knowledge from CSF protein biomarkers can be used to guide blood-based biomarker development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Inekci
- Nordic Bioscience, Biomarkers and Research , Herlev , Denmark ; Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby , Denmark
| | | | - Sophie Kennard
- Nordic Bioscience, Biomarkers and Research , Herlev , Denmark
| | | | - Kim Henriksen
- Nordic Bioscience, Biomarkers and Research , Herlev , Denmark
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Gupta V, Garg RK, Khattri S. Serological Analysis of Alpha-synuclein and NF-κB in Parkinson's Disease Patients. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:BC01-4. [PMID: 26155470 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/12545.5978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several investigations have been made to determine the level of alpha-synuclein in the peripheral blood of Parkinson's disease patients, but the results were very contradictory and inconclusive. Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) was also found to be involved in Parkinson's disease, but there is a lack of studies investigating NF-κB in Parkinson's disease patients. As far as our knowledge goes, no study reported the level of NF-κB in serum of Parkinson's disease patients. In this context, present study was designed to make a baseline study in order to evaluate the levels of total alpha-synuclein and NF-κB in serum of Parkinson's disease patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Serum samples were collected from Parkinson's disease patients (n=97) and healthy controls (n=97). Their levels were determined by using Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The levels of total alpha-synuclein (patients=5.79±2.24 ng/ml, controls=6.20±1.61 ng/ml; p=0.14) and NF-κB (patients=1.38±0.99 ng/ml, controls=1.65±1.00 ng/ml; p=0.71) were lower in Parkinson's disease patients than controls, but the differences were not statistically significant. This difference was also failed to reach significance between males (alpha-synuclein (p)=0.70, NF-κB (p)=0.84) and females (alpha-synuclein (p)=0.06, NF-κB (p)=0.77) in both the groups as well as within the groups. The levels of total alpha-synuclein and NF-κB were also not associated with Parkinson's disease severity (alpha-synuclein (p) = 0.84, NF-κB (p) = 0.73). CONCLUSION A non-significant difference in the levels of total alpha-synuclein and NF-κB between Parkinson's disease patients and controls suggested that these are not valuable biomarkers for Parkinson's disease, more specifically in Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineeta Gupta
- Senior Research Fellow, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, King George's Medical University , Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravindra Kumar Garg
- Professor and Head of Department, Department of Neurology, King George's Medical University , Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjay Khattri
- Professor, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, King George's Medical University , Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Ishii R, Tokuda T, Tatebe H, Ohmichi T, Kasai T, Nakagawa M, Mizuno T, El-Agnaf OMA. Decrease in plasma levels of α-synuclein is evident in patients with Parkinson's disease after elimination of heterophilic antibody interference. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123162. [PMID: 25849645 PMCID: PMC4388641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is substantial biochemical, pathological, and genetic evidence that α-synuclein (A-syn) is a principal molecule in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD). We previously reported that total A-syn levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), measured with the specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) developed by ourselves, were decreased in patients with PD, and suggested the usefulness of A-syn in CSF and plasma as a biomarker for the diagnosis of PD. After our report, a considerable number of studies have investigated the levels A-syn in CSF and in blood, but have reported inconclusive results. Such discrepancies have often been attributed not only to the use of different antibodies in the ELISAs but also to interference from hemolysis. In this study we measured the levels of A-syn in CSF and plasma by using our own sandwich ELISA with or without heterophilic antibody (HA) inhibitor in 30 patients with PD and 58 age-matched controls. We thereby revealed that HA interfered with ELISA measurements of A-syn and are accordingly considered to be an important confounder in A-syn ELISAs. HA produced falsely exaggerated signals in A-syn ELISAs more prominently in plasma samples than in CSF samples. After elimination of HA interference, it was found that hemolysis did not have a significant effect on the signals obtained using our A-syn ELISA. Furthermore, plasma levels of A-syn were significantly lower in the PD group compared with the control group following elimination of HA interference with an HA inhibitor. Our results demonstrate that HA was a major confounder that should be controlled in A-syn ELISAs, and that plasma A-syn could be a useful biomarker for the diagnosis of PD if adequately quantified following elimination of HA interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryotaro Ishii
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiko Tokuda
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology of Brain Diseases, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Harutsugu Tatebe
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Zaitaku (Homecare), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Medical Education and Primary Care, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takuma Ohmichi
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Kasai
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masanori Nakagawa
- North Medical Center, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshiki Mizuno
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Omar M. A. El-Agnaf
- College of Science, Engineering and Technology, HBKU, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
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64
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Koehler NKU, Stransky E, Meyer M, Gaertner S, Shing M, Schnaidt M, Celej MS, Jovin TM, Leyhe T, Laske C, Batra A, Buchkremer G, Fallgatter AJ, Wernet D, Richartz-Salzburger E. Alpha-synuclein levels in blood plasma decline with healthy aging. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123444. [PMID: 25844871 PMCID: PMC4386828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is unequivocal evidence that alpha-synuclein plays a pivotal pathophysiological role in neurodegenerative diseases, and in particular in synucleinopathies. These disorders present with a variable extent of cognitive impairment and alpha-synuclein is being explored as a biomarker in CSF, blood serum and plasma. Considering key events of aging that include proteostasis, alpha-synuclein may not only be useful as a marker for differential diagnosis but also for aging per se. To explore this hypothesis, we developed a highly specific ELISA to measure alpha-synuclein. In healthy males plasma alpha-synuclein levels correlated strongly with age, revealing much lower concentrations in older (avg. 58.1 years) compared to younger (avg. 27.6 years) individuals. This difference between the age groups was enhanced after acidification of the plasmas (p<0.0001), possibly reflecting a decrease of alpha-synuclein-antibody complexes or chaperone activity in older individuals. Our results support the concept that alpha-synuclein homeostasis may be impaired early on, possibly due to disturbance of the proteostasis network, a key component of healthy aging. Thus, alpha-synuclein may be a novel biomarker of aging, a factor that should be considered when analyzing its presence in biological specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas K U Koehler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Calwerstr. 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otfried-Müller-Strasse 27, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elke Stransky
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Calwerstr. 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mirjam Meyer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Calwerstr. 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Gaertner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Calwerstr. 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mona Shing
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Calwerstr. 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martina Schnaidt
- Zentrum für Klinische Transfusionsmedizin, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 4, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maria S Celej
- Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Biological Chemistry (CIQUIBIC, CONICET), School of Chemical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Haya de la Torrey Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Thomas M Jovin
- Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Leyhe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Calwerstr. 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Center of Old Age Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospital, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, CH-4012 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Laske
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Calwerstr. 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otfried-Müller-Strasse 27, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anil Batra
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Calwerstr. 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Buchkremer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Calwerstr. 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas J Fallgatter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Calwerstr. 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dorothee Wernet
- Zentrum für Klinische Transfusionsmedizin, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 4, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elke Richartz-Salzburger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Calwerstr. 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Naturally occurring alpha-synuclein autoantibodies in Parkinson's disease: sources of (error) variance in biomarker assays. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114566. [PMID: 25470145 PMCID: PMC4255021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD), which can partly be modulated by innate and adaptive immune functions, and vice versa. Here, naturally occurring α-Syn autoantibodies (α-Syn-nAbs) may be effective against α-Syn pathoetiology and may serve as a PD biomarker. However, serum and cerebrospinal fluid α-Syn-nAbs levels still lack consistent evidence as required for a reliable PD biomarker. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid α-Syn-nAbs levels of 66 PD patients and 69 healthy controls were assessed using a validated ELISA assay. Moreover, potential sources of error variance including unspecific ELISA background signals, free serum hemoglobin concentrations, α-Syn plate coating procedures, and differences in α-Syn-nAbs standards, were investigated. PD patients and controls did not differ in serum (p = .49) nor cerebrospinal fluid (p = .29) α-Syn-nAbs levels. Interestingly, free serum hemoglobin concentrations were negatively correlated with α-Syn-nAbs levels in controls (Spearman = −.41, p<.001), but not in PD patients ( = .16, p = .21). ELISA α-Syn plate coating procedures impacted inter-assay variability (same day coating: 8–16%; coating on different days: 16–58%). α-Syn-nAbs standards from different purification batches differed regarding optical density measured in ELISAs suggesting differences in α-Syn affinity. While α-Syn-nAbs levels may represent a potential PD biomarker, several methodological issues have to be considered to increase reproducibility of α-Syn-nAbs findings. Further studies using standardized protocols minimizing sources of error variance may be necessary to establish a reliable PD α-Syn-nAbs biomarker.
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66
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Shi M, Liu C, Cook TJ, Bullock KM, Zhao Y, Ginghina C, Li Y, Aro P, Dator R, He C, Hipp MJ, Zabetian CP, Peskind ER, Hu SC, Quinn JF, Galasko DR, Banks WA, Zhang J. Plasma exosomal α-synuclein is likely CNS-derived and increased in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 128:639-650. [PMID: 24997849 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1314-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 453] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular α-synuclein is important in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and also as a potential biomarker when tested in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The performance of blood plasma or serum α-synuclein as a biomarker has been found to be inconsistent and generally ineffective, largely due to the contribution of peripherally derived α-synuclein. In this study, we discovered, via an intracerebroventricular injection of radiolabeled α-synuclein into mouse brain, that CSF α-synuclein was readily transported to blood, with a small portion being contained in exosomes that are relatively specific to the central nervous system (CNS). Consequently, we developed a technique to evaluate the levels of α-synuclein in these exosomes in individual plasma samples. When applied to a large cohort of clinical samples (267 PD, 215 controls), we found that in contrast to CSF α-synuclein concentrations, which are consistently reported to be lower in PD patients compared to controls, the levels of plasma exosomal α-synuclein were substantially higher in PD patients, suggesting an increased efflux of the protein to the peripheral blood of these patients. Furthermore, although no association was observed between plasma exosomal and CSF α-synuclein, a significant correlation between plasma exosomal α-synuclein and disease severity (r = 0.176, p = 0.004) was observed, and the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity achieved by plasma exosomal α-synuclein were comparable to those determined by CSF α-synuclein. Further studies are clearly needed to elucidate the mechanism involved in the transport of CNS α-synuclein to the periphery, which may lead to a more convenient and robust assessment of PD clinically.
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67
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Malek N, Swallow D, Grosset KA, Anichtchik O, Spillantini M, Grosset DG. Alpha-synuclein in peripheral tissues and body fluids as a biomarker for Parkinson's disease - a systematic review. Acta Neurol Scand 2014; 130:59-72. [PMID: 24702516 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is neuropathologically characterized as an alpha-synucleinopathy. Alpha-synuclein-containing inclusions are stained as Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in the brain, which are the pathological hallmark of PD. However, alpha-synuclein-containing inclusions in PD are not restricted to the central nervous system, but are also found in peripheral tissues. Alpha-synuclein levels can also be measured in body fluids. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of available evidence to determine the utility of alpha-synuclein as a peripheral biomarker of PD. We searched PubMed (1948 to 26 May 2013), Embase (1974 to 26 May 2013), the Cochrane Library (up to 26 May 2013), LILACS (up to 26 May 2013) and CINAHL (up to 26 May 2013) for the studies of alpha-synuclein in peripheral tissues or body fluids in PD. A total of 49 studies fulfilled the search criteria. Peripheral tissues such as colonic mucosa showed a sensitivity of 42-90% and a specificity of 100%; submandibular salivary glands showed sensitivity and specificity of 100%; skin biopsy showed 19% sensitivity and 80% specificity in detecting alpha-synuclein pathology. CSF alpha-synuclein had 71-94% sensitivity and 25-53% specificity for distinguishing PD from controls. Plasma alpha-synuclein had 48-53% sensitivity and 69-85% specificity. Neither plasma nor CSF alpha-synuclein is presently a reliable marker of PD. This differs from alpha-synuclein in solid tissue samples of the enteric and autonomic nervous system, which offer some potential as a surrogate marker of brain synucleinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Malek
- Institute of Neurological Sciences; Southern General Hospital; Glasgow UK
| | - D. Swallow
- Institute of Neurological Sciences; Southern General Hospital; Glasgow UK
| | - K. A. Grosset
- Institute of Neurological Sciences; Southern General Hospital; Glasgow UK
| | - O. Anichtchik
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences; Brain Repair Centre; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - M. Spillantini
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences; Brain Repair Centre; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - D. G. Grosset
- Institute of Neurological Sciences; Southern General Hospital; Glasgow UK
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68
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Alvarez-Castelao B, Gorostidi A, Ruíz-Martínez J, López de Munain A, Castaño JG. Epitope Mapping of Antibodies to Alpha-Synuclein in LRRK2 Mutation Carriers, Idiopathic Parkinson Disease Patients, and Healthy Controls. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:169. [PMID: 25076905 PMCID: PMC4097207 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (Snca) plays a major role in Parkinson disease (PD). Circulating anti-Snca antibodies has been described in PD patients and healthy controls, but they have been poorly characterized. This study was designed to assess the prevalence of anti-Snca reactivity in human subjects carrying the LRRK2 mutation, idiopathic PD (iPD) patients, and healthy controls and to map the epitopes of the anti-Snca antibodies. Antibodies to Snca were detected by ELISA and immunoblotting using purified recombinant Snca in plasma from individuals carrying LRRK2 mutations (104), iPD patients (59), and healthy controls (83). Epitopes of antibodies were mapped using recombinant protein constructs comprising different regions of Snca. Clear positive anti-Snca reactivity showed no correlation with age, sex, years of evolution, or the disability scores for PD patients and anti-Snca reactivity was not prevalent in human patients with other neurological or autoimmune diseases. Thirteen of the positive individuals were carriers of LRRK2 mutations either non-manifesting (8 out 49 screened) or manifesting (5 positive out 55), three positive (out of 59) were iPD patients, and five positive (out of 83) were healthy controls. Epitope mapping showed that antibodies against the N-terminal (a.a. 1–60) or C-terminal (a.a. 109–140) regions of Snca predominate in LRRK2 mutation carriers and iPD patients, being N122 a critical amino acid for recognition by the anti-C-terminal directed antibodies. Anti-Snca circulating antibodies seem to cluster within families carrying the LRRK2 mutation indicating possible genetic or common environmental factors in the generation of anti-Snca antibodies. These results suggest that case-controls’ studies are insufficient and further studies in family cohorts of patients and healthy controls should be undertaken, to progress in the understanding of the possible relationship of anti-Snca antibodies and PD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Alvarez-Castelao
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", UAM-CSIC, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Ana Gorostidi
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Madrid , Spain ; Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Donostia , San Sebastián , Spain ; Area de Neurociencias, Instituto Biodonostia , San Sebastián , Spain
| | - Javier Ruíz-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Madrid , Spain ; Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Donostia , San Sebastián , Spain ; Area de Neurociencias, Instituto Biodonostia , San Sebastián , Spain
| | - Adolfo López de Munain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Madrid , Spain ; Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Donostia , San Sebastián , Spain ; Area de Neurociencias, Instituto Biodonostia , San Sebastián , Spain ; Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea , San Sebastián , Spain
| | - José G Castaño
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", UAM-CSIC, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Madrid , Spain
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Sun ZF, Xiang XS, Chen Z, Zhang L, Tang BS, Xia K, Jiang H. Increase of the plasma α-synuclein levels in patients with multiple system atrophy. Mov Disord 2013; 29:375-9. [PMID: 24115000 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Fang Sun
- Department of Neurology; Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Changsha Hunan People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Shuang Xiang
- Department of Neurology; Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Changsha Hunan People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Chen
- Department of Neurology; Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Changsha Hunan People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Neurology; Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Changsha Hunan People's Republic of China
| | - Bei-Sha Tang
- Department of Neurology; Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Changsha Hunan People's Republic of China
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Center; Central South University; Changsha Hunan People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics; Central South University; Changsha Hunan People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics; Central South University; Changsha Hunan People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology; Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Changsha Hunan People's Republic of China
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Center; Central South University; Changsha Hunan People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics; Central South University; Changsha Hunan People's Republic of China
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70
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Rodriguez-Araujo G, Nakagami H, Hayashi H, Mori M, Shiuchi T, Minokoshi Y, Nakaoka Y, Takami Y, Komuro I, Morishita R, Kaneda Y. Alpha-synuclein elicits glucose uptake and utilization in adipocytes through the Gab1/PI3K/Akt transduction pathway. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:1123-33. [PMID: 23124190 PMCID: PMC11113429 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Insulin is the main glucoregulator that promotes the uptake of glucose by tissues and the subsequent utilization of glucose as an energy source. In this paper, we describe a novel glucoregulator, the alpha-synuclein (SNCA) protein, that has previously been linked to Parkinson's disease. Treatment with recombinant SNCA promotes glucose uptake in vitro in preadipocytes and in vivo in the adipose tissues and skeletal muscles of mice through the LPAR2/Gab1/PI3K/Akt pathway; these effects occur independently of the insulin receptor. This function of SNCA represents a new mechanistic insight that creates novel avenues of research with respect to the process of glucose regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Rodriguez-Araujo
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Hironori Nakagami
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Hiroki Hayashi
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Shiuchi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Minokoshi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Nakaoka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yoichi Takami
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Issei Komuro
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Ryuichi Morishita
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yasufumi Kaneda
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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71
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Caranci G, Piscopo P, Rivabene R, Traficante A, Riozzi B, Castellano AE, Ruggieri S, Vanacore N, Confaloni A. Gender differences in Parkinson's disease: focus on plasma α-synuclein. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2013; 120:1209-15. [PMID: 23328951 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-0972-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Among promising biological markers proposed for Parkinson's disease (PD) and other disorders related to Lewy bodies, plasma alpha-synuclein assay has provided conflicting results mainly owing to the various laboratory assay techniques used and protein forms assayed. In this observational and exploratory cross-sectional study, using an immunoenzymatic technique, we assayed and compared total plasma alpha-synuclein concentrations in 69 patients with PD and 110 age-matched healthy control subjects. Two previously unreported findings concerned gender. First, plasma alpha-synuclein concentrations measured in the more advanced parkinsonian disease stages decreased in men, but not in women. Second, again only in men, plasma alpha-synuclein concentration was associated with cognitive impairments, hallucinations, and sleep disorders. These findings underline the gender-related differences in parkinsonian patients and indicate plasma alpha-synuclein expression as a potential biological marker for PD progression in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Caranci
- Department of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed Institute, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
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72
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Gorostidi A, Bergareche A, Ruiz-Martínez J, Martí-Massó JF, Cruz M, Varghese S, Qureshi MM, Alzahmi F, Al-Hayani A, de Munáin AL, El-Agnaf OM. Αlpha-synuclein levels in blood plasma from LRRK2 mutation carriers. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52312. [PMID: 23300640 PMCID: PMC3531490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) remains primarily a clinical issue, based mainly on phenotypic patterns. The identification of biomarkers capable of permitting the preclinical detection of PD is critically needed. α-Synuclein is a key protein in PD, with missense and multiplication mutations in the gene encoding α-synuclein (SNCA) having been reported in familial cases of PD, and accumulation of the protein identified in Lewy bodies (LBs) and Lewy neurites (LNs) in affected brain regions. With the objective of validating the use of α-synuclein as a clinical or progressive biomarker in an accessible tissue, we used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure α-synuclein levels in the peripheral blood plasma of idiopathic PD and LRRK2 mutation carrier patients and compared our findings with healthy control subjects. Compared to healthy controls, we found a significant decrease in plasma total α-synuclein levels in idiopathic PD (iPD) patients (n = 134, p = 0.010). However, the reduction was less significant in patients who were LRRK2 mutation carriers (n = 32, p = 0.133). This lack of significance could be due to the small number of individuals employed in this group. No predictive value of total α-synuclein in the diagnosis of PD was found in a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Although this is a pilot study requiring corroboration on a larger cohort of patients, our results highlight the possible use of plasma α-synuclein as a biomarker for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gorostidi
- Biodonostia Research Institute, Neurosciences area, Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- Hospital Donostia, Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders Unit, Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- Centro de investigación biomédica en Red para enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Bergareche
- Biodonostia Research Institute, Neurosciences area, Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- Hospital Donostia, Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders Unit, Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- Centro de investigación biomédica en Red para enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Ruiz-Martínez
- Biodonostia Research Institute, Neurosciences area, Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- Hospital Donostia, Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders Unit, Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- Centro de investigación biomédica en Red para enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - José F. Martí-Massó
- Biodonostia Research Institute, Neurosciences area, Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- Hospital Donostia, Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders Unit, Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- Centro de investigación biomédica en Red para enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Cruz
- Biodonostia Research Institute, Neurosciences area, Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- Hospital Donostia, Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders Unit, Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- Centro de investigación biomédica en Red para enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Ikerbasque Basque Fundation for Science, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Shiji Varghese
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed M. Qureshi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fatimah Alzahmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdulmonem Al-Hayani
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adolfo López de Munáin
- Biodonostia Research Institute, Neurosciences area, Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- Hospital Donostia, Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders Unit, Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- Centro de investigación biomédica en Red para enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Omar M.A. El-Agnaf
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Smith LM, Schiess MC, Coffey MP, Klaver AC, Loeffler DA. α-Synuclein and anti-α-synuclein antibodies in Parkinson's disease, atypical Parkinson syndromes, REM sleep behavior disorder, and healthy controls. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52285. [PMID: 23284971 PMCID: PMC3524108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
α-synuclein is thought to play a key role in Parkinson’s disease (PD) because it is the major protein in Lewy bodies, and because its gene mutations, duplication, and triplication are associated with early-onset PD. There are conflicting reports as to whether serum and plasma concentrations of α-synuclein and anti-α-synuclein antibodies differ between PD and control subjects. The objectives of this study were to compare the levels of α-synuclein and its antibodies between individuals with typical PD (n = 14), atypical Parkinson syndromes (n = 11), idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (n = 10), and healthy controls (n = 9), to assess the strength of association between these serum proteins, and to determine group sizes needed for a high probability (80% power) of detecting statistical significance for 25% or 50% differences between typical PD and control subjects for these measurements. Analysis of log-transformed data found no statistically significant differences between groups for either α-synuclein or its antibodies. The concentrations of these proteins were weakly correlated (Spearman rho = 0.16). In subjects with typical PD and atypical Parkinson syndromes, anti-α-synuclein antibody levels above 1.5 µg/ml were detected only in subjects with no more than four years of clinical disease. Power analysis indicated that 236 and 73 samples per group would be required for an 80% probability that 25% and 50% differences, respectively, in mean α-synuclein levels between typical PD and control subjects would be statistically significant; for anti-α-synuclein antibodies, 283 and 87 samples per group would be required. Our findings are consistent with those previous studies which suggested that serum concentrations of α-synuclein and its antibodies are not significantly altered in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynnae M. Smith
- Department of Neurology Research, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Mya C. Schiess
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mary P. Coffey
- Department of Biostatistics, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Andrea C. Klaver
- Department of Neurology Research, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, Michigan, United States of America
| | - David A. Loeffler
- Department of Neurology Research, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Antibody-aided clearance of extracellular α-synuclein prevents cell-to-cell aggregate transmission. J Neurosci 2012; 32:13454-69. [PMID: 23015436 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1292-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal deposition and intercellular propagation of α-synuclein plays a central role in the pathogenesis of disorders such as Parkinson's Disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Previous studies demonstrated that immunization against α-synuclein resulted in reduced α-synuclein accumulation and synaptic loss in a transgenic (tg) mouse model, highlighting the potential for immunotherapy. However, the mechanism by which immunization prevents synucleinopathy-associated deficits remains unknown. Here, we show that antibodies against α-synuclein specifically target and aid in clearance of extracellular α-synuclein proteins by microglia, thereby preventing their actions on neighboring cells. Antibody-assisted clearance occurs mainly in microglia through the Fcγ receptor, and not in neuronal cells or astrocytes. Stereotaxic administration of antibody into the brains of α-synuclein tg mice prevented neuron-to-astroglia transmission of α-synuclein and led to increased localization of α-synuclein and the antibody in microglia. Furthermore, passive immunization with α-synuclein antibody reduced neuronal and glial accumulation of α-synuclein and ameliorated neurodegeneration and behavioral deficits associated with α-synuclein overexpression. These findings provide an underlying mechanistic basis for immunotherapy for PD/DLB and suggest extracellular forms of α-synuclein as potential therapeutic targets.
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α-Synuclein as CSF and Blood Biomarker of Dementia with Lewy Bodies. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 2012:437025. [PMID: 23056991 PMCID: PMC3463927 DOI: 10.1155/2012/437025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a common subtype of dementia in the elderly. DLB is neuropathologically characterized by the presence of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, both of which are composed of α-synuclein. Although α-synuclein was initially considered to be an exclusively intracellular protein, it has been found to be secreted into biological fluids. α-Synuclein in biological fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood has been discussed as a potential biomarker of DLB and α-synuclein-related disorders, because α-synuclein is characteristically accumulated in the brain of patients with these disorders. The α-synuclein level in CSF has been examined by several investigators, and the majority of studies have shown a reduction in CSF α-synuclein level in DLB and α-synuclein-related disorders. Discrepant findings of studies of plasma α-synuclein level in patients with DLB have been reported. Because the level of α-synuclein stored in red blood cells is considerably high, blood contamination and haemolysis during sample collection and processing should be considered as a confounding factor for quantification of α-synuclein. Here, the recent progress in the studies of α-synuclein as a biomarker of DLB and their potential clinical applications are reviewed.
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76
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Haas BR, Stewart TH, Zhang J. Premotor biomarkers for Parkinson's disease - a promising direction of research. Transl Neurodegener 2012; 1:11. [PMID: 23211054 PMCID: PMC3514104 DOI: 10.1186/2047-9158-1-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The second most serious neurodegenerative disease is Parkinson’s disease (PD). Over the past several decades, a strong body of evidence suggests that PD can begin years before the hallmark clinical motor symptoms appear. Biomarkers for PD are urgently needed to differentiate between neurodegenerative disorders, screen novel therapeutics, and predict eventual clinical PD before the onset of symptoms. Some clinical evaluations and neuroimaging techniques have been developed in the last several years with some success in this area. Moreover, other strategies have been utilized to identify biochemical and genetic markers associated with PD leading to the examination of PD progression and pathogenesis in cerebrospinal fluid, blood, or saliva. Finally, interesting results are surfacing from preliminary studies using known PD-associated genetic mutations to assess potential premotor PD biomarkers. The current review highlights recent advances and underscores areas of potential advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Haas
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, HMC Box 359635, 325 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.
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Laske C, Fallgatter AJ, Stransky E, Hagen K, Berg D, Maetzler W. Decreased α-synuclein serum levels in patients with Lewy body dementia compared to Alzheimer's disease patients and control subjects. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2011; 31:413-6. [PMID: 21757905 DOI: 10.1159/000329763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Detection and differentiation of neurodegenerative dementias, such as dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), with blood-based biomarkers would facilitate diagnosis and treatment. METHODS By use of a commercially available ELISA kit, we measured α-synuclein levels in the serum of 40 DLB patients and controls, and of 80 AD patients. RESULTS We found significantly reduced α-synuclein serum levels in DLB compared to both AD (p = 0.006) and control subjects (p = 0.001), reaching an area under the curve of >0.70. CONCLUSION Although these results do not justify a definition of serum α-synuclein as a potential single biomarker, results may contribute to a multimarker strategy in DLB diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Laske
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Osianderstrasse 24, Tübingen, Germany.
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78
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Foulds PG, Mitchell JD, Parker A, Turner R, Green G, Diggle P, Hasegawa M, Taylor M, Mann D, Allsop D. Phosphorylated α-synuclein can be detected in blood plasma and is potentially a useful biomarker for Parkinson's disease. FASEB J 2011; 25:4127-37. [PMID: 21865317 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-179192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the presence of Lewy bodies containing phosphorylated and aggregated α-synuclein (α-syn). α-Syn is present in human body fluids, including blood plasma, and is a potential biomarker for PD. Immunoassays for total and oligomeric forms of both normal and phosphorylated (at Ser-129) α-syn have been used to assay plasma samples from a longitudinal cohort of 32 patients with PD (sampled at mo 0, 1, 2, 3), as well as single plasma samples from a group of 30 healthy control participants. The levels of α-syn in plasma varied greatly between individuals, but were remarkably consistent over time within the same individual with PD. The mean level of phospho-α-syn was found to be higher (P=0.053) in the PD samples than the controls, whereas this was not the case for total α-syn (P=0.244), oligo-α-syn (P=0.221), or oligo-phospho-α-syn (P=0.181). Immunoblots of plasma revealed bands (at 21, 24, and 50-60 kDa) corresponding to phosphorylated α-syn. Thus, phosphorylated α-syn can be detected in blood plasma and shows more promise as a diagnostic marker than the nonphosphorylated protein. Longitudinal studies undertaken over a more extended time period will be required to determine whether α-syn can act as a marker of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope G Foulds
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Health and Medicine, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, LA1 4AY, UK
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79
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Variant in the 3′ region of SNCA associated with Parkinson’s disease and serum α-synuclein levels. J Neurol 2011; 259:497-504. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-011-6209-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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80
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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for α-synuclein with species and multimeric state specificities. J Neurosci Methods 2011; 199:249-57. [PMID: 21658411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal intracellular deposition of aggregated α-synuclein is the characteristic feature of a number of neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Although α-synuclein is typically known as a cytosolic protein, a small amount is secreted by exocytosis in both monomeric and aggregated forms. The extracellular forms of α-synuclein in human body fluids, such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood plasma, might be a diagnostic target for PD and related diseases. Here, we characterized a new set of monoclonal antibodies against α-synuclein, and using different combinations of antibodies, we established ELISA systems to specifically detect human α-synuclein, mouse and human α-synuclein together, and multimeric forms of α-synuclein in biological samples. By employing the Tyramide signal amplification method, the sensitivity of the assay was significantly improved to detect a concentration as low as ∼12.5 pg/ml. These assays might be useful tools for quantitative analysis of α-synuclein in various forms and with high sensitivity in diverse biological samples.
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81
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Eller M, Williams DR. α-Synuclein in Parkinson disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011; 49:403-8. [PMID: 21342025 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2011.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
With the aging population in the Western hemisphere, neurodegenerative parkinsonism and dementia will become two of the great public health challenges of this century. A major pillar in the effort to treat these conditions will be the shift from symptomatic treatment to disease modifying therapy. This step will absolutely require cheap and reliable biomarkers; patients will need to be diagnosed before irreversible change has occurred. α-Synuclein (αS) is a recent candidate biomarker for Lewy body neurodegeneration. It is a 140 amino acid protein that forms the pathological substrate in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), as well as multiple system atrophy (MSA), a group of disorders collectively known as the synucleopathies. Biomarker research has investigated αS in blood, skin and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Plasma assays have demonstrated inconsistent results but CSF assays show a higher degree of uniformity, mostly demonstrating lower levels of αS in patients with Lewy body disease compared to controls. These results are not yet accurate or reliable enough to use as screening tools or isolated diagnostic tests in established disease. It has become clear that factors other than neurodegeneration affect αS concentrations in these tissue samples, such as genetic and environmental influences. Future studies using standardized techniques and larger patient numbers are awaited to realise the full potential of αS as a more definitive diagnostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Eller
- Department of Neurosciences, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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82
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Mandel SA, Morelli M, Halperin I, Korczyn AD. Biomarkers for prediction and targeted prevention of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases: evaluation of drug clinical efficacy. EPMA J 2010. [PMID: 23199065 PMCID: PMC3405324 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-010-0036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are considered disorders of multifactorial origin, inevitably progressive and having a long preclinical period. Therefore, the availability of biological markers or biomarkers (BMs) for early disease diagnosis will impact the management of AD and PD in several dimensions; it will 1) help to capture high-risk individuals before symptoms develop, a stage where prevention efforts might be expected to have their greatest impact; 2) provide a measure of disease progression that can be evaluated objectively, while clinical measures are much less accurate; 3) help to discriminate between true AD or PD and other causes of a similar clinical syndrome; 4) delineate pathophysiological processes responsible for the disease; 5) determine the clinical efficacy of novel, disease-modifying (neuroprotective) strategies. In the long run the availability of reliable BMs will significantly advance the research and therapeutics of AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia A. Mandel
- Eve Topf Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Micaela Morelli
- Department of Toxicology and Centre of Excellence for Neurobiology of Dependence, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ilan Halperin
- The Israeli Psycological Association, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Amos D. Korczyn
- Tel-Aviv University Medical School Sieratzki Chair of Neurology, Ramat-Aviv, Israel
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Significance and confounders of peripheral DJ-1 and alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2010; 480:78-82. [PMID: 20540987 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 05/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
DJ-1 and alpha-synuclein are leading biomarkers for Parkinson's disease diagnosis and/or monitoring disease progression. A few recent investigations have determined DJ-1 and alpha-synuclein levels in plasma or serum, a more convenient sample source than cerebrospinal fluid; but the results were variable or even contradictory. Besides limitations in detection technology and limited number of cases in some studies, inadequate control of several important confounders likely has contributed to these inconsistent results. In this study, the relative contribution of each blood component to blood DJ-1 and alpha-synuclein was evaluated, followed by quantification of plasma levels of both markers in a larger cohort of patients/subjects ( approximately 300 cases) whose cerebrospinal fluid DJ-1 and alpha-synuclein levels have been determined recently. The results demonstrated that the DJ-1 and alpha-synuclein in blood resided predominantly in red blood cells (>95%), followed by platelets (1-4%), white blood cells and plasma (< or =1%), indicating that variations in hemolysis and/or platelet contamination could have a significant effect on plasma/serum DJ-1 and alpha-synuclein levels. Nonetheless, after adjusting for the age, although there was a trend of decrease in DJ-1 and alpha-synuclein in patients with Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease compared with healthy controls, no statistical difference was observed in this cohort between any groups, even when the extent of hemolysis and platelet contamination were controlled for. Additionally, no correlation between DJ-1 or alpha-synuclein and Parkinson's disease severity was identified. In conclusion, unlike in cerebrospinal fluid, total DJ-1 or alpha-synuclein in plasma alone is not useful as biomarkers for Parkinson's disease diagnosis or progression/severity.
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Perivascular nerve fiber α-synuclein regulates contractility of mouse aorta: a link to autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2010; 56:991-8. [PMID: 20420875 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders associated to changes in alpha-synuclein often result in autonomic dysfunction, most of the time accompanied by abundant expression of this synaptic protein in peripheral autonomic neurons. Given that expression of alpha-synuclein in vascular elements has been previously reported, the present study was undertaken to determine whether alpha-synuclein directly participates in the regulation of vascular responsiveness. We detected by immunohistochemistry perivascular nerve fibers containing alpha-synuclein in the aorta of mice while aortic endothelial cells and muscular fibers themselves did not exhibit detectable levels of this protein. To assess the effect of alpha-synuclein on vascular reactivity, aortic ring preparations obtained from alpha-synuclein-deficient knockout mice and from transgenic mice overexpressing human wild-type alpha-synuclein under the control of the tyrosine hydroxylase-promoter were mounted and equilibrated in organ baths for isometric tension recording. Lack of alpha-synuclein did not modify the relaxant responses to the endothelium-dependent (acetylcholine) and -independent (sodium nitroprusside) vasodilators, but resulted in a greater than normal norepinephrine-induced vasoconstriction along with a lowered response to dopamine, suggesting potential presynaptic changes in dopamine and norepinephrine releases in knockout mice. Overexpression of alpha-synuclein in TH-positive fibers resulted in complex abnormal responses, characterized by lowered acetylcholine-induced relaxation and lowered norepinephrin-induced contraction. Taken together, our data show for the first time that alpha-synuclein is present in sympathetic fibers supplying the murine aorta and provide evidence that changes in alpha-synuclein levels in perivascular fibers play a physiological role in the regulation of vascular function.
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